Marketing channels

The issue of managing change is becoming critical in channels with increasing mergers and acquisitions. However, few change management programs can claim success. We offer a model based on organizational justice theory to design and implement change in marketing channels. Our model contributes to the literature by (1) offering a framework for the change management in channels, which incorporates distributive, procedural, and interactional justice, (2) emphasizing the change at an individual level as a key to successfully managing changes in buyer-seller relations, and (3) identifying the key mediating variables in the change management process. We also discuss implications of our model for academics and managers.

Partner ecosystems are liable for a widespread percentage of the price introduction of many organizations in the organisation software industry. Consequently, the focal point of competition has moved from the management of internal sources to the management of complementary assets that are beyond the own corporations' borders. Nevertheless, many software program companies are still attempting to apprehend the management of associate ecosystems. This paper introduces a framework for the management of accomplice ecosystems in the organisation software industry. The framework is composed of 4 management levels: selection of appropriate partners, management of the channel partner relationships, management of a accomplice program, and control of a companion network. This paper aims to discuss about what a partner is and what is the importance of the roles played by channel partners in a software firm.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

Multichannel customer management is "the design, deployment, and evaluation of channels to enhance customer value through effective customer acquisition, retention, and development" (Neslin95-113). Channels typically include the store, the Web, catalog, sales force, third party agency, call center and the like. In recent years, multichannel marketing has grown tremendously and is anticipated to grow even further. While we have developed a good understanding of certain issues such as the relative value of a multichannel customer over a single channel customer, several research and managerial questions still remain. We offer an overview of these emerging issues, present our future outlook, and suggest important avenues for future research.

Case studies were employed as research tools, for undergraduate and MBA students for 25+ years. The International Management course was taught in two classes at an undergraduate Business program. Channel of Distribution course was given at a MBA program. Real-world examples were utilized and applied in class whenever applicable. Students did final projects individually or in a team, by employing case studies via library and internet search. Class evaluations indicated that the case studies enhanced significantly their overall learning experience. Students rated the courses good to excellent. This paper gave the summary.

Today, the advancements of the Internet and new technologies have affected consumer behavior. This has led to the emergence of more and more channels which is causing consumers to change their purchasing habits. The omnichannel refers to retailers with a presence on both physical and digital platforms. It is a modern approach to commerce that focuses on designing a cohesive user experience for customers at every touchpoint. This paper deliberates on the omnichannel behavior of consumers in India towards the mobile phones. It analyses the channel preferences of mobile consumers, the selection of omnichannel during mobile purchase, and brand preferences in the omnichannel business environment. The outcome of this paper confirms that there is a significant relationship of socio-economic class with consumer information search, consumer evaluation of alternatives and consumer purchase decisions through online and offline sources which indicates the omnichannel behavior of consumer India for mobile products.

Keywords: Omnichannel Behaviour, Consumer Behaviour, Mobile Purchase Decisions, Channel Preferences, Channel Marketing, Consumer Class

Citation: Zaware, N., Pawar, A., Samudre, H., & Kale, S. (2020). Omnichannel Consumer Buying Behavior: Apprehending the Purchasing Pattern for Mobile Buyers in India. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3S): 1086-1101.

This work aims at contributing to a vision of innovation in marketing channels, which is not limited to a few specific aspects of innovation or to the single stages of the channel, and which considers the channel as a whole.
The analysis will be carried out following three different perspectives: a technological perspective, focusing on the influence of technology on the interactions among channels members and with the final demand; a structural perspective, referring to what new channel configurations may occur and; a relational perspective, focusing on the changes in vertical relationships between firms.
The analysis aims to provide a conceptual framework on the basis of which future investigations and insights can be conducted to capture the extent and effects of the changes that occur, as a result of innovation

The conventionalization of organic agriculture has been described as a process in which organic agriculture increasingly adopts the features of conventional modes of production based on industrial farming methods. The increasing supply of organic products to the large retailers is considered the main driver of conventionalization. This process has negative implications for the agrobiodiversity of organic farming systems. The present study aims to investigate and analyze the impact of retailing strategies on the agrobiodiversity of organic farms. A survey of farms located in rural areas near large urban centers (three metropolitan regions in Southern Brazil and four Italian regions) was undertaken. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The analysis indicates that the farms surveyed maintained a high level of agrobiodiversity and active participation in alternative food networks. Our findings point out that there was a significant and positive correlation between the crop richness index and the share of farm sales through alternative food networks. We conclude that adopting various forms of direct sale is the key factor in stimulating farms' agrobiodiversity, but proximity to densely populated areas is a necessary precondition for the development of the short food supply chains needed to stimulate the diversification of organic agriculture.

DIRECT RESPONSE advertising is not only the preserve of marketers without retail distribution. It can be an integral part of
communication strategies where the objective is to achieve accountability, customer information or sales leads, or to reach
selected lifestyle cluster groups with a relevant targeted message.
Direct response advertising, whether 'above-the-line' or 'below-the-line', provides the researcher or planner with additional
quantitative information and feedback upon which to base future decisions. Direct Response Television (DRTV) planning requires the use of traditional television research, in combination with
quantitative and qualitative analysis of response information.

India is the sixth largest producer of maize in the world, and contributed about 2 per cent to the global maize production of 855.72 million tonnes (Mt) in 2012-13. Yield has also seen a high growth rate of 2.8 per cent as compared to other cereals. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are the corn belts from South where Karnataka alone occupies 12% of the total area (one million ha) and contributes nearly 16% of its total production. Nearly ¾ of the produce is being processed as animal feed and remaining for human consumption and industrial use. There is a huge demand for maize and maize products because, it is rich in lysine, tryptophan, amino acids and low fat content and it is a good product for diabetic and obese disorders. Now a days there is a more demand for maize value added products in urban and peri-urban areas, indicating a vast scope for fortification as nutritional supplementation at all the stages right from farmer’s field to consumer’s plate. The rich nutri-maize is available in abundance to the consumers at relatively cheaper price (compared to other cereals) can be further commercially exploited for nutritive health foods by value addition and making available them at affordable price for the advantage of vulnerable groups and other consumers at large. This paper aim to address the gaps on some issues concerning technology adoption, utilization of maize, value chain efficiency, challenges and opportunities for improving the maize value chain actors in transfer of modern technologies and other market services. The main objective of the study was to carry out value chain analysis of maize in Mahabubnagar district and environs with a view to identify potential production, demand and supply, value chain, value additions, key sector constraints and opportunities and appropriate interventions.

Master level course on Global Distribution and Channel Management (for the Master of Global Entrepreneurship and Management degree) that focuses on additional challenges and complications in distribution and channel management associated with country borders. Unlike domestic distribution partners, international distribution partners would typically take greater responsibility (developing promotional strategy, taking greater financial risk, etc.), be given more power and freedom (territorial exclusivity, greater autonomy, etc.), and be compensated more handsomely. This course will examine in-depth a few representative global distribution systems, and revealtheir pros and cons to different stakeholders.

This paper develops and empirically validates customer shopping motives taking account of customer channel selection in multichannel systems. As each channel is associated with certain advantages and disadvantages from a customer's perspective, we develop – based on behavioral considerations – a customer typology to classify different segments of customers. This enables us to empirically analyze the interrelationship between distinct shopping motives prior marketing research has suggested and cannibalization and synergetic effects in online–offline multichannel systems. Our results show that a higher degree of customers' convenience orientation in contrast to the degree of risk aversion and service orientation encourages the selection of the online channel over the offline channel. In addition, we develop and empirically analyze a typology of customers to classify distinct segments of consumers, highlighting the associated interrelationship of individual shopping motives and cannibalization and synergetic effects. Our results indicate that the desire for service, rather than risk aversion, could potentially cannibalize customers away from the online channel.

Szakdolgozatom célja a többcsatornás értékesítési rendszerek témakörének bemutatása és várható jövőbeli fejlődési irányainak felvázolása volt.

A többcsatornás értékesítési rendszereket az autóipar kontextusában mutattam be és kitértem arra is, hogy az iparágban várhatóan végbemenő komoly változások miként alakítják majd át az értékesítés csatornáit.

Dolgozatom önálló kutatást is tartalmaz melynek célja a Ford Motor Company értékesítési rendszerének bemutatása valamint az online autóvásárlásra és az alternatív mobilitási szolgáltatásokra mutatkozó fogyasztói igény felmérése volt.

A kérdőíves kutatásomból kiderült, hogy a korábban autóvásárlásban már részt vett válaszadók a kereskedések látogatásánál és a kiszemelt autó tesztvezetésénél sokkal több időt töltenek online kereséssel, információszerzéssel, és előzetes kiválasztással. Ennek ellenére a kiszemelt autóba való beülés és annak tesztvezetése jelentik a legfontosabb döntési tényezőket a vásárláskor.

A megkérdezettek ugyan hajlandóak lennének online vásárlásra, de leginkább egy vegyes (omnichannel) modellt preferálnának. A vegyes modellben a vásárló az interneten előre kiválasztott autót élőben is megnézheti, tesztvezetheti, hogy így erősítse meg az online meghozott döntését.

Az autóhelyettesítő alternatívák közül a válaszadók a telekocsit, a saját biciklit, motort és a közösségi közlekedést tartották a leghatékonyabbnak. A kérdőívet kitöltők kétharmada használna a jövőben autómegosztási illetve rugalmas bérlési szolgáltatásokat saját autójuk kiváltására. Az autómegosztás esetében a 39 évnél fiatalabbak, a budapestiek, és az autóval nem rendelkezők használnának legszívesebben ilyen szolgáltatásokat.

As the debate on finding a better and/or more effective marketing tool or approach rages on, one thing that is sure is the fact that companies can no longer ignore the importance of not only having, but monitoring their presence online.
The purpose of this write-up is to compare traditional marketing with digital marketing and show the differences in their characteristics which will be very beneficial in decision making.

Prior to the emergence of the Internet, the newspaper was a primary and trusted source of information on current affairs and public events for consumers. Its traditional distribution model of using retail intermediaries ensured the customers had access to newspapers. The newspaper market, once a profitable industry has undergone tumultuous change in the last 15 years. Revenues from advertising, subscription and newspaper sales continue their decline with the emergence of digital technologies and the online channel.
This report provides an in-depth analysis of the current channel structure of the The Australian, a leading national newspaper owned my media conglomerate News Corp. Strategic recommndations were based on the identified gaps and the use of organizational resources to improve their distribution channel.

To develop an innovative technique to apply retail marketing and export of grape improvement techniques to a complete supply chain from farm to consumer. Design/ methodology/approach - Action research based on a Andhra Pradesh case study involving Post harvest loss in grapes for export market. Findings - Export market highlights significant opportunities to improve fruits supply chain performance, export perspective, profitability and relationships. Originality value – Drawing on both primary and secondary data, the paper examines how increasing demand and marketing costs, wastage impact on grape grower returns. Development of supply chain improvement methodology.

This work aims to analyze the theme of innovation in marketing channels with a perspective focused on the entire channel, with reference to its structure and flows (information, physical, negotiating), that drive the operations and link all the subjects.
The analysis aims to provide a conceptual framework on the basis of which future investigations and insights can be conducted to capture the extent and effects of the changes that occur, as a result of innovation.

The paper analyses the contribution of technological innovations to improve the relations and interactions among all members of marketing channels and those with the end consumer. The analysis focuses on marketing channel as a whole, aiming at providing a conceptual framework for future investigations and insights that can be conducted to capture the extent and effects of the changes in technology.
The technological perspective of innovation is analyzed by taking into account all types of channels, not just those at the retail distribution level. This perspective can be divided into an area of innovation in vertical relationships between channel members and an area of innovation in relationships with final demand.
The main fronts of innovation in vertical relations between firms are: logistics, the joint management of supplying activities, and those joint activities with a high level of integration among partners, such as Vendor Managed Category Management.
As regard to relationships with final demand main innovation fields are: checkout technologies, electronic and mobile payments, distance and on-line selling, and self-service technologies

Pesticides are often used as the main options for combating plant pests. Because pesticides have high killing power, the application that is easy, fast and proven results. It is currently not difficult to find different types of pesticides. The amount of circulation of these products with various brands, not in spite of interference - the parties involved in the production, especially in the product marketing. Role of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers greatly affect the marketing  of pesticides a company's products. Of course this is related to the marketing contributing to its spread.
One pesticide company that was developing at this time is PT. Dharma Guna Wibawa. The company was established in 2001 in Jakarta and now a second company with the largest revenue in Indonesia. Currently, PT. Dharma Guna Wibawa has 2 factories operating in Bogor and Bekasi. PT. Dharma Guna Wibawa is currently undertaking expansion in the sales area of Malang Raya includes Batu City, Malang City, Malang District with a sizeable agricultural potential and support the increase in sales.
But behind all this success, of course it is not independent of channel marketing PT. Dharma Guna Wibawa to do. Obstacles encountered in the field, especially on the professionalism and skills of field officers DGW is still not optimal. This then becomes a problem in terms of marketing of the products of PT. DGW especially in the district of Malang.

This paper presents a systematic method for classifying research on international channels of distribution, it is used to examine 79 articles published during an 18-year period (1988-2005). Based on content analysis, each article is classified by its primary research framework. Two frameworks are identified: (1) structural-based on the economic and organizational aspects of international channels of distribution; and (2) behavioral-based on the exchange relationship between channel members from different national environments. This simple organizing system offers a comprehensive way to analyze scholarship that has emerged in the field. For managers, it can bring the theoretical and practical developments together in an understandable fashion as they seek to interpret and apply research findings. For scholars, it may bring focus to an increasingly complex area of international business and guide future research efforts.

"Innovation in marketing channels is a theme that has been treated in reference to specific areas of innovation or to single categories of subjects within channels. Fewer studies have been conducted with a perspective referring to the channel as a whole. Major contributions have focused on innovation in retailing as “product innovation” for distribution companies (Dawson, 2001; Dupuis, 2000; Castaldo, 2001; Cardinali, 2005), or as innovation in the supply chain. In this case, primary attention has been placed on technological issues, particularly those relating to information and communication technologies (ICT), and the implications that these technologies may entail for marketing channels (Kim et al., 2006; Hausman, Stockb, 2003). The few contributions that have focused on the entire channel (Gundlach et al., 2006), have highlighted the single specific aspects, such as the effects of innovation on the relationship dynamics between channel members (Gupta, Loulou, 1998), and the influence of the institutional, economic, social and cultural context on innovation in international channels (Bello et al., 2004). Hence, in the existing literature, a vision that does not fully grasp the continuity of relationships between upstream and downstream value chains prevails. Furthermore, there is a lack of analysis on the way in which innovation can affect the very role of marketing channels, as a liaison between production systems and end-markets.
This work aims to analyze the theme of innovation in marketing channels with a perspective focused on the entire channel, with reference to its structure and flows (information, physical, negotiating), that drive the operations and link all the subjects.
The analysis aims to provide a conceptual framework on the basis of which future investigations and insights can be conducted to capture the extent and effects of the changes that occur, as a result of innovation."

Power is a potential for influence, therefore, it is the ability of one channel member to get another channel member to do something. There are five sources of power: Reward, Coercive, Legitimate, Expert and Referent power, and there are 6 ways of communication i.e. ways of exerting influence: Promise, Threat, Legalistic, Request, Information exchange and Recommendation. This project will elaborate this subject in details.

Kashmiri saffron is facing marketing problems due to its poor quality on account of traditional post-harvest techniques. Technologies are available which can ensure the best quality of Kashmiri saffron, for which it is famous in the world and creation of saffron spice park under national saffron mission is a step forward in this direction. The national
saffron mission is likely to boost the overall saffron production of Kashmir from 15MT to 22MT. (Souvenir Saffron Exporters Brand, 2016). An expansion program in non-traditional areas will further enhance the overall production to about 60MT. Therefore, there is a need to provide the solution to the farmers for the better market which at present is
unorganized. Improving the marketing value chain of saffron with structured marketing channels will definitely increase livelihood security of more than 16000 farm families which are associated with this trade directly or indirectly. The present study is, therefore, an attempt to highlight the problems of marketing of saffron in Kashmir valley so as to
provide remedial measures and benefit the growers as much as possible and encourage their involvement in the saffron value chain.

