Magnetic Material

In this paper, we reveal the different temperatures recorded in selected magnetic components and, we show the methods of determination and measurement used. As magnetic components have characteristics that strongly depend on the level of local temperature, it is essential to take into consideration the temperature and its influence on the magnetic and electrical characteristics of the component. From the modeling objectives, we describe the constitution, the originality and the main functions of the device used to determine the temperature of the material, its winding, and connection. Finally the result of deepened tests will be presented, allowing to determining parameters of our model. Our work focuses on the development of thermal models capable of determining the working temperature of the chosen magnetic component at given points. It aims to help develop a methodology for designing thermal models of magnetic components; an approach that will be validated through a practical demonstration.

Magnetic material is the key component in lot of electromagnetically-based optical to microwave applications. In the case of radio-frequencies/microwave applications, passive components are developed using planar design to facilitate their fabrication while 3D geometries are the best shapes to improve components properties. But nowadays, 3D printing technologies are coming up in industries and 3D design of passive components grows in interest. But 3D shaping of magnetic material remains a problem which has to be solved before considering industrial implementation. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility of 3D shaping ferrite magnetic powder using Selective laser melting/sintering in ambient air. A ferrimagnetic powder of Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) was used to form a 10-layers stack of magnetic material. A simple method for small surface (10x10mm²) deposition of powder was developed by dispersing the YIG powder into ethanol. A drop is then deposited on top of a substrate. Ethanol evaporates and an homogeneous layer is obtained. A 1064nm-nanosecond laser combined to a scanning lens is used to irradiate the powder layer and induce melting/sintering of the powder at ambient temperature and in ambient air. Chemical and structural changes induced by the laser process were studied using Raman spectroscopy. Results show that a part of the YIG was decomposed into a weakly magnetic phase of Fe3O4. Vibrating Sample Magnetometry was then used to compare the magnetic behavior of the YIG multilayer and the YIG powder. The multilayer always exhibit a magnetic behavior whatever the substrate is: YIG powder, YIG bulk or Al bulk.

This study investigated the synthesis of magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles with cubic symmetry that were prepared by a thermal-treatment method by using a solution that contained poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a capping agent and Mg and Fe nitrates as alternative sources of metal. Heat treatment was conducted using an electric cylinder furnace in an air atmosphere at temperatures between 673 and 973 K, and magnesium ferrite nanoparticles were produced that had different crystallite sizes ranging from5 to 8 nm. The products were well characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray analysis (EDXA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). All the samples calcined from 673 to 973 K exhibited super paramagnetic behavior with unpaired electrons spins, which was confirmed by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.

Metamaterials (MMs) are nanocomposite materials consisting of metal-dielectric resonators much smaller in size than the wavelength of the incident light. Common examples of metamaterials are based on split ring resonators (SRRs), parallel wires or strips and fishnet structures. These types of materials are designed and fabricated in order to provide unique optical responses to the incident electromagnetic radiation that are not available in naturally existing materials. The MMs can exhibit unusual properties such as strong magnetism at terahertz (THz) and optical frequencies. Additionally, negative index materials (NIMs) can provide negative index of refraction which can be used in many applications including invisibility cloaking devices and superlenses capable of overcoming the diffraction limit of light. Furthermore, NIMs manifest reversal of optical laws such as Snell's law, the Doppler effect and Cerenkov radiation. This dissertation demonstrates comprehensive analytical and theoretical studies of the magnetic and electric susceptibilities of prospective two dimensional MMs including metallic parallel strips and bowtie resonators. Accurate analytical theories are developed to describe the diamagnetic response of a pair of metallic nanostrips separated by a dielectric material using the transmission line theory, and of metallic bowtie MMs through a high frequency LZ circuit model. These theoretical models were compared to exact numerical simulations based on the finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) Comsol Multiphysics software. The magnetic response for both systems was extracted numerically GS Form 14

The new coordination complexes M(hfac) 2 (TTF±py) 2 (M Cu II , Mn II) in which the paramagnetic transition metal and the organic donor are covalently linked through delocalized p system are prepared aiming with a new approach for the occurrence of p±d interactions in conducting and magnetic molecule based materials. The structures, magnetic properties and electrochemical properties were investigated. Xray structure analysis revealed its structure is favorable for electrical conductivity.

