Lungs

La respiración es importante porque permite realizar el intercambio gaseoso permitiendo la entrada de oxígeno y la expulsión de dióxido de carbono: esto ocurre en dos fases bien definidas, una de inspiración o entrada del aire y una de espiración o salida del aire. El oxígeno es importante para ayudar a obtener la energía necesaria para los diferentes procesos celulares. El intercambio gaseoso es de primera importancia para el organismo. En el aparato respiratorio hay dos componentes principales, uno de conducción y uno de intercambio. El enorme volumen de aire que pasa por los pulmones con todas las partículas extrañas que vienen en suspensión, hace necesario un sistema de limpieza que en el pulmón comprende el surfactante, el ascendente mucociliar, los macrófagos alveolares y la tos. El aparato respiratorio tiene abundante inervación autonómica, predominando la de la rama parasimpática, responsable de producir tos por medio de las fibras receptoras aferentes que son de tres tipos, de producir broncoconstricción y disminución de los volúmenes alveolares. El estímulo ventilatorio procede de acúmulos de neuronas en el tallo cerebral, denominados los centros respiratorios, que emiten los impulsos al nervio vago (uno de los nervios del parasimpático que inerva abundamente el pulmón) para que se produzca la contracción del músculo diafragma y consecuentemente, la fase de inspiración.

The human body is vulnerable to different pathogens. From this point of view we can see a high incidence of diseases that are part of the respiratory pathology. At different periods of the year, the human’s body's resistance decreases. For any of the forms of respiratory diseases, is useful for patients a preliminary investigation in order to diagnose and to treat the respiratory disease.

It is useful to consider implementing methods of public information and practical application of screening programs, for prevention, knowing a complexity of pathogens for a possible respiratory disease. Also is known the children as a vulnerable age group. Different forms belonging to the respiratory pathology are as consequence, or may occur in accordance with sinusal infections.

Five extracts were obtained from Ageratum conyzoides leaf extracted in methanol-water (4 :1). They were neutral extract (in ethyl acetate), moderately polar extract (in chloroform) ; basic extract (in chloroform-methanol), polar extract (in methanol), and filtrate. Three extracts were tested biologically and the moderately polar extract was found to be most toxic for female Wistar rats . While the toxicity of neutral extract was mild and other extracts were non-toxic. Therefore, the moderately polar extract was investigated for the hepatoxicity effects in the present study. Intragastric dosing of this extract in rats has caused mortality with clinical signs of weakness, low activity and death. Pathological examination showed mottling on the capsular surface of liver. Microscopically showed anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation and necrosis . Multiple dosing of this extract may lead to liver and lung injury showing anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation, centrolobular necrosis, vacuolisation, mitotic figures and mononuclear cells infiltration in the liver and epithelialisation of alveolar walls, thickening of alveolar walls and oedema in the lungs. Liver regeneration occurred 7 days after the last dosing showing mitotic figures and return to the normal structure of liver. The average body weight gain reduced during the first 3 weeks of intoxication from 127.6 g. on predosing to 120,4 g. on week-3 followed by an increased on body weight until the last experiment to 130.8 g. when dosing of extract was terminated . There was an increased of alanine amino transferase ( ALAT) during the first 2 days after dosing from 14.6 IU/1 to 23 .0 IU/1 and reduced at the following days to 7.5 IU/1 at day-5 after dosing . Dosing with retrorsin has caused an increased in ALAT consistently during the first 5 days to 8.7 IU/1 . The activity of aspartate amino transferase (ASAT) reduced during the first 3 days after dosing with the extract from 29 .2 IU/1 to 15 .1 IU/I and from 15 .9 IU/1 to 8.9 IU/1 with retrorsin, but both enzymes appeared higher than control rats . The analysis of toxic compound in A. conyzoides leaf showed that the Rf value was similar to retrrorsin showing the leaf containing pyrrolizidine alkaloid compounds.

There are a number of good experimental studies showing that exposure by inhalation to prolonged tropospheric ozone damages the respiratory system and extrapulmonary organs. The skin, if extensively exposed, may also contribute to the damage. The undoubtful strong reactivity of ozone has contributed to establish the dogma that ozone is always toxic and its medical application must be proscribed. Although it is less known, judiciously practiced ozonetherapy is becoming very useful either on its own or applied in combination with orthodox medicine in a broad range of pathologies. The opponents of ozonetherapy base their judgment on the ozone chemistry, and physicians, without any knowledge of the problem, are often skeptical. During the last 15 years, a clear understanding of the action of ozone in biology and medicine has been gained, allowing today to argue if it is true that ozone is always toxic. The fundamental points that are discussed in this paper are: the topography, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of the organs daily exposed to ozone versus the potent antioxidant capacity of blood exposed to a small and precisely calculated dose of ozone only for a few minutes. It is becoming clear how the respiratory system undergoing a chronic oxidative stress can release slowly, but steadily, a huge amount of toxic compounds able to enter the circulation and cause serious damage. The aim of this paper is to objectively evaluate this controversial issue.

