Location Based Service

In the digital era, we are greatly dependent on the popular applications of the Location Based Services (LBS) in our day-to-day activities. The smart phone comes with a variety of applications which acquire the user location and build up user profile like the user activities, hobbies, places of visit, food orders etc. Such sensitive information in the LBS server can pose privacy risk for the user. To safe guard the user from such threat we propose a smart privacy protection technique in this paper that can conceal the user location when using the location based services. We adopt the generation of dummy locations to obfuscate the user original location from the LBS server. The server generates the result set for the dummy user locations. In this work we try to optimize the things at server as well as user ends with two objectives. The first goal is to work towards identifying the overlap in result sets and generate unique and reduced result set with which the communication load on the network can be reduced. The second goal is to prioritize the result set by Queuing model for the result set through which waiting time of the customer can be minimized. We have also illustrated that this model show good performance in terms of the reduced communication load through experimental results.

With great advances in mobile devices, e.g., smart phones and tablets, location-based services (LBSs) have recently emerged as a very popular application in mobile networks. However, since LBS service providers require users to report their location information, how to preserve users' location privacy is one of the most challenging problems in LBSs. Most existing approaches either cannot fully protect users' location privacy, or cannot provide accurate LBSs. Many of them also need the help of a trusted third-party, which may not always be available. In this paper, we propose a geometric approach, called -, to provide realtime accurate LBSs while preserving users' location privacy without involving any third-party. Specifically, we first divide a user's region of interest (ROI), which is a disk centered at the user's location, into equal sectors. Then, we generate concealing disks (CDs), one for each sector, one by one to collaboratively and fully cover each of the sectors. We call the area covered by the CDs the concealing space, which fully contains the user's ROI. After rotating the concealing space with respect to the user's location, we send the rotated centers of the CDs along with their radii to the service provider, instead of the user's real location and his/her ROI. To investigate the performance of -, we theoretically analyze its privacy level and concealing cost. Extensive simulations are finally conducted to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed schemes.

We present an approach to simulating ad hoc network protocols integrated with their intended application. We implement the protocol layers and the application using the Specification and Description Language (SDL). Then, we simulate the ad hoc network directly from the SDL model. Using the interface of the SDL software tool, we incorporate the mobility model for hosts described in trace files. We suggest applying mobile ad hoc networks to communicating vehicles in road traffic. As an example, we look at vehicles exchanging messages to detect traffic jams on highways. Simulations of this application in a realistic traffic scenario demonstrate the powerful effect and robustness of rather simple, distributed protocols communicating through a mobile ad hoc network.

Aiming at the increasing requirements of seamless indoor and outdoor navigation and location service, a Chinese standard of Multidimensional Indoor Location Information Model is being developed, which defines ontology of indoor location. The model is complementary to 3D concepts like CityGML and IndoorGML. The goal of the model is to provide an exchange GML-based format for location needed for indoor routing and navigation. An elaborated user requirements analysis and investigation of state-of-the-art technology in expressing indoor location at home and abroad was completed to identify the manner humans specify location. The ultimate goal is to provide an ontology that will allow absolute and relative specification of location such as "in room 321", "on the second floor", as well as, "two meters from the second window", "12 steps from the door".

We set out to investigate how location-based services (LBS) on mobile phones can possibly benefit low-income communities in the California Central Valley. Our overall approach is to integrate a theory of social learning and appropriation with the emerging technology probe needs assessment methodology, to unify the design, deployment and analysis of how such a service may coevolve within and between three communities of practice: agricultural workers, non-profit staff members and LBS developers. As the first ...

The recent development of location-based services has originated a set of new security services that address their particular security problems. Spatial-temporal certification services are among these new services. They have as main goal the generation of evidences about an entity's spatial-temporal information and, in general, their life-cycle support. Currently there is still a lack of a general framework for spatialtemporal certification services. In this work it is presented such a framework and an extension of the X.509 attribute certificate framework and the SAML standard to represent spatial-temporal certificates.