Magnetic chitosan composite (MCC) made by chitosan matrix embedding magnetite/maghemite were developed for the removal of toxic Cu(II), Pb(II), and Ni(II) from water. Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Zeta potential analyses showed that MCC contains ca. 50 wt % of chitosan and presents a value of isoelectric point (pH IEP) around 8-8.5. The magnetization curve revealed a saturation magnetization of 12 emu g −1 , which indicates that MCC can be easily recovered by magnetic separation. Adsorption of the heavy metals to MCC reached equilibrium within 120 min with maximum uptakes of 108.9 mg g −1 , 216.8 mg g −1 and 220.9 mg g −1 for Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The results show that the amino and hydroxyl functional groups of chitosan are involved in the adsorption process. The reported adsorption capacity from organic pollutants, such as hydrocarbons, along with the high adsorption capacity shown for heavy metals, point out MCC being a promising versatile adsorbent for wastewater treatments.

In this study, Fe 2 O 3 •NiO/PANi nanocomposites were prepared and their anticorrosion properties were investigated. The Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation-oxidation methods. Fe 2 O 3 •NiO-PANi nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticle. The structure of the polymer nanocomposite was characterized by SEM and X-ray method. The electrical conductivity, magnetic properties and anticorrosion properties of the materials were examined by the conventional four probe method, vibrating magnetometer and by impedance measurement method. The results show that the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticles have the uniform size with the size ranging from 50 to 60 nm. By the formation of polymer nanocomposite, the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO phase is well dispersed in the PANi polymer matrix. But the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticles are not exfoliated from its agglomerate structure. The polymer nanocomposite showed both magnetic and conductive properties. With increasing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content, both the saturated magnetization and the coercive force increase and reach the value of 0.31 emu/g and 162.56 Oe by the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content of 5%, respectively. In contrast, the electrical conductivity of the polymer nanocomposite decreases with increasing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content from 0.353 S/cm of neat PANi to 0.075 S/cm by the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content of 5%. From the anticorrosion investigation, it was revealed that the protective performance of polyurethane paint containing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO/PANi nanocomposite was significantly improved with increasing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO/PANi content.

In the present paper we discuss antenna miniaturization using magneto-dielectric substrates. Recent results found in the literature reveal that advantages over conventional dielectric substrates can only be achieved if natural magnetic inclusions are embedded into the substrate. This observation is revised and the physical background is clarified. We present a detailed discussion concerning magnetic materials available in the microwave regime and containing natural magnetic constituents. The effects of magnetic dispersion and loss are studied: constraints on the microwave permeability are used to estimate the effect of magnetic substrates on the achievable impedance bandwidth. Microwave composites filled with thin ferromagnetic films are considered as a prospective antenna substrate. We calculate the impedance bandwidth for a λ/2-patch antenna loaded with the proposed substrate, and challenge the results against those obtained with conventional dielectric substrates. It is shown that the radiation quality factor is strongly minimized with the proposed substrate even in the presence of realistic losses. Estimates for the radiation efficiency are given as a function of the magnetic loss factor.

The ability of reduced forms of HAT(CN) 6 to be used as ligands to construct novel magnetic materials is reported and discussed herein. Binary compounds of ®rst row transition metals with discrete or extended polymeric structures are presented. All compounds exhibit characteristic paramagnetic behaviour except for a polymeric {Cu-HAT(CN) 6 } phase that behaves as a canted antiferromagnet below 6 K.

The ability of reduced forms of HAT(CN) 6 to be used as ligands to construct novel magnetic materials is reported and discussed herein. Binary compounds of ®rst row transition metals with discrete or extended polymeric structures are presented. All compounds exhibit characteristic paramagnetic behaviour except for a polymeric {Cu-HAT(CN) 6 } phase that behaves as a canted antiferromagnet below 6 K.

Magnetic FeCo nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization (M s = 148 emu/g) at 15 kOe were prepared by a coprecipitation route. The value of M s for FeCo nanoparticles depends on the ratio of Fe to Co components. The size of the nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and morphology of the nanoparticles was obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images. The crystal structure of the nanoparticles dependent on annealing was characterized by X-ray diffraction data. The magnetic properties were characterized by saturation magnetization from a hysteresis loop by VSM.

