Mass media

La remilitarización de la Diplomacia norteamericana hunde sus raíces en circunstancias previas al 11 de Septiembre, de hecho, las grandes bazas estratégicas para la post Guerra Fría fueron definidas durante la Administración de Bush padre por los mismos hombres que han diseñado la Política Exterior y de Defensa del actual Gobierno. Durante los 90, los halcones se refugian en el mundo académico, donde continúan elaborando su gran plan para la América del siglo XXI. En su ofensiva contra el apaciguamiento estratégico de la era Clinton, se valieron de una red de centros de investigación y medios de comunicación conservadores, que contribuyeron a amplificar el mensaje del Proyecto para un Nuevo Siglo Americano. El 11 de Septiembre no es más que el catalizador de una Gran Estrategia cuyos desarrollo conceptual se inicia en la era Reagan. Los neoconservadores aportan esencialmente el sustrato ideológico y una retórica preñada de nacionalismo y religiosidad.

Traditional agenda-setting theory is about the influence of mass media on the public's focus of attention, who and what people are thinking about. The expanded theory of agenda setting tested here during the 1995 regional and municipal elections in Spain ...

Published by Cognella Academic Publishing (San Diego), ISBN 978-1-7935-2153-8. Previous editions have been adopted at 10 universities and colleges.

"Media Environments: Using Movies and Texts to Critique Media and Society" uses popular film as a gateway to critical readings, encouraging students to think creatively and critically about media, society, technology, and popular culture.

The text anthology explores media in their totality and provides models and theories for interrogating many universal themes that span media, technology, and planetary civilization. Using popular films about media as lead-ins, students are introduced to the works of well-known thinkers and writers such as Marshall McLuhan, Charlton D. McIlwain, Shoshanna Zuboff, Julia Hildebrand, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Devon Powers, Antonio Lopez, and many others. Chapters span interconnected topics:

Memes (original meaning),
Networks (McLuhan),
Spectacle (Debord),
Hyperreality (Baudrillard).

Capitalism and Consumerism,
Freedom and Protest,
Social-Mobile Media,
Ecology and the Anthropocene,
Science and Our Place in the Universe,
Pseudoscience and Conspiracy,
Celebrity and Superheroes,
New Concepts of "Hot" and "Cool" Media,
Land Art, Dark Skies, and Technological Civilization.

The fourth edition features 19 new readings that explore Afrofuturism in Black Panther, Avatar and global media ecosystems, Hollywood and climate change, Blade Runner 2049 and future earth scenarios, Avengers and environmental advocacy, #BlackLivesMatter and Black movements in digital culture, and the International Dark Sky movement as a radical media-tech philosophy. Intellectually rigorous and thematically diverse, Media Environments is ideal for courses and programs in media and/or communication studies.

İletişim olgusu, toplumsal bir varlık olan insan için her dönem önemli bir konuma sahip olmuştur. Tarihin ilk dönemlerinden itibaren doğa ile iç içe yaşayan insan beslenme, barınma ve korunma gibi temel ihtiyaçlarını giderirken iletişim kurmaya çabalamıştır. İletişim her dönem insanların hayatlarını biçimlendirmiş, yaşayışlarına yön vermiştir. Toplumsal dönüşümü hızlandıran ve sosyalleşmeyi biçimlendiren iletişim olgusu, medyanın etkisiyle birlikte daha zengin bir yapıya kavuşmuştur. Geleneksel medyadan yeni medyaya dönüşüm sürecinde iletişim teknolojileri etkisini derinden hissettirmiş ve içinde yaşadığımız dönem “medya çağı” olarak ifade edilmeye başlamıştır. İletişim bugün gerek sokakta, gerek evde izlediğimiz televizyonlarda, gerek sanal ortamda ve gerekse de reel hayatımızda vazgeçemediğimiz olgular arasında yer almaktadır. 23 farklı çalışmadan oluşan bu kitap, altı farklı kategoride bulunan bilimsel çalışmaları kapsamaktadır. Bu kategoriler sırasıyla; “Halkla İlişkiler ve Medya”, “Bilişim ve Medya”, “Sinema ve Medya”, “Sanat ve Medya”, “Kültür ve Medya”, “Siyasal İletişim ve Medya”dır.

Research on framing is characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness. This is due, in part, to the lack of a commonly shared theoretical model underlying framing research. Conceptual problems translate into operational problems, limiting the comparability of instruments and results. In this paper I systematize the fragmented approaches to framing in political communication and integrate them into a comprehensive model. I classify previous approaches to framing research along two dimensions: the type of frame examined (media frames vs. audience frames) and the way frames are operationalized (independent variable or dependent variable). I develop a process model of framing, identifying four key processes that should be addressed in future research: frame building, frame setting, individuallevel processes of framing, and a feedback loop from audiences to journalists.

