Low Cost Treatment

Grey water is the biggest part of domestic wastewater in surface water. Although the organic matter contained in grey water is relatively low, it could decrease water quality significantly if entered and accumulated in surface water flow. Reactors used in this study were combination of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) and Anaerobic Filter (AF). Reactor hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and organic loading rate (OLR) were observed to find actual hydraulic retention time and efficiency of treatment package. Two reactors were used in this study; Reactor I and Reactor II. Reactor I consisted of 4 compartments ABR and 1 compartment AF, while Reactor II consisted of 3 compartments ABR and 1 compartment AF. HLR test was conducted using Reactor II, while OLR test was conducted using both reactors with different organic loading variations. Flowrate variations in HLR test were 64.8 L/day, 51.84 L/day, and 34.56 L/day. In OLR test, the reactors were loaded with several grey water organic concentrati...

The present study evaluated the capacity of a semi-closed, tubular horizontal photobioreactor (PBR) to remove pesticides from agricultural runoff. The study was carried out in July to study its efficiency under the best conditions (highest solar irradiation). A total of 51 pesticides, including 10 transformation products, were selected and investigated based on their consumption rate and environmental relevance. Sixteen of them were detected in the agricultural runoff , and the estimated removal efficiencies ranged from negative values, obtained for 3 compounds, namely terbutryn, diuron, and imidacloprid, to 100%, achieved for 10 compounds. The acidic herbicide MCPA was removed by 88% on average, and the insecticides 2,4-D and diazinon showed variable removals, between 100% and negative values. The environmental risk associated with the compounds still present in the effluent of the PBR was evaluated using hazard quotients (HQs), calculated using the average and highest measured concentrations of the compounds. HQ values > 10 (meaning high risk) were obtained for imidacloprid (21), between 1 and 10 (meaning moderate risk) for 2,4-D (2.8), diazinon (4.6) and terbutryn (1.5), and < 1 (meaning low risk) for the remaining compounds diuron, linuron, and MCPA. The PBR treatment yielded variable removals depending on the compound, similar to conventional wastewater treatment plants. This study provides new data on the capacity of microalgae-based treatment systems to eliminate a wide range of priority pesticides under real/environmental conditions.

The present study evaluated the capacity of a semi-closed, tubular horizontal photobioreactor (PBR) to remove pesticides from agricultural runoff. The study was carried out in July to study its efficiency under the best conditions (highest solar irradiation). A total of 51 pesticides, including 10 transformation products, were selected and investigated based on their consumption rate and environmental relevance. Sixteen of them were detected in the agricultural runoff , and the estimated removal efficiencies ranged from negative values, obtained for 3 compounds, namely terbutryn, diuron, and imidacloprid, to 100%, achieved for 10 compounds. The acidic herbicide MCPA was removed by 88% on average, and the insecticides 2,4-D and diazinon showed variable removals, between 100% and negative values. The environmental risk associated with the compounds still present in the effluent of the PBR was evaluated using hazard quotients (HQs), calculated using the average and highest measured concentrations of the compounds. HQ values > 10 (meaning high risk) were obtained for imidacloprid (21), between 1 and 10 (meaning moderate risk) for 2,4-D (2.8), diazinon (4.6) and terbutryn (1.5), and < 1 (meaning low risk) for the remaining compounds diuron, linuron, and MCPA. The PBR treatment yielded variable removals depending on the compound, similar to conventional wastewater treatment plants. This study provides new data on the capacity of microalgae-based treatment systems to eliminate a wide range of priority pesticides under real/environmental conditions.

The present study evaluated the capacity of a semi-closed, tubular horizontal photobioreactor (PBR) to remove pesticides from agricultural runoff. The study was carried out in July to study its efficiency under the best conditions (highest solar irradiation). A total of 51 pesticides, including 10 transformation products, were selected and investigated based on their consumption rate and environmental relevance. Sixteen of them were detected in the agricultural runoff , and the estimated removal efficiencies ranged from negative values, obtained for 3 compounds, namely terbutryn, diuron, and imidacloprid, to 100%, achieved for 10 compounds. The acidic herbicide MCPA was removed by 88% on average, and the insecticides 2,4-D and diazinon showed variable removals, between 100% and negative values. The environmental risk associated with the compounds still present in the effluent of the PBR was evaluated using hazard quotients (HQs), calculated using the average and highest measured concentrations of the compounds. HQ values > 10 (meaning high risk) were obtained for imidacloprid (21), between 1 and 10 (meaning moderate risk) for 2,4-D (2.8), diazinon (4.6) and terbutryn (1.5), and < 1 (meaning low risk) for the remaining compounds diuron, linuron, and MCPA. The PBR treatment yielded variable removals depending on the compound, similar to conventional wastewater treatment plants. This study provides new data on the capacity of microalgae-based treatment systems to eliminate a wide range of priority pesticides under real/environmental conditions.