Bahan magnetik (BM) pasir besi alam merupakan salah satu sumber adsorben magnetik. Selain BM, pasir besi alam juga mengandung bahan non-magnetik . Preparasi BM pasir besi dilakukan pada penelitian ini dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kadar unsur magnetik di dalamnya. Pasir besi alam yang digunakan berasal dari pesisir pantai Lansilowo. Preparasi dilakukan dengan pencucian menggunakan larutan HF dengan konsentrasi 0, 2, 5 dan 10%. Hasil analisis kadar unsur dengan XRF menunjukkan bahwa unsur dominan pada pasir besi Lansilowo adalah Fe dan Cr, yang merupakan unsur penyumbang sifat kemagnetan pada BM. Pencucian dengan larutan HF berbagai konsentrasi menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan kadar unsur pada BM. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi larutan HF mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan kadar Fe dan Cr total (89,56%) serta penurunan kadar Si (2,60%).  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi larutan HF optimum yang digunakan adalah 10%. 

This work reports an efficient and systematic procedure to obtain the complete modal spectrum of multilayer boxed planar lines. The complex propagation constants are obtained by computing the zeros of a properly built analytic complex function. This function is the product of two factors. One of them is the determinant function provided by the spectral domain-Galerkin analysis (SDA). The other factor is a function which cancels out the poles of the former factor without introducing additional poles nor zeros. The elimination of the poles overcomes numerical difficulties usually found in the zero searching process. In addition, powerful zero-searching integral techniques can be applied without problems. The numerical aspects involved in the computation of the spectral series are considered to speed up the computations. The features of an arbitrary number of propagating, evanescent, backward or complex modes of three important boxed structures (microstrip, finline, and coplanar waveguide) can be systematically studied with our method.

The primary objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the MIEX Ò process in removing natural organic matter (NOM) from selected drinking water sources of the City of Istanbul. Raw water samples from five drinking water treatment plants (Elmalı, B.Ç ekmece, Ö merli, _ Ikitelli, and Kagıthane) serving to about 10 million people were collected and jar-tested in laboratory. The kinetics of NOM removal at various MIEX Ò dose and contact times, the extent of resin saturation in multiple-loading experiments, and the impacts of MIEX Ò pretreatment prior to coagulation on coagulant demands were investigated. After a resin dose of 5-10 ml settled resin/l and contact time of 10-20 min, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and specific UV absorbance (SUVA 254) values obtained for all waters were <1.5 mg/l and <2 l/mg DOC-m, respectively. In addition, for all waters, 17-42% nitrate and 9-24% sulfate removals were obtained at a resin dose and contact time of 10 ml settled resin/l and 10 min, respectively. UV 254 absorbance reductions up to 96% were achieved. Increasing MIEX Ò dose generally decreased the SUVA 254 values indicating that the MIEX Ò resin preferentially removed UV absorbing fractions of NOM. Although some degree of initial resin saturation occurred in two raw waters up to 900 bed volume (BV) loadings, such saturations were not continuous up to 2000 BV loadings. The initial saturation was not observed for the other three waters, suggesting that MIEX Ò resin can be loaded up to 2000 BVs or more (not tested) without any saturation. Depending on the raw water, the application of MIEX Ò as a pretreatment prior to coagulation reduced the coagulant (alum) demand by 0-30 mg/l compared to the coagulation only. Results from the laboratory experiments overall indicated that MIEX Ò resin even at relatively low dose and short contact time effectively removes NOM in all tested raw waters and reduces coagulant demands.

A mathematical model for leakage reactance calculation using magnetic field analysis is presented. An integral equation for the modelling of unbounded field problems, with constant magnetic permeability of the core, is derived. By the solution of the equation, 3-D, quasistationary field has been analyzed and the reactance has been computed. A computer program has been worked out and implemented for personal computers. Applications have been made for leakage field analysis in reactors with and without magnetic cores. Results of these calculations are presented and compared with measured values.

This paper presents 3-D integral approach to the magnetic field and inductance calculations. A minimization of n. INTEGRAL APPROACH thekernel norm has been carried out for the integral equation governing the field. The software package TRACAL3, based on The Of 3-D ma@1etic 'Ias been the integral methods for field and inductance calculations, has Perfomed making the following assumptions: the m x h m been devekoped and iimplemented for personal computers.