The study of serial killing has been dominated by an individualized focus on the aetiology and biography of particular offenders. As such, it has tended to downplay the broader social, historical and cultural context of such acts. This article addresses this lacuna by arguing that serial killers are distinctively modern. It highlights six modern phenomena related to serial killing: (a) the mass media and the attendant rise of a celebrity culture; (b) a society of strangers; (c) a type of mean/ends rationality that is largely divorced from value considerations; (d) cultural frameworks of denigration which tend to implicitly single out some groups for greater predation; (e) particular opportunity structures for victimization; and finally (f) the notion that society can be engineered. Combined, these factors help to pattern serial killing in modernity's own self-image, with modernity setting the parameters of what it means to be a serial killer, and establishing the preconditions for serial murder to emerge in its distinctive contemporary guise.

A relação entre a política e a mídia sempre foi muito intensa. E, ao que tudo indica, a tensão entre ambos será cada vez maior, uma vez que a mídia ocupa um espaço mais significativo e passa a exercer um papel protagonista neste processo, ou seja, a mídia passa a tecer decisões e criar sentidos que perpassam a sociedade, deixando de ser apenas enunciadora dos acontecimentos. Com isso, o poder político (e seus atores) entra em crise, pois precisam se adequar aos modos de saber, de ser e de fazer do universo midiático. Nesse contexto, em 2010, uma candidata à Presidência da República, que tem o apoio especial do presidente Lula, aparece como um elemento de afirmação da mulher no lugar de disputa pelo poder.
O objetivo não é refletir sobre a qualidade do que está sendo representado pela mídia, e sim desvendar os processos simbólicos de representação, aquilo que está sendo criado, reelaborado, reaproveitado. Assim, desvendamos as “operações de sentido” colocadas em prática pelos jornais analisados.
No posfácio é feita uma breve leitura do momento que antecede as eleições de 2014, buscando relações com a eleição anterior e atualizando as representações de Dilma Rousseff para 2014.
Este livro é resultado da tese de doutoramento defendida na Unisinos, intitulada “Dilma Rousseff como candidata à presidência: estratégias midiáticas de Zero Hora (RS) e Folha de S. Paulo (RS)”.

This dissertation analyzes the postfeminist tendencies and biopolitics in contemporary media practices by considering the pop culture exemplar, the Kardashian-Jenner family.

This dissertation received First Class Honors from Trinity College Dublin.
Vanessa graduated with Distinction in B.A. English Literature and Media Studies.

This article claims that the emergence of television in the 1950s must be interpreted as a conservative media revolution. It aims at revisiting some of the popular narratives about the emergence of television as a revolutionary moment in media history and questions the newness of television in the European mass media ensemble. Focusing on a set of privileged sites of negotiation where the tensions between the conservative and modernising agencies of the medium became most visible or explicit, the article emphasizes the ambiguous and contested nature of television as a new medium. Finally, the author pleas for an integral approach to media history that studies the intermedial relationships and interdependencies between television and other mass media.

Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds ϭ -. 28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.

Sociology of Communication examines the situations faced by the individual and society in the process of globalization. As the production and use of knowledge is seen in the change from society to society, the way technology is used effectively varies from society to society. Societies that are active in the civilization race can also come to the forefront in the global race because they are also active in communication tools. Menderes Akdağ not only looks at the sensitivity of a historian, but also from the perspective of a communicator, he views politics, history, society and the values that society produces with a multifaceted perspective. The book, analyzes what is universal by looking at world from Turkey, and analyzes local dinamics in efficient by looking to Turkey from the world. The book analyzes how politics, media, religion, economy and education are shaped by  the media tools of the communicative action underlying this. The book clearly describes how global powers and some local sovereigns use psychology and sociology in the means of communication in order to influence people. The processing of the subjects and the visual language through the case situations that we frequently encounter in our daily lives appear as an important quality in reading the book with pleasure.

