MQTT

Machine-to-machine services are witnessing an unprecedented diffusion, which is expected to result in an everincreasing data traffic load. In this context, satellite technology is playing a pivotal role, since it enables a widespread provisioning of machine-to-machine services. In particular, oil industry, maritime communications, as well as remote monitoring are sectors where the use of satellite communications is expected to dramatically explode within the next few years. In the light of this sudden increase of machine-to-machine data transported over satellite, a more thorough understanding of machine-tomachine service implementation over satellite is required, especially focusing on the interaction between transport and MAC layers of the protocol stack. Starting from these observations, this paper thoroughly analyses the interaction between TCP and the Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted Aloha access scheme defined in the DVB-RCS2 standard, assuming the use of an MQTT-like protocol to distribute machine-to-machine services. A novel TCP model is developed and validated through extensive simulation campaigns, which also shed important lights on the design choices enabling the efficient transport of machine-tomachine data via satellite.

Internet of Things(IoT) in recent days playing a vital role in networking related applications. However, there are several protocols available for building IoT applications, but RPL and CoAP are important protocols.There is a customized protocol requirement for specific IoT applications, while working on specific research problems. Further, adequate platforms are required to evaluate the performance of these protocols. These platforms need to be configured for the protocol, which is very crucial and timeconsuming task. At present, there is no collective and precise information available to carry out this work. This paper discusses two different open source platforms available for IoT. Also,various IoT research ideas need to design of IoT protocols. A few IoT communication technologies are mentioned in the paper. The detail analysis of, two common protocols, namely Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL) and Constrained Application layer protocol (CoAP) is carried out with respect to latency delay and packet delivery ratio. The results, discussion and conclusion presented in this paper are useful for researchers, who are interested to work with IoT protocols and standards.

Machine-to-machine services are witnessing an unprecedented diffusion, which is expected to result in an everincreasing data traffic load. In this context, satellite technology is playing a pivotal role, since it enables a widespread provisioning of machine-to-machine services. In particular, oil industry, maritime communications, as well as remote monitoring are sectors where the use of satellite communications is expected to dramatically explode within the next few years. In the light of this sudden increase of machine-to-machine data transported over satellite, a more thorough understanding of machine-tomachine service implementation over satellite is required, especially focusing on the interaction between transport and MAC layers of the protocol stack. Starting from these observations, this paper thoroughly analyses the interaction between TCP and the Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted Aloha access scheme defined in the DVB-RCS2 standard, assuming the use of an MQTT-like protocol to distribute machine-to-machine services. A novel TCP model is developed and validated through extensive simulation campaigns, which also shed important lights on the design choices enabling the efficient transport of machine-tomachine data via satellite.

ABTRACT Nowadays there is a brief usage and dependability of pulsating features of the smart devices. So there is a need of connecting these devices through internet to explore their functionality. In the world of Smart homes there exists different systems but failed to provide many functionalities like controlling the devices remotely, overhead in communication, and energy efficiency. This paper delivers the solution to the constraint of the existing systems. The monitoring and controlling of smart organized homes environmental and safety parameters a Wi-Fi based WSN system is designed. A lightweight MQTT protocol is used for interactions between devices and user. The user can flawlessly control and monitor the devices via Android Application using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) remotely.

The communication protocols are an essential part for the data communication of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, the selection of a communication protocol is challenging because it depends on the nature of the IoT system and its data transmission system. Copious communications protocols have been developed and employed by researchers based on their requirements in the last decade. Though, none of them is able to support all criteria requirements, like energy efficiency, security, quality of service, etc. Of all types of IoT systems, communication protocols are an ongoing dilemma for the IoT industry; consequently, it is important to analyze the comportments and mechanisms of this latter to determine their best-fit scenarios. Therefore, this paper presents an evaluation of established communication protocols HTTP, MQTT, DDS, XMPP, AMQP and CoAP for IoT applications. Firstly, it presents the broad comparison among these communication protocols to introduce their characteristics comparatively. Subsequently, it performs a detailed and in-depth analysis of the related process of gaining an understanding of their strengths and limitations. Therefore, based on this detailed evaluation, the user can determine their appropriate use for various IoT applications depending on their needs, efficiency, and suitability.

The main objective of this paper is to control the speed of single phase induction motor using IOT Technology. Internet is the most widely used high speed and easily accessible communication medium in the modern day world. The proposed system allows any person from any corner of the world to control heavy industrial machines. The proposed system is simple and highly effective in terms of cost and efficiency. In this system, the switching and the speed of the Single phase induction motor can be controlled by using a self-developed android application.

Internet of Things (IoT) applications are increasingly making impact in all areas of human life. Day by day, its chatty embedded devices have been generating tons of data requiring effective network infrastructure. To deliver millions of IoT messages back and forth with as few faults as possible, participation of communication protocols like Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (i.e., MQTT) is a must. Lightweight blueprint and battery friendly design are just two of many advantages of this protocol making it become a dominant in IoT world. In real application scenarios, distributed MQTT solutions are usually required since centralized MQTT approach is incapable of dealing with huge amount of data. Although distributed MQTT solutions are scalable, they do not adapt to fluctuations of traffic workload. This might cost IoT service providers because of redundant computation resources. This leads to the need of a novel approach that can adapt its volume changes in workload. This article proposes such an elastic solution by proposing a flexible MQTT framework. Our MQTT framework uses off-the-shelf components to obtain server's elasticity while keeping IoT applications intact. Experiments are conducted to validate elasticity function provided by an implementation of our framework.

Internet  of  Things(IoT)  merupakan  sebuah  teknologi  yang  tengah  menjadi perbincangan dunia  elektronik.  Dengan teknologi tersebut, setiap  piranti  yang dimiliki  bisa  dengan  mudah  terhubung  dengan  internet,  sehingga  dapat dikendalikan dari  jarak jauh  dengan  hanya  menggunakan  ponsel  pintar,  perintah suara,  hingga  pengontrolan  dengan  biometrik  sensor  seperti finger  print, face recognition, dan iris recognition. Perkembangan IoT tidak hanya menyasar industri besar  jaringan  listrik  fasilitas  public  maupun  pabrik,  namun  juga  menyasar  pada perangkat elektronik yang berada dirumah. Barang-barang seperti lampu, tv, pintu rumah,  kamera  CCTV,  gerbang, AC,  kulkas,  hingga  mesin  cuci,  nantinya  dapat terhubung semua dengan internet. Rancang Bangun Sistem Kendali Rumah Cerdas Dengan Metode Voice Recognition Menggunakan Google Assistant ini, mengaplikasikan teknologi Internet of  Things dengan protokol MQTT untuk komunikasi machine to machine secara sederhana. Penggunaan NodeMCU dalam penelitian ini sebagai master UART communication dengan output 9 channel menggunakan decoder shift register dalam menambah jumlah channel untuk  mengontrol  lampu,  mengontrol  AC,  mengontrol kunci pintu dan penggunaan Arduino Nano sebagai slave UART communication dengan output 5 channel untuk mengontrol gerbang, alarm, dan sensor PIR.

Performance analysis for devices in Internet of Things (IoT) environments is an important consideration, especially with their increasing integration in technological solutions, worldwide. The Single Board Computers (SBCs) of the Raspberry Pi Foundation have been widely accepted by the community, and hence, they have been incorporated in numerous IoT projects. To ease their integration, it is essential to assess their network performance. In this paper, we made an empirical performance evaluation of one of the most popular network protocols for IoT environments, named the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, on Raspberry Pi. To do so, we set up two different testbeds scenarios and assessed the performance with benchmarks. At the software level, we focused on Mosquitto, a popular open-source MQTT broker implementation and client library. Our principal metric is the transmission time, but we also investigated the throughput. In our experiments, we varied several parame...

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) altered the way of caregiving and the new pandemic forced the health systems to adopt new treatment protocols in which remote follow-up is essential. This paper introduces a proposed system to link a remote healthcare unit as it is inside the hospital. Two different network protocols; a global system for mobile communication (GSM) and Wi-Fi were used to simulate the heath data transfer from the two different geographical locations, using Raspberry Pi development board and Microcontroller units. Message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol was employed to transfer the measured data from the healthcare unit to the hospital’s Gateway. The gateway is used to route the aggregated health data from healthcare units to the hospital server, doctors’ dashboards, and the further processing. The system was successfully implemented and tested, where the experimental tests show that the remote healthcare units using a GSM network consumed about 900 mWh. A hig...

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle daha da artan iletişim kanalları insan yaşamına sundugu kolaylıklar arasında olan ve yeni hayatımıza girmeye başlayan Endüstri 4.0' ın ana bileşeni IoT iletişiminde kullanılan farklı protokoller mevcuttur.Bu çalışmada ise IoT veri protokolleri için genel kullanımda olan MQTT, CoAP, AMQP ve HTTP protokolleri incelenmektedir.

Internet of Things(IoT) in recent days playing a vital role in networking related applications. However, there are several protocols available for building IoT applications, but RPL and CoAP are important protocols.There is a customized protocol requirement for specific IoT applications, while working on specific research problems. Further, adequate platforms are required to evaluate the performance of these
protocols. These platforms need to be configured for the protocol, which is very crucial and timeconsuming task. At present, there is no collective and precise information available to carry out this work. This paper discusses two different open source platforms available for IoT. Also,various IoT research ideas need to design of IoT protocols. A few IoT communication technologies are mentioned in the paper. The
detail analysis of, two common protocols, namely Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL) and Constrained Application layer protocol (CoAP) is carried out with respect to latency delay and packet
delivery ratio. The results, discussion and conclusion presented in this paper are useful for researchers, who are interested to work with IoT protocols and standards

Sayısallaşan ve her geçen gün daha fazla teknolojinin kullanıldığı otomasyon çağında eski manuel sistemlerin yerini otomatik sistemlerin alması insanların yaşamını gittikçe kolaylaştırmaktadır. Günümüzde insanlar interneti, güvensiz olmadıkça gündelik hayatlarının ayrılmaz bir parçası yapmışlardır. Nesnelerin İnternet'i (iot), cihazların bir ağ altyapısı üzerinden uzaktan bağlanmasını, algılanmasını ve kontrol edilmesini sağlayan bir platform sağlar. Fiziksel nesnelerin oldukça önemli bir kısmının ağ bağlantısının bulunmadığı bilinmektedir. Nesnelerin interneti (Internet of Things-IoT) ekosistemi ve makinalar arası iletişim (Machine to Machine Communication-M2M) teknolojileri sayesinde bu nesnelerin ağ üzerinde izlenmesi ve kontrolünün sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Algılayıcı teknolojilerindeki gelişmelere bağlı olarak çok küçük ve düşük maliyetli algılayıcıların üretimi artmıştır. Algılayıcılar, fiziksel özellikleri ve şartları tespit eden ve ölçen, yeni nesil teknoloji için olmazsa olmaz, mühendislik harikası cihazlardandır. Sıcaklık, basınç, titreşim, ses, ışık, koku gibi birçok sensör kullanılabilmektedir. Bu sensörlerin yeni nesiller ile gelişmesi sonucu, nesnelerin interneti teknolojisinin gücü yükselmekte ve buna bağlı olarak da Endüstri 4.0 devrimi hızlanarak gelişmektedir. Bu çalışmada nesnelerin interneti (IoT) hakkında bilgiler verilmiş ayrıca mevcutta hizmet vermekte olan bazı IoT/M2M platformlarında prototip uygulamalar gerçekleştirilmiştir.

In current trend, IoT emerged as the most popular advancement of Internet and became a trending technology that incorporates Machine to Machine (M2M) communication. This communication makes use of Internet protocols and various devices such as smart sensors, actuators, LTE, WLAN etc. These devices are self-configurable that collaborate with each other for exchanging the data without the inclusion of human beings. The custom of IoT through M2M communication provides unique characteristics that expand to various applications such as smart home, smart supply chain, wearable's, smart retail, military, smart farming, smart city, industrial internet, connected car, smart grids and connected health etc., which makes human lives simpler. Like network architecture, the IoT architecture also comprises three tired architecture-application tier, network tier and context-aware tier. This paper review only the application layer protocols of network tier of IoT. While the application tier, other layer of network tier and context-aware tier are out of the scope of this paper. Specifically, this paper reviews MQTT, MQTT-SN, AMQP, CoAP, XMPP, and DDS data protocols of IoT and compared these protocols with the challenging issues such as security, caching, resource discovery, support to QoS etc. Finally, we analysed the performance of these protocols with various metrics such as network packet loss rate, message size, bandwidth consumption and latency.

Current wireless sensor devices are facing a lot of issues to integrate with the global internet communication networks due to incompatible Application messaging protocols. Currently various heterogeneous application messaging protocols are available like HTTP, MQTT, COAP, DDS, AMQP. Each of this application messaging protocols are designed and implemented as per different application requirements considering the computational resources and available communication bandwidth. These protocols are not suitable for constrained sensor devices due to limitation of computational power and bandwidth. MQTT protocol is designed and implemented for Machine to Machine communication, but still not suitable for low power sensor devices due to complex TCP transport protocol used. More Efficient MQTT-SN protocol is (Message Queue Telemetry Transport-Sensor Network) proposed for sensor devices considering the wireless sensor network characteristics, power constraint and bandwidth limitations. MQTT-SN messages are transported using less over head UDP Transport Protocol. In this paper we are provided the procedure how the MQTT-SN Gateway Integration with Industry standard AWS MQTT-Server and End to End Sensor Data Transmission from Sensor Device to the IOT Application through MQTT-SN Gateway and AWS(Amazon Web Services) MQTT Server.

The Internet of Things refers (IoT) to the billions of physical devices around the globe that are connected to the Internet, collecting and sharing data. The overall Internet of Things market is projected to be worth more than 50.6 billion U.S. dollars in 2020. IoT devices possess low processing capabilities, limited memory, limited storage, and minimal network protocol support. With the help of cloud computing technology, we can overcome the limited resources of IoT devices. A lot of research has been conducted on IoT device virtualization to facilitate remote access and control. The concept of virtualization in IoT is to provide a virtual representation of physical devices in the form of virtual objects. IoT devices are more likely to be accessed and communicate through virtual objects in the near future. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of building a virtual IoT network for a smart home. The virtual network is based on virtual objects and IoT controller. We derived the concept from Software Defined Network (SDN) and separated the control plane and data plane in the virtual IoT network. This enhanced the rapid development of diverse applications on top of the virtualization layer by establishing a dynamic end-to-end connection between IoT devices. This article briefly explains the design and development of the virtual network. Results achieved during experiments and performance analysis show that IoT controller enhances the capabilities of a virtual network by dynamically controlling the traffic congestion, handling mapping requests, and routing mechanisms.

The big challenge to raise for deploying the application's domain of the Internet of Things is security. As one of the popular messaging protocols in the IoT world, the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) is designed for constrained devices and machine-to-machine communications, based on the publish-subscribe model, it offers a basic authentication using username and password. However, this authentication method might have a problem in terms of security and scalability. In this paper, we provide an analysis of the current research in the literature related to the security for the MQTT protocol, before we give a brief description of each algorithm used on our approach, to finally propose a new approach to secure this protocol based on AugPAKE algorithm and PRESENT encryption. This solution provides mutual authentication between the broker and their clients (publishers and subscribers), the confidentiality of the published message is protected twice, the integrity and non-repudiation of MQTT messages which is protected during the process of transmission.

The invention of smart grid has already outdated the conventional method of one way power production- supply concept. While developed countries have already started to adopt smart meters, appliances and renewable energy sources; underdeveloped and developing countries are still facing power shortages every day. In the second Industrial Revolution, electricity was the main advancement and the recent Industrial Revolution 4.0 has pushed giant Production companies into the adoption and promotion of Renewable Energy sources. The integration of IoT and power systems has revolutionized the world in terms of power efficiency and real time monitoring. This paper discusses an experimental work done on how IoT can monitor the power/voltage and current production of a standalone renewable energy source i.e. a solar panel. This paper also discusses how to improve the solar panel efficiency by correcting the tilt angle of the solar panel. The monitoring of the solar panel is done via an inter-connected system using NodeMCU, Node-RED, Arduino and an MQTT channel. The monitoring of solar panels can be made easier by implementing the proposed work in a photovoltaic (PV) power plant. Moreover the monitoring of energy production will greatly enhance the health of the PV system. A 24% increase in the power output has been noticed after the correction of the tilt angle which was corrected using a solar tracker.

KEYWORDS
IoT based Solar Panel, Solar monitoring, NodeMCU, Node-RED, MQTT, Tilt Correction using IoT, Azimuth Correction using IoT.

Most of the IoT applications require real time and secure exchange of information among connected devices and hence, currently, security of communication protocols is becoming key topic of research. MQTT, a lightweight communication protocol, is used for real time communication between networks. Authors have reviewed numerous published researches on secure MQTT protocol for IoT networks and have discovered security loop holes of MQTT communication protocol that are needed to be addressed. This article proposes a secure and real time MQTT protocol by incorporating SSL certificate to MQTT broker for IoT applications without data loss. The research has been implemented in Raspberry Pi 3B system using Python 3.4.10 development platform along with Numpy 1.11.1 and scipy 0.18.0 (for mathematical analysis), paho-mqtt 1.5.0 (for MQTT publication/subscription), and Chromium (for displaying research outcome). The outcome of this research shows that the proposed MQTT protocol has tighten secur...

Nowadays there is a fleeting usage and reliability of vibrant features of the smart devices. So there is a need of connecting these devices through internet to explore their functionality. In the world of Smart homes there exists different systems but failed to provide many functionalities like controlling the devices remotely, overhead in communication, and energy efficiency. This paper provides the solution to the limitation of the existing systems. The monitoring and controlling of smart interconnected homes environmental and safety parameters a Wi-Fi based WSN system is designed. A lightweight MQTT protocol is used for interactions between devices and user. The user can seamlessly control and monitor the devices via Android Application using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) remotely.