This paper discusses the advent of new technologies which have emerged under the area of Location Based Services (LBS). An innovative implementation and approach has been presented for design of applications which are inventive and attractive towards the user. Spatial Trigger is one of the most promising additions to the LBS technologies. This paper describes ways in which mobile advertisement services can be introduced effectively in the cellular market by bringing innovation in them through effective usage of Spatial Triggers. Hence, opening new horizons to make the consumer cellular networks, commercially, more effective and informative.

The concern for location privacy in mobile applications is commonly motivated by a scenario in which a mobile device communicates personal location data, i.e. the device holder location, to a third party e.g. LBS provider, in exchange for some information service. We argue that this scenario offers a partial view of the actual risks for privacy, because in reality the information flow can be more complex. For example, more and more often location is computed by a third party, the location provider, e.g. Google Location Service. Location providers are in the position of collecting huge amounts of location data from the users of diverse applications (e.g. Facebook and Foursquare to cite a few). This raises novel privacy concerns. In this paper, we discuss two issues related to the protection from location providers. The first focuses on the compliance of emerging location services standards with European data protection norms; the latter focuses on hard privacy solutions protecting from untrusted location providers.

The concern for location privacy in mobile applications is commonly motivated by a scenario in which a mobile device communicates personal location data, i.e. the device holder location, to a third party e.g. LBS provider, in exchange for some information service. We argue that this scenario offers a partial view of the actual risks for privacy, because in reality the information flow can be more complex. For example, more and more often location is computed by a third party, the location provider, e.g. Google Location Service. Location providers are in the position of collecting huge amounts of location data from the users of diverse applications (e.g. Facebook and Foursquare to cite a few). This raises novel privacy concerns. In this paper, we discuss two issues related to the protection from location providers. The first focuses on the compliance of emerging location services standards with European data protection norms; the latter focuses on hard privacy solutions protecting from untrusted location providers.

We present a web-based diary study on location-based search behavior using a mobile search engine. To capture users' location-based search behavior in a ubiquitous setting, we use a web-based diary tool that collects users' detailed mobile search activity, their location and diary entries. This method enables us to capture users' explicit behavior (query made), their implicit intention (motivation behind search) and the context (spatial, temporal, and social) in which the search was carried out. The results of the study show that people tend to stick closely to regularly used routes and regularly visited places, e.g. home and work. We also found that most location-based searches are conducted while in the presence of others. We summarize our findings and offer suggestions to improve location-based search by using features such as location-based service mash-ups.

Das Future SOC Lab am HPI ist eine Kooperation des Hasso-Plattner-Instituts mit verschiedenen Industriepartnern. Seine Aufgabe ist die Ermoglichung und Forderung des Austausches zwischen Forschungsgemeinschaft und Industrie. Am Lab wird interessierten Wissenschaftlern eine Infrastruktur von neuester Hard- und Software kostenfrei fur Forschungszwecke zur Verfugung gestellt. Dazu zahlen teilweise noch nicht am Markt verfugbare Technologien, die im normalen Hochschulbereich in der Regel nicht zu finanzieren waren, bspw. Server mit bis zu 64 Cores und 2 TB Hauptspeicher. Diese Angebote richten sich insbesondere an Wissenschaftler in den Gebieten Informatik und Wirtschaftsinformatik. Einige der Schwerpunkte sind Cloud Computing, Parallelisierung und In-Memory Technologien. In diesem Technischen Bericht werden die Ergebnisse der Forschungsprojekte des Jahres 2015 vorgestellt. Ausgewahlte Projekte stellten ihre Ergebnisse am 15. April 2015 und 4. November 2015 im Rahmen der Future SOC Lab ...

The provision of location-based services is expected to have essential impact in the competition among 3 rd Generation network operators. To support the realization of this functionality the standard UMTS infrastructure will probably need to be supplemented with additional intelligent components. Furthermore, flexible Location-based charging mechