Mass production

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask blanks with embedded phase defects were inspected with a reticle actinic inspection tool (AIT) and the Lasertec M7360. The Lasertec M7360, operated at SEMATECH's Mask Blank Development Center (MBDC) in Albany, NY, has a sensitivity to multilayer defects down to 40~45 nm, which is not likely sufficient for mask blank development below the 32 nm half-pitch node. Phase defect printability was simulated to calculate the required defect sensitivity for a next generation blank inspection tool to support reticle development for the sub-32 nm half-pitch technology node. Defect mitigation technology is proposed to take advantage of mask blanks with some defects. This technology will reduce the cost of ownership of EUV mask blanks. This paper will also discuss the kind of infrastructure that will be required for the development and mass production stages. Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 02 Apr 2010 to 192.73.53.5. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7470 74700Y-2 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 02 Apr 2010 to 192.73.53.5. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

Investors, before making an investment decision, rely on many sources of information, including the Web, which in current times has become an important mean of mass production and dissemination of information for the financial/stock market. In this work, we study techniques of Opinion Mining, applied to investment analysis, based on news sources disseminated on the Web, in order to achieve a better consumption and processing of this information, extracting the relevant part of the huge amount of unstructured data (text) generated on the Web.

Purpose -The aim of the research was to evaluate the concept that utilizes structured planar substrates based on low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) as a precision platform for the passive alignment of a multimode fiber and wide-stripe diode laser. Design/methodology/approach -Presents the manufacturing process for realisation of 3D precision structures, heat dissipation structures and a cooling channel into the LTCC substrate. The developed methodology for 3D modelling and simulation of the system was used to optimize structures, materials and components in order to achieve optimal performance for the final product and still maintain reasonably low fabrication costs. The simulated optical coupling efficiency and alignment tolerances were verified by prototype realization and characterization. Findings -The achieved passive alignment accuracy allows high coupling efficiency realisations of multimode fiber pigtailed laser modules and is suitable for mass production. Research limitations/implications -Provides guidance in the design of LTCC precision platforms for passive alignment and presents a hybrid simulation method for photonics module concept analysis. Practical implications -The three-dimensional shape of the laminated and fired ceramic substrate provides the necessary alignment structures including holes, grooves and cavities for the laser to fiber coupling. Thick-film printing and via punching can be incorporated in order to integrate electronic assemblies directly into the opto-mechanical platform. Originality/value -Introduces the LTCC 3D precision structures for photonics modules enabling passive alignment of multimode fiber pigtailed laser with high efficiency optical coupling. Demonstrates the hybrid simulation methodology for concept analysis.

Abstract—In this paper, inkjet-printed UHF and microwave cir-cuits fabricated on paper substrates are investigated for the first time as an approach that aims for a system-level solution for fast and ultra-low-cost mass production. First, the RF characteristics of the paper substrate are ...

Abstract: Each mobile phone with a built-in CMOS sensor can inherently be seen as sophisticated optical sensor being able to analyze its environment in terms of visual events and its own mobility. Due to mass production their price decreases steadily, although their processing capacity increases. Mobile phones are usually attached to people, who are driven by mobility. We define activities arising from this mobility as internal activities in contrast to external activities, that are caused by visual events. Both activities can be recognized by measuring the sensor’s optical flow. We present a method to identify internal activities based on optical flow measurements and probabilistic reasoning. We implement a lifelogging application, running on a Linux-based mobile phone, that can detect internal activities such as moving left-hand, right-hand or walking with a recognition rate of 80%. While standing still external activities are recognized using object detection. 1