Turkish (Türkçe): İletişim Sosyolojisi, birey ve toplumun küreselleşme sürecinde karşılaştığı durumları incelemektedir. Bilginin üretim ve kullanım biçiminin toplumdan topluma değişiminde görüldüğü gibi, teknolojinin etkin kullanılma biçimi de toplumdan topluma değişmektedir. Medeniyet yarışında etkin olan toplumlar iletişim araçlarında da etkin oldukları için küresel yarışta ön plana çıkabilmektedir.Menderes Akdağ sadece bir tarihçi hassasiyetiyle değil aynı zamanda bir iletişimci gözüyle siyasete, tarihe, topluma ve onun ürettiği değerlere çok yönlü bir bakış açısı ile bakmaktadır. Kitap, Türkiye’den dünyaya bakarken evrenseli, dünyadan da Türkiye’ye bakarken yerel siyaset, medya, din, ekonomi ve eğitim yaşamının medya aracılığıyla nasıl şekillendiğini ve toplumu şekillendirdiğini; arka planında yatan iletişimsel eylemin analizleriyle gün yüzüne çıkarmaktadır.Kitap, küresel güçlerin ve yerel kimi egemenlik sahiplerinin insanı etki edebilme adına psikoloji, sosyolojiyi iletişim araçlarında ne şekilde kullandığını net dille anlatmaktadır. Gündelik yaşamımızda sıkça karşılaştığımız örnek durumlar üzerinden konuların işlenmesi ve görsel dili, kitabın keyifle okunmasında önemli bir nitelik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.

The press, photography, radio, even before television, have prepared the masses for total immersion in the technologically advanced virtual realities that currently dominate and disorient us, destroying identities, without our realizing it. The Matrix is ​​a world where the sacredness of life and the miracle of birth no longer exist, where life can be interfaced, and transformed, with machines, until it is completely replaced by copies, simulacra, artificial ones (such as robots). Virtual reality, as a technology of representation, is nothing other than the extreme consequence of the will of nihilistic domination, the will of omnipotence, the will of death, which pushes man towards the annihilation of himself and of the real world.

"... art is everywhere because artifice is at the center of reality. Thus art is death, because not only is its critical transcendence dead, but because reality itself has been confused with its own image, it no longer even has the time to acquire reality value" (Jean Baudrillard)

"... with the real world we have also eliminated the apparent one" (Friedrich Nietzsche)

Agenda-setting is the creation of public awareness and concern of salient issues by the news media. Two basis assumptions underlie most research on agenda-setting: (1) the press and the media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it; (2) media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues.

English: In Menderes Akdağ's book, we witness the historical and metaphorical development of communication tools in the process ranging from the discovering of fire to firearms and from there to today's mass media contents.
Communication is a versatile field of science. Communication sciences examine the multidimensional relations in society on a plane ranging from literature to sports, digital culture to art, politics to engineering, religion to law, and enables us to perceive this in historical flow.
With his interdisciplinary background, Menderes Akdağ enables us to understand how the political and social values ​​developed by humanity are shaped, which tools (media) they have developed, the mental structures of these formations and their indicators in this journey. This book takes us into history of communication.

That book with contact history of communication, especially movies based on their experience on political communication, as well as assesses with reflections on Turkey's private advertising and the provision of the social dimension of the main areas of communication studies, such as interpersonal communication and worldwide communication.
In the book, readers will find an analytical flow rather than a chronological flow, discover analytical connections such as politics and cinema, technology and philosophy, religion and economy, and thus develop a multi-dimensional thinking skill. Akdağ particularly emphasizes the fire and gun metaphor in his book. This is because fire is the driving force of civilization.
With the invention of fire, iron was melted and thus modern architecture was developed, the castles of the Middle Ages were destroyed with the invention of firearms, and the modern world was fictionalized with the development of media systems, and thus the development of sovereignty. The history of communication, in a way, is an effort to understand what kind of a development line the fact of using such tools as a struggle for domination reveals a development line in the historical process.
With the information he conveys in his book, the conceptual maps he draws, the original visuals he uses, the examples he gives from the films, and the comparisons he makes, Akdağ makes the reading process of the book qualified and helps us to draw parallels between the past and the present. The plain language used by the book also help us to understanding of the essence of very complex historical relations.