L’échographie est un outil non invasif, non irradiant, réalisable en temps réel et précis. Ses capacités diagnostiques lui permettent une application dans les champs musculo-squeletique, uro-gynécologique et cardio-respiratoire en kinésithérapie. L’échographe peut être utilisé dans le cadre du bilan diagnostic kinésithérapique, dans le suivi du traitement, comme moyen de feedback et dans la réévaluation de la prise en charge rééducative. La qualité de la formation de base sera ainsi l’un des enjeux du développement de l’échographie en France pour que celle-ci s’intègre pleinement dans une démarche raisonnée et basée sur les preuves.

Since the first description of Cystic fibrosis (CF) more than 75 y ago, significant advances have been made in understanding its pathogenesis and in developing specific therapies. The pace of these developments was further accelerated after the discovery of CF gene in 1989 and since then, CF has been transformed from being a pediatric illness into a chronic life-limiting genetic disorder with survival up to the fourth decade. The development of mutation-specific therapies in the first decade of the 21st century has the potential to change the natural history of CF and has now ushered in the era of 'Precision Medicine'. The ability to revert the basic defect in CF by using Personalized Medicine approach based on each individual's genetic profile will serve as a model for other chronic disorders as well. This review highlights the recent advances in the field of CF research that have led to a paradigm shift in its management and outcomes.

Współczesna medycyna pozwala poprawiać wydolność niesprawnych organów i w znacznym stopniu uśmierzać ból fizyczny, niestety w procesie leczenia pacjentów wciąż zbyt mało miejsca poświęca się psychicznemu wymiarowi cierpienia. Tymczasem w populacji chorujących na przewlekłe choroby układu oddechowego znaczny odsetek osób doświadcza zaburzeń zdrowia psychicznego w postaci depresji i zaburzeń lękowych. Artykuł  dotyczy  czynników  ryzyka  wystąpienia  problemów ze  zdrowiem  psychicznym,  które  są  następstwem  choroby somatycznej. Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie poszerzania wśród lekarzy wiedzy na temat psychicznych konsekwencji przewlekłych  chorób  układu  oddechowego,  aby  mogli  dostrzegać  symptomy  pogarszania  się  stanu  zdrowia  psychicznego u pacjentów i w porę im przeciwdziałać. Wskazano także na konieczność współdziałania lekarzy ze specjalistami zajmującymi się  zdrowiem  psychicznym.  Współpraca  taka  jest  w  wielu  przypadkach  warunkiem  skuteczności  leczenia  i  wpływa  na poprawę jakości życia pacjentów.
Contemporary medicine allows to improve efficiency of sick organs and relief the pain to a large extent, but there is still too little awareness of psychological aspect of suffering among physicians. Although, considerable percentage of people with chronic  lungs  diseases  experience  mental  disorders such as depression  and  anxiety,  there  is  no  common  practice of including psychological care into the treatment protocol. Article highlights the importance of development of knowledge about psychological consequences of chronic lungs diseases among physicians as an early diagnosis of mental health disturbances is crucial for general health status and functioning in this group of patients. Necessity of cooperation with mental health specialists was also shown. It is important to create interdisciplinary teams for improvement of treatment outcomes and and patients’ quality of life.

Background
Despite effective pharmacotherapy, asthma continues to impair quality of life for most patients. Non-pharmacological approaches, including breathing retraining, are therefore of great interest to patients. However, clinicians rarely advocate breathing retraining and access to this intervention is restricted for most patients due to the limited availability of suitable physiotherapists and poor integration of breathing retraining into standard care. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a digital self-guided breathing retraining intervention.