The free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus is a suitable food source for first feeding fish. In the present report, a new method for the mass production of P. redivivus is presented. The technique involves multiplication of the nematode in monoxenic (single microorganism: Saccharomyces cerevisiae) solid culture (fluid media supported by 1-to 4-cm 3 sponge cubes) in autoclavable plastic bags (size range: 5030 cm to 7567 cm). Two growing media were tested: oatmeal medium (OM), which is an oat-based medium (16.7% oatmeal flour in 0.8% saline solution), and purified ingredient medium (PIM), a semi-synthetic medium (1.64% meat peptone, 0.94% yeast extract, 12.6% corn starch, 0.24% glucose, 1.48% sunflower oil, in 0.8% saline solution). The bags were inoculated with 350 nematodes/g medium. After an average period of 12 days (11-13 days) at 25 C, the average yield (number of nematodes/g medium) was 24110 3 for OM and 33310 3 for PIM in 12-l bags (5030 cm). The production scale has currently reached a bag volume of 50 l (7567 cm); using PIM and the conditions described above, it was possible to harvest more than 1.310 9 nematodes/bag (29110 3 nematodes/g medium). In PIM, when sun flower oil was replaced with the same amount of fish oil or cod liver oil, yields of 25910 3 and 29010 3 nematodes/g medium, respectively, were attained. The technology for mass production and formulation of P. redivivus should enable fish-hatchery operators to rely on a cheap, standardised, and permanently available live food product for first feeding fish larvae.

Forty-four small-scale experimental fires were conducted in a combustion chamber to examine the relationship between biomass consumption, smoke production, convective energy release, and middle infrared (MIR) measurements of fire radiative energy (FRE). Fuel bed weights, trace gas and aerosol particle concentrations, stack flow rate and temperature, and concurrent thermal images were collected during laboratory-controlled burns of vegetative fuels. Using two different MIR thermal imaging systems, measurements of FRE taken at polar angles of ff48°and ff60°were found not to be significantly different from each other (p < 0.05), but were significantly different from those obtained at ff76°. A simple linear regression revealed that less than 12% of the variation in biomass consumption remained unexplained by the measured FRE regardless of MIR sensor characteristics, fuel type, or viewing angle. Measurements of FRE detected per unit of dry organic material consumed ranged from 1.29 to 4.18 MJ/kg, corresponding to an average of 12 ± 3% of the higher heating value of the biomass. Whole-fire emission factors agreed with previously reported values, and emission ratios relating total mass production to FRE were determined for CO 2 , CO, NO, NO 2 , and particulate matter less than 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter. A heat balance performed on the system showed that the release of convective energy could be predicted from a measurement of FRE (r 2 ! 0.84), and together these two modes of heat transfer accounted for 61 ± 13% of the total, potential heat of combustion available in the preburn solid fuel.

R2R (Roll to roll) printed electronics has been an attractive technology for the mass production. Therefore, many research works have been focused on an optimal flexible substrate, ink formulation, printing process, curing method for a conductive ink in printed electronics applications. However, they did not relate their analysis with the system parameters of R2R continuous printing systems. In this paper, it is found that a printed pattern geometric quality which affects functional quality of printed electronic device could be changed with respect to operating tension of bare substrate even if local optimized ink, substrate, and printing process were applied. Additionally, ink transfer mechanism for R2R printed electronics is analyzed regarding a dynamic surface energy of a bare substrate under a tension in R2R printing systems. With the aim of an efficient prediction of the thickness of R2R printed patterns for given operating conditions, a simple meta-model is developed by using the design of experiment (DOE) method. Also, the proposed meta-model has been verified by several experiments. Through the results, it is presented that how to find an optimal operating tension in R2R printed electronics for guaranteeing a required thickness of R2R printed patterns.

An approach of enhancing yield in the production of piezoresistive pressure sensors for automotive applications is described. The main idea is to introduce an advanced pre-check, which sorts out potentially bad sensors before the actual calibration. The sorting algorithm is performed in two steps. In the first step, the linear correlation coefficient for the pre-checked sensor is calculated and compared to a margin initially estimated on the basis of the production first series and continuously adjusted during the mass production in accordance with the quality management strategy. In the second step, the actual values of coefficients of the pre-checked sensor are compared with the values of the reference coefficients. Both conditions must be met to enter the evaluated sensor in the calibration procedure. Empirical data from sensor production are given to illustrate the advantage of the described approach.

Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids abun-dant in the human food supply. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin are major xanthophyll carotenoids in human plasma. The consumption of these xanthophylls is directly associated with reduction in the risk of ...

This study investigated the technological factors influencing the utilisation and maintenance of household kitchen equipment (KE) both from the user's perspective and those of the repair and maintenance personnel (RMP). Information was obtained from users and RMP of KE (i.e. technologists, technicians and artisans) in Ife Central and Ife East Local Government Areas in Osun State using structured questionnaires and interviews. More than 90% of the modern kitchen equipment (MKE) is imported. Functionality of KE after repairs is high with considerable length of useful life. The results indicated that the local RMP have a good understanding of the technologies. RMP required for KE in the medium class are readily available in both rural and urban centres. Users of KE do not practice any maintenance activities at home and only consult the RMP when the KE develops a fault. KE users have no manuals and no guarantee on KE purchased locally. Sometimes faulty KE are abandoned in repair workshops because of the high cost of repairs and lack of good and cheap spare parts. Some of the RMP have attempted to produce/assemble some of the KE locally. Lack of capital to invest and the nonstandardisation of equipment parts of locally produced KE do not allow for the mass production of their spare parts. Constraints in setting up workshops by RMP were reported and some recommendations were made that will promote the local production of MKE.

The Evolution of Relationship Marketing Abstract-Relationship Marketing is emerging as a new phenomenon. However, relationship oriented marketing practices date back to the pre-Industrial era. In this article, we trace the history of marketing practices and illustrate how the advent of mass production, the emergence of middlemen, and the separation of the producer from the consumer in the Industrial era led to a transactional focus of marketing. Now, due to technological advances, direct marketing is staging a comeback, leading to a relationship orientation. The authors contend that with the evolution of Relationship Marketing, the hitherto prominent exchange paradigm of marketing will be insufficient to explain the growing marketing phenomena of collaborative involvement of customers in the production process. An alternate paradigm of marketing needs to be developed that is more process rather than outcome oriented, and emphasizes value creation rather than value distribution.

To provide an "in vitro" system for studying brain capillary function, we have developed a process ofcoculture that closely mimics the "in vivo" situation by culturing brain capillary endothelial cells on one side of a filter and astrocytes on the other. Under these conditions, endothelial cells retain all the endothelial cell markers and the characteristics of the blood-brain barrier, including tight junctions and 7-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. The average electric resistance for the monolayers was 66 I Q cm2. The system is impermeable to inulin and sucrose but allows the transport of leucine. Arabinose treatment increases transcellular transport flux by 70%. The relative ease with which such monolayers can be produced in large quantities would facilitate the "in vitro" study of brain capillary functions. Key Words: Blood-brain barrier-Endothelial cells-Coculturc-Astrocytes. Dehouck M.-P. et al. An easier, reproducible, and mass-production method to study the blood-brain bamer in vitro. J. Neu-

Cellulose has been discovered as a smart material that can be used as sensor and actuator material. In this paper, cellulose smart material termed as electro-active paper (EAPap) is prepared by an automated process that includes tape casting and zone stretching. To evaluate characteristics of the EAPap, its Young's modulus and piezoelectric charge constant are measured depending on the orientation angle, in comparison with the manually fabricated EAPap results. The zone stretching method can effectively align the cellulose fibers in the EAPap so as to improve its Young's modulus as well as piezoelectric charge constant. The 0 degree oriented sample shows its maximum Young's modulus and the 45 degree oriented sample exhibits the maximum piezoelectric charge constant. This 45 degree is associated with its shear piezoelectricity. The actuator performance of EAPap is evaluated by measuring its bending displacement depending on the orientation angle and the excitation voltage. The 45 degree oriented sample exhibits the maximum bending displacement. Details of the material preparation, the automation process, characterization and the actuator performance are addressed. This automated process that includes tape casting and zone stretching is suitable for mass production of the EAPap.

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a cost efficient technique for the mass production of nanostructures. We demonstrate alignment accuracies in the range of 100 nm and below in UV-based nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) using a simple optical technique. The advantages of this technique are the relative simplicity of the marker-design and the whole setup combined with the possibility of an upgrade of existing equipment and still ultra-high precision alignment capabilities.

Biocomposites are seen as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics and an impediment to the increasing pollution crisis. Natural composites of light weight and considerable strength, biocomposites are an attractive material source for products in mass production. The biodegradability of the composites and their minimal effect on the environment provide an option for long-term sustainability. With an array of characteristics producible by biocomposites, applications are limitless. The versatility of biocomposites has therefore resulted in market growth, showing a probability for the eventual replacement of plastic-based products.

Keywords: biocomposites, mass-production, bioplastics, sustainability

Deux dépôts de haches à talon de la fin du Bronze moyen ont été découverts entre 2005 et 2006 dans la forêt de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines). Très probablement incomplet, le premier dépôt est représenté par quatre outils alors que le second, considéré comme complet, en comporte 17. Distants de 5 km d'est en ouest, ils étaient positionnés dans la boucle de la Seine et sous le couvert forestier actuel. Parmi les 21 haches, 12 sont fonctionnelles et semblent avoir effectivement servi. Une hache dans chaque dépôt est issue d'un même moule, cinq haches du deuxième dépôt ont été coulées à partir d'un autre même moule et montrent des similitudes dans le type de martelage. Un autre dépôt provenant du Val-d'Oise sera décrit succinctement. Cette présente étude propose une analyse descriptive à partir d'observations macroscopiques détaillées, et présente des remarques d'ordre typologique et technique sur l'étape de préparation. Abstract Two deposits of palstaves dating to the end of the Middle Bronze age were discovered in 2005-2006 in the forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Yvelines). The first deposit, which is probably not complete, contains four objects and the second, considered as being complete, contains 17 objects. They were both found about 5 km apart in a meander of the Seine in woodland. Of the 21 palstaves, 12 are considered as having been used. One palstave from each deposit has been cast from the same mould and 5 palstaves from the second deposit also derive from a same casting and have been identically hammered. A third deposit from Val d'Oise will also be touched upon. Our study proposes a descriptive analysis using macroscopic observations and typological and technological remarks relating to each production stage.

Study was conducted on six di erent Azolla species, available in the germplasm collection of NCCUBGA, IARI, New Delhi namely A. ÿliculoides, A. mexicana, A. microphylla, A. pinnata, A. rubra and A. caroliniana in a polyhouse to assess their growth potential by determining their maximal biomass productivity, doubling time and relative growth rates. Their nitrogen ÿxing potential was assessed by acetylene reduction assay. Among them Azolla microphylla gave highest biomass production and relative growth rate followed by Azolla caroliniana. Both these had high nitrogenase activity also. Peak nitrogenase activity of these strains was found on 14th day of growth and it declined on further incubation. Azolla microphylla and Azolla rubra were more tolerant to salinity than others. On the other hand Azolla pinnata, which is endemic species found in India, exhibited low biomass production, relative growth rate and lower nitrogenase activity compared to other species. It was unable to sustain growth in saline medium. Under polyhouse conditions, A. microphylla was found to perform better than other cultures in terms of biomass productivity, N ÿxing ability and salt tolerance. Hence it is taken up for mass production.

The goal of this study was to design, fabricate, and test arrays of hollow microneedles for minimally invasive and continuous delivery of insulin in vivo. As a simple, robust fabrication method suitable for inexpensive mass production, we developed a modified-LIGA process to micromachine molds out of polyethylene terephthalate using an ultraviolet laser, coated those molds with nickel by electrodepostion onto a sputter-deposited seed layer, and released the resulting metal microneedle arrays by selectively etching the polymer mold. Mechanical testing showed that these microneedles were sufficiently strong to pierce living skin without breaking. Arrays containing 16 microneedles measuring 500 m in length with a 75 mtipdiameterweretheninsertedintotheskin of anesthetized, diabetic, hairless rats. Insulin delivery through microneedles caused blood glucose levels to drop steadily to 47% of pretreatment values over a 4-h insulin delivery period and were then approximately constant over a 4-h postdelivery monitoring period. Direct measurement of plasma insulin levels showed a peak value of 0.43 ng/ml. Together, these data suggest that microneedles can be fabricated and used for in vivo insulin delivery.

A freshly-prepared yeast extract at 30 or 50 g/1 improved the growth of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 587 in a 5-1 stirred fermenter. Monosodium glutamate or a commercial yeast extract at 2.0 g/1 almost doubled cell mass productivity and cell viability when added at the end of the first exponential growth phase.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that product configurators may be crucial in improving time performance when offering customized products so as to overcome what has been termed the customizationresponsiveness squeeze. Large-scale hypothesis-testing studies that either corroborate this finding or discover unpredicted boundaries of validity are still lacking, however. Our paper contributes to fill this gap by testing the positive impact of product configurator use on time performance on a sample of 238 manufacturing plants from three industries and eight countries. The results support the hypothesized impact after the effects of widely acknowledged antecedents of accelerated time performance have been removed. Implications of our findings for both research and practice are finally discussed. ß

Purpose -The aim of the research was to evaluate the concept that utilizes structured planar substrates based on low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) as a precision platform for the passive alignment of a multimode fiber and wide-stripe diode laser. Design/methodology/approach -Presents the manufacturing process for realisation of 3D precision structures, heat dissipation structures and a cooling channel into the LTCC substrate. The developed methodology for 3D modelling and simulation of the system was used to optimize structures, materials and components in order to achieve optimal performance for the final product and still maintain reasonably low fabrication costs. The simulated optical coupling efficiency and alignment tolerances were verified by prototype realization and characterization. Findings -The achieved passive alignment accuracy allows high coupling efficiency realisations of multimode fiber pigtailed laser modules and is suitable for mass production. Research limitations/implications -Provides guidance in the design of LTCC precision platforms for passive alignment and presents a hybrid simulation method for photonics module concept analysis. Practical implications -The three-dimensional shape of the laminated and fired ceramic substrate provides the necessary alignment structures including holes, grooves and cavities for the laser to fiber coupling. Thick-film printing and via punching can be incorporated in order to integrate electronic assemblies directly into the opto-mechanical platform. Originality/value -Introduces the LTCC 3D precision structures for photonics modules enabling passive alignment of multimode fiber pigtailed laser with high efficiency optical coupling. Demonstrates the hybrid simulation methodology for concept analysis.

Males of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii grow faster and reach higher weights at harvest than females a fact which makes the culture of all-male populations desirable. All-male populations were produced by mating sex-reversed males, i.e., neofemales, with normal males. Neofemales capable of mating and spawning were produced by removal of the androgenic gland (AG) from immature M. rosenbergii males. The main obstacle to developing a technology based on this type of manipulation is the difficulty of identifying males at a sufficiently early stage of development. To overcome this problem, we developed a novel two-step scheme for large-scale microsurgical andrectomy. Phase I post larvae were andrectomized at ages 25-60 days after metamorphosis (PL 25-60). A low success rate of functional sex reversal, resulting with all male progeny was obtained (1.3%). In the light of the low success rate and a number of cases of abnormal reproductive development, a second phase was introduced in which the progeny (presumed males) of neofemales from phase I were andrectomized at earlier ages (PL 20-30). This two-phase protocol enabled a large quantity of juvenile males to be andrectomized. In phase II there was a significant increase in the number of sexreversed animals (developed ovaries) and a significant shortening of the time to maturation. Comparison of the all-male progeny with a normal mixed population showed higher growth performance of the all-male population. This advantage together with the shorter maturation time in phase II opens the possibility to scale-up the system to field conditions. Since sexual dimorphic growth patterns are common among decapod crustaceans, it is obvious that the results of this study will have applied significance for many aquacultured species.

"Many countries now suffer from shortage in fresh water, hence, currently 125 countries around the
world are taking advantage of desalination methods to access fresh water from brackish and seawater.
As desalination is one of the important processes for producing potable water that can be used for human
consumption, irrigation and industry. In the last decades, many researchers have been conducted to
minimize the cost of this process, and several methods have been developed. Among these methods,
distillation appears as one of the best practical and the most economical, especially for mass production
of fresh water from high saline water like seawater. On the other hand, most of the ongoing desalination
researches concentrate on large-scale plants which are suitable for mass production of fresh water. A
few researches have been conducted on small scale water distillation. This study will focus on different
distillation methods for small scale production of potable water which is suitable for domestic, small
factories, laboratories, and emergency use. This review presents various technologies available for small
scale distillation with focus on Refro-distiller systems. Consequently, the theoretical analysis to determine
the efficiency and energy costs are presented."