This study examines the factors that affect marketing channel selections of rice farmers in Thailand, which are believed to be distinctive compared with those of other agricultural products. One of the possible reasons for the differences is the Thai government
has formally, over many years, subsidised rice farmers under the rice pledging scheme (RPS). Since the scheme ended in 2014, rice farmers have been facing a more competitive market environment and need to be more proactive in their choice of marketing and this research aims to generate greater understanding of the drivers of choice in order this issue may be addressed. This study identified factors affecting the marketing channel choices drawing on the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and literature review. A multimethod approach was adopted involving preliminary in-depth interviews with 33 participants
and a face-to-face questionnaire survey with 661 rice farmers in 3 main rice production regions by using purposive and convenience sampling techniques.
The results showed that Thai rice farmers mainly rely on three main channels: miller, local collector, and agricultural cooperative to sell their rice. Three other channels also used by farmers were: central paddy market, individual direct selling and group direct selling. Paired samples t-test was used to compare the channels used before and after the RPS
ended from which it was determined that there were statistical differences between regions, education levels, sources of information, type of rice growing, production partly for own consumption or not, use of hired vehicles or not and distance to market in the different channels on past behaviour and intention.
Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypothetical relationships based on the results from principal components analysis and reliability of scale. The results identified that intention had been directly affected by past behaviour, attitude, subjective norm, farmers’ power, consideration of transaction specific
cost and channel accessibility of which indirectly influenced on intention through past behaviour. Therefore, the significance of path relationships in different channel choices had been addressed by using multi-group analysis. The findings could have potential implications for many stakeholders, e.g. policy makers, farmers and rice buyers, illustrating
the importance of these factors in understanding rice farmers in making channel choice decisions.
Key words: marketing channel, rice, rice pledging scheme, Theory of Planned Behaviour,
multi-method, partial least squares structural equation modelling, Thailand

This book is the fruit of research and reading of several articles and books for several years. This is an update of a version published in 2010. This version is intended to be more complete and more detailed to meet the needs of teachers and researchers who wish to make use of structural equation methods. In this second edition, we worked on several areas of research in addition to the marketing field to cover the areas of management, accounting, finance, human resources, entrepreneurship and the economy. We have also included applications in sociology, psychology, medicine and the field of health.

The objectives of this research are: (1) to observe marketing channels, functions and marketing institution who involved in siam orange distribution, (2) to analize marketing costs, marketing shares, marketing margin, profit and marketing efficiency feasibility of siam orange marketing, and (3) to identify siam orange marketing problems in its channels. In this research, data were collected by interviewing 30 farmers from 3 different farmer groups. Then, by snowball sampling technique with those farmers as the starting point, 2 colector traders, 2 whole salers, and 2 retails also were interviewed. The results revealed that Sungai Kambat Village have five marketing channels. As the dominant channel, the third channel has the highest score in economic and technical efficiency. The marketing costs consist of transportation, loading and dropping, fees and taxes, and  fruit damage. The higher marketing cost was occured in the second channel while the lowest one was in the first channels. Marketing shares and margins were varied depend on cost, fruit sales, and fruit’s retail price. Siam orange marketing in all channels were economically feasible. And finally, the most common problems in this marketing were uncertainty price, fruit quality, and illegal fees.

Keywords: siam oranges, marketing channel

In questi anni si assiste a un diffuso impegno da parte delle imprese nell’ampliare i fronti di miglioramento dell’efficienza, sia interna che nei rapporti con gli interlocutori a monte e a valle della filiera produttiva e del canale di marketing. Nel caso delle relazioni fra produttori e intermediari commerciali tali fenomeni risultano stimolati e accentuati dai profondi mutamenti in atto nei sistemi distributivi. La sempre maggiore autonomia dei grandi distributori e la divergenza di finalità con i produttori rendono spesso i rapporti conflittuali, ma la necessità di fronteggiare la concorrenza orizzontale, sia a livello produttivo che distributivo, richiede una sempre maggiore collaborazione.
Tutto ciò comporta l’esigenza di comprendere a fondo il funzionamento delle interazioni fra produttori e distributori, tenendo conto non solo degli aspetti tecnici che le caratterizzano, ma anche di quelli strutturali, strategici e comportamentali.
Questo lavoro mette in luce le modalità con cui si svolgono i rapporti fra le imprese della grande distribuzione e le varie tipologie di fornitori, che si differenziano al variare della dimensione e della struttura competitiva del mercato di appartenenza. L’esempio delle grandi imprese commerciali britanniche, che nonostante l’elevato potere contrattuale non attivano comportamenti opportunistici ma, anzi, sfruttano tale potere per costruire relazioni improntate alla cooperazione nel lungo periodo, mostra quanto importante sia lo sviluppo di una nuova cultura nei rapporti verticali. In questo, la gestione delle attività di approvvigionamento dell’impresa commerciale risulta un momento chiave. L’adozione di scelte strategiche e strutturali nell’ambito della funzione acquisti in coordinamento con le altre funzioni aziendali, permette infatti di soddisfare due esigenze: quella di differenziare le relazioni in base ai diversi fornitori senza però modificare l’orientamento di base alla stabilità e alla collaborazione, e quella di massimizzare i benefici dell’interazione verticale, favorendo la continuità fra le attività di interfaccia a monte (marketing di acquisto) con quelle a valle (marketing di vendita), attraverso il rafforzamento dei collegamenti fra i due momenti decisionali.

This work highlights the ways in which relationships between large retailers and suppliers develop themselves dependinf on of various types of suppliers. Suppliers diffrentiate among each other on the basis of size, the competitive structure of the market to which they belong. The case of British large retailers is analysed. These retailers, despite their high bargaining power, do not turn on opportunistic behavior, but rather, they use this power to build relationships based on cooperation in the long run. This demonstrates how important is the development of a new culture in vertical relationships. In this culture, the management of procurement activities is a key moment. The adoption of strategic choices and structural framework of the purchasing function in coordination with other corporate functions, makes it possible to satisfy two requirements: to differentiate relationships according to different types of providers, without changing the basic orientation to the stability and collaboration, and the maximization of benefits from the vertical interaction.

To mesh together their channels and better handle their multichannel management, retailers must better evaluate and coordinate their various channels. They need more precise and more complete measurement instruments to compare the channels in terms of characteristics perceived by their customers. Using the procedure specific to formative variables, this research results in a particularly comprehensive measurement index that culls 10 channel
image dimensions (offering, price, layout, accessibility, promotions, customer service, advice, reputation, institution, connections with other channels) from the 40 strictly identical items for
the website and the stores. Various qualitative and quantitative surveys examine across several samples of customers of a major French multichannel retailer, including one sample of
1,478 respondents. This study delineates the scope of website and store images and defines reliable scales for evaluating each image dimension of the channels, including those totally missing from the literature. This measurement tool harnesses website and store characteristics that are very operational and easily actionable. This study demonstrates that a website can be described and analyzed along the same lines as a store, and shows the relevance of
incorporating connections with other channels, particularly into the scope of website image.

Multichannel customer management is "the design, deployment, and evaluation of channels to enhance customer value through effective customer acquisition, retention, and development" (Neslin95-113). Channels typically include the store, the Web, catalog, sales force, third party agency, call center and the like. In recent years, multichannel marketing has grown tremendously and is anticipated to grow even further. While we have developed a good understanding of certain issues such as the relative value of a multichannel customer over a single channel customer, several research and managerial questions still remain. We offer an overview of these emerging issues, present our future outlook, and suggest important avenues for future research.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the IoT’s technology practices and performance in retail sector. This internet information technology is vital part of the evolution of retail sector. This paper develops an analytical framework for the assessment of approaches for the measurement of IoT’s technology practices and performance in the retail store operation. Methodology used as literature review and conceptual development of framework. Existing approaches also discussed in the improving retail inventory management operation

This document describes in detail how our app is going to achieve its goals. This business plan lays out a written plan from a marketing, financial and operational viewpoint. The plan includes the overall budget, current and projected financing, a market analysis and its marketing strategy approach. In this business plan, we project revenues and expenses for a certain period of time and describe the operational activity and the costs related to the business.

