Magnetometry

Experimental studies have suggested a role for iron accumulation in the pathology of TBI. Magnetic field correlation MR imaging is sensitive to the presence of non-heme iron. The aims of this study are to 1) assess the presence, if any, and the extent of iron deposition in the deep gray matter and regional white matter of patients with mTBI by using MFC MR imaging; and 2) investigate the association of regional brain iron deposition with cognitive and behavioral performance of patients with mTBI.

Detection of unmarked burials with geophysical methods of survey have had mixed results in the past, both in the archaeological domain as in the forensic science domain. Each method has shown several limitations on their own. The application of multiple methods on a single site has been investigated on three different sites in order to evaluate the effectiveness of interpreting multiple datasets against each other to locate unmarked burials. The sites selected offered relatively known locations for possible burials, allowing for easier verification whether a possible burial was detected. The interpretation of these multiple datasets has shown that it provides a higher degree of confidence when interpreting possible burial locations, as opposed to relying on a single interpretation.

The use of contemporary technology is widely recognised as a key tool for enhancing competitive performance in swimming. Video analysis is traditionally used by coaches to acquire reliable biomechanical data about swimming performance; however, this approach requires a huge computational effort, thus introducing a delay in providing quantitative information. Inertial and magnetic sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, have been recently introduced to assess the biomechanics of swimming performance. Research in this field has attracted a great deal of interest in the last decade due to the gradual improvement of the performance of sensors and the decreasing cost of miniaturised wearable devices. With the aim of describing the state of the art of current developments in this area, a systematic review of the existing methods was performed using the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science Direct. Twenty...

Magnetic prospection was applied for the first time to archaeology in 1956, and over the years since then, it has become one of the most important archaeological methods for the detection and mapping of buried remains at large archaeological sites. Magnetic detection methods are extremely sensitive in the characterization and detection of iron oxides, much more so than any other form of chemical analysis. Therefore, given a full understanding of the nature of magnetic properties, many details of soil layers and buried archaeological structures can be discovered, visualized, and interpreted only by the “magnetic eye”. A complete archaeological interpretation prior to excavation must consider all available archaeological background information as well as surface findings, however, many more crucial details can be derived through a comprehensive soil magnetic analysis,
and many new archaeological questions arise from such geophysical prospecting results. The article presents a description of the magnetometric method fundamentals. Special attention is paid to
different types of magnetization of archaeological objects and peculiarities of their interpretation.
Впервые магнитное обследование в археологии было применено в 1956 г., и за прошедшие десятилетия оно стало одним из ведущих археологических методов выявления и картогра-фирования погребенных структур на крупных археологических памятниках. Магнитные методы распознавания объектов весьма увствительны в описании характера и определении оксидов железа, гораздо в большей степени, чем любые методы химического анализа. Ис-
ходя из этого, благодаря получению полной информации о природе магнитных особенностей многие детали почвенных слоев и погребенных археологических структур могут быть обнаружены, визуализированы и интерпретированы лишь с помощью "магнитного ока”. Полная археологическая интерпретация, предваряющая археологические раскопки, должна содержать всю доступную информацию об археологических особенностях памятника, а также о находках подъемного материала. В то же время многие весьма важные детали могут быть получены с помощью комплексного анализа магнитных свойств почвы, но при
этом возникают и новые вопросы археологической интерпретации результатов геофизического обследования. Статья посвящена описанию основ магнитометрического метода, особое внимание уделяется разным видам намагниченности археологических объектов и особенностям их интерпретации.

Sudden Storm Commencements (SSCs) are a geomagnetic storm phenomenon observable in magnetometer data as a "spike" near the onset of a storm. They are characterised by a sudden, near-simultaneous global rapid increase in the rate of change (dB/dt) of the Earth's magnetic field in one or more axial components. In this research, the storm profiles of 19 internationally recognised SSCs over a 6-year period are matched to the available regional recordings of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) at one or more substations in the South African power utility network. Rise times, amplitudes and dB/dt were used to classify storm events and induced currents. These data sets are also contrasted against the global geomagnetic storm indicator, SYM-H as a comparative baseline for waveforms. Waveform morphology analysis indicates a clear evidence of a regional correlation between SSCs and GICs.