Methods
In this randomised controlled trial, we recruited patients from 34 general practices in the UK. Eligibility criteria for patients with asthma were broad, comprising a physician diagnosis of asthma, age of 16–70 years, receipt of at least one anti-asthma medication in the previous year, and impaired asthma-related quality of life (Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire [AQLQ] score of <5·5). We developed a self-guided intervention, which was delivered as a DVD plus a printed booklet (DVDB). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the DVDB intervention, three face-to-face breathing retraining sessions, or standard care, in a 2:1:2 ratio, for 12 months. Randomisation was achieved using the Southampton Clinical Trials Unit telephone randomisation service by use of random number generators. The primary outcome was the AQLQ score in the intention-to-treat population at 12 months. The trial was powered to show equivalence between the two active intervention groups, and superiority of both intervention groups over usual care. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported and physiological measures of asthma control, patient acceptability, and health-care costs. This trial was registered with International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry, number ISRCTN88318003.

Findings
Between Nov 5, 2012 and Jan 28, 2014, invitations to participate in the study were sent to 15 203 patients with general practitioner-diagnosed asthma, of whom 655 were recruited into the study. AQLQ scores at 12 months were significantly higher in the DVDB group (mean 5·40, SD 1·14) than in the usual care group (5·12, SD 1·17; adjusted mean difference 0·28, 95% CI 0·11 to 0·44), and in the face-to-face group (5·33, SD 1·06) than in the usual care group (adjusted mean difference 0·24, 95% CI 0·04 to 0·44); AQLQ scores were similar between the DVDB group and the face-to-face group (0·04, 95% CI −0·16 to 0·24). There were no significant differences between the randomisation groups in FEV1 or fraction of exhaled nitric oxide. 744 adverse events occurred in 272 patients: 101 (39%) of 261 patients in the DVDB group, 55 (42%) of 132 patients in the face-to-face group, and 132 (50%) of 262 in the usual care group, with patients reporting one or more event. 11 (4%) patients in the DVDB group, four (3%) patients in the face-to-face group, and 20 (8%) patients in the usual care group had a serious adverse event.

Interpretation
Breathing retraining programmes improve quality of life in patients with incompletely controlled asthma despite having little effect on lung function or airway inflammation. Such programmes can be delivered conveniently and cost-effectively as a self-guided digital audiovisual programme, so might also reduce health-care costs.

OBJECTIVE:  Vaping has been marketed as a “safe” or “safer” alternative to smoking.  It has become a very lucrative market and has experienced a surge of interest, especially among the younger generations.  There are many who theorize that there is a health benefit in switching from smoking to vaping, and numerous studies seem to corroborated this.  However, few studies have gone into any depth on the possible harmful effects that vaping can have on individuals.  This paper reviews three studies that were designed to analyze the possible harmful effects of vaping.

DESIGN: Case based, multi-study review of three randomized control trials.

METHODS:  Keyword searches performed in Scopus, TRIP Database, and PubMed to find up-to-date information and clinical trials.

RESULTS: Review of three randomized control trials reveals that at present there is still not sufficient information to determine the unique harms and health risks posed by vaping.  Present evidence, at best, is inconclusive.

Lung sounds provide useful information for assessing and monitoring respiratory patients, but standard auscultation is subjective. Computer aided lung sound analysis (CALSA) enables the quantification and characterisation of added lung sounds (e.g. crackles). At present, little is known about the reliability of these sound characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the reliability of crackle initial deflection width (IDW) and two-cycle deflection (2CD) in a clinical population. Fifty-four subjects (37 bronchiectasis, 17 cystic fibrosis) were recruited from out-patient clinics. Three repeated lung sound recordings were taken at seven anatomical sites with a digital stethoscope connected to a laptop computer. The intra-subject reliability of crackle IDW and 2CD was found to be 'good' to 'excellent', estimated by the analysis of variance, intraclass correlation coefficient (IDW 0.76;0.85, 2CD 0.83;0.94), Bland and Altman 95% limits of agreement (IDW -0.50;0.47 ms, 2CD -2.12;1.87 ms) and smallest real difference (IDW 0.30;0.66 ms, 2CD 1.57;2.42 ms). Crackle 2CD was found to be more reliable than IDW. It is concluded that crackle IDW and 2CD characterized by CALSA have good test-retest reliability. This technique requires further evaluation since CALSA has potential to diagnose or monitor respiratory conditions, and provide an objective physiological measure for respiratory interventions

Numerous members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily are induced after exposure to a variety of xenobiotics in human liver. We have gained considerable mechanistic insights into these processes in hepatocytes and multiple ligand-activated transcription factors have been identified over the past two decades. Families CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 involved in xenobiotic metabolism are also expressed in a range of extrahepatic tissues (e.g. intestine, brain, kidney, placenta, lung, adrenal gland, pancreas, skin, mammary gland, uterus, ovary, testes and prostate). Since the expression of the majority of the isoforms appears to be very low in the extrahepatic tissues in comparison with predominant expression in adult liver, the role of the enzymes in overall biotransformation and total body clearance is minor. However, basal expression and up-regulation of extrahepatic CYP enzymes can significantly affect local disposition of xenobiotics or endogenous compounds in peripheral tissues and thus modify their pharmacological/toxicological effects or affect absorption of xenobiotics into systemic circulation. The goal of this review is to critically examine our current understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in induction of xenobiotic metabolizing CYP genes of human families CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 by exogenous chemicals in extrahepatic tissues. We concentrate on organs such as the intestine, kidney, lung, placenta and skin, which are involved in drug distribution and clearance or are in direct contact with environmental xenobiotics. We also discuss single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of key CYPs, which at the level of transcription affect expression of the genes in the extrahepatic tissues or are associated with some pathophysiological stages or disorders in the organs.

Elastography has become widely used for minimally invasive diagnosis in many tumors as seen with breast, liver and prostate. Among different modalities, ultrasound-based elastography stands out due to its advantages including being safe, real-time, and relatively low-cost. While lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among both men and women, the use of ultrasound elastography for lung cancer diagnosis has hardly been investigated due to the limitations of ultrasound in air. In this work, we investigate the use of static-compression based endobronchial ultrasound elastography by a 3D trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TEE) transducer for lung cancer diagnosis. A water-filled balloon was designed to 1) improve the visualization of endobronchial ultrasound and 2) to induce compression via pumping motion inside the trachea and bronchiole. In a phantom study, we have successfully generated strain images indicating the stiffness difference between the gelatin background and agar inclusion. A similar strain ratio was confirmed with Philips ultrasound strain-based elastography product. For ex-vivo porcine lung study, different tissue ablation methods including chemical injection, Radio Frequency (RF) ablation, and direct heating were implemented to achieve tumor-mimicking tissue. Stiff ablated lung tissues were obtained and detected with our proposed method. These results suggest the feasibility of pulmonary elastography to differentiate stiff tumor tissue from normal tissue. Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 09/05/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8675 867503-3 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 09/05/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms

Background: There is an urgent need to develop new outcome measures for respiratory therapy to evaluate its effectiveness. Added sounds generated from the lungs (crackles and wheezes), can now be quantified and characterized objectively with computer technology. This is the first reported study designed to assess any change in lung crackles before and after a single session of airway clearance therapy.
Methods: Twenty-three stable bronchiectasis patients were recruited from UK out-patient clinics and treated with a single session of airway clearance therapy using the active cycle of breathing technique. Sound recordings were made before and after the session at seven anatomical chest locations. Computerized lung sound analysis was used to measure crackle parameters (two cycle deflection width (2CD), and crackle number per breath cycle (nBC)). Perceived breathlessness, lung function and oxygen saturation data were also recorded.
Results: Crackle mean 2CD and mean nBC increased post intervention. Sixteen participants (70%) showed a statistically significant difference in mean crackle 2CD before and after the session at ≥1 chest location. Thirteen (57%) participants had a difference between mean crackle 2CD before and after the intervention greater than one Smallest Real Difference (mean SRD = 2.23ms) at ≥1 chest location. Differences in mean crackle nBC before and after the intervention did not exceed the SRD (mean SRD =32 crackles per breath cycle) in any participant. Perceived breathlessness was significantly reduced post intervention; no significant changes were observed in either lung function or oxygen saturation.
Conclusions: Crackle duration (2CD) was found to change after a single session of airway clearance therapy and shows promise as a new outcome measure for respiratory therapy interventions.

A research of gradient calculation for pleural effusion and normal lungs images had been conducted. The gradient calculation was done by using gradient formula on the equation of line. The steps taken in this research were image enhancement, segmentation, and gradient calculation. Gradient calculations were conducted on 8 images of pleural effusion and 8 images of normal lungs. The result of this research showed that the lungs image gradient of the pleural effusion was less than 0.3 whereas the normal lungs gradient was more than 0.3.