Turkish: Menderes Akdağ’ın kitabında ateşin bulunmasından ateşli silahlara ve oradan günümüzün ateşli medya içeriklerine uzanan süreçte iletişim araçlarının tarihsel ve metaforik gelişimine tanık oluyoruz. İletişim çok yönlü bir bilim alanıdır. İletişim bilimleri, edebiyattan spora, dijital kültürden sanata, siyasetten mühendisliğe, dinden hukuka uzanan bir düzlemde toplumdaki çok boyutlu ilişkileri inceler ve bunu da tarihsel akış içinde algılamamızı sağlar.
Disiplinler arası birikimiyle Menderes Akdağ, bizi iletişim tarihine çıkardığı bu yolculukta insanlığın geliştirdiği politik ve toplumsal değerlerin nasıl şekillendiğini, hangi araçları (medium) geliştirdiğini, bu oluşumların zihinsel yapılarını ve bunların göstergelerini anlamamızı sağlıyor. İletişim tarihini konu edinen kitap, özellikle siyasal iletişim konusundaki birikimlerine dayanarak sinema, reklam ve kişilerarası iletişim gibi iletişim çalışmalarının ana alanlarının toplumsal boyuttaki karşılıklarını hem dünya genelinde hem de Türkiye özelindeki yansımalarıyla birlikte değerlendiriyor.
Kitapta okurlar, kronolojik bir akıştan çok analitik bir akış bulacak, siyasetle sinema, teknoloji ile felsefe, dinle ekonomi gibi analitik bağlantıları keşfedecek ve böylelikle çok boyutlu bir düşünme becerisi geliştirebilecek. Akdağ, kitabında ateş ve silah metaforunu özellikle vurgulamaktadır. Bunun sebebi ateşin medeniyetin itici gücünü oluşturmasındandır.
Ateşin icadıyla birlikte demir eritilmiş ve böylelikle modern mimari gelişebilmiş, ateşli silahların icadıyla ortaçağın kaleleri yıkılmış ve medya sistemlerinin gelişmesi ile de modern dünya kurgulanabilmiş ve böylelikle egemenlik anlayışlarının gelişmesi söz konusu olmuştur. İletişim tarihi, bir bakıma bu tip araçların birer egemenlik mücadelesi olarak kullanılması gerçeğinin tarihsel süreçte nasıl bir gelişim çizgisi ortaya koyduğunu anlama çabasıdır. Akdağ, kitabında aktardığı bilgiler, çizdiği kavramsal haritalar, kullandığı özgün görseller, filmlerden verdiği örnekler ve yaptığı karşılaştırmalarla kitabın okuma seyrini nitelikli hale getirirken geçmişle günümüz arasında paralellikler kurmamıza da yardımcı oluyor. Kitabın kullandığı sade dil de çok karmaşık olan tarihsel ilişkilerin özünü anlamamıza aracılık ediyor.

The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre.
              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre.
          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes.
            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.

for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) demonstrate the potential to limit infarct size and decrease mortality by coronary reperfusion and arrhythmia control. The effectiveness of these treatments is dependent on time and access to acute medical care. Coronary reperfusion requires early administration of thrombolytic agents or angioplasty. 1-3 Defibrillation and other methods to control cardiac arrhythmias require trained personnel and equipment in an appropriate clinical setting. 4,5 Although the need for timely receipt of these therapeutic strategies is well recognized, rapid access to emergency medical care re-).

"Resumen
Este artículo es el resultado de un trabajo de investigación sobre el poeta español Miguel Hernández: su función como comunicador político y educador en el frente republicano en la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939). En la introducción se presenta al poeta, su función de comisario político. Metodológicamente utiliza el análisis del discurso, que permite diseccionar la forma de ejercitar su vocación de periodista-comunicador político y educador. En la presentación de los resultados se manifiesta su tarea educativa-periodística, que dedica textos a la educación en valores del soldado. Como conclusión, su función social es un producto mixto, polisémico, que reavivaba la moral de los combatientes, al tiempo que les instruía, lo que convierte a Miguel Hernández en un predecesor de la educomunicación de emergencia en tiempo de guerra.

Abstract:
This article is the result of a research project that deepens into the less known facets of the Spanish poet Miguel Hernandez, as political communicator and educator at the republican front during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).In the introduction, the poetis presented in his charge of political commissar, who produced political communication in the newspapers of the republican front, together with education and formation. From the methodological perspective, his texts are studied through Discourse Analysis that enables observing his way of developing his vocation as journalist/political communicator and educator: 1)journalist, as he wrote in different war newspapers; 2)political communicator due to his responsibility as political commissar; and 3) educator by means of the his texts, those of a poet compromised with the war, who is emotionally moving to every soldier in the trenchs;  transversal because his texts written in a poetic style, ideologized or politized, transcend journalism .In the presentation of the results,his educative-journalist task is over whelming He devotes his texts to education for values of soldiers. As conclusion, his social function is a mixed, multifaceted and discoursive one that is impregnated with poetry and passion, that serves to better the mood of soldiers, while being instructed, which turns Miguel Hernández into the predecessor of educommunication / media literacy (one of emergency in war time)."

Affection games are ludic experiences in which players are required to express culturally recognized expressions of liking as a primary goal in the game. Interestingly, while the physical world of analog play has many such activities, the digital world has been relatively limited in affording players the ability to express affection as the primary game goal. Affection games in digital play exist as somewhat esoteric clusters across a variety of cultures and super genres. This paper defragments the diverse set of affection games, collecting, cataloging and describing the games in detail. The paper provides a content analysis of affection games and an overview of their preponderance on the web. This paper organizes affection games into a simple classification based on their game verbs. These are flirting, hugging, kissing, and sexual affection. The content analysis provides the attributes through which the affection games are clustered. Notable patterns from the content analysis include indications that kissing and sexual affection are most common, while hugging games are the rarest. There is also a strong coupling of targeted gender identification and the types of affection made playable. These patterns are indicated both in the spaces in which they are distributed and in their content.