Der Muppberg in Neustadt b. Coburg übt eine imposante Wirkung auf jeden aus, der sich ihm nähert oder ihn gar besteigt. Den Neustadtern gilt
er als Wahrzeichen, als Hausberg, den übrigen Bewohnern des Landkreises Coburg immerhin als eines der beliebtesten Wanderziele in der Umgebung. Einige Höhenmeter muss man überwinden, um den Ausblick und die Ruhe des Waldes zu genießen. Die Tatsache, dass auch schon in vorgeschichtlichen Epochen Menschen den Berg aufsuchten,
ihn sogar besiedelten, ist bislang nur den wenigsten Wanderern bewusst gewesen, denn die Erforschung dieses markanten Zeugenberges steckt seit über 100 Jahren immer noch in den Kinderschuhen.

Roman forts: case studies of magnetometer prospection from Egypt, Tunesia and Baden-Wuerttemberg

Während generell Stadtanlagen, Einzelsiedlungen sowie Militärbauten der Römerzeit nicht zuletzt aufgrund ihrer intensiven Nutzung, stabilen Bauweise und Einbau von Hypokausten deutliche Spuren im Magnetfeld
hinterlassen, stellen die drei vorgestellten Messbeispiele zumindest geophysikalisch jeweils eine große Ausnahme dar.
So erschwert der staunasse Boden der „Weiherwiesen“ auf der Ostalb bei Essingen die archäologische Interpretation, weil der sich temporär ändernde Grundwasserspiegel bewirkt, dass die feinkörnigen magnetischen Minerale im Boden geochemisch aufgelöst werden,
was diese magnetisch unsichtbar macht. In Teilen wird sogar die Verfüllung im Umfassungsgraben als negative Anomalie gegenüber dem umgebenden Boden sichtbar.
Im ägyptischen Nag el-Hagar wären die äußeren Voraussetzungen für eine leicht interpretierbare Magnetometermessung angesichts des Kontrasts von Nilschlamm und gebrannten Lehmziegelstrukturen eigentlich ideal. Die meterhohe Überdeckung mit erratisch orientiertem Ziegelschutt steht jedoch einem klaren Messergebnis im Weg.
Zuletzt auch bei dem Messbeispiel aus der tunesischen Wüste sollten leicht interpretierbare Resultate eigentlich zu erreichen sein. Das Problem sind hier die wandernden Sandmassen, welche die archäologischen
Befunde tief unter sich begraben. Diese müssen sich erst wegbewegen, um die Messungen fortsetzen zu können.