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 8: CACBOHIDRAT Chú ý : Các bài toán tinh bột, xenlulozo (C6H10O5)n Khi tính toán không cần thiết cái n " cho dễ tính thui " Bài nào bắt tìm mắt xích thì mới cần tính n Vd: (C6H10O5)n + nH2O => nC6H12O6 162n 180n X g Bình thường => mC6H12O6 = X.180n / 162n = X.180/162 " Hay ko cần n " " tôi viết vậy vì khi đánh lời giải tôi viết thế cho tiện " Câu 1: Thủy phân 1 kg sắn chứa 20% tinh bột trong môi trường axit. Với hiệu suất phản ứng 85%. Lượng glucozơ thu được là A. 261,43 g. B. 200,8 g. C. 188,89 g. D. 192,5 g. Pứ : (C6H10O5)n + nH2O => nC6H12O6; Ta có m Tinh bổt bị thủy phân = 0,2 kg => mC6H12O6 = 188,89 g " Dựa vào PT và CT tính H% sp = mTT.100% / mPT " m thực tế (ban đầu) ; m phương trình là tính theo PT " => mTT = mPT.H% / 100% " m = 0,2.180.85%/(162.100%) = 188,89 g " => C Câu 2: Cho m g tinh bột lên men thành ancol etylic với hiệu suất 81%. Toàn bộ lượng CO2 sinh ra được hấp thụ hoàn toàn vào dd Ca(OH)2, thu được 550 g kết tủa và dd X. Ðun kỹ dd X thu thêm được 100 g kết tủa. Giá trị của m là A. 650. B. 550. C. 810. D. 750. (C6H10O5)n => nC6H12O6 => 2nC2H5OH + 2nCO2 Xem lời giải chuyên đề 1 => CT : nCO2 = n Kết tủa 1 + 2. n kết tủa 2 = 5,5 + 2. 1 = 7,5 mol => n Tinh bột = nCO2 / 2 => m Tinh bột = 750 g " Dựa vào H% pứ = mPT.100% / mTT " => m TT = mPT.100% / mPT " m = (5,5 + 2. 1).162. 100% / (2.81%) = 750 g " => D Câu 3: Thể tích dd HNO3 67,5% (khối lượng riêng là 1,5 g/ml) cần dùng để tác dụng với xenlulozơ tạo thành 89,1 kg xenlulozơ trinitrat là (biết lượng HNO3 bị hao hụt là 20 %) A. 70 lít. B. 49 lít. C. 81 lít. D. 55 lít. Pứ : (C6H7O2(OH)3) + 3HNO3 => (C6H7O2(NO2)3) + 3H2O 0,9 mol <= 0,3 mol => mddHNO3 " CT tính C% " => m dd HNO3 " Quy từ mdd sang Vdd " => V HNO3 = 70 lít " Dựa vào bị hao hút 20% nhé => lượng HNO3 cần dùng là 80% so với lượng PT " " Bạn giải nhé " " m = 89,1 .63.100%.3.100% / (67,5%.1,5.297.80%) = 70 lít => A Câu 4: Lên men m g glucozơ với hiệu suất 90%. Lượng CO2 sinh ra được hấp thụ vào dd Ca(OH)2 thu được 10 g kết tủa và khối lượng dd giảm 3,4 g. Giá trị của m là A. 30. B. 15. C. 17. D. 34. Xem lời giải chuyên đề 1 => ∆ddm giảm = m kết tủa – mCO2  mCO2 = 6,6 g => nCO2 = 0,15 mol => nGlucozo = nCO2 / 2 = 0,075 mol => m glucozo ... = 15 g " H% pứ = mPT.100%/ mTT " " m = (10-3,4).100% .180/(44.2.90%) = 15g " => B Câu 5: Thủy phân hoàn toàn 62,5 g dd saccarozơ 17,1% trong môi trường axit (vừa đủ) được dd X. Cho dd AgNO3/NH3 vào X đun nhẹ được m g Ag. Giá trị của m là

Internet of Things (IoT) evolves very rapidly over time, since everything such as sensors/actuators linked together from around the world with use of evolution of ubiquitous computing through the Internet. These devices have a unique IP address in order to communicate with each other and transmit data with features of wireless technologies. Fog computing or so called edge computing brings all Cloud features to embedded devices at edge network and adds more features to servers like pre-store data of Cloud, fast response, and generate overhasty users reporting. Fog mediates between Cloud and IoT devices and thus enables new types of computing and services. The future applications take the advantage of combing the two concepts Fog and Cloud in order to provide low delay Fog-based and high capacity of storage Cloud-based. This paper proposes an IoT architecture for healthcare network based on Fog to Cloud and Data in Motion (F2CDM). The proposed architecture is designed and implemented over three sites: Site 1 contains the embedded devices layer, Site 2 consists of the Fog network layer, while Site 3 consists of the Cloud network. The Fog layer is represented by a middleware server in Al-Nahrain University with temporary storage such that the data lives inside for 30 min. During this time, the selection of up-normality in behavior is send to the Cloud while the rest of the data is wiped out. On the other hand, the Cloud stores all the incoming data from Fog permanently. The F2CDM works using Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for fast response. The results show that all data can be monitored from the Fog in real time while the critical data can be monitored from Cloud. In addition, the response time is evaluated using traffic generator called Tsung. It has been found that the proposed architecture reduces traffic on Cloud network and provides better data analysis.

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications enable networked devices and services to exchange information and perform actions seamlessly without the need for human intervention. They are viewed as a key enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT) and ubiquitous applications, like mobile healthcare, telemetry, or intelligent transport systems. We survey existing work on mobile M2M communications, we identify open challenges that have a direct impact on performance and resource usage efficiency, especially the impact on energy efficiency, and we review techniques to improve communications. We review the ETSI standard and application protocols, and draw considerations on the impact of their use in constrained mobile devices. Nowadays, smartphones are equipped with a wide range of embedded sensors, with varied local and wide area connectivity capabilities, and thus they offer a unique opportunity to serve as mobile gateways for other more constrained devices with local connectivity. At the same time, they can gather context data about users and environment from the embedded sensors. These capabilities may be crucial for mobile M2M applications. Finally, in this paper, we consider a scenario where smartphones are used as gateways that collect and aggregate data from sensors in a cellular network. We conclude that, in order for their use to the feasible in terms of a normal depletion time of a smartphone's battery, it is a good advice to maximize the collection of data necessary to be transmitted from nearby sensors, and maximize the intervals between transmissions. More research is required to devise energy efficient transmission methods that enable the use of smartphones as mobile gateways.

Este artigo apresenta uma análise de desempenho (uso de CPU, consumo de memória e envio de mensagens) de brokers MQTT em um hardware de baixo custo, o Raspberry Pi 2 Modelo B. Os objetivos da análise são averiguar qual implementação de broker MQTT é a mais adequada às limitações do hardware e se o Raspberry Pi 2 é realmente capaz de funcionar como gateway de uma rede de sensores e atuadores para a Internet das Coisas (IoT). Os resultados mostraram que o Raspberry Pi 2 consegue lidar com grandes números de conexões, sendo a implementação em Erlang (eMQTT) a que obteve melhor resultado em vazão de dados, enquanto a implementação em C (Mosquitto) apresentou a menor carga de processamento e consumo de memória.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) altered the way of caregiving and the new pandemic forced the health systems to adopt new treatment protocols in which remote follow-up is essential. This paper introduces a proposed system to link a remote healthcare unit as it is inside the hospital. Two different network protocols; a global system for mobile communication (GSM) and Wi-Fi were used to simulate the heath data transfer from the two different geographical locations, using Raspberry Pi development board and Microcontroller units. Message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol was employed to transfer the measured data from the healthcare unit to the hospital’s Gateway. The gateway is used to route the aggregated health data from healthcare units to the hospital server, doctors’ dashboards, and the further processing. The system was successfully implemented and tested, where the experimental tests show that the remote healthcare units using a GSM network consumed about 900 mWh. A hig...

Resources discovery is a fundamental requirement to the full realization of the vision of Internet of Things. Discovery includes resource properties, capabilities, and metadata. It enables consumers to build IoT applications and services that utilize “smart things” with no prior knowledge about these things. This paper studies three of the most commonly used discovery protocols, CoAP, MQTT, and UPnP. We compare between their performance and behavior in IoT deployments. Each protocol is implemented and deployed on a mobile phone as a client and a Raspberry Pi as a broker/server. The implementation includes a WeMo switch and a TI SensorTag as resources. The paper provides insights on the different features, behavioural attributes, and a comparative analysis between these protocols. We also present performance indexes of each protocol in terms of memory and CPU usage, latency, and traffic exchange between a publisher and a subscriber. Our analysis shows that despite the three protocols are fundamentally different and each one has pros and cons, they are all highly useful in IoT environments. However, CoAP is generally more flexible and scalable, but requires a higher memory footprint.

The internet of things (IoT) is the interconnection of things around us to make our daily process more efficient by providing more comfort and productivity. However, these connections also reveal a lot of sensitive data. Therefore, thinking about the methods of information security and coding are important as the security approaches that rely heavily on coding are not a strong match for these restricted devices. Consequently, this research aims to contribute to filling this gap, which adopts machine learning techniques to enhance network-level security in the low-power devices that use the lightweight MQTT protocol for their work. This study used a set of tools and, through various techniques, trained the proposed system ranging from ensemble methods to deep learning models. The system has come to know what type of attack has occurred, which helps protect IoT devices. The log loss of the ensemble methods is 0.44, and the accuracy of multi-class classification is 98.72% after converting the table data into an image set. The work also uses a convolution neural network, which has a log loss of 0.019 and an accuracy of 99.3%. It also aims to implement these functions in IDS.

Real-time Notification adalah metode yang menjadi standar pada aplikasi smartphone
saat ini. Kebutuhan data yang selalu update menjadi alasan orang menggunakan bermacam
metode notifikasi sesuai kebutuhan. Metode notifikasi yang akan dibahas pada project ini
menggunakan protokol MQTT. Protokol ini menggunakan sumberdaya yang sedikit (energi
ataupun data) sehingga baik untuk dijadikan metode notifikasi dalam implementasi aplikasi
smartphone.
Pokok pembahasan dalam penulisan ilmiah ini adalah menjelaskan mengenai
implementasi Real-time Notification pada aplikasi pengaduan pelanggan PDAM Sidoarjo
pada smarthphone Android. Aplikasi ini terdiri dari 2 aplikasi yaitu aplikasi pelanggan dan
aplikasi manajer. Aplikasi ini melakukan singkronisasi data yang dijembatani oleh server
MQTT. Pengaduan yang dikirim oleh pelanggan akan sampai pada manajer pada saat itu juga
(Real-time) begitu juga tindak lanjut dari manajer yang akan sampai pada pelanggan secara
Real-time.
Pemetaan daerah pada aplikasi ini berpacu pada kordinat yang dikirim oleh pelanggan
saat mengirimkan pengaduan. Data pengaduan tersebut akan dikategorikan berdasarkan jenis
pengaduan dan akan ditampilkan dalam bentuk peta menggunakan Google Maps

The prevention of medical disorders significantly increases both life quality and expectancy. Continuous monitoring of biomedical parameters and/or vital signs of a patient, and easy access to medical history is thus of major importance, whilst enabling a person's normal routine. The development of remote healthcare sensors used to monitor specific conditions and with digital interface for prompt data access, arises as a valuable asset to respond to such requirements. In this paper we present a system of health data collection, transmission and storage designed for electrocardiography (ECG) and Pulse Oximetry results. Our goal is to address this challenge by creating a system for acquiring and transmitting data via Bluetooth to an Android mobile platform, which sends it to a remote server, where the data is stored in a database, and becomes available for visualization This enables any remote user to access vital data on a patient without being physically present.

The main objective of this paper is to control the speed of single phase induction motor using IOT Technology. Internet is the most widely used high speed and easily accessible communication medium in the modern day world. The proposed system allows any person from any corner of the world to control heavy industrial machines. The proposed system is simple and highly effective in terms of cost and efficiency. In this system, the switching and the speed of the Single phase induction motor can be controlled by using a self-developed android application

IoT applications are promising for future daily activities; therefore, the number of IoT connected devices is expected to reach billions in the coming few years. However, IoT has different application frameworks. Furthermore, IoT applications require higher security standards. In this work, an IoT application framework is presented with a security embedded structure using the integration between message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) and user-managed access (UMA). The performance analysis of the model is presented. Comparing the model with existing models and different design structures shows that the model presented in this work is promising for a functioning IoT design model with security. The security in the model is a built-in feature in its structure. The model is built on recommended frameworks; therefore, it is ready for integration with other web standards for data sharing, which will help in making IoT applications integrated from different developing parties.

Sayisallasan ve her gecen gun daha fazla teknolojinin kullanildigi otomasyon caginda eski manuel sistemlerin yerini otomatik sistemlerin almasi insanlarin yasamini gittikce kolaylastirmaktadir. Gunumuzde insanlar interneti, guvensiz olmadikca gundelik hayatlarinin ayrilmaz bir parcasi yapmislardir. Nesnelerin Internet&#39;i (iot), cihazlarin bir ag altyapisi uzerinden uzaktan baglanmasini, algilanmasini ve kontrol edilmesini saglayan bir platform saglar. Fiziksel nesnelerin oldukca onemli bir kisminin ag baglantisinin bulunmadigi bilinmektedir. Nesnelerin interneti (Internet of Things-IoT) ekosistemi ve makinalar arasi iletisim (Machine to Machine Communication-M2M) teknolojileri sayesinde bu nesnelerin ag uzerinde izlenmesi ve kontrolunun saglanmasi amaclanmaktadir. Algilayici teknolojilerindeki gelismelere bagli olarak cok kucuk ve dusuk maliyetli algilayicilarin uretimi artmistir. Algilayicilar, fiziksel ozellikleri ve sartlari tespit eden ve olcen, yeni nesil teknoloji icin olma...

Internet of Things(IoT) in recent days playing a vital role in networking related applications. However, there are several protocols available for building IoT applications, but RPL and CoAP are important protocols.There is a customized protocol requirement for specific IoT applications, while working on specific research problems. Further, adequate platforms are required to evaluate the performance of these protocols. These platforms need to be configured for the protocol, which is very crucial and timeconsuming task. At present, there is no collective and precise information available to carry out this work. This paper discusses two different open source platforms available for IoT. Also,various IoT research ideas need to design of IoT protocols. A few IoT communication technologies are mentioned in the paper. The detail analysis of, two common protocols, namely Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL) and Constrained Application layer protocol (CoAP) is carried out with respect to latency delay and packet delivery ratio. The results, discussion and conclusion presented in this paper are useful for researchers, who are interested to work with IoT protocols and standards.

Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and spatial data web services is becoming common in ecological applications. However,
WSNs were developed in application domains with different sensor and user types, and often with their own low-level metadata semantics,
data format and communication protocols. The sensor web enablement initiative (SWE) within the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has
released a set of open standards for interoperable interface specifications and (meta) data encodings for the real time integration of sensors
and sensor networks into a web services architecture. Such XML-based web services exhibit disadvantages in terms of payload and
connectivity in low-bandwidth low energy unreliable networks, such as remote 3G uplinks. Monitoring stations deliver frequent
measurements in real-time, but dynamic implementation of measurement frequencies, adapted to certain environmental conditions, are
rarely implemented. Within this paper we describe a responsive integrated hydrological monitoring setup to calculate rainfall recharge for
water management purposes. When rainfall is observed, a threshold event triggers a reconfiguration task for the soil moisture sensors, using
asynchronous, push-based communication implemented with an MQTT queue. A Sensor Planning Service commits that request via MQTT
into the wireless sensor network, and updates the measurement frequency of the target sensors to gain higher resolution for the vertical soil
water infiltration. The system integrates a Sensor Observation Service (SOS) including field observations and internet-based environmental
data with a rainfall recharge model that allows near-real time calculation of rainfall recharge in the Upper Rangitaiki catchment, Bay of
Plenty region in New Zealand.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of things around us to make our daily process more efficient by providing more comfort and productivity. However, these connections also reveal a lot of sensitive data. Therefore, thinking about the methods of information security and coding are important as the security approaches that rely heavily on coding are not a strong match for these restricted devices. Consequently, this research aims to contribute to filling this gap, which adopts machine learning techniques to enhance network-level security in the low-power devices that use the lightweight MQTT protocol for their work. This study used a set of tools tools and, through various techniques, trained the proposed system ranging from Ensemble methods to deep learning models. The system has come to know what type of attack has occurred, which helps protect IoT devices. The log loss of the Ensemble methods is 0.44, and the accuracy of multi-class classification is 98.72% after c...

Security of the Internet of Things is a crucial topic, due to the criticality of the networks and the sensitivity of exchanged data. In this paper, we target the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol used in IoT environments for communication between IoT devices. We exploit a specific weakness of MQTT which was identified during our research, allowing the client to configure the behavior of the server. In order to validate the possibility to exploit such vulnerability, we propose SlowITe, a novel low-rate denial of service attack aimed to target MQTT through low-rate techniques. We validate SlowITe against real MQTT services, considering both plain text and encrypted communications and comparing the effects of the threat when targeting different daemons. Results show that the attack is successful and it is able to exploit the identified vulnerability to lead a DoS on the victim with limited attack resources.

Transportation is an important part of food chain, aiming at monitoring the temperature, humidity inside the refrigerator trucks and tracking the location of the refrigerator trucks. In this system, we have designed an intelligent monitoring system based on the Internet of thing, realized monitoring temperature and humidity inside the refrigerator trucks , and tracking the location of refrigerator trucks real-time in the entire transportation process by using advanced technologies like MQTT, Cloud Computing, sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The proposed system uses an ESP32 as main control unit, DHT22 , proximity sensor, RTC, and GSP module. The system is very capable to monitor refrigerated truck from anywhere and anytime using a mobile application. This system is capable of monitoring data which can be displayed through mobile application and if any problem is detected the issue can be solved by human intervention. We can achieve good results of data monitoring such as temperature, humidity, door status and location with MQTT protocol. It is satisfied with the performance through the analysis of monitoring system and experiment results for the designed refrigerated truck monitoring system. Moreover, this proposed system has main advantages which minimizes the human efforts for the manual monitoring and product loss due to uncontrolled environment.

The prevention of medical disorders significantly increases both life quality and expectancy. Continuous monitoring of biomedical parameters and/or vital signs of a patient, and easy access to medical history is thus of major importance, whilst enabling a person's normal routine. The development of remote healthcare sensors used to monitor specific conditions and with digital interface for prompt data access, arises as a valuable asset to respond to such requirements. In this paper we present a system of health data collection, transmission and storage designed for electrocardiography (ECG) and Pulse Oximetry results. Our goal is to address this challenge by creating a system for acquiring and transmitting data via Bluetooth to an Android mobile platform, which sends it to a remote server, where the data is stored in a database, and becomes available for visualization This enables any remote user to access vital data on a patient without being physically present.

The internet of things (IoT) is the interconnection of things around us to make our daily process more efficient by providing more comfort and productivity. However, these connections also reveal a lot of sensitive data. Therefore, thinking about the methods of information security and coding are important as the security approaches that rely heavily on coding are not a strong match for these restricted devices. Consequently, this research aims to contribute to filling this gap, which adopts machine learning techniques to enhance network-level security in the low-power devices that use the lightweight MQTT protocol for their work. This study used a set of tools and, through various techniques, trained the proposed system ranging from ensemble methods to deep learning models. The system has come to know what type of attack has occurred, which helps protect IoT devices. The log loss of the ensemble methods is 0.44, and the accuracy of multi-class classification is 98.72% after convert...

This article presents a case study with the introduction of ESP8266 module, observing the types and levels of bandwidth and communication challenges with wireless network sensors and the necessary requirements in hostile environments in the industry 4.0 era, switching between QoS levels. The module may suffer when applied in industry 4.0, using a communication type machine-to-machine (M2M) to establish connectivity IoT (Internet of Things). The chosen protocol for sending/receiving routing of messages was the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) to be extremely light weight, simple to implement, and running on an architecture publish/subscribe ideal for this type of environments

This paper presents a performance analysis (CPU usage, memory consumption and message throughput) of MQTT brokers in a low-cost hardware , the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B. The objectives of the analysis are to ascertain which MQTT broker implementation is best suited to the limitations of the hardware and to verify if the Raspberry Pi 2 is actually able to function as a gateway in a sensor and actuator network for the Internet of Things (IoT). The results showed that the Raspberry Pi 2 can handle large numbers of connections and that the implementation in Erlang (eMQTT) obtained the best results in data throughput, while the implementation in C (Mosquitto) obtained the lowest CPU load and memory consumption.