Management and Organisation

from case to case, the basic steps in this process remained the same. This involved presenting synthetic conceptions including, if possible, a part of the mutually contradictory views, namely, that part which survived critical scrutiny. This method is thus called the Aristotelian methodology of saving the appearances (SA). The notion of SA is not part of what we are all expected to know about the old master from Stagira, but rather something emerging from the revival of Aristotle scholarship since the 1960s and the new interest in his actual methods of inquiry. We argue in this paper that SA, when appropriately understood, can be applied to contemporary contexts. In fact, recent philosophical research has shown the relevance of Aristotelian ideas for current debates and called for a wider application of his methods. This research has focused attention on the unique features in Aristotelian SA.3 In particular, Aristotelian SA provides concrete tools for synthesis formation which appear to be lacking in widely known dialogue methods. Note that we focus in this paper on the SA method and not on Aristotle's views on specific philosophical issues. We will first outline the basic ideas of the SA 3 model and then present a modified version to be used for contemporary purposes. While Aristotle himself used SA to resolve contradictions in singular theoretical conceptions (such as the highest goal in human life), it has since been applied to solve wider theoretical problems. John Rawls, for example, used the method in a fairly conscientious manner to develop his theory of justice to save the best parts of ethical theories 4. Our focus is the ongoing debate between modernist and post-modernist scholars, which seems to be characterised by extreme philosophical standpoints that leave little room for mediating positions. We start by pointing out that this division is first and foremost a rhetorical construction and that a closer look at specific issues reveals genuine opportunities to bridge seemingly incommensurable standpoints. We then focus on three issues within this modernism-postmodernism debate: the universalismparticularism discussion concerning the nature of scientific knowledge; the 3 Owen G E L 'Tithenai ta phainomena' in Nussbaum M C (ed) Logic, science and dialectic: Collected papers

Skrifter utgivna vid Svenska handelshögskolan Publications of the Hanken School of Economics ... Two Ethnographic Case Studies in the Finnish Defence Forces ... The Gendered Social Organisation of Defence: Two Ethnographic Case Studies in the Finnish Defence Forces.

We have seen growing interest in discursive perspectives on strategy. This perspective holds great promise for development of an understanding on how strategy discourse and subjectivity are intertwined. We wish to add to this existing research by outlining a discursive struggle approach to subjectivity. To understand the complex subjectification and empowering/disempowering effects of organizational strategy discourse, this approach focuses on organization-specific discourse mobilizations and various ways of resistance. Drawing on an analysis of the discourses and practices of ‘strategic development’ in an engineering and consulting group we provide an empirical illustration of such struggles over subjectivity. In particular, we report three examples of competing ways of making sense of and giving sense to strategic development, with specific subjectification tendencies. First, we show how corporate management can mobilize and appropriate a specific kind of strategy discourse to att...

The pressure on managers to deal with the complexity of competing demands in today's business is growing, and business schools have needed to develop ways to look more broadly at what they are teaching. Through a PRME initiative launched by the UN Global Compact, business schools have developed their curricula's in order to enhance skills and abilities in dealing with the challenges related to ethics, sustainability and responsibility. This thesis examines how a project course in social and environmental responsibility at Hanken School of Economics provides students with learning experiences that develop certain abilities. The purpose of this study is to examine different learning experiences of the students during the project course, and how these learning experiences support students in developing abilities. The thesis identifies tensions during the projects in order to map out abilities and skills that students learn during the projects. In addition the thesis examines how students are exposed to different vocabularies and develop moral imagination. The thesis uses a case study methodology, with a qualitative, abductive research design. The data consists of a total of three projects including seven students, two NGOs and one business network. Multiple data collecting methods (learning diaries, semi structured in depth interviews, final assignment, two presentations, and informal discussions) allows for triangulation of the findings. The results of this study show, that the project course on social and environmental responsibility develop student learning experiences in a way that abilities linked to moral imagination and vocabularies occur. In addition to this, students question their own perceived knowledge and the knowledge of the NGO in order to better understand what the outcomes of the project are, who is benefitting and from which point of view. These support development of a phronetic approach and development of practical wisdom, which in turn support students in navigating through the competing demands in today's businesses with regards to ethics, responsibility and sustainability.