The goal of this research is to construct a settlement history of Ocmulgee National Monument during the Early Mississippian (ca. A.D 900-1200) and infer changing patterns of social inequality and power relationships. To address the research problem I surveyed over 15 ha of Ocmulgee with multiple non-invasive geophysical prospection techniques including. This work was supplemented with 30 posthole tests in a forested area. I analyzed ceramics from previous investigations to refine the site chronology and plotted the distribution of diagnostic indicators to assess settlement size. I argue that Ocmulgee began as a small site on the southern portion of the main bluff and expanded north over time to accommodate increasing settlement population, with little space between household groups. Outlying bluffs became inhabited later in the sequence and likely coincided with population reduction on the main bluff. Open space separated neighborhoods on each bluff. My results suggest Ocmulgee was occupied longer than previously believed, and contained a complicated social landscape where social inequality and political dominance evolved over time. iv DEDICATION For Cathie, my loving, supportive, and patient wife v ACKNOWLEGEMENTS The success of this project owes a great deal of gratitude to many people. First, I would like to thank Steve Kowalewski, my adviser, for the stimulating conversations about Ocmulgee and his openness about the project. His hard work and speedy turnaround on drafts should serve as a model for advisors everywhere! To the rest of my committee, David Hally, Robert Hawman, Adam King, Mark Williams, and Susan Tanner for their guidance, effort, feedback, time, and constructive comments. Dave Hally ventured with me down to Tallahassee, and the success of the ceramic analysis owes him much gratitude. He always had time for my questions, often commented on professional papers and publications, and emerged from his office cave with the rarest reports about Ocmulgee. Robert Hawman provided essential discussion on geophysical data collection methods and data interpretation, and explained complicated concepts at a level that even I could understand. Adam King provided the initial enthusiasm for the project and I appreciate his positive attitude regarding the importance of the research. Mark Williams willingly and consistently lent me his expertise about Ocmulgee, forced me to question my own ideas, and even, in the end became open to some. Susan Tanner provided me with a much needed outside perspective and was instrumental in my development as a holistic anthropologist. To Guy LaChine (Head Park Ranger, Ocmulgee National Monument), for supporting the project and whose advice and commitment was irreplaceable; to Jim David (Superintendent, Ocmulgee National Monument) for his patience and composure when dealing with the unexpected; to Lonnie Davis (Park Ranger, Ocmulgee National Monument) for generously offering up his vast knowledge of Ocmulgee history and for always broadening my perspective;

The rise of Cahokia, the largest precontact Native American city north of Mexico, was precipitated by centripetal and centrifugal mobilizations of peoples, ideas, objects, and practices. To interrogate outward Cahokian movements as diasporic, I reassess relationships between Cahokia and the Angel polity on the northeastern Mississippian frontier. I approach Mississippian communities through a relational framework as ever-emerging assemblages constituted by both human and non-human actors. This framework emphasizes ethnogenesis as a process of diaspora whereby dispersed groups are in a perpetual state of community-making outside of, but in reference to, a homeland. I focus on an analysis of the Angel assemblage of Ramey Incised pottery, a power-laden Cahokian object, and determine that Angel Ramey exhibits local paste signatures in what are otherwise primarily Cahokian-style pots. Further, I contextualize artifactual connections with socio-spatial practices of Angel communities and demonstrate that aligning residential structures and communal features to a Cahokian cosmography was a principal part of community-identity-making throughout the Angel polity. Ultimately, I argue that relationships with Cahokia motivated ethnogenesis in Angel communities.

Sixteenth-century France was a vigorous, expansionist nation emerging from feudalism and dreaming of empire. In May 1565, a French fleet under command of Jean Ribault assembled to re-supply the nascent colony of La Caroline in present-day Jacksonville, Florida. Within weeks of its departure, the Spanish king sent Pedro Menéndez to intercept Ribault and eradicate La Caroline. With the aid of a fierce storm that wrecked Ribault’s four largest ships, Spanish forces would deal the deathblow to French Florida. In July 2014, LAMP will launch an expedition to search for the lost French fleet in the waters of Canaveral National Seashore.

Fieldwork at Uruk consists of a survey of the environs of Uruk aiming at
documenting all archaeological remains in a distance of 3 km around the town. The geophysical survey of the city, started in 2001, continued in its southwestern part.
Two new excavation areas were opened: at the city wall aiming at collecting additional hints for its construction and dating (Early Dynastic I period) and, at a large building situated outside the city wall at the southern edge of the town (Seleucid Period). In addition, the documentation of graves has been continued and conservation projects for some of the buildings excavated since long have been started.

