Majapahit Studies

Histopathological, biochemical and toxicological investigations of tissues and blood of normally slaughtered chickens exhibiting different frequencies (1-2%, 40-50% and above 80%) of nephropathy changes (congested or pale and enlarged kidneys) at the slaughtering meat inspection were carried out to elucidate the aetiology of nephropathies of chickens encountered in Bulgaria. A close relationship was observed between the frequency of this nephropathy and the rate of nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A in muscles, kidneys and livers of chickens, but the levels of ochratoxin A in corresponding feed samples (0.1-0.3 ppm) were significantly lower than the levels (2-4 ppm) required to reproduce such nephropathy. Clinicomorphological changes such as nervous symptoms, vascular and oedematous changes in various internal organs and the brain, and subcutaneous or liver and kidney haemorrhages in addition to known degenerative changes in the kidneys, liver and lymphoid organs differed from the classical description of the nephropathy made in Scandinavia. The conclusion is that the Bulgarian chicken nephropathy may have a multitoxic aetiology because it cannot be explained by the concentration of ochratoxin A alone.

Background and Aim: The use of bioactive compounds is a promising tool to improve shrimp health regarding vibriosis. This study aimed to determine the effect of the dietary Majapahit (Crescentia cujete L.) fruit powder on the cellular immune response of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Materials and Methods: Twelve vannamei shrimp (aged 1 month) were randomly divided into four groups (n=3). Vannamei shrimp received experimental feed with different concentrations of Majapahit fruit powder for 20 days: Group A, 0%; Group B, 3.04%; Group C, 6.08%, and Group D, 9.12%. Subsequently, vannamei shrimp was infected with V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus. The total hemocytes, total differential hemocytes (hyaline, semi-granular, and granular cells), and phagocytic activity were assessed. Data were analyzed through analysis of variance (p<0.05) using SPSS ver. 24 for Windows.

Results: Majapahit fruit powder at a dose of 3.04% increased the number of hyaline cells of L. vannamei after infection with Vibrio spp. Supplementation of the feed formula with Majapahit fruit powder at a dose of 3.04% increased the number of semi-granular and granular cells compared with the control. Furthermore, Majapahit fruit powder at doses of 3.04% and 6.08% increased the hemocytes compared with a dose of 9.12%. The phagocytic activity of L. vannamei after infection with Vibrio spp. tends to increase after supplementation with 3.04% Majapahit fruit powder.

Conclusion: This study showed that the addition of C. cujete L. powder to the feed formula increased the cellular immune response. The most effective dose ranged from 3.04% to 6.08%.

It is known that the Javanese jong ship is larger than the Portuguese ships. There have been several scholars who have estimated the size of the jong ship, though in an unspecified manner. This study is intended to estimate the size of the jong ship by calculation. This paper explores historical records of jong sizes, claims of jong sizes, and calculates jong sizes with formulas according to shipbuilding rules. From the calculations carried out, the size of the Javanese jong is obtained. The results of this calculation reject and confirm the jong size research that has been done by other scholars, the claim that the jong can reach more than 300 m is rejected by the results of the calculations that have been carried out.
Diketahui bahwa kapal jong Jawa adalah kapal yang berukuran melebihi kapal Portugis. Sudah ada beberapa orang yang memperkirakan ukuran kapal jong, meskipun dengan cara yang tidak dirinci. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan memperkirakan ukuran kapal jong dengan cara perhitungan. Tulisan ini menelusuri catatan historis tentang ukuran jong, klaim ukuran jong, dan menghitung ukuran jong dengan rumus sesuai bidang perkapalan. Dari perhitungan yang dilakukan, ditemukan ukuran jong Jawa. Hasil dari perhitungan ini menolak dan mengkonfirmasi penelitian ukuran jong yang telah dilakukan sarjana lainnya, klaim bahwa jong dapat mencapai lebih dari 300 m ditolak dengan hasil perhitungan yang telah dilakukan.

Raffles’ reputation as a scholar rests almost solely on a hastily compiled two-volume publication and a collection of surviving artefacts, manuscripts, prints, and drawings now mainly housed at the British Museum, the British Library, and the Royal Asiatic Society. These materials offer a window onto his viewpoint of Java and Southeast Asia in general, and also a reflection of the zeitgeist of his age. This coloured his view of history, determined how he chose to interpret the facts at his disposal, and inevitably had a strong bearing on how he represented Javanese society. It is from this colonial-tinted gaze that we must understand Raffles’ attempts to document and reconstruct the history of Java.