Saat ini usaha industri tahu sedang berkembang. Limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri tahu akan menjadi suatu permasalahan bagi lingkungan. Pengolahan air limbah industri tahu dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengolahan biologis karena dapat menurunkan kandungan organik pada air limbah tahu. Salah satu teknologi pengolahan limbah yang efektif dan efisien adalah Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Prinsip operasi SBR adalah mengisi dan menarik (fill and draw), yang terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu pengisian (fill), reaksi (reaction), pengendapan (settle), pembuangan air olahan (decand) dan pembuangan lumpur (idle). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja SBR dengan penambahan impeller pada fase aerobik dalam menurunkan kandungan BOD, PO4 dan N Total pada air limbah tahu. SBR dioperasikan dengan waktu retensi hidrolik (HRT) dan kecepatan pengadukan yang bervariasi, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 24, 36 jam dan 48 jam serta kecepatan pengadukan sebesar 50, 100 dan 150 rpm. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan HRT dan kecepatan pengadukan optimum, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 48 jam dan 150 rpm. Dengan efisiensi penyisihan BOD,

Arab countries are primarily situated in arid environments and face serious water scarcity challenges due to growing populations, urbanization, and climate change impacts. Reusing greywater, if adequately treated at the point of generation, poses less human health risk as compared to blackwater reuse. Consumers have several reasons for being unwilling to reuse greywater, including potential health risk, religious and cultural concerns, and feeling uncomfortable. There are several possible reuse applications of treated greywater, such as watering plants, floor cleaning, landscaping, toilet flushing, etc. Therefore, it is important to assess consumer perceptions about greywater reuse before its implementation in any region. In this research, a framework based on greywater reuse indicators (GWRI) was developed to assess consumer perceptions before and after introducing low-cost treatment (LCT). Later the framework was implemented for Muscat, Oman. A questionnaire survey was carried out...

Wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) have been proven to be economical alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment technologies due to their unique advantages including ease of operation, minimal energy input, and minimal maintenance requirements. Their reported high pathogen removal efficiencies have made WSPs a popular choice for wastewater treatment, especially as tertiary lagoons. This paper provides a critical overview of the various disinfection processes and mechanisms that occur in WSPs. A thorough review of the removal or attenuation mechanisms for bacterial, viral, protozoan, and helminthic pathogens is presented. Factors that impact the removal efficiency of pathogenic organisms may include sunlight, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, sedimentation, attachment, hydraulic retention time, pond depth, predation and nutrient availability; the relationship between these factors is also discussed. The purpose of this review paper is to utilize the current understanding o...

Treatment in a wastewater stabilization pond (WSP) relies on natural purification processes, which can be sensitive to both location and climate. This study investigated the effects of three environmental factors, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature, on disinfection efficiency in a WSP system consisting of three facultative cells, and operated in a temperate climate region, in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Indicator organism (Escherichia coli (E. coli)) removal in WSP systems is driven by a combination of different factors. Elevated pH and DO concentrations, which are attributed to the presence of algae, are important factors for effective disinfection. Therefore, the presence of algae in natural wastewater treatment systems can contribute appreciably to disinfection. Consequently, based on algal concentrations, removal efficiencies of pathogenic microorganisms during wastewater treatment over the course of a year can be highly variable, where higher removal efficiencies would be expected in summer and fall seasons.

Wastewater treatment is a widely used health protection measure that can be applied to control the transmission of wastewater-related infectious diseases to communities exposed to wastewater. This study determined the efficiency of three full-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) in removing pathogenic parasites and fecal coliform (FC) bacteria from wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from three CW systems located in the Dar es Salaam and Iringa regions of Tanzania. The modified Bailenger and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain techniques were used to detect and quantify parasites. The membrane filtration method was used to detect and quantify FC bacteria. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Helminth (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Taenia spp.) eggs were completely removed by two CW systems. In all the systems, the removal of protozoa ranged from 99.8% to 100%. The mean concentrations of FCs in effluents ranged from 5 to 6 log units/100 mL. Effluents of all CW systems m...