The pressure on managers to deal with the complexity of competing demands in today's business is growing, and business schools have needed to develop ways to look more broadly at what they are teaching. Through a PRME initiative launched by the UN Global Compact, business schools have developed their curricula's in order to enhance skills and abilities in dealing with the challenges related to ethics, sustainability and responsibility. This thesis examines how a project course in social and environmental responsibility at Hanken School of Economics provides students with learning experiences that develop certain abilities. The purpose of this study is to examine different learning experiences of the students during the project course, and how these learning experiences support students in developing abilities. The thesis identifies tensions during the projects in order to map out abilities and skills that students learn during the projects. In addition the thesis examines how students are exposed to different vocabularies and develop moral imagination. The thesis uses a case study methodology, with a qualitative, abductive research design. The data consists of a total of three projects including seven students, two NGOs and one business network. Multiple data collecting methods (learning diaries, semi structured in depth interviews, final assignment, two presentations, and informal discussions) allows for triangulation of the findings. The results of this study show, that the project course on social and environmental responsibility develop student learning experiences in a way that abilities linked to moral imagination and vocabularies occur. In addition to this, students question their own perceived knowledge and the knowledge of the NGO in order to better understand what the outcomes of the project are, who is benefitting and from which point of view. These support development of a phronetic approach and development of practical wisdom, which in turn support students in navigating through the competing demands in today's businesses with regards to ethics, responsibility and sustainability.

The pressure on managers to deal with the complexity of competing demands in today’s business is growing, and business schools have needed to develop ways to look more broadly at what they are teaching. Through a PRME initiative launched by the UN Global Compact, business schools have developed their curricula’s in order to enhance skills and abilities in dealing with the challenges related to ethics, sustainability and responsibility. This thesis examines how a project course in social and environmental responsibility at Hanken School of Economics provides students with learning experiences that develop certain abilities. The purpose of this study is to examine different learning experiences of the students during the project course, and how these learning experiences support students in developing abilities. The thesis identifies tensions during the projects in order to map out abilities and skills that students learn during the projects. In addition the thesis examines how studen...

from case to case, the basic steps in this process remained the same. This involved presenting synthetic conceptions including, if possible, a part of the mutually contradictory views, namely, that part which survived critical scrutiny. This method is thus called the Aristotelian methodology of saving the appearances (SA). The notion of SA is not part of what we are all expected to know about the old master from Stagira, but rather something emerging from the revival of Aristotle scholarship since the 1960s and the new interest in his actual methods of inquiry. We argue in this paper that SA, when appropriately understood, can be applied to contemporary contexts. In fact, recent philosophical research has shown the relevance of Aristotelian ideas for current debates and called for a wider application of his methods. This research has focused attention on the unique features in Aristotelian SA.3 In particular, Aristotelian SA provides concrete tools for synthesis formation which appear to be lacking in widely known dialogue methods. Note that we focus in this paper on the SA method and not on Aristotle's views on specific philosophical issues. We will first outline the basic ideas of the SA 3 model and then present a modified version to be used for contemporary purposes. While Aristotle himself used SA to resolve contradictions in singular theoretical conceptions (such as the highest goal in human life), it has since been applied to solve wider theoretical problems. John Rawls, for example, used the method in a fairly conscientious manner to develop his theory of justice to save the best parts of ethical theories 4. Our focus is the ongoing debate between modernist and post-modernist scholars, which seems to be characterised by extreme philosophical standpoints that leave little room for mediating positions. We start by pointing out that this division is first and foremost a rhetorical construction and that a closer look at specific issues reveals genuine opportunities to bridge seemingly incommensurable standpoints. We then focus on three issues within this modernism-postmodernism debate: the universalismparticularism discussion concerning the nature of scientific knowledge; the 3 Owen G E L 'Tithenai ta phainomena' in Nussbaum M C (ed) Logic, science and dialectic: Collected papers

Despite the central role of legitimacy in corporate social responsibility debate, little is known of subtle meaning-making processes through which social actors attempt to establish or deestablish legitimacy for socially contested corporate undertakings, and through which they, at the same time, struggle to define the proper social role and responsibility of corporations. We investigated these processes in the context of the intense socio-political conflict around the Finnish forest industry company Metsa¨-Botnia's world-scale pulp mill in Uruguay. A critical discursive analysis of Finnish media texts highlights three types of struggle that characterized the media coverage: legalistic argumentation, truth fights, and political battles. Interestingly, this case illustrates how the corporate representativeswith the help of the national media tend to frame the issue in legalistic terms, emphasize their expert knowledge in technical and environmental evaluations, and distance themselves from political disputes. We argue that similar tendencies are likely to characterize corporate social responsibility debates more generally..

The aim of this study has been to analyze measures adopted to counteract workplace bullying from the perspective of human resource management. First, the kind of measures that are adopted to prevent bullying were examined. Second, factors affecting the extent of such measures were explored. The introduction of written anti-bullying policies and the provision of information were found to be the most common measures adopted. The policies strongly emphasized the role of supervisors and the immediate superior. Measures to counteract bullying were positively related to the adoption of 'sophisticated' human resource practices, previous negative publicity concerning bullying and the presence of a young human resource manager. The results, however, also indicated that imitation seemed to provide an important impetus behind anti-bullying efforts.

This paper argues that workplace bullying can in some cases be a form of organisational politics, that is, a deliberate, competitive strategy from the perspective of the individual perpetrator. A cross-sectional study conducted among business professionals revealed that there was a correlation between a politicised and competitive climate and bullying. This finding implies that globalisation, increased pressures for efficiency, and restructuring, which limits the number of management positions and thereby contributes to increased internal competition, may lead to more bullying. The findings have important implications for management, since the possible political aspects of bullying must be taken into account in order to be able to undertake successful prevention and intervention measures.

This article summarizes the literature explaining workplace bullying and focuses on organizational antecedents of bullying. In order to understand better the logic behind bullying, a model discussing different explanations is put forward. Thus, explanations for and factors associated with bullying are classified into three groups, enabling structures or necessary antecedents (e.g. perceived power imbalances, low perceived costs, and dissatisfaction and frustration), motivating structures or incentives (e.g. internal competition, reward systems and expected benefits), and precipitating processes or triggering circumstances (e.g. downsizing and restructuring, organizational changes, changes in the composition of the work group). The article concludes that bullying is often an interaction between structures and processes from all three groupings.

The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence and forms of workplace bullying among business professionals holding predominantly managerial or expert positions. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among Finnish professionals with a university degree in business studies. In the study two different strategies for measuring bullying were used and compared. When provided a definition of bullying, 8.8% of the respondents reported that they had at least occasionally been bullied during the past 12 months. However, when using a slightly modified version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (Einarsen & Hoel 2001), containing a list of 32 predefined negative and potentially harassing acts, as many as 24.1% of the respondents reported that they had been subjected to at least one of the negative acts on a weekly basis. The respondents had experienced predominantly work-related negative acts, e.g. that their opinions and views were ignored, that they were given unreasonable deadlines or that information was withheld. Although the prevalence rates reported with the two strategies varied considerably, there was still consistency between the two strategies in the sense that those who had classified themselves as bullied also reported higher exposure rates to almost all of the negative acts included.

This Working Paper reports the background to the first stage of the ongoing research project, The Quest for Well-being in Growth Industries: A Collaborative Study in Finland and Scotland, conducted under the auspices of the Academy of Finland research programme The

Wahl, A (2001): From lack to surplus. In Sjöstrand, S.-E. et. al. (eds.) Invisible management. London: Thomson Learning. Wahl, A. & Holgersson, C. (2003): Male managers reactions to gender diversity activities in organizations. In Davidson, M. & Fielden, S.(eds.): Individual diversity and psychology in organizations. Chichester. Wiley.

With the widespread shift from models of welfare to business-led development, capacity development offers a useful lens from which to consider the emergence of Indigenous social enterprise as a business-led development approach. We explore capacity development from the international development literature and identify capacity development principles in the context of an Indigenous social enterprise in remote northeast Arnhem Land. Here, Aboriginal Australians continue to experience poverty and marginalisation. This paper provides an ethnographic example of the relationship between Indigenous social enterprise and capacity development. Identifying principles of capacity development in this rich context reveals the remit of the Indigenous social enterprise privileges environmental stewardship and cultural maintenance.