This study identified knowledge and concerns about avian influenza among secondary school students in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A stratified random sample of 514 students from 6 secondary schools was given a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire. Knowledge scores were significantly related to socioeconomic indicators. Approximately 70% of the participants reported that media (TV and/or radio) was the source of their information. Overall, 65.4% of the participants said they expected there to be cases of avian influenza in Saudi Arabia this year. Females were more concerned than males (70.9% versus 58.9%). Effective school health education programmes should be implemented in order to prepare the community to deal with this important threat.

A lot has been done in the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in business yet very little in solving agricultural problems in developing countries. The problem addressed in this paper is the integration of widely available knowledge, processing and providing effective delivery for countries with low ICT infrastructure. Data was collected from small-scale farmers, meteorologists, agricultural extension officers and a research station and analyzed. From this, a suitable knowledge based model was developed. In order to evaluate the model, a prototype was developed and used in tests with sample data. The results reveal that the best way of disseminating agro-meteorological information to small scale farmers is using an integrated knowledge management system and mobile phone technology.

The social and economic burden of osteoporosis is important since it concerns a continuously aging population, while the disease is silent until the emergence of fractures. Aim of the study was to assess female population knowledge about osteoporosis risk factors and to identify the risk factors of the studied population. A sample of 99 (aged: 61.59+/-9.61 years) women under treatment for osteoporosis or osteopenia answered the questionnaire provided by their pharmacists and were included in the study's analysis. Various parameters on osteoporosis awareness and risk factor knowledge of the population sample studied were analyzed. It was revealed that 96% of the participants knew osteoporosis definition and sources of this knowledge were one or more of the following: doctors (86.3%), mass media (20%) and friends or relatives (13.7%). It was found that the older age was associated with less knowledge (OR=0.93, CI: 0.88-0.97, p=0.004), and higher education with increased knowledge (OR=1.68, CI: 1.10-2.55, p=0.014) about osteoporosis. 56.4% of the participants were aware of at least one osteoporosis risk factor. In multivariate analysis, it was revealed that the participants who referred increased milk products consumption in childhood (OR=3.72, CI: 1.34-10.36, p=0.012) and current performance of physical activity (OR=13.06, CI: 3.22-53.05, p<0.001) were more likely to be informed about osteoporosis risk factors; age >61 years was associated with decreased knowledge of risk factors (OR=0.27, CI: 0.09-0.82, p=0.018). This study implies that a higher degree of participant's health education may result in the avoidance of osteoporosis risk factors. Increasing knowledge of osteoporosis should be a priority for future intervention programs in order to promote specific behavioural strategies for osteoporosis prevention.

The Internet has apparently become an important source of information for consumers and partly because of this trend, the Internet now presents a huge opportunity for advertisers who seek effective communication with their target markets. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the qualities and potentials of the Internet as an advertising medium. First, an overview of the various forms of Internet advertising is provided, as well as a review of existing literature regarding the effectiveness of each form. The article next compares the Internet with traditional mass media from the perspective of the consumer information environment and shows how unique characteristics of the Internet may alter consumer experience and decision making. The article concludes with a discussion of the needs and challenges facing the field.

This chapter critically explores the news and journalistic discourses surrounding the concept of the role model in the UK. It draws upon news content and semi-structured interviews with journalists from a wider study commissioned by the Department for Communities and Local Government exploring the media image of Black young men and boys in 2009-10. Analysis demonstrates negatively stigmatising discourses at play in role model news and polarised attitudes towards role models among journalists’ reflections. Post-Marxist discourse theory is employed to argue that rather than challenging the complex social inequalities facing young Black men as recent government policy suggests, role modelling as a ‘technology of the self’ is likely to articulate neoliberal logic and reinforce existing social inequalities

Menstruation is a process of utmost importance in the reproductive physiology of females. The present study aims at assessing the understanding of menstruation process among married women and to gain insight into the sources of information and nature of knowledge pertaining to the physiological process under consideration. The sample for the study comprised of 200 married women in the age group of 20-40 years. Equal numbers of women were drawn from two ecological settings (Rural and Urban) of Jammu District, through stratified random sampling technique. The tools for data collection included interview schedules. The results reflected a picture of ignorance and lack of understanding among respondents regarding the physiology and importance of menstrual process particularly among rural respondent (χ2 = 35.24, *Significant at 1%). Their explanation of menstruation reflected incomplete knowledge, unscientific notions and blindfold faith in cultural taboos, myths and social customs perta...

Objective. To identify risk factors for eating disorders. Methods. A community cohort study was conducted in Navarra, Spain. A region-wide representative sample of 2862 girls who were 12 to 21 years of age completed the Eating Attitudes Test (40-item version) and other questionnaires in 1997. Girls who scored high in the Eating Attitudes Test-40 were interviewed by a psychiatrist who applied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria to diagnose prevalent cases of eating disorders. Girls who were free of any eating disorder in 1997 were reassessed after 18 months of follow-up using the same methods. Results. Ninety new cases of eating disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria were identified during the follow-up. In the multivariate logistic analysis, a higher risk of incident eating disorder was found for several exposures assessed at the beginning of follow-up, such as younger age, usually eating alone (odds ratio [OR]: 2.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.9-4.6), and frequently reading girls' magazines or listening to radio programs (OR: 2.1; 1.2-3.8 for those most frequently using both media). No independent association was found for television viewing or socioeconomic status. A marital status of parents different from "being married" was associated with a significantly higher risk in the multivariate analysis (OR: 2.0; 1.1-3.5). Conclusions. Our results support the role of mass media influences and parental marital status in the onset of eating disorders. The habit of eating alone should be considered as a warning sign of eating disorders.

Background: This study examines the extent to which the indiscriminate media coverage of the famous young actress Lee Eun-ju's suicide in 2005 affected suicides overall and in specific subgroups (by age, gender, and suicide method) in a suicide-prone society, South Korea. Methods: South Korea's 2003-2005 suicide data (n ¼34,237) were obtained from death certificate records of the National Statistical Office (NSO). Data was analyzed with Poisson time series autoregression models. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors (such as seasonal variation, calendar year, temperature, humidity, and unemployment rate), there was a significant increase in suicide (RR¼ 1.40, 95%, CI ¼1.30-1.51, no. of excess mortalities ¼331; 95% CI ¼267-391) during the 4 weeks after Lee's suicide. This increase was more prominent in subgroups with similar characteristics to the celebrity. In particular, the relative risk of suicide during this period was the largest (5.24; 95% CI¼ 3.31-8.29) in young women who used the same suicide method as the celebrity. Moreover, the incidence of these copycat suicides during the same time significantly increased in both genders and in all age subgroups among those who committed suicide using the same method as the celebrity (hanging). Limitations: It is difficult to prove conclusively that the real motivation of the suicides was Lee's death. Conclusions: The findings from this study imply that, if the media indiscreetly reports the suicide of a celebrity in a suicide-prone society, the copycat effect can be far-reaching and very strong, particularly for vulnerable people.

“Rzeczpospolita” benefits from the economical succes in means of advertising income which is far higher than its position on reading market and the level of copy sales would imply. These two factors are the basic ones that are taken into consideration by media agencies when choosing newspapers fo advertising campaigns.
The purpose of this paper is to point that there is a certain, specific for this kind of market, rule present in the press media environment. This rule states that additional financial profits may be gained by a publisher, who has chosen product strategy (connected to editorial politics of a view-creating paper) that fulfills basic media functions but also fits into the main trend of unquestionable political and social views which makes it consistent with the main trend of views creating marketing surrounding; when the strategy does not undermine generally accepted economic views, especially free-market rules. In other words, when discrepancies between product strategy and publisher's mission and goal are not deepened. The paper relies on market analysis, it is also based on author's personal experience as Polish-wide media groups executive manager.

Strategia "Rzeczpospolitej"-w sprzecznościach misji, celów i otoczenia marketingowego " Rzeczpospolita " jest beneficjentem sukcesu ekonomicznego w postaci przychodów reklamowych o wielkości zdecydowanie większej niż wskazywałaby na to jej pozycja na rynku czytelnictwa i wielkość sprzedaży egzemplarzowej, czyli podstawowych parametrów branych pod uwagę przy wyborze gazet do kampanii reklamowych przez agencje i domy mediowe. Celem tej pracy jest wykazanie, że w prasowym środowisku medialnym obowiązuje specyficzna dla tego rynku prawidłowość, iż na dodatkowe korzyści finansowe może liczyć wydawca, który obrał taką strategię produktu (związaną z polityką redakcyjną dziennika opiniotwórczego), która wypełnia podstawowe funkcje mediów, ale musi mieścić się w głównym nurcie nie kwestionowanych poglądów społeczno – politycznych, pozostaje zatem zgodna z głównym nurtem poglądów kształtujących marketingowe otoczenie. Gdy nie podważa powszechnie akceptowanych poglądów gospodarczych, zwłaszcza zasad wolnorynkowych. Innymi słowy, gdy sprzeczności między strategią marketingowa produktu, a misją i celem wydawcy nie osiągają krytycznego poziomu charakterystycznego dla mediów reprezentujących jednoznaczne opcje polityczne. Praca została oparta na empirycznej analizie, jest też owocem własnych doświadczeń autora, jako zarządzającego ogólnopolskimi grupami medialnymi.

Der Begriff des Interface kategorisiert die Ausprägungsstufen einer kommunikationsstabilisierenden Schnittstelle als Interaktionsmechanismus, wobei die Interaktion von maschinellen Komponenten (Hardware, Software) sowie die vielfältigen Interaktionen zwischen UserIn und Maschine zur Geltung gebracht werden.

The violent video game literature has previously not extended to the domain of violence against women. The current investigation tested the effects of exposure to sex-typed video game characters versus images of professional men and women on judgments and attitudes supporting aggression against women. Results showed experimental effects of short-term exposure to stereotypical media content on sexual harassment judgments but not on rape myth acceptance. A significant interaction indicated that men exposed to stereotypical content made judgments that were more tolerant of a real-life instance of sexual harassment compared to controls. Long-term exposure to video game violence was correlated with greater tolerance of sexual harassment and greater rape myth acceptance. This data contributes to our understanding of mass media's role in socialization that supports violence against women.

Aims and objectives. The aim of this paper is to explore maternal views and experiences of stimulant pharmacotherapy in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Background. The very nature of ADHD means that it exists in a climate of scepticism and doubt. However, parents must make decisions about how to treat their children affected by ADHD. Of the treatments available, the use of stimulant therapy is the most controversial. Design. Qualitative. Method. Snowball sampling was used to recruit mothers (n = 11) of children with ADHD and a narrative-based qualitative methodology was used. Results. Decisions around the use of stimulant medication for children with ADHD were difficult for these mothers. Detailed findings are presented under the themes of: Ambivalence and confusion: everybody would be down on me like a ton of bricks; Influence of the media: so much bad publicity; Deciding against medication: you're changing their whole personality; and, Deciding for medication: he's just been wonderful. Conclusions. While these mothers revealed that they were discriminating in selecting information to guide their decisionmaking, many of their friends and family were influenced solely by media reports. Mothers experienced misgivings from family and friends who were sceptical about the need for medication and the implications and ethics of administering stimulant medication to children. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses and healthcare professionals have an important role in providing accurate and current information for parents and families and should be aware of the pressures parents are under when making decisions about treatments for their children with ADHD.

Az 1986. április 26-án történt csernobili atomkatasztrófa máig számos egészségügyi, politikai, energetikai, társadalmi kérdést vet fel, és élénken foglalkoztatja a közvéleményt. A baleset utáni első napokban, amikor már a sérült reaktortól több ezer kilométerrel távolabb is észlelték a szakemberek a radioaktív sugárzás jelentős megemelkedését, és már azt is tudták, hogy súlyos erőműsérülésről van szó, amely vélhetően Kelet-Ukrajna területén történt, a Szovjetunió nem reagált a hivatalos diplomáciai megkeresésekre. Később letagadta, hogy tudomása lenne atomerőmű-balesetről, végül két nappal később, április 28-án este egy kormányközleményben elismerték a történteket. Az első információhiányos napok hatással volt a magyar tájékoztatásra is – a hírközlés minősége máig vitatott kérdés.
Az atomkatasztrófa hazai médiareprezentációjáról akkor lehet komplex képet kapni, ha azt a korabeli politikai-tájékoztatáspolitikai kontextusban vizsgáljuk, és közben felfejtjük azt is, hogy a Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt vezetésének milyen információi voltak a történtekről. Dolgozatomban előbb ismertetem a korabeli magyar médiarendszer sajátosságait, majd a levéltári források alapján annak járok utána, hogy mikor és miről értesült a pártvezetés a csernobili atomkatasztrófa után napokban, és milyen hazai intézkedések léptek érvénybe. Végül röviden bemutatom, hogy a magyar lakosság mikor és milyen tájékoztatást kapott a hivatalos közleményekből.

“The Soviet Comrades Do Not  Inform Us”  /
Measures after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and the  media representation of the accident in Hungary
From The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 was a complex case with several aspects: it was a health threat, it showed the technical backwardness of the Soviet Union, and it was also a political issue which still arouses the interest of the public. Due to the accident, the nuclear cloud polluted an area of over 30,000 square kilometers and reached Western European territories as well. The Soviet officials first held back all information, and then denied knowing anything about the accident. Two days later, after many official Western diplomatic inquiries, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (cpsu) issued a short announcement on 28 April, in which they admitted the fact of the disaster. The first insufficient information had a significant impact on the Hungarian information policy, and the communication of the disaster is still a controversial topic in Hungary.
Media representation of the Chernobyl nuclear accident should be analyzed in a complex way considering the local and global political context, the local characteristics of the Soviet communist media system and also regarding the information which was available to the Hungarian political leaders. In this paper I attempt to show how this crisis communication case was managed in Hungary. First, I describe the local characteristics of the media system. Secondly, using official archival sources, I try to reveal what was told by the Soviet officials in the first days and what measures were introduced in Hungary. And finally, I will show when and what was communicated through the stateowned Hungarian media about the disaster.

Social Networking Sites (SNS) have changed the means and ways of communication all around the world. People are using these sites for information, relations, trade and many other ways. This research study “Influence of SNS on the acquisition of Knowledge: an analysis of Knowledge Gap Theory” primarily focuses on the use of SNS for the purpose of knowledge gain and particularly on the role of SNS in bridging the Knowledge Gap. How these sites are helpful in gaining knowledge. The study covers and discusses about the willingness to get knowledge and interest of the respondents about the useful information on SNS. The study highlights various aspects of social networking sites (SNS) that correlate with the motivation and the will of the individual to learn. Unlike the communication, social circle and interaction patterns, this study aims to define Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter etc. as means of knowledge acquisition. The study is conducted in three different cities of Pakistani Province Punjab Lahore, Sheikhupra and Narowal. People who use SNS wisely and with a purpose have a deep knowledge of what happens around. The research was carried out using primary and secondary data. After going through the previous studies and literature, questionnaire was designed and distributed among the individuals of age group 15-35. Sample size of the study is 500 respondents. Data was analyzed and interpreted on the percentage basis and the graphical presentation was also made.

Obra col·lectiva. Direcció editorial: Francesc Canosa. Capítol I. Els inicis del periodisme. De les gasetes als primers diaris: la configuració de la premsa moderna (Volum I. Dels inicis a la Guerra Civil).

Collective work. Publishing director: Francesc Canosa. Chapter One. The beginning of Journalism. From gazettes to the first newspapers: the formation of the modern press (Volume One. From the beginning to the Civil War).

The era of journalism and the participation of the readers on online media websites have changed online journalism. The research interest is now focused on removing the distinction between the publisher/entrepreneur and the journalist/user, with the ultimate goal of actively involving citizens in the journalistic process but also in the web presence of media websites. The evolution of technology, the deep media crisis and the growing dissatisfaction of the citizens, create the conditions for journalism to work with citizens, and in particular through citizen journalism and journalism crowdsourcing. This concept is a form of collective online activity in which a person or a group of people volunteer to engage in work that always involves mutual benefit to both sides. The main research question of this research concerns the analysis of the current situation regarding crowdsourcing, co-creation and UGC and the adoption of best practices such as crowdcreation, comments from the users, c...

Sentenced and locked away, prisoners are often a forgotten population. Little is being done to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in this environment where they are at a higher risk of infection. There is need for prevention programmes to target such correctional institutes so as to curtail the tendency for cross infection amongst the inmates and further spread on eventual release. The study was aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude and practices of inmates of the Jos Prison, Nigeria towards HIV infection. A cross sectional study involving one hundred and eleven male prisoners. Data was collected using an interviewer's administered questionnaire.

Recently, there has been a focus on religion as an essential catalyst for political participation and renewed civic engagement. Various claims share the common assumption that religion promotes the essential components of political participation including motivation, recruitment, and ability. Using survey data from the  National Election Study, we examine the processes that link the structural and cognitive dimensions of religion with political discussion networks, mass media use, and various indicators of democratic citizenship, including political participation. Our results show that current claims related to religion may be oversold. Specifically, we find that the cognitive dimension of religion leads to several negative effects on aspects of democratic citizenship. Our results also indicate that the structural effects of religion are limited, compared to secular networks, which provide an ideal setting for citizens to gain and exchange information, increase feelings of efficacy, and-most importantly-engage in various forms of participation. Despite Constitutional boundaries separating church and state activities, religion has always played an important role in American politics. In the nineteenth century, de Tocqueville (/) viewed religious institutions as central intermediaries between citizen and state, and indeed today, churches remain the most popular of American volunteer organizations. While various forms of civic involvement have declined over the past half-century (Putnam, ), participation in religion has remained remarkably unchanged (Wuthenow, ). If all politics is local, religion then parallels the local access points to political power (Leege, ), as churches serve as translocal networks that connect citizens to politics across the nation (de Tocqueville, /). In fact, churches are political institutions, providing sources of political information, opportunities, and incentives to engage in politics (Greenberg, ). Religion's relevance is not