In cooperation between the Eurasian Department of the German Archaeological Institute Berlin (Germany), the archaeological Institute
of the Georgian National Museum Tbilisi (Georgia) and the Geophysics Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences of the Ludwig-
Maximilians-University in Munich (Germany), we continued and enlarged the geophysical measurements from 2004 by "Eastern Atlas" at Aruchlo, Kvemo-Kartli, Georgia. The aim was to repeat parts of the earlier measurements with different magnetometer systems to verify and to complement the results and interpretation by another and further prospecting method but also towards a better understanding of the soil magnetic and geo-archaeological aspects. We also tried to enlarge
the survey towards the eastern part of the settlement in order to find traces of the necropolis that was occasionally found by previous excavations from the Russian excavation team in the 1980s

"The aim of this thesis has been to investigate the benefits, pitfalls and possibilities of using geophysical methods in archaeological projects. This is exemplified by surveys carried out at archaeological sites in different geographical and chronological contexts. The thesis also aims at investigating the cause for the under-use of the methods in Swedish archaeology by looking at previously conducted surveys. The methods used during these surveys have been Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), magnetometer, slingram and a kappameter. The surveys in the mountain tundra region of Lapland show that magnetic susceptibility surveys is a valuable aid in discovering heaps of fire-cracked stones and when combined with magnetometry, also hearths. GPR and magnetometer surveys within the Migration Period ringfort Sandbyborg provided the spatial layout of the fort and indicated, along with results from recent excavations and metal detections, many similarities with the ringfort Eketorp II. The non-magnetic character of the sedimentary bedrock on Öland and Gotland is suitable for magnetometer surveys and the method is also highly appropriate for the detection of the remains of high-temperature crafts. GPR surveys at St. Mary’s Dominican convent in Sigtuna produced the spatial layout of the central cloister area. The investigations also show that the geology, pedology, land use and the character of commonly occurring prehistoric remains in Sweden, in certain circumstances and in certain areas, have restricted the possibility of successfully carrying out geophysical surveys. Care must therefore be taken to choose the right instrument for the survey and to tailor the sampling density of each geophysical survey, according to the character and size of the expected archaeological remains, in order to maximize their information return. To increase the use of geophysical methods in Sweden the educational opportunities, both for surveyors and professional archaeologists, need to improve.
"

Within the framework of the cooperation between the Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute Berlin (Germany), the
Geophysics Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich (Germany) and the National
Academy of Science Baku (Azerbaijan), we continued and enlarged the research project on geophysical prospection from the years 2010 and 2011 on selected archaeological sites in the Mil Plain with five more newly discovered and archaeologically surveyed sites.The aim was firstly to perform a basis for a targeted excavation, and furthermore to
go ahead with a classification of different prospecting results on archaeological sites in this region and period, but also to gain a better
understanding of the soil magnetic and geoarchaeological aspects, traced by the magnetometer data.

Uruk is one of the largest ancient sites in Mesopotamia. At the time the famous city wall was built, at the beginning of the third millennium bc, a city area of 5.5 square kilometers needed to be encompassed, so the city wall was roughly 9 kilometers long—a gigantic undertaking. Excavations in Uruk have as yet concentrated on the city center, especially the large temple districts of the Eanna andthe Anu Ziggurat, as well as, in smaller endeavors, other temples (Eshgal, Gareus Temple), the palace of the king Sin-kashid, and a few residential districts. The overall extent of the investigated area is an impressive 24.3 hectares, but represents less than 5 percent of the city area. In the center of the city, as we know from excavations, some thirty-five layers of building from more than 4,500 years lie on top of one another to a depth of 25 meters. If one were to take into account the many different cultural phases and calculate how
long one would have to dig to completely understand the city—even if the layers are not of equal thickness in every part of the city area—the ancient levels so far investigated amount to a tenth of one percent. It would not be sensible, either scientifically or from the point of view of international standards for the preservation of archaeological heritage, to excavate the entire city. All the more important, then, are the prospecting methods repeatedly refined in the past few decades, with which—without even touching a spade—it is possible to gain information about the city that would otherwise have been possible only from decades of excavation.
A range of geophysical prospecting methods are available that have already been successfully applied in the search for archaeological structures.