Latar belakang: Batik merupakan warisan budaya Indonesia yang nilai ekspornya meningkat pesat. Dampak ini dapat meningkatkan pendapatan negara secara signifikan. Di sisi lain, memperluas kesempatan kerja bagi masyarakat untuk memproduksi batik. Namun , produksi batik yang besar meningkatkan volume limbah. Permasalahan ini dapat mencemari lingkungan jika limbah batik tidak terurai dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, kami mengusulkan metode bioremediasi untuk menguraikan polutan COD dalam limbah batik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kemampuan MPMO dalam mereduksi COD pada limbah batik. Hasil penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bakteri Bacillus licheniformis memiliki kemampuan mereduksi COD pada limbah tekstil. Selain itu, MPMO yang mengandung bakteri Bacillus licheniformis juga terbukti dapat menurunkan nilai COD pada IPAL industri gula.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium, dan menggunakan sistem batch untuk proses seeding dan aklimatisasi pada MPMO. Pada proses s...

The rapid growth of  the Indonesian  population  will  produce  more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that  was tested  are  pH, COD, and TSS.  Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1%  and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day  in reactor 2. The  results showed  that the constructed wetland  2 levels  using  peat  soil media  and  plant of Alisma plantago  can improve the quality of wastewater. Keywords: Wastewater...

This study evaluates the efficiency of a sustainable technology represented in an integrated pilot-scale system, which includes a facultative pond (FP), a high-rate algal pond (HRAP), and a rock filter (RF) for wastewater treatment to produce water that complies with the Egyptian standards for treated wastewater reuse. Still, limited data are available on pathogen removal through HRAP systems. Thus, in this study, the performance of the integrated system was investigated for the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli), coliform bacteria, eukaryotic pathogens (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and helminth ova), somatic coliphages (SOMCPH), and human adenovirus (HAdV). Furthermore, physicochemical parameters were determined in order to evaluate the performance of the integrated system. The principal component analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed a strong significant effect of the integrated system on changing the physicochemical and microbial param...

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Egerton University (EU) uses Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) for wastewater treatment. An adjoining wetland with gravel bed substrate and freesurface flow meant to polish discharge before releasing into River Njoro is currently non-operational. The current study aimed at establishing the performance of WSPs in terms of concentration and reduction efficiencies of Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB); Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Wastewater samples were collected weekly for one month from mid-November to mid-December 2017. Total Coliforms and E. coli were isolated using selective and differential media following Membrane Filtration (MF) method. Colonies were cultured on Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) and enumerated using standard procedures for examination of water and wastewater. The results were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFUs) per 100 ml of the original sample. The inlet showed highest concentration of FIB which reduced along the treatment pathway. ...

Egerton University (EU) uses Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) for wastewater treatment. An adjoining wetland with gravel bed substrate and free-surface flow meant to polish discharge before releasing into River Njoro is currently non-operational. The current study aimed at establishing the performance of WSPs in terms of concentration and reduction efficiencies of Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB); Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Wastewater samples were collected weekly for one month from mid-November to mid-December 2017. Total Coliforms and E. coli were isolated using selective and differential media following Membrane Filtration (MF) method. Colonies were cultured on Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) and enumerated using standard procedures for examination of water and wastewater. The results were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFUs) per 100 ml of the original sample. The inlet showed highest concentration of FIB which reduced along the treatment pathway....

Egerton University (EU) uses Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) for wastewater treatment. An adjoining wetland with gravel bed substrate and free-surface flow meant to polish discharge before releasing into River Njoro is currently non-operational. The current study aimed at establishing the performance of WSPs in terms of concentration and reduction efficiencies of Faecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB); Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Wastewater samples were collected weekly for one month from mid-November to mid-December 2017. Total Coliforms and E. coli were isolated using selective and differential media following Membrane Filtration (MF) method. Colonies were cultured on Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) and enumerated using standard procedures for examination of water and wastewater. The results were expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFUs) per 100 ml of the original sample. The inlet showed highest concentration of FIB which reduced along the treatment pathway....

In the present study, we applied an ultrafiltration process to detect Blastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and helminth ova during a dry season with cold and warm periods. Samples of wastewater, reuse water for the irrigation of green areas and groundwater were collected on the campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Physicochemical parameters were measured. Blastocystis spp. and its subtypes (ST) were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA); G. lamblia and C. parvum were identified using IFA, and helminth ova were searched for using flotation/sedimentation and microscopic observation. Blastocystis ST3, C. parvum and G. lamblia were detected in wastewater and reuse water, but only G. lamblia was detected in all of the samples of reuse water. Helminth ova were not detected. Statistical analysis showed a dependency between total dissolved solids and protozoa. Our data suggest that G. lamblia detection...

The rapid growth of the Indonesian population will produce more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that was tested are pH, COD, and TSS. Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1% and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day in reactor 2. The results showed that the constructed wetland 2 levels using peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago can improve the quality of wastewater.