The primary objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the MIEX Ò process in removing natural organic matter (NOM) from selected drinking water sources of the City of Istanbul. Raw water samples from five drinking water treatment plants (Elmalı, B.Ç ekmece, Ö merli, _ Ikitelli, and Kagıthane) serving to about 10 million people were collected and jar-tested in laboratory. The kinetics of NOM removal at various MIEX Ò dose and contact times, the extent of resin saturation in multiple-loading experiments, and the impacts of MIEX Ò pretreatment prior to coagulation on coagulant demands were investigated. After a resin dose of 5-10 ml settled resin/l and contact time of 10-20 min, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and specific UV absorbance (SUVA 254) values obtained for all waters were <1.5 mg/l and <2 l/mg DOC-m, respectively. In addition, for all waters, 17-42% nitrate and 9-24% sulfate removals were obtained at a resin dose and contact time of 10 ml settled resin/l and 10 min, respectively. UV 254 absorbance reductions up to 96% were achieved. Increasing MIEX Ò dose generally decreased the SUVA 254 values indicating that the MIEX Ò resin preferentially removed UV absorbing fractions of NOM. Although some degree of initial resin saturation occurred in two raw waters up to 900 bed volume (BV) loadings, such saturations were not continuous up to 2000 BV loadings. The initial saturation was not observed for the other three waters, suggesting that MIEX Ò resin can be loaded up to 2000 BVs or more (not tested) without any saturation. Depending on the raw water, the application of MIEX Ò as a pretreatment prior to coagulation reduced the coagulant (alum) demand by 0-30 mg/l compared to the coagulation only. Results from the laboratory experiments overall indicated that MIEX Ò resin even at relatively low dose and short contact time effectively removes NOM in all tested raw waters and reduces coagulant demands.

We demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first bright circularly polarized high-harmonic beams in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and use them to implement X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements in a tabletop-scale setup. Using counterrotating circularly polarized laser fields at 1.3 and 0.79 μm, we generate circularly polarized harmonics with photon energies exceeding 160 eV. The harmonic spectra emerge as a sequence of closely spaced pairs of left and right circularly polarized peaks, with energies determined by conservation of energy and spin angular momentum. We explain the single-atom and macroscopic physics by identifying the dominant electron quantum trajectories and optimal phasematching conditions. The first advanced phase-matched propagation simulations for circularly polarized harmonics reveal the influence of the finite phase-matching temporal window on the spectrum, as well as the unique polarization-shaped attosecond pulse train. Finally, we use, to our knowledge, the first tabletop X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements at the N 4,5 absorption edges of Gd to validate the high degree of circularity, brightness, and stability of this light source. These results demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating the polarization, spectrum, and temporal shape of high harmonics in the soft X-ray region by manipulating the driving laser waveform. X-rays | high harmonics generation | magnetic material | ultrafast light science | phase matching

Hard water contains high mineral content, especially calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Hard water can cause health problems and damage to household appliances within a certain period of time. In this study, zeolite-based materials have been synthesized as adsorbent materials to reduce the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the hard water obtained from Brondong district of Lamongan, East Java. Zeolite based material was synthesized with aluminum sources derived from beverage cans and silica from silica gel.  In this study, zeolite was prepared by microwave (ZM) and without the microwave method (ZNM). The amount of ZM was 10.8121 grams, or 99.1% of the yield, and ZNM was 10.5387 grams or 99.15% of the yield. The FTIR results indicate some characteristic peaks of T-O and T-O-T bonds (T = Si/Al) at 460, 670, 726, and 980–1100 cm1. The diffractogram show that ZNM is still dominated by silica-based materials, while ZM although it still shows dominant amorphous silica peaks, some characteris...

Iron sand is a source of natural magnetic material which is quite abundant. Iron sand can be useful as a magnetic source material which has the potential as a raw material for using magnetic materials. Iron sand contains non magnetic minerals which can reduce its magnetic properties. Therefore, iron sand sample preparation was carried out by washing NaOH 0,4 M and sand sample size variations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of washing and the size of iron sand on the magnetic properties in terms of the increase in magnetic elements. The results of research with XRF (X-Ray Fluoresence) show that iron sand with a size of 120 mesh has a magnetic content of Fe (78.07%) higher than iron sand with a size of 80 mesh with Fe content (34.63%). XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis shows that washing iron sand with a size of 80 mesh gives a quarts phase (SiO 2 ) at 2θ = 27.62° and iron sand washing with a size of 120 mesh gives the main peak magnetite phase (Fe 3 O 4 ) at 2θ ...