Network Biology
ISSN 2220-8879
CODEN NBEICS

Volume 11, Number 3, 1 September 2021
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Cover Pages
[Front Pages (183K)] [Back Pages (129K)]

Articles

Analysis of amino acids network based on transition and transversion mutation of codons
Network Biology, 2021, 11(3): 125-136
Tazid Ali, Chandra Borah
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In silico search for regulatory genes associated with lung and liver disease in Cystic Fibrosis
Network Biology, 2021, 11(3): 137-153
Rafat Ali, Safia Tazyeen, Mohd Murshad Ahmed, Aftab Alam, Nikhat Imam, et al.
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Construction and analysis of the word network based on the Random Reading Frame (RRF) method
Network Biology, 2021, 11(3): 154-193
WenJun Zhang
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Identification of driver genes in renal stress condition using network clustering approach
Network Biology, 2021, 11(3): 194-206
Mohd Murshad Ahmed, Safia Tazyeen, Rafat Ali, Aftab Alam, et al.
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The potential role of non-coding RNAs RP11-573G6.6 and HCG11 in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression in glioblastoma: A bioinformatics-based study
Network Biology, 2021, 11(3): 207-221
Mahya Payazdan, Mohammad Shafiei, Seyedeh Sahar Mortazavi Farsani
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Diagnosis of diabetes: A machine learning paradigm using optimized features
Network Biology, 2021, 11(3): 222-240
Rafid Mostafiz, Khandaker Mohammad Mohi Uddin, Mohammad Shorif Uddin, et al.
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In silico interactome and docking site study of DNA repair proteins (APE1 and APE2) and their role in base excision repair in Arabidopsis thaliana
Network Biology, 2021, 11(3): 241-246
Esma Kurtanovic, Mohamed Ragab Abdel Gawwad
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Keywords: Transfer factor of the lung for CO Transfer factor of the lung for NO Lung diffusing capacity Pulmonary function tests Nitrogen monoxide a b s t r a c t Pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) has been an important pulmonary function test used since the 1950's. It measures the uptake of CO from the alveolar space into pulmonary capillary blood, following the same path as oxygen. It's used to evaluate/follow the progress of various lung diseases. In the eighties, a new test was developed similar to the DLCO test: pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide (DLNO). About 81–90% of the variance in DLNO is shared by DLCO in patients with cardiopulmonary disease and in healthy subjects. When DLNO is abnormally low, so is DLCO, and when DLNO is normal, so is DLCO (Kappa Statistic = 0.69, n = 251). The probability that DLNO and DLCO will be abnormally low when a cardiopulmonary disease is present (sensitivity) is 79% and 68%, respectively. The DLNO test avoids many technical issues associated with the measurement of DLCO: (1) DLNO is relatively unaffected by inspired oxygen concentration or ambient pressure, (2) DLNO is unaffected by carboxyhemoglobin, (3) DLNO is minimally affected by hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, thus correcting for Hb is not needed. (4) DLNO is more affected by lung volume compared to DLCO, thus DLNO divided by alveolar volume (KNO) is a better measure than KCO in those with restrictive lung disease, and (5) DLNO is a more stable measure over time compared to DLCO. Therefore, DLNO has several advantages over DLCO in the management of patients and could replace the DLCO test in most cases moving forward.

The turtle body plan differs markedly from that of other vertebrates and serves as a model system for studying structural and developmental evolution. Incorporation of the ribs into the turtle shell negates the costal movements that effect lung ventilation in other air-breathing amniotes. Instead, turtles have a unique abdominal-muscle-based ventilatory apparatus whose evolutionary origins have remained mysterious. Here we show through broadly comparative anatomical and histological analyses that an early member of the turtle stem lineage has several turtle-specific ventilation characters: rigid ribcage, inferred loss of intercostal muscles and osteological correlates of the primary expiratory muscle. Our results suggest that the ventilation mechanism of turtles evolved through a division of labour between the ribs and muscles of the trunk in which the abdominal muscles took on the primary ventilatory function, whereas the broadened ribs became the primary means of stabilizing the trunk. These changes occurred approximately 50 million years before the evolution of the fully ossified shell.

The results of the study were plotted comparatively for all patients in the two study groups. The rendering of the results was done using sectorial graphics. Thus, information regarding the vulnerable gender to respiratory diseases was shown, regarding patients who have been diagnosed with cardiopulmonary disease. At the same time, data regarding age groups with known chronic cardiopulmonary pathology vulnerable to lung disease were plotted. The data presented in this study and the obtained results render information on respiratory pathology associated with cardiopulmonary disease in chronic patients with various cardiopulmonary disease.