One of the central production of Citrus Nobilis Var. Microcarpa is in District Tebas, Sambas Regency. The research objective was to determine the most efficient marketing channels to know about the advantages of each institution marketing, knowing the structure of the market and market integration between market producers with consumer markets in pontianak. Research was conducted by survey method. The results showed that marketing channel (I) of Citrus Nobilis Var. Microcarpa are efficiency and marketing channel II for class D and E have been not efficient. When viewed in terms of profits, the highest advantage in the marketing channel (II) class AB Rp 3.318/Kg. The market structure faced by farmers leading to undifferentiated oligopoly market structure and Citrus Nobilis Var. Microcarpa traders lead oligopsoni undifferentiated market, as well as the level of retailers occurring form of the market is the market oligopsoni undifferentiated. Analysis showed that the level of market integration robust integrated market between the market level to the level of consumer and producer of integrated long-term.

Rattan, an important non-timber forest product, is a flexible palm used in weaving baskets or furniture. Rattan is light yet sturdy, making it suitable for furniture that can be moved often. Bangladesh has a large number of rattan-based enterprises. This paper reports a case study carried out in Sylhet City Corporation of north-eastern Bangladesh, exploring the production, financial profitability and marketing of rattan-based products, and the problems and priorities of rattan-based enterprises as well as their potential contribution to employment opportunity. A sample survey was conducted of 58 randomly selected rattan-based enterprises with entrepreneurs personally interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Based on the total investment, the enterprises were divided into large, medium and small categories. Three origins of rattan (Local, Myanmar and Indonesia) and five species were used by the enterprises to produce 29 rattan-based product types. Rattan products were divided into three basic categories, viz. domestic utensils, domestic decorative articles and others for which uses are not specific. Among the three rattan origins, processing cost of local and Myanmar rattan species products was less and more articles were sold than for Indonesia rattan species. Financial analysis indicated that rattan-based enterprises are a profitable and attractive option for local socio-economic development. Entrepreneurs' views on major problems and issues in rattan-based product trading and suggested measures to improve the condition of rattan-based enterprises also collected. Rattan-based enterprises will generate more domestic revenue, foreign exchange and employment if policies are adopted to

The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.

This study aims to increase knowledge of consumerperceived risk (CPR) and ways of relieving perceived risk in online shopping. A factorial design was used for investigating differences in CPR and risk-reduction strategies (RRS) by e-tailer (single and multichannel) and product type (music CDs and apparel). Using multiple regression analysis, the effects of consumer factors on CPR and the effects of convenience and CPR on RRS were identified. Results indicate that e-tailer type has a significant influence on CPR. Innovativeness and frequency of online shopping were inversely related to CPR. Convenience and CPR are positively associated with RRS. Managerial implications are provided.

The study was carried out from May 2013 to April 2014 to find out the fish marketing systems and socio economic status of aratdars of six upazilas in Gaibandha district. Four categories of fishes (Exotic, Indigenous, Live and SIS) were observed where maximum fishes were gathered from the surrounding area but imported from other countries was very rare in these markets. Commission agents obtained 3-4% commission from farmers was identified during the study period. The highest landing was recorded 391482.40 kg yr -1 (Pangasius pangasius in Gobindogonj) while the lowest landing was recorded 545.20 kg yr -1 (Channa punctatus in Sundargong). Fish price assorted from BDT 64.20±3.82 (Chanda ranga) to 798.80±10.09 Tk kg -1 (Ompok pabda). Preponderance (51.13 % in Gaibandha Sadar) aratdars were studied from VI-X class. Agriculture was major secondary occupation of the aratdars (56.44% in Polashbari to 81.49 % in Fulchari). The majority (46.23% in Fulchari to 70.73% in Gaibandha Sadar) aratdars were found to earn Tk 500-1000 day -1 , while, only 16.71% aratdars earn Tk 100-500 day -1 in Gaibandha sadar and 22% aratdars in Gobindagonj earn above Tk 1000 day -1 . It was remarkable that there was no private clinic facility for health service of aratdars in Fulchari upazila, but 68.02% aratdars got health service from community hospitals. Except very few market, infrastructure of blanket and retail fish markets were not adequate with packaging, sanitation, water supply, drainage, cleaning, washing, maintenance and repairs.