View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Encapsulation of anticancer drug and magnetic particles in biodegradable polymer nanospheres M Koneracká, M Múková, V Závišová et al.-Temperature response of the neuronal cytoskeleton mapped via atomic force and fluorescence microscopy

The effect of copper substitution on the structure of La0. 7Sr0.25Nd0.05Mn1-xCuxO3 (x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) has been studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The samples were successfully synthesized by using citrate-nitrate sol-gel method. Rietveld refinement analysis showed that all samples crystallized in rhombohedral system with R3c space group without any detectable trace of impurities. Further analysis on the crystal structural of the samples revealed that copper substitution decreases the average Mn-O-Mn bond angle (<Mn-O-Mn>) and increases the Mn-O bond length (d<Mn-O>). Scherrer equation showed the samples are in nanocrystalline. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results indicate that copper has successfully substituted the manganese ion.

Crystalline structure of La0.7Sr0.25Nd0.05MnO3 (LSMNO) manganite have been investigated in order to study the effect of various sintering temperature. A series of LSMNO samples were prepared by citrate-nitrate sol-gel method followed by various sintering temperature at 700 oC, 800 oC, and 900 oC. The crystalline structure of the samples was investigated by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The XRD patterns obtained were then analyzed by means of Rietveld refinement method. According to the XRD results there was no secondary phase found in all samples. Furthermore, refinement process show that all samples crystallize with rhombohedral symmetry within the space group of R3 ̅ c regardless the applied various sintering temperature. Further crystallographic study reveals that average Mn-O bond length increases meanwhile average Mn-O-Mn bond length decreases as sintering temperature were increased. To confirm chemical composition of LSMNO samples, we use X-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRF result reveal that all samples support stoichiometry design.

An overview of the magnetic systems used in biological high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is presented. The magnetic design parameters of a range of separation devices are discussed. Such designs have distinct magnetic "eld characteristics and are usually tailored to meet the needs of particular protocols. The various types of magnets and particles are also discussed, with a comparison of materials available and their magnetic properties.

Integral equations governing 3-D, quasi-stationary, leakage magnetic fields in transformers have been derived. Computer codes for the field analysis have been worked out. Considering finite permeability of the core, the 3-D calculations have been carried out. A superposition of 2-D analyses results, for approximate determination of the flux density distribution, is additionally presented. The results obtained from the 3-D analysis and from the superposition have been compared with the experimentally measured values.

T-T, must be 0.2" in order that a 15% decrement be found in the excess viscosity. man's theory is not yet feasible due to lack of sufficiently accurate data (partial molar V O~U~~S , etc.) for the aniline-cyclohexane system. These should be regarded as necessary parameters to be obtained in order to test the applicability of Fixman's calculation for viscosity lim [ In' ] = 0.033 in the critical region. Efforts were made, using both the Wang electronic calculator and the IBM 360, to fit the data of the present work to an equation of the form A cdculation for the present system based On Fixwith unsatisfactory results. This equation is incapable of giving sufficiently acute variation in ?I in the lower ranges of T-To. However, a plot of In ?I ~s. In (T-T,) gives a moderately good straight line such that T-. T c In (T-To) Discussion of the physical significance of this result will have to be postponed until comparable data are obtained for other binary systems.

One-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) are made of planar layers of different materials with periodic arrangement. Such PCs can support multiple surface waves at their interfaces with homogeneous materials as well as multiple waveguide modes guided by individual constituent layers. The numerical results comparing multiple surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves and waveguide modes guided by a metal and a PC with only two layers in each period indicated that the periodic nonhomogeneity and the waveguide modes guided by the individual layers in the PC engender the multiplicity of SPP waves. For smaller value of the period of the PC, the coupling of the individual layers in the PC near the metal/PC interface gives rise to new SPP waves but the coupling reduces as the period increases and waveguide modes dominate. The differentiation between the waveguide modes and the surface waves is necessary to fully exploit the promise of photonic crystals in integrated optics.

Bacteria encapsulation in a magnetic sol-gel matrix M. Amoura et al. Electronic Supplementary Informations ESI-1 : Experimental details ESI-2 : XRD diagrams of ferrihydrite gels with or without glycerol ESI-3 : Zeta potential mesurements of ferrihydrite colloids ESI-4 : SEM and TEM images of ferrihydrite gels without glycerol

Artificial magnetic materials based on fractal Hilbert curves are used as a substrate to increase effective permeability, thus leading to antenna size miniaturisation. A miniaturised patch antenna with miniaturisation factor of 5.3, and impedance bandwidth of 2.11% is designed, numerically tested, fabricated, and measured.

Foil-winding transformers with high currents in low voltage winding normally have copper/aluminum bars as leads of the coils. A practical solution for locating bar leads without increasing the size of the active part is to flatten the coil in the leads zone causing a deformation. Abnormalities in the leakage reactance have been identified in this type of transformers. In order to take this effect into account, this work proposes a correction to the mathematical formulation for calculating the leakage reactance in transformers with deformations in the low voltage winding. Three methods for calculating the leakage reactance have been compared for four real case studies: the proposed formulation, the commonly used formulation and detailed simulations with the finite element method in 3D (FEM3D). The leakage reactance calculated with the proposed method has been found to have an improved accuracy compared with the one calculated using the formulation without correction in all case studies. The main contribution of this work is that the proposed correction in the formulation makes it possible to increase the accuracy in the calculation of leakage reactance, avoiding the need to resort to detailed simulations with FEM3D.

None of the present magnetic separators is capable of achieving the classification of particles according to their magnetic susceptibility. We have developed a new apparatus to attain these magnetic classification goals. In this paper, the design of the continuous-mode large-scale prototype of the magnetic classifier is presented. Many areas of application are foreseen for this device, and we analyse two of them-health sciences and chemical engineering-presenting also some possible application cases within these areas.

A study of the magnetic properties of glasses with high iron oxide content has been carried out. This glass series was obtained by recycling goethite (FeOOH) industrial waste, with dolomite and glass cullet as complementary raw materials. The magnetisation as a function of applied magnetic field for these glasses was measured. According to the magnetic behaviour, which closely correlates with the iron content, these glasses can be classified as ferrimagnetic, superparamagnetic and paramagnetic. The magnetisation curves were analysed in terms of current models for these types of magnetic behaviour.

Cibacron Blue F3GA-attached magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [mPHEMA] beads were prepared by suspension polymerization of HEMA in the presence of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) nanopowder. Average diameter size of the mPHEMA beads was 150-200 lm. The characteristic functional groups of Cibacron Blue F3GAattached mPHEMA beads were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and Raman scattering spectrometer. The lysozyme adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cibacron Blue F3GA-attached mPHEMA beads were also investigated using FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques. When the Raman spectrum of lyso-zyme adsorbed mPHEMA is evaluated characteristic Amide-I band appears at 1657 cm 21. The intensity of this band decreases in the spectrum of lysozyme desorbed mPHEMA sample. When the characteristic bands of lysozyme adsorbed and desorbed mPHEMA samples are compared, the band intensities of desorbed sample are lower than those of lysozyme adsorbed sample except for the band appearing at 656 cm 21 (Tyr vCÀ ÀS).

Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration have been conducting studies on advanced treatment methods in order to increase the quality of the effluent water in the treatment plants and to provide drinkable water to citizens. In this study, five-year operating costs of nanofiltration (NF) and granular active carbon (GAC) adsorption processes were calculated. The investment cost of the GAC adsorption process requires approximately 1.8 million $ more than the NF membrane process. The operation and maintenance (O&M) cost of the NF membrane process needs 1.1 million $ more than the GAC adsorption process. The O&M cost of GAC adsorption and NF membrane process is almost 5 times expensive than the conventional treatment process. By comparing these costs, conclusions were made on two different advanced treatment methods in terms of their cost-effectiveness and economic performance.

Cibacron Blue F3GA-attached magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [mPHEMA] beads were prepared by suspension polymerization of HEMA in the presence of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) nanopowder. Average diameter size of the mPHEMA beads was 150-200 lm. The characteristic functional groups of Cibacron Blue F3GAattached mPHEMA beads were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and Raman scattering spectrometer. The lysozyme adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cibacron Blue F3GA-attached mPHEMA beads were also investigated using FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques. When the Raman spectrum of lyso-zyme adsorbed mPHEMA is evaluated characteristic Amide-I band appears at 1657 cm 21. The intensity of this band decreases in the spectrum of lysozyme desorbed mPHEMA sample. When the characteristic bands of lysozyme adsorbed and desorbed mPHEMA samples are compared, the band intensities of desorbed sample are lower than those of lysozyme adsorbed sample except for the band appearing at 656 cm 21 (Tyr vCÀ ÀS).

The synthesis of Sr 2 GdRuO 6 , a precursor of the superconductor RuSr 2 GdCu 2 O 8 , by common solid-state reaction is always accompanied by the formation of small amounts of ferromagnetic SrRuO 3 impurities. However, high-purity Sr 2 GdRuO 6 is produced by carrying out the solid-state reaction in flowing O 2 and water vapor.