Establishing performance of high rate algal ponds South Australian rural communities commonly employ on-site systems for their residential wastewater treatment, e.g. septic tanks. Treated effluent is disposed of via sub-surface drainage or a 'soakage trench', however, public health and environmental issues arise, which are associated with various soil conditions and proximity to surface watercourses. Contamination of shallow bores used as potable water sources may occur where rapid infiltration of effluent through permeable sandy soils leads to groundwater contamination with pathogens and nutrients. In contrast, clay soils with low permeability may cause surface pooling of treated effluent, resulting in greater exposure of resident adults, children and pets to potential pathogens. Surface watercourses used as potable water sources or for recreation may, also, be contaminated from runoff during periods of heavy rainfall. Community Wastewater Management Schemes (CWMS) are installed for communities where, following a survey (Box 1), the public health and environmental risks associated with on-site disposal are deemed unacceptable. CWMS retain the on-site treatment system, however, the disposal trench is disconnected and the treated liquid phase is reticulated to a centralised treatment facility. In 2013, a total of 172 CWMS, of which 90 incorporated waste stabilisation ponds (WSP), were operated by 45 district councils, which-via 63,000 connections-treat wastewater from approximately 180,000 persons or 15% of the population of South Australia.

In this study Mixture of domestic grey water and black water were investigated. This Mixture consists of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and Nitrate (NO 3). This research investigated the influence of concentration and flow variation parameters to treating the Mixture Grey Water and Black Water. Effluent quality of decreasing concentration varied by the concentration and flow recorded BOD was about 102-544 mg/l, COD was about 287-1.230 mg/l, TSS was about 280-780 mg/l and for treating nitrate the result was fair enough than others was about 4-12 mg/l. According to the flow variation resulted the retention time are 4, 6 and 8 hours. The best effluent quality was happened 878 mg/LCOD, and varied by flow are 0,125. The results of research showed the higher concentration will decrease the value of BOD and Nitrate removal, due to the influence of pH.The higher flow will decrease the value of BOD and increase COD, TSS, and Nitrate removal, and optimum flow condition was 0,125 l/hour.

The rapid growth of the Indonesian population will produce more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that was tested are pH, COD, and TSS. Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1% and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day in reactor 2. The results showed that the constructed wetland 2 levels using peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago can improve the quality of wastewater.

Lebih dari 3 ton limbah kulit kerang setiap minggunya dihasilkan dan dibuang di pinggir Pantai Kenjeran. Penelitian memanfaatkan limbah kulit kerang sebagai media anaerobic filter. Variasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah variasi waktu detensi (Empty Bed Contact Time) dan variasi ketebalan media yang digunakan. Variasi waktu detensi yang digunakan adalah 24; 30 dan 36 jam. Sedangkan variasi ketebalan media yang digunakan adalah tebal media 55 ; 80 dan 122 cm. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mulainya proses seeding dan aklimatisasi yang berlangsung selama 10 hari hingga kondisi reaktor berada dalam kondisi steady state. Penelitian utama dilakukan selama 7 hari dengan menguji parameter COD, TSS dan BOD. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai removal untuk parameter COD dan BOD tertinggi adalah 80,6 dan 89,91 persen pada tebal media 122 cm dan HRT 36 jam. Sedangkan untuk parameter TSS, didapatkan hasil removal terbaik pada tebal media 80 cm dan HRT 24 jam dengan removal 91,76 persen.

ABSTRAK  Limbah domestik air bekas cucian (grey water) dari rumah tangga sebagian besar belum diolah, namun dibuang langsung ke badan air penerima. Konsentrasi bahan organik dalam grey water yang terakumulasi dalam badan air penerima berpotensi terhadap pencemaran dan penurunan kualitas badan air penerima. Pengolahan grey water dapat meningkatkan kualitas badan air penerima. Satu dari pengolahan grey water adalah anaerobic biofilter. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (i). menentukan efisiensi penurunan Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biogeochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dalam grey water dengan pengolahan anaerobic biofilter, (ii). mengidentifikasi jenis media biofilter dalam anaerobic biofilter yang menghasilkan penurunan TSS, BOD, COD paling baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium dengan reaktor kontinyu. Variasi yang digunakan adalah jenis media biofilter dalam anaerobic biofilter, yaitu botol yakult dari bahan plastik Poly Stirene (PS) dan...