INTRODUCTION:
Anti-inflammatory therapies are the mainstay for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children and adults, including biologics such as infliximab. While there is extensive literature on the general side effects of therapy with infliximab, the data on pulmonary adverse effects remains sparse. This article summarizes the literature related to pulmonary adverse effects of Infliximab therapy in Crohn's Disease.
AREA COVERED:
Published reports of specific pulmonary complications during ongoing therapy with infliximab in patients with IBD were included in the review. A wide variety of infectious and non-infectious complications have been reported with the use of infliximab therapy in IBD.
EXPERT OPINION:
It is important to carefully evaluate respiratory signs and symptoms in patients with IBD, especially those receiving biologic therapies. Besides infectious complications, other non-infectious pulmonary adverse effects associated with the use of infliximab should be considered in patients with IBD. Further, it is important to differentiate primary pulmonary involvement of IBD from pulmonary adverse effects of infliximab therapy. An algorithm for assessing patients with IBD presenting with pulmonary symptoms is provided as a guide for clinicians for medical decision-making.

As one of the most debilitating and underdiagnosed hereditary conditions across the globe, cystic fibrosis requires intensive support from the healthcare system-particularly due to the increased susceptibility to chronic infection and resulting respiratory failure which can rapidly lead to death. In turn, the prevalence and action of a certain strain of bacterium-Pseudomonas aeruginosa-has gained a great deal of interest. Life-threatening chronic infections by P. aeruginosa have been shown to involve biofilm formation, proliferation and the release of quorum-sensing signaling molecules. Understanding the mechanism cascade by which this strain attacks cells within the respiratory epithelium, most notably airway epithelial cells, could offer insight into the pathway and components, which are attractive targets for therapeutic interventions.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare disease that affects patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. Its debilitating course has led to the search for new treatments, including antifungals and monoclonal antibodies. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of antifungal treatments in patients with ABPA and either asthma or cystic fibrosis, we performed a systematic review of the literature on the effects of antifungal agents in ABPA using three biomedical databases. Quality assessment was performed using the GRADE methodology and, where appropriate, studies with comparable outcomes were pooled for meta-analysis. Thirty-eight studies – four randomized controlled trials and 34 observational studies – met the eligibility criteria. The antifungal interventions described were itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ketoconazole, natamycin, nystatin and amphotericin B. An improvement in symptoms, frequency of exacerbations and lung function was reported in most of the studies and was more common with oral azoles. Antifungals also had a positive impact on biomarkers and radiological pulmonary infiltrates , but adverse effects were also common. The quality of the evidence supporting these results was low or very low due to a shortage of controlled studies, heterogeneity between studies and potential bias. Antifungal interventions in ABPA improved patient and disease outcomes in both asthma and cystic fibrosis. However, the recommendation for their use is weak and clinicians should therefore weigh up desirable and undesirable effects on a case-by-case basis. More studies with a better methodology are needed, especially in cys-tic fibrosis, to increase confidence in the effects of antifungal treatments in ABPA.

Chronic lung diseases in older people due to age-related changes are more severe and often cause death. Currently available drugs are not enough to successfully treat these age-related diseases. Additional tissue rejuvenation measures are needed to increase the body's ability to regenerate lung tissue.
One of the ways to achieve this goal can be the technology of conditional reprogramming of cells. So far, this technology has been successfully tested only for in vitro experiments. However, there are prerequisites to use this technology in vivo and this review focuses on the rationale for this approach based on available developments in this direction.
Key words: rejuvenation, senolytics, ROCK inhibitors, conditionally reprogrammed cells, p53 isoform

Children with a lung abscess usually do well with antibiotics alone and surgical intervention is rarely needed. Standard practice is to use parenteral antibiotics until clinical symptoms abate and to follow with oral antibiotics for up to six weeks. The objective of this study was to observe and compare outcome, duration of antimicrobial treatment for lung abscess.