Mainstream research on management generally continues to ignore gender relations. Even so, over recent years there has been a major growth of international research on gender relations in organizations. Yet, most of this research has focused on gender relations in lower or middle organizational levels rather than the apex of the organization. This book draws on research on gender policies, structures and practices of management in large Finnish corporations. Following initial gathering of annual reports, website and other public material, a questionnaire survey to the Human Resource managers of the largest 100 Finnish companies was conducted (Hearn et al., Gender Divisions and Gender Policies in Top Finnish Corporations, Hanken, 2002). This addressed: the gendered organization of the corporations; policies on gender; and gender divisions and processes of top management. Significant positive correlations were found between the presence of men on the boards and the lack of policies aimed at increasing gender equality in those corporations; and surprisingly, the number of men in middle management and gender equality policies. This book builds on this earlier work, examining through qualitative interviews more detailed gendered processes in seven selected corporations. These represent corporations that could be described as 'relatively active', 'moderately active' and 'not active' in relation to gender equality. Methodological and substantive issues are examined. These include the views and assessments of the companies' gender policies and gender issues, especially as seen by the Chief HR managers. This involves contrasts between: formal policies and reported organizational practices; different corporate contexts and individual managers' positionings; the definition and scope of gender policy; and the relation of gender policies and diversity policy. This focus on gender policies is understood and located within organizational structures, most obviously gendered corporate hierarchies. Other relevant structures and structural contexts include national context in relation to transnationalization, relations of headquarters and subsidiaries, and interrelations of management, policy development and policy implementation. Gender relations in practice and gender practices are also considered in more detail. This entails attention not only to gender as meaning and indicating women, but also to the social construction of men, men's arenas and masculinities. These women and men managers operate at the intersections of gendered transnational managerial work, careers, family-type relations, including marriage and children, or lack thereof. Women and men managers may be part of the same management levels or management teams, but have totally different family-type situations and gendered experiences. Interconnections of management, domestic life and transnationalizations are crucial, intensely gendered matters. The debate on the public/private continues to be important for both gender relations and organizational relations, but now with a further emphasis and elaboration through transnationalizations. The modern transnational corporation is thus considered in terms of gender divisions and gender power, with particular reference to top management. A short concluding discussion, noting implications for research and policy, and a coda complete the text.

This Working Paper reports the background to the first stage of the ongoing research project, The Quest for Well-being in Growth Industries: A Collaborative Study in Finland and Scotland, conducted under the auspices of the Academy of Finland research programme The

Despite the central role of the media in contemporary society, studies examining the rhetorical practices of journalists are rare in organization and management research. We know little of the textual micro strategies and techniques through which journalists convey specific messages to their readers. Partially to fill the gap, this paper outlines a methodological framework that combines three perspectives of text analysis and interpretation: critical discourse analysis, systemic functional grammar and rhetorical structure theory. Using this framework, we engage in a close reading of a single media text (a press article) on a recent case of industrial restructuring in the financial services. In our empirical analysis, we focus on key arguments put forward by the journalists’ rhetorical constructions. We maintain that these arguments—which are not frame-breaking but rather tend to confirm existing presuppositions held by the audience—are an essential part of the legitimization and nat...

The Cold War era was characterized by ideological struggles that had a major impact on economic decision-making, and also on management practice. To date, however, these ideological struggles have received little attention from management and organizational scholars. To partially fill this research gap, we focus on the role of the media in these ideological struggles. Our starting point is that the media both reflect more general societal debates but also act as an agency promoting specific kinds of ideas and ideologies. In this sense, the media exercise significant power in society; this influence, however, is often subtle and easily dismissed in historical analyses focusing on political and corporate decision-making. In this article, we focus on the role of business journalism in the ideological struggles of the Cold War era. Our case in point is Finland, which is arguably a particularly interesting example due to its geo-political position between East and West. Our approach is s...

With the widespread shift from models of welfare to business-led development, capacity development offers a useful lens from which to consider the emergence of Indigenous social enterprise as a business-led development approach. We explore capacity development from the international development literature and identify capacity development principles in the context of an Indigenous social enterprise in remote northeast Arnhem Land. Here, Aboriginal Australians continue to experience poverty and marginalisation. This paper provides an ethnographic example of the relationship between Indigenous social enterprise and capacity development. Identifying principles of capacity development in this rich context reveals the remit of the Indigenous social enterprise privileges environmental stewardship and cultural maintenance.

With the widespread shift from models of welfare to business-led development, capacity development offers a useful lens from which to consider the emergence of Indigenous social enterprise as a business-led development approach. We explore capacity development from the international development literature and identify capacity development principles in the context of an Indigenous social enterprise in remote northeast Arnhem Land. Here, Aboriginal Australians continue to experience poverty and marginalisation. This paper provides an ethnographic example of the relationship between Indigenous social enterprise and capacity development. Identifying principles of capacity development in this rich context reveals the remit of the Indigenous social enterprise privileges environmental stewardship and cultural maintenance.

The paper analysis the problem of organizing project teams to create conditions conducive to the seamless flow of knowledge between project participants and thus strengthen the team’s synergy.  The main hypothesis is “The network communication system provides the most effective frame-work for the management of the information technology (IT) projects"