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111003224

"Przedsiębiorczość jest trudnym do uchwycenia czynnikiem, który determinuje zachowanie jednostek na rynku oraz warunkuje sukces indywidualnych aktorów ekonomicznych, a w konsekwencji determinuje wzrost gospodarczy poprzez pośrednie generowanie nowych wynalazków. Artykuł rozpoczyna się krótkim przeglądem rozwoju poglądów na temat przedsiębiorczości i wpływu techniki na rozwój gospodarczy, zwracając szczególną uwagę na zmieniające się oblicza perspektywy historycznej. Autor jest zdania, że czasy determinują możliwości ludzkiej działalności, która ma szeroki zakres wpływu na wybór sposobu produkcji. Dlatego na działania przedsiębiorców można spoglądać w sposób
ewolucyjny."

NORCOWE is an industry-led consortium including research institutes and universities which address key challenges for development of offshore wind. These include understanding marine boundary layer properties for improving industry standards and developing control and maintenance procedures which reduce costs.

Graphene is at the centre of nanotechnology research. In order to fully exploit its outstanding properties, a mass production method is necessary. Two main routes are possible: large-scale growth or large-scale exfoliation. Here, we demonstrate graphene dispersions with concentrations up to ~0.01 mg/ml by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone. This occurs because the energy required to exfoliate graphene is balanced by the solvent-graphene interaction for solvents whose surface energy matches that of graphene. We confirm the presence of individual graphene sheets with yields of up to 12% by mass, using absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The absence of defects or oxides is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron, infra-red and Raman spectroscopies. We can produce conductive, semi-transparent films and conductive composites. Solution processing of graphene opens up a whole range of potential large-scale applications from device or sensor fabrication to liquid phase chemistry.

By means of a detailed study of the National Industrial Bicycle Company of Japan (NIBC), Suresh Kotha examines the dynamics of implementing mass customization in a firm that pursues both mass production and mass customization in two different factories. NIBC reaps superior returns by employing a 'system' which increases interaction between the mass production and mass custom factories and encourages knowledge creation.

Advances in mass-production and formulation technology of entomopathogenic nematodes, the discovery of numerous isolates/ strains and the desirability of reducing pesticide usage have resulted in a surge of scientific and commercial interest in these nematodes. The lessons learned from earlier problems have encouraged scientists and leading commercial companies to increase their efforts toward improving cost efficiency and better product positioning in the market within the confines of product capabilities. The successes or failures of the nematodes against 24 arthropod pest species of agriculture and animals and against a major slug pest in agriculture are discussed in this review. Commercial successes are documented in markets such as citrus (Diaprepes root weevil), greenhouses and glasshouses (black vine weevil, fungus gnats, thrips, and certain borers), turf (white grubs, billbugs, and mole crickets), and mushrooms (sciarid flies). In addition, the successful commercialization of a nematode (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) against slugs in agricultural systems is presented. Despite this progress, the reality is that nematode-based products have limited market share. Limited share is attributed to higher product cost compared to standard insecticides, low efficacy under unfavorable conditions, application timing and conditions, limited data and cost benefit in IPM programs, refrigeration requirements and limited room temperature shelf life (product quality), use of suboptimum nematode species, and lack of detail application directions. One or more of these factors affected the market introduction of the nematodes despite promising field efficacy against insects such as black cutworm in turf, sugar beet weevil in sugar beet, sweet potato weevil in sweet potato, and house fly adult in animal-rearing farms. Insects such as cabbage root maggots, carrot root weevil, and Colorado potato beetle are listed on the label of certain commercial products despite low efficacy data, due to insect susceptibility, biology, and/or behavior. To make entomopathogenic nematodes more successful, realistic strategies through genetic engineering, IPM programs, and new delivery systems and/or training programs to overcome their inherent cost, formulation instability, and limited field efficacy toward certain insects are needed.

The increasing effect of non-degradable plastic wastes is a growing concern. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), macromoleculepolyesters naturally produced by many species of microorganisms, are being considered as a replacement for conventional plastics. Unlike petroleum-derived plastics that take several decades to degrade, PHAs can be completely bio-degraded within a year by a variety of microorganisms. This biodegradation results in carbon dioxide and water, which return to the environment. Attempts based on various methods have been undertaken for mass production of PHAs. Promising strategies involve genetic engineering of microorganisms and plants to introduce production pathways. This challenge requires the expression of several genes along with optimization of PHA synthesis in the host. Although excellent progress has been made in recombinant hosts, the barriers to obtaining high quantities of PHA at low cost still remain to be solved. The commercially viable production of PHA in crops, however, appears to be a realistic goal for the future.