Groundwater quality of southern India is strongly dependent on bedrock geology and climate but may also be impacted in parts by pollution, particularly from agricultural and industrial sources. Current study, 15 groundwater Samples were collected from dif erent locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking purpose as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , Na+ , K + ) and anions (HCO3− , Cl− , F − , SO4 2− , NO3− , CO3 2− ) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, and total hardness). Geographic information system-based groundwater quality mapping in the form of visually communicating contour maps was developed to delineate spatial variation in physico-chemical characteristics of groundwatersamples. Analysis based on sodium percentage shows that 73.33% of samples were unsuitable forirrigation purpose. Computed SAR value shows that 80% of samples are suitable for irrigation, Kelley’s ratio showed that 100% of the samples are suitable for irrigation purpose. GIS based spatial variation Physico-chemical parametersresult indicates that northern east part of the study area have more ionic concentration, which was found to be mainly due to industrial establishment and over-exploitation of ground water

The rapid growth of the Indonesian population will produce more and more wastewater. Throwing domestic wastewater directly without treatment had caused the water pollution. One of simple, easy, low cost in maintenance and operation technology to decrease the pollutant in wastewater is constructed wetland. This research is aimed to know the efficiency and the best of detention time Subsurface Flow Wetland 2 levels with peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago in treatment of domestic wastewater. The quality parameters of water that was tested are pH, COD, and TSS. Statistic calculation that was used in this research is Anova (Analysis of variance) of one way. The best efficiency for pH 31.7%, COD 82.1% and TSS 90.3% in variance 4 with time of detention 4 days in reactor 1 and 1 day in reactor 2. The results showed that the constructed wetland 2 levels using peat soil media and plant of Alisma plantago can improve the quality of wastewater.

Groundwater quality of southern India is strongly dependent on bedrock geology and climate but may also be impacted in parts by pollution, particularly from agricultural and industrial sources. Current study, 15 groundwater Samples were collected from dif erent locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking purpose as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , Na+ , K + ) and anions (HCO3− , Cl− , F − , SO4 2− , NO3− , CO3 2− ) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, and total hardness). Geographic information system-based groundwater quality mapping in the form of visually communicating contour maps was developed to delineate spatial variation in physico-chemical characteristics of groundwatersamples. Analysis based on sodium percentage shows that 73.33% of samples were unsuitable forirrigation purpose. Computed SAR value shows that 80% of samples are suitable for irrigation, Kelley’s ratio showed that 100% of the samples are suitable for irrigation purpose. GIS based spatial variation Physico-chemical parametersresult indicates that northern east part of the study area have more ionic concentration, which was found to be mainly due to industrial establishment and over-exploitation of ground water.

High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have been suggested as replacements for waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) in Community Wastewater Management Systems (CWMS) used in rural South Australian (SA) towns. Treated effluent from CWMS is reused for irrigation. To manage the risk of human exposure to pathogens, the disinfection performance of HRAPs was validated using the common indicators Escherichia coli and F-RNA bacteriophage; aerobic spore-forming bacteria (ASFB) were used as indicators for protozoa. Using standard culture methods, the removal of the indicator organisms F-RNA bacteriophage, E. coli and ASFB by a HRAP at Kingston-on-Murray, SA, was measured. The mean log10 reduction values achieved for the F-RNA bacteriophage was 1.59±0.82 log10 PFU 100 mL(-1) and for E. coli it was 2.13±0.55 log10 E. coli MPN 100 mL(-1) . ASFB numbers in the treated pond effluent often exceeded those of the influent. The results show that HRAPs are able to remove viral and bacterial indicators to levels acc...

A preliminary investigation of one of each of municipal and the private school
were studied by questionnaire and interview was undertaken to familiarize the author
with the lighting situations in the schools and the residences of the school going
children in Chennai City and also to obtain guide lines for structuring final interview
schedule. The sample selected for this preliminary investigation consisted of 25
children from each school. The responses obtained were analyzed and utilized along
with other literature to develop the final instrument. The final instrument was
developed based on the objectives of study and consisted two separate schedules for
schools and residential visits. In spite of being time consuming interview method was
chosen for present study as to safeguard against non return and incomplete responses
from school and students family, to establish rapport with respondents so that
authentic data could be collected.

Water is essential for all forms of life, food production and economic development.
Only 0.5 % of water is available on earth surface making it more precious commodity
on earth. Water covers 70.9 % of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms
of life. As Ariyalur is a land of limestone, the cement industries flourishes to maximum
resulting in air pollution and water pollution. The Present study is undertaken to
investigate extent of pollution, to determine the ground water quality in and around
Ariyalur District due to usage of fertilizers and make awareness among the people
about the quality of ground water by taking water samples from different locations for
analysis. The sample were analyzed for physico–chemical parameters such as pH,
EC,TDS, TH, DO, Ca, Mg, BOD COD and NO3. The ground water samples were
collected from Ariyalur area and the collected samples were analyzed for major
physical and chemical parameters. However the experiments have been performed on
the reduction of hardness from synthetic solution and ground water samples using
plant materials (Moringa oleifera seeds). The plant materials that have been tested
over the years, powder processed from the seeds from Moringa oleifera has been
shown to be one of the most effective as a primary coagulant for water treatment.

Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a high-incidence health concern and therefore cause a high economic burden.

Aim: To evaluate the direct medical cost in CRS treatment. The findings of this research promised as a real evidence on decision-making.

Methods: This study was designed as a cost analysis study based on prevalent rate. The electronic database of a public hospital was used to find out the demographic characteristics and costs associated with CRS from healthcare provider (hospital), patient and third-party (health insurance) perspective. Data on 4,894 individuals with CRS treated at the Ear-Nose-Throat Hospital collected from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed.

Results: The age of majority was between 33 and 55 years, and the number of patients with insurance increased annually. About 35% of participants came from Ho Chi Minh City, and the median length of stay was 6 days. The direct medical costs per year per episode were 700.13 USD with health insurance and 1066.26 USD without health insurance. Treatment costs were found to be significantly different among years. The factors that directly influenced medical costs were gender, health insurance, and type of CRS.

Conclusions: This analysis states for the first time the specific costs for CRS, which would provide public health professionals with estimated the economic burden of CRS. The study provides a baseline treatment cost of CRS that can be used by future studies for comparison.

Unit pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) yang diterapkan pada Rusunawa menggunakan unit anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) dan anaerobic biofilter bermedia batu koral.Unit tersebut, sejak dibangun sampai dioperasikan belum pernah dipantau atau dimonitor kinerja instalasinya. Untuk memonitor kinerja setiap unit pada IPAL apakah sudah optimal atau belum, perlu dianalisis parameter kualitas pada masing-masing unit IPAL tersebut. Hasil penilaian kinerja masing-masing unit dilihat dari % removal ABR: BOD mencapai 28,3%, COD 29,4%, dan TSS 55,4%, sedangkan % removal pada unit anaerobic biofilter: untuk minyak dan lemak telah mencapai 39,2%, BOD 3,1%, COD 2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]9%, dan TSS 12,,1%, hasilnya cukup tinggi.Akan tetapi hasil tersebut masih belum bisa menggambarkan kinerja unit IPAL, sehingga diperlukan analisis air limbah yang dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel pada titik inlet dan outlet pada setiap unit IPAL. Selanjutnya, hasil analisis parameter tersebut harus dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air limbah domestik berdasarkan pada Peraturan Gubernur Jatim No. 72 tahun 2013. Dan akhirnya hasil perbandingan tersebut dijadikan sebagai dasar perbaikan sistem pengolahan.Berdasar pada hasil uji kualitas efluen IPAL Rusunawa yang dilakukan pada unit anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) dan anaerobic biofilter bermedia batu koral untuk parameter BOD, COD, TSS, serta minyak dan lemak, ternyata menunjukkan bahwa kinerja IPAL Rusunawa belum efektif . Hal ini, karena hasil uji terhadap parameter BOD, COD, pada efluen yang dihasilkan masih melebihi nilai atau belum memenuhi baku mutu berdasarkan Peraturan Gubernur Jatim No. 72 tahun 2013.

Five municipal and domestic wastewater treatment plants, most of which had secondary treatment systems formed by activated sludge, were studied during 2013–2014 in Tehran. The study was done in order to evaluate their efficiency in terms of removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by (oo)cyst recovery in effluent samples using immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Results showed that mean concentrations of cysts in the influent samples always outnumbered mean concentrations of oocysts (883.3 ± 4,16.7–3,191.7 ± 1,067.2 versus 4.8 ± 6.2–83.8 ± 77.3 (oo)cysts/L), and that lower concentrations of (oo)cysts were recorded in summer, and higher levels in autumn, and that the difference was statistically significant (t-test, P < 0.05) only in wastewater from slaughterhouses. Results for removal percentages of all the plants ranged from 76.7 to 92.1% for cysts and from 48.9 to 90.8% for oocysts. There was more reduction of (oo)cysts at the urban treatment plant by activated sludge-A2O-sand filtration than at plants with conventional activated sludge and activated sludge-trickling filter, however, this difference was not statistically significant for cysts and oocysts (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Infections in mice inoculated with cysts obtained from urban wastewater effluent demonstrated presence of infectious Giardia cysts. Results demonstrate limited efficiency of conventional wastewater treatment processes at physico-chemical removal of (oo)cysts.