Studies of Cr-doped III-V nitrides, dilute magnetic alloys, in the zinc-blende crystal structure are presented. The objective of the work is to investigate half-metallicity in Al 0.75 Cr 0.25 N, Ga 0.75 Cr 0.25 N and In 0.75 Cr 0.25 N for their possible application in the spin based electronic devices. The calculated spin polarized band structures, electronic properties and magnetic properties of these compounds reveal that Al 0.75 Cr 0.25 N and Ga 0.75 Cr 0.25 N are half-metallic dilute magnetic semiconductors while In 0.75 Cr 0.25 N is metallic in nature. The present theoretical predictions provide evidence that some Cr doped III-V nitrides can be used in spintronics devices.

In this paper, it is reported the growth of La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3±δ films using a chemical solution deposition method (CSD) by the spin-coating technique. Such solution was prepared through a route based on modified polymeric precursor method. Spin-coating deposition on different ceramic substrates was performed and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The magnetic response of the prepared specimens was studied using a SQUID magnetometer. The obtained results indicated uniform deposition on SrTiO 3 and LaAlO 3 substrates with similar characteristics. Furthermore, significant differences were detected in the Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ valence ratio and a corresponding diverse magnetic response was observed. The sample prepared on SrTiO 3 and LaAlO 3 presented a critical temperature around 270 K as expected.

The article presents and discusses the results of analysis and experimental studies of the metrological characteristics of Rogowski coils made in HDI PCB (High Density Interconnect Printed Circuit Boards) technology. The purpose of the research and analysis was to determine the possibility of their use in the metering units of automated electrical power systems. Particular emphasis placed on the formation of the resonant characteristics as well as to provide suitable resistance to external interfering electromagnetic fields. This allows, inter alia, the use of Rogowski coils for detection of interfering transmissions PLC high-frequency conductive currents. Basing on the obtained results, conclusions and recommendations for practice are formulated.

In this work, a catalytic CVD process using ethanol as carbon source was used to convert an iron rich waste, i.e. red mud (RM), in a magnetic composite. TPCVD (temperature programmed CVD), XRD, Mössbauer, EDS, magnetic measurements, TG/DTA, CHN, BET, Raman, SEM and TEM showed that ethanol gradually reduces the iron phases in the RM to Fe 3 O 4 at 500 • C and to Fe 1−x O at 600 • C. At higher temperatures Fe 0 and Fe carbide are the main phases produced with the formation of large amounts of carbon (30-50 wt%) especially as nanotubes and nanofibers. These magnetic materials can be separated into two fractions by simple dispersion in water, i.e. a settled material composed of large magnetic particles and the suspended material composed of nanoparticles with average size of 10-100 nm. The carbon in the composites can be activated with CO 2 increasing the surface area from 79 to 185 m 2 g −1. The magnetic composites were used as adsorbent of model dyes methylene blue and indigo carmine showing excellent results. The composites were also used as support to produce a recyclable Pd catalyst. Tests for the 1,5-cyclooctadiene hydrogenation showed that the catalyst can be easily magnetically separated from the reaction medium and reused for five consecutive times with no deactivation or change in selectivity.

In this study, Fe 2 O 3 •NiO/PANi nanocomposites were prepared and their anticorrosion properties were investigated. The Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation-oxidation methods. Fe 2 O 3 •NiO-PANi nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticle. The structure of the polymer nanocomposite was characterized by SEM and X-ray method. The electrical conductivity, magnetic properties and anticorrosion properties of the materials were examined by the conventional four probe method, vibrating magnetometer and by impedance measurement method. The results show that the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticles have the uniform size with the size ranging from 50 to 60 nm. By the formation of polymer nanocomposite, the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO phase is well dispersed in the PANi polymer matrix. But the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO nanoparticles are not exfoliated from its agglomerate structure. The polymer nanocomposite showed both magnetic and conductive properties. With increasing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content, both the saturated magnetization and the coercive force increase and reach the value of 0.31 emu/g and 162.56 Oe by the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content of 5%, respectively. In contrast, the electrical conductivity of the polymer nanocomposite decreases with increasing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content from 0.353 S/cm of neat PANi to 0.075 S/cm by the Fe 2 O 3 •NiO content of 5%. From the anticorrosion investigation, it was revealed that the protective performance of polyurethane paint containing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO/PANi nanocomposite was significantly improved with increasing Fe 2 O 3 •NiO/PANi content.