Abnormal thickening of the airway basement membrane is one of the hallmarks of airway remodeling in asthma. Current protocols for measuring the basement membrane involve the use
of stained tissue sections and measurements of the basement membrane thickness at certain
intervals, followed by the calculation of the geometric mean thickness for each airway. This
report describes an automated, unbiased approach which uses colour segmentation to identify
structures of interest on stained sections and euclidean distance mapping to measure the
thickness distribution of airway structures. This method was applied to study the thickness
distribution of the basement membrane and airway epithelium in lungs donated for research
from, age and sex matched 7 non-asthmatic and 8 asthmatic donors. A total of 60 airways were
assessed. We report that the thickness and thickness distribution of the basement membrane and
airway epithelium are increased in large and small airways of asthmatics compared to non
asthmatics. Thus, using this method we were able to demonstrate the heterogeneity in the
thickness of the basement membrane and airway epithelium within individual airways of  asthmatic subjects. This new computational method enables comprehensive and objective quantification of airway structures, which can be used to quantify heterogeneity of airway remodelling in obstructive lung diseases such asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The clinical manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms variably affect the health of the patients, requiring them to visit specialized doctors in medical units. Diagnosis is by a specialized and complete medical examination accompanied by laboratory investigation. The interpretation of the results has the aim of establishing an appropriate therapeutic conduct according to the stage of the disease. The selected medical methods, aimed at improving the symptomatology of the disease, are undertake to ensure the life quality of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among the laboratory tests that are required in order to evaluate the respiratory function of patients is spirometry. To consider this a study was performed in the second quarter of 2014 on a population segment, selected from the medical specialized service. The study collected statistical data on the testing of the respiratory function. This provided a comprehensive picture of patients investigated by this functional exploration method.

INTRODUCTION:
Pediatric lung abscesses can be primary or secondary, and there is limited data regarding response to treatments and patient outcomes.
OBJECTIVES:
To assess the clinical and microbiologic profile of pediatric patients with lung abscess and assess the differences in outcomes for patients treated with medical therapy or medical plus surgical therapy.
METHODS:
A retrospective review of all pediatric patients ≤ 18 years of age that were treated as an inpatient for lung abscess between the dates of August 2004 and August 2014 was conducted. Patients were divided into two subgroups based on the need for surgical intervention.
RESULTS:
A total of 39 patients with lung abscess (30 treated with medical therapy alone, 9 also required surgical interventions) were included. Fever, cough, and emesis were the most common presenting symptoms, and most of the patients had underlying respiratory (31%) or neurologic disorders (15%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism in those that had culture results available, and ceftriaxone with clindamycin was the most common combination of antibiotics used for treatment. Comparison of medical and surgical subgroups identified the duration of fever and abscess size as risk factors for surgical intervention.
CONCLUSIONS:
Pediatric lung abscesses can be managed with medical therapy alone in most cases. Presence of prolonged duration of fever and larger abscess size may be predictive of the need for surgical intervention. Good clinical response to prolonged therapy with ceftriaxone and clindamycin was noted.

Tuberculosis is a very important zoonotic disease which affects all vertebrates. It is therefore important to carry out ante mortem inspection/examination and they that react positively should be treated. If they are discovered at post mortem, they should be totally condemned in order to meet up with international standard of meat as contained in the Codex Alimentarius. It is also observed that incidence of tuberculosis in man is directly proportional to the incidence in animals except when the meat is properly examined at post mortem and wholesome meat is released to the market for consumption. It is advisable that adequate quarantine measure should be put in place to prevent meat with disease from spreading into the Country from other country. These measures should include adequate meat inspection procedures (ante and post mortem), isolation and treatment of infected animals.

This study aims to assess the investigations carried out to monitor respiratory function in lung pathologies. From this point of view, COPD is the focus exploration of the respiratory function. In addition to the theoretical data, the study brings together heterogeneous group performed spirometry, results of patients who have had symptoms and they were in the medical services for a period of time.

Severe lung strongylosis was detected in a wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (1/12) from Apulia (Italy). We performed routine diagnostics on 12 foxes found dead in Apulia. Eleven of them showed lesions consistent with a vehicle collision. However, the remaining fox appeared to have died from other causes. At necropsy we observed, catarrhal enteritis, fatty liver, lung congestion with some areas firm in consistence and brain haemorrhages and malacia. Histopathology revealed lung fibrosis with mononucleate cells infiltration, thrombosis a several larval nematodes spread in the parenchyma, interstitial nephritis, interstitial myocarditis, encephalitis, encephalomalacia, and a brain granuloma. The larvae recovered from the lung parenchyma were identified as the first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum. This is the first documented report of angiostrongylosis in a fox in Southern Italy.

A 43-year-old white man with a 3-week history of nonproductive cough, wheezing, and chest pain was treated with a standard regimen of oral antibiotics in the primary care setting with little clinical improvement of symptoms and then was admitted to the ED of our hospital for acute onset of shortness of breath. He had an otherwise unremarkable medical history, with the exception of chest trauma 3 years prior to admission. He had a smoking history of 18 pack-years and had quit smoking 26 years prior to presentation. Working in a slaughterhouse for 15 years had given him a long occupational exposure to cattle.

Epidemiological evidence demonstrates an increase in acute lung injury associated with electronic cigarettes use (vaping) in North America (excluding Alaska) over the past several months. The cause (etiological agent) and mechanism of vaping-associated acute lung injury remains to be determined. Electronic cigarettes are predominately made using iron alloy-vaping coils (with varying iron content), which aerosolize electronic cigarette liquid via heating. Recent evidence demonstrated significantly elevated levels of iron in electronic cigarette/vape tanks and aerosols, suggesting lung exposure to iron in individuals that use electronic cigarettes/vapes. Pathological analysis of lung tissues from patients with acute lung disease following use of electronic cigarettes/vapes, demonstrated that the lung damage resembles "chemical burns", which was associated with the presence of brown and black pigmented particles in foamy-lung macrophages. In this publication, it is proposed that the brown pigmented particles in foamy-lung macrophages is ferric iron in ferritin (hemosiderin), which results in a brownish pigmentation in tissues. It is also proposed that the black particles in the foamy-lung macrophages are iron oxides, such as magnetite-a black rock mineral. A novel hypothesis is proposed in which iron in electronic cigarettes/vapes aerosols are deposited in the lungs via inhalation, and converted to iron oxides via highly exothermic oxidation, resulting in chemical burns. This publication proposes that oxidation of iron to iron oxides in the lungs of North Americans is mediated via very low frequency (radio)-electromagnetic waves emanating from the lithosphere in North America. Consistent with this hypothesis, the magnetic field of the lithosphere is predominantly induced by iron oxides (such as magnetite) in the Earth's crust, and recent evidence demonstrates that the lithosphere magnetic field of North America (excluding Alaska) is currently exhibiting increasing excitation compared to Western Europe, which has similarly high levels of electronic cigarette/vape users. Consequently, the current dynamics of the lithosphere magnetic field reconciles the spatiotemporal epidemiology of vaping-associated acute lung injury. Per the current dynamics of the lithosphere magnetic field, this publication predicts that the current wave of vaping-associated lung injury will continue to rapidly decay, and re-emerge in the coming years with similar oscillatory temporal dynamics and geographic restriction to North America (excluding Alaska). This publication predicts that Perls' Prussian blue dye staining of lung sections from patients with vaping-associated acute lung injury will detect the presence of iron (ferric ions) in the lung. Furthermore, scanning transmission electron microscopy examination of the injured lung tissues will detect various iron oxides species.

Intrathoracic masses may be detected asymptomatically or cause symptoms due to the compression of surrounding normal tissues or organs. Mediastinal masses may be encountered at practically any age and may result from a myriad of causes, and are sometimes detected in otherwise asymptomatic patients. Mediastinal masses are less frequently detected in pediatric patients compared with adult patients, and the spectrum of mediastinal masses in children differs from those encountered in adults. The approach to a mediastinal mass requires careful assessment of the location, appearance, and relationship of the mass to the surrounding structures. The differential diagnostic considerations for mediastinal masses can be broad, but careful assessment coupled with additional directed testing can often narrow the differential considerations. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy with an incidentally detected mediastinal mass at chest radiography that, on further evaluation , led to a very unusual diagnosis. This report highlights the differential diagnoses that were considered for this mediastinal mass and the diagnostic evaluation that led to the final diagnosis.

The molecules causing cytotoxicity to tumor cells having major research interest and their application to develop drug against tumor. The Coelomocytes constitute immune component of earthworm coelomic fluid have the potential to produce biomolecules which causes cytotoxicity to tumors. The present study comprises of culturing coleomocytes isolated from coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae in HBSS as a culture media and with suitable conditions and testing the activity of coelomic fluid ,culture supernatant sample by MTT assay on tumor cell lines lung cancer cells (A549)and colorectal tumor cell lines(HTC 116) which showed significant cell death compared to respective control cell. The percent cytotoxicity in coelomic fluid ,coelomocyte culture supernatant and dialyzed sample were in the order 85% ,95% and 62% respectively. The highest cyotoxicity showed by culture supernatant .Supernatant enhanced its utilization as the major source of cytotoxic agent against tumor. The results of MTT assay were validated by performing more sensitive assay against the selected cell line used in the present study. The coleomocyte culture supernatant was administered in the concentration range 1-2mg/ml to induce cytotoxicity.The results showed 90% cytotoxicity in A549 Cell lines with concentration of 2mg/ml.The colorectal tumor cell showed moderate compare to referred standard values of Indian pharmacopeia/FDA .The findings of the study provide scientific evidence to utilize coleomocyte culture supernatant as a source to develop anticancer drug for treatment of cancer.