This paper presents a novel design concept for using rock filters as in-line natural media in waste stabilization ponds. A pilot-scale algae-rock-filter pond (ARP) system was investigated in parallel with algae-based ponds (ABPs) over a period of 6 months to evaluate the treatment efficacy of both systems. Each system entailed four equally sized ponds in a series and was continuously fed with domestic wastewater from Birzeit University. The removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and fecal coliforms were monitored within each treatment system. The results obtained revealed that the ARP system was more efficient in the removal of organic matter [total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), 86% and 84%, respectively] and fecal coliforms (4 log) than the ABP system (81%, 81%, 3 log, respectively). The ARPs showed higher removal rates for ammonium and phosphorus (68.8% and 50.0%, respectively) compared with the ABPs (57.9% and 41.5%, respectively). The biogenic-aerated ARP option is a cost-effective and land-saving alternative with effluent quality suitable for restricted agricultural irrigation. The ARPs utilizing a new algae-biofilm design concept should be investigated at a large scale to enhance the information available to relevant decision makers, who are seeking sustainable on-site wastewater treatment alternatives.

All waste stabilization pond (WSP) systems in Greece are presented, including primary and secondary data and qualitative parameters concerning their design and operation. Operation and maintenance practices are evaluated and improvements are recommended. Existing full-scale systems show that when they are properly designed and maintained, this can be a suitable and viable option for small communities. On the other hand, systems that receive minor or no maintenance have been proved to operate moderately, while conventional systems of the same size would have failed. The main drawback of the application of WSP systems is the lack of appropriate engineering and political will.

Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized worldwide as highly infectious protozoan
parasites that can cause severe gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. The detection of
these pathogens in activated sludge samples becomes interesting since there is an increasing
trend for the use of sewage sludge (biosolids) in agriculture. A total of 22 samples were collected
and evaluated by means of Centrifugal – Concentration, followed or not followed by a purification
process (ether clarification and sucrose flotation). Student t tests for comparison of the two
procedures indicated a higher recovery rate of Giardia cysts with Centrifugal – Concentration;
with regard to Cryptosporidium oocysts, no significant differences were found between the two
methods, as only two samples were positive. The Centrifugal – Concentration procedure was
shown to be the simplest and cheapest to perform, as emphasized by the efficiency recovery
results.

Limbah yang digunakan adalah grey water. Jenis reaktor adalah kombinasi Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) dan Anaerobic Filter (AF). Reaktor I terdiri atas 4 kompartemen ABR dan 1 kompartemen AF, sementara Reaktor II terdiri atas 3 kompartemen ABR dan 1 kompartemen AF. Waktu detensi Reaktor I adalah 25,36 jam, sedangkan Reaktor II adalah 27,02 jam. Variasi konsentrasi zat organik Reaktor I adalah 20, 30, dan 35 mg/L, sedangkan Reaktor II adalah 50, 100, dan 150 mgCOD/L. Reaktor kombinasi ABR-AF menghasilkan penurunan PV tertinggi sebesar 54,54% dan 64,75% pada Reaktor I dan Reaktor II, serta penurunan COD tertinggi sebesar 68,98% pada Reaktor II.

Similarly to most of Mediterranean EU member states, Portugal regularly experience severe water supply and demand imbalances, particularly in the summer months.
Tourism is a very important economic activity in Portugal and is pushing water demand particularly in regions suffering occasional water deficit, like the southern half part of Portugal mainland. Golf courses are an important tourist factor contributing to water demand rising. A number of golf courses are installed in tourist areas and need high amount of water for irrigation.
Water reuse is a very important management strategy in situations of water scarcity. Portugal badly needs to include treated wastewater as a dependable resource in the nation water resources management. Sustainable water reuse requires technical guidelines to ensure the public health and environmental protection but the economic sustainability is crucial for the success of water reuse projects as a strategy of water conservation. This paper briefly presents Portuguese guidelines on water reuse focusing mainly on the aspects to be taken into account in the assessment of the economic viability of water reuse projects, such as the model of tariff structure, the costs to internalise, share of costs among users and recovery of investment costs.