The Benedictine Convent of Saint John at Müstair is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the eastern part of Switzerland close to South Tyrol’s border (Italy). Known as a well-preserved Carolingian building complex housing Carolingian and Romanesque frescoes, the convent has received much academic attention. However, all research activities so far have been concentrated on the area enclosed by the convent’s walls, even though the neighbouring fields to the east and south are also part of the convent’s property. This paper reports on the archaeological magnetic and ground-penetrating radar surveys of these areas, executed as part of a pilot project exploring the convent’s immediate environment. At present, these fields are used for agriculture and located on a massive alluvial fan of the mountain stream Valgarola. Dense geophysical sampling revealed an intricate network of distributary channels with stream and mudflow deposits, constituting a natural border of the convent’s territ...

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki nieinwazyjnych badań archeologicznych prowadzonych na terenie siedziby rodowej Ciołków w Żelechowie (pow. garwoliński), w latach 2016–2018. Obiekt nieznany dotąd badaczom, wykryty został w wyniku analizy danych ALS. Z zastosowanych na tym stanowisku trzech metod pomiarów geofizycznych w artykule zaprezentowano głównie rezultaty badań wykonanych metodą geordarową, które uszczegóławiają wcześniejsze badania przeprowadzone przy użyciu metody magnetycznej (gradientometrem transduktorowym) oraz elektrooporowej (dwupoziomowe profilowania układem twin-probe). Przedstawiono również wstępne wyniki prac wykopaliskowych z lat 2017–2018, realizowanych w celu weryfikacji hipotez postawionych na podstawie wyników badań geofizycznych. Rezultaty te potwierdziły hipotezę o istnieniu założenia mieszkalno-obronnego w dwóch fazach oraz pozwoliły na określenie ich chronologii.

The book addresses a theme that is missing from the Romanian scientific literature. The measurement and detection of magnetic fields has aroused great interest for specialists in various fields. Magnetometry - the measurement and detection of magnetic fields has aroused a great interest for specialists in various fields. Magnetometry - the science of measuring magnetic fields finds its application in geophysical, archaeological, aerial or naval surveys, from the detection of hidden bodies to the use in modern electromagnetic warfare conditions.
The paper is addressed to specialists interested in knowing the physical principles of operation of magnetic field sensors as well as their applications in a lesser-known field of military technology: magnetic treatment and protection of ships.

Die Erkundung archäologischer Fundstellen mit geophysikalischen Methoden hat sich zu einem wichtigen Forschungszweig der Altertumswissenschaften entwickelt. Sie dient als ideales Instrument zur Kartierung von Bodendenkmälern sowie der Entwicklung neuer Fragestellungen in der archäologischen Forschung. Vor allem aber bietet sie die Möglichkeit, die Befunde eines archäologischen Denkmals in seiner Gesamtheit auch dort zu erfassen, wo Ausgrabungen wie beispielsweise auf UNESCO-Welterbestätten unerwünscht, unmöglich oder wo aufgrund politischer Gegebenheiten zeitraubende Forschungsarbeiten am Boden temporär unmöglich sind . Idealerweise erfolgt eine archäologische Interpretation der Meßdaten auf der Grundlage begleitender physikalischer oder gesteinsmagnetischer Analysen an archäologischen Proben oder Bodenschichten. Typologische Kenntnisse aus vergleichbaren ergrabenen Denkmälern erlauben im Idealfall eine Datierung und die Einordnung in eine bestimmte Zeitstufe.

In July 2014, LAMP launched a search for the lost colonization vessels of Jean Ribault. These were re-supply ships intended for the struggling French colony at Fort Caroline in present-day Jacksonville, Florida. After an abortive attack on rival Spanish forces, they were shipwrecked by a sudden storm in September 1565. LAMP archaeologists conducted geophysical survey and diver testing in Canaveral National Seashore waters. This paper summarizes the methodology and results of the project, which coincides with the 450th anniversary of this pivotal event and the subsequent founding of St. Augustine, the oldest continually occupied European settlement in the U.S.A.