Membrane based medical therapies have increased considerably in recent years. At the same time, awareness of the side-effects caused by blood material incompatibility has grown. The necessity of mass production at low cost has also contributed to the formation of demands placed on any membrane used in medical applications today. These demands are application specific transport characteristics, high clearance, blood compatibility and a design enabling cost efficient ways of production. A theoretical approach relating membrane structure to transport properties suggests that the deciding factors are pore radius, porosity, tortuosity, diffusion coefficients, pore shape and protein adsorption potential. A hollow fiber structure, which fits these demands for hemodialysis, hemodialfiltration and hemofiltration, is a three-layer structure consisting of an inner blood facing skin layer, followed by a sponge structure and a macroporous finger structure. The influence of the membrane surface on protein adsorption, leading to a change in permeability, has also been investigated. Two concepts for limiting protein and cell interaction with artificial surfaces are introduced. Copolymerization and blending of hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers have been successful approaches. To limit blood-membrane interactions, an optimized microdomain surface structure formed by hydrophilic patches in a hydrophobic matrix has evolved. In vitro test methods for measuring activation levels of coagulation, kallikrein-kinin pathways, cell stimulation and complement activation were necessary for the development of highly optimized artificial membranes made for hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration and hemofiltration. The Polyflux S membranes, consisting of the hydrophobic polymers polyamide and polyarylethersulfone as well as hydrophilic poylvinylpyrrolidone, with their integral three-layer microdomain structures performed well in all of the mentioned in vitro tests.

The growing number of countries investigating the potential for releasing cultured juveniles to augment coastal fisheries resulted in the First International Symposium on Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching (ISSESR) in Norway in 1997. The 1st and 2nd ISSESR, in Japan in 2002, were instrumental in developing methods for mass production of environmentally fit juveniles and for releasing them in responsible ways. The 3rd ISSESR, held in the U.S. A. in 2006 (www.SeaRanching.org), ushered the discipline into a new era. The major advances included: (1) definitions of the various objectives for releasing cultured juveniles (restocking, stock enhancement, and sea ranching); (2) a framework for integrating releases within their fisheries management context, including tools for quantitative assessment; (3) a systematic, transparent, and stakeholderparticipatory planning process to determine whether releases have a cost-effective role to play in managing a fishery; (4) a comprehensive case study (blue crabs in Chesapeake Bay) describing the multi-disciplinary approach needed to evaluate the potential benefits of releases; and (5) a suite of other lessons to guide stakeholders in evaluating the potential for and implementation of releases. The papers in this Special Issue of Reviews in Fisheries Science elaborate how restocking, stock enhancement and sea ranching programs can create synergies between aquaculture and some coastal fisheries to help meet the future demand for seafood and aid in restoring depleted stocks.

The last 50 years has seen a shift in the nature of work, from mass production, with stable customer requirements and slowly changing technology, to the current situation where every product or service may be supplied against a bespoke design, and technology changes continuously and rapidly. This modern environment is a more project-based economy. The management of the former situation was well understood, based on classical management theory, developed over the previous 100 years. Classical management offers the traditional organization many strengths derived from the functional hierarchy at its core. These include strong central planning, governance and control, knowledge management and human resource development. The project-based organization requires a new approach to its management, which addresses the unique, novel and transient nature of its work, but retains the strengths of classical management. This paper is one of a series aimed at deriving such a management paradigm for the project-based organization. In this paper, we describe governance structures adopted by successful project-based organizations, and how they use them to manage the interface between projects and their clients. We describe two roles observed at this interface, labelled the broker and steward. We provide a Transaction Cost perspective of the governance mechanisms observed 254 and the two roles. We note that the same governance mechanisms are adopted whether the project is managed in the market or the hierarchy. This is in stark contrast to the classically managed organization, and suggests different pressures act on the project-based organization requiring hybrid governance structures to be adopted for all projects. We outline the roles of the broker and steward in the different project governance structures we have identified. We consider why it is necessary to have two roles, a broker and a steward, and not one person fulfilling both. 

In many cultured fish species, particularly in those new for aquaculture, unpredictable and variable reproductive performance is an important limiting factor for the successful mass production of juveniles. An improvement in broodstock nutrition and feeding has been shown to greatly improve not only egg and sperm quality but also seed production. Gonadal development and fecundity are affected by certain essential dietary nutrients, especially in continuous spawners with short vitellogenic periods. Thus, during the last two decades, more attention has been paid to the level of different nutrients in broodstock diets. However, studies on broodstock nutrition are limited and relatively expensive to conduct.

This work investigated the production of the fungi Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa in biphasic fermentation using agro-industrial products and residues. Combinations of natural liquid substrates, alternative to the complete medium and potato dextrose medium, were evaluated. The best liquid media were sugarcane molasses + rice broth, rice broth + yeast and sugarcane molasses + yeast + rice broth, which resulted in the highest viable propagule concentration. The molasses + rice broth medium was selected for the next phase of the study in which the production of both fungal isolates was evaluated in solid grain substrates. In solid-state fermentation, the best conidia production was achieved with the soybean meal and broken corn for I. farinosa, and whole rice and broken rice for I. fumosorosea. Results demonstrated that the two fungal species could be rapidly produced with higher yield of conidia on agro-industrial resources by using biphasic fermentation techniques.

Ring-shaped and radial diffractive gratings are designed with rigorous diffraction theory to couple light of a nearly monochromatic LED into a thin planar light guide on the bottom side. The theoretical coupling efficiencies for ring-shaped and radial gratings are 41% and 66%, respectively. Optimized diffractive elements are manufactured with direct electron-beam lithography and reactive-ion-etching into SiO 2 substrates. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical results for selected radial gratings is reached. Furthermore, the mass production tests using injection molding are carried out with good replicability.

탄소나노튜브는 우수한 물리적 성질을 가지고 있어서 차세대 전자소자, 에너지 저장 소재, 고기능 복합체 등 의 다양한 응용 분야로의 적용에 관심을 모으고 있다. 현재 전 세계적으로 탄소나노튜브의 연구 방향은 대량 합성에 관 한 연구와 더불어 다양한 응용분야의 상용화를 앞두고 있다. 특히 최근에는 다양한 응용분야에 부합하는 맞춤형 탄소나 노튜브의 합성 기술과 선택적으로 제어 합성하는 기술에 관한 연구에 관심을 모으고 있다. 국내에서도 탄소나노튜브의 선택적인 제어 합성과 저비용 대량합성에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 이를 통해 나노과학 기술의 원천적인 기술 확보와 차세대 고부가가치 산업의 핵심기술로 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Surface texturing, which fabricates micro dimples or micro channels on the surface of parts, is a growing technique for improving tribological characteristics of materials. Currently, electrical discharge texturing (EDT) technique, one surface texturing method suitable for mass production, is being used to texture aluminum sheets for the applications in automotive industry. It has been widely accepted in industry that EDT improves the forming behavior of aluminum sheets due to better friction behavior. However, how the textures on the surface of sheet metal change the friction behavior has not been investigated. In this paper, the influence of EDT on the friction behavior of aluminum automotive sheet at different contact pressures and sliding speeds is investigated based on both experimental studies and numerical simulations. To fully investigate the tribological behaviors, a flat-on-flat friction test device was built and a numerical code based on mixed lubrication theory was developed. It was found that EDT texturing can reduce the friction coefficient of contacting pair at high contact pressure, however, increase friction coefficient at low contact pressure. Numerical simulations confirmed this finding. Furthermore, the model provides valuable information for the prediction of friction behavior of EDT sheets and helps to optimize processing parameters for various forming processes using EDT aluminum sheets.

... John J. Martinez Corresponding Author Contact Information , a , E-mail The Corresponding Author , Olivier Sename a and Alina Voda a. ... the technology uses blue lasers, which have shorter wavelengths than traditional red lasers, BD makes it possible to store substantially more ...

a b s t r a c t Lentiviral vectors (LV) are promising tools for gene and cell therapy. They are presently used in several clinical trials as in vivo or ex vivo gene delivery vectors. However their mass production remains a challenge and might limit their potential therapeutic use. New robust and scalable processes are required for industrial production of these vectors.