This paper presents a novel design concept for using rock filters as in-line natural media in waste stabilization ponds. A pilot-scale algae-rock-filter pond (ARP) system was investigated in parallel with algae-based ponds (ABPs) over a period of 6 months to evaluate the treatment efficacy of both systems. Each system entailed four equally sized ponds in a series and was continuously fed with domestic wastewater from Birzeit University. The removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and fecal coliforms were monitored within each treatment system. The results obtained revealed that the ARP system was more efficient in the removal of organic matter [total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), 86% and 84%, respectively] and fecal coliforms (4 log) than the ABP system (81%, 81%, 3 log, respectively). The ARPs showed higher removal rates for ammonium and phosphorus (68.8% and 50.0%, respectively) compared with the ABPs (57.9% and 41.5%, respectively). The biogenic-aerated ARP option is a cost-effective and land-saving alternative with effluent quality suitable for restricted agricultural irrigation. The ARPs utilizing a new algae-biofilm design concept should be investigated at a large scale to enhance the information available to relevant decision makers, who are seeking sustainable on-site wastewater treatment alternatives.

A waste stabilisation pond (WSP) system formed
by two anaerobic ponds, a facultative pond and a maturation
pond was studied from December 2003 to September 2004 in
north-western Spain in order to evaluate its efficiency in the
removal of faecal indicator bacteria (total coliforms, Escherichia
coli, faecal streptococci), coliphages, helminth eggs
and protozoan (oo)cysts (Cryptosporidium and Giardia).
Furthermore, sediment samples were collected from the
bottom of the ponds to assess the settling rates and thus
determine the main pathogen removal mechanisms in the
WSPs system. The overall removal ranged from 1.4 log units
for coliphages in the cold period to 5.0 log units for E. coli in
the hot period. Cryptosporidium oocysts were reduced by an
average of 96%, Giardia cysts by 98% and helminth eggs by
100%. The anaerobic ponds showed significantly higher
surface removal rates (4.6, 5.2 and 3.7 log (oo)cysts/eggs
removed m−2 day−1, respectively) than facultative and
maturation ponds. Sunlight and water physicochemical
conditions were the main factors influencing C. parvum
oocysts removal both in the anaerobic and maturation ponds,
whereas other factors like predation or natural mortality were
more important in the facultative pond. Sedimentation, the
most commonly proposed mechanism for cyst removal had,
therefore, a negligible influence in the studied ponds.

The influence of flue gas sparging (7% CO(2)) on the performance of two 465 L High-Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs) treating diluted swine manure at 10 days of hydraulic retention time was evaluated under continental climatic conditions (Castilla y León, Spain). COD, NH(4)(+), and PO(4)(3-) removal efficiencies were not significantly affected by flue gas input (at 2.2 and 5.5 L min(-1)), which suggests that CO(2) sparging does not compromise wastewater treatment in HRAPs. In this particular study, COD and NH(4)(+) removal efficiencies of 56+/-31% (near to maximum swine manure biodegradability) and 98+/-1%, respectively, were consistently maintained, regardless of the environmental and operational conditions. CO(2) sparging resulted however in lower pH values (approximately 2 units lower) and an enhanced NH(4)(+) nitrification (higher NO(3)(-) and NO(2)(-) concentrations) compared to the system operated in the absence of flue gas supply. Biomass concentration was only higher (approximately 30% than in the control HRAP) when flue gases were supplied at 5.5 L min(-1), probably due to the fact that the higher irradiances and temperatures prevailing within this experimental period resulted in an inorganic carbon-limited scenario in the control HRAP. Therefore, it can be concluded that CO(2) assimilation would be ultimately dependent on the occurrence of inorganic carbon limitation and will never occur in light, COD or nutrients-limited scenarios.

The performance of two 464-L high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) treating 20- and 10-folds diluted swine manure at 10 days of hydraulic residence time was evaluated under continental climatic conditions in Castilla y Leon (Spain) from January to October. Under optimum environmental conditions (from July to September), both HRAPs supported a stable and efficient carbon and nitrogen oxidation performance, with average COD and TKN removal efficiencies of 76 ± 11% and 88 ± 6%, respectively, and biomass productivities ranging from 21 to 28 g/m2 d. Nitrification was identified as the main TKN removal mechanism at dissolved oxygen concentrations higher than 2 mg/L (accounting for 80–86% of the TKN removed from January to May and for 54% from July to September). On the other hand, empirical evidences of a simultaneous nitrification–denitrification process were found at dissolved oxygen concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/L (high organic loading rates). However, despite the achievement of excellent COD and nitrogen oxidation performance, phosphorous removal efficiencies lower than 10% were recorded in both HRAPs probably due to the high buffer capacity of the piggery wastewater treated (absence of abiotic pH-mediated View the MathML source precipitation). Finally, a detailed monitorization of the dynamics of microalgae population revealed that the combination of moderate temperatures/solar irradiances and high organic loading rates, prevailing during late spring and summer, supported higher microalgae diversities than those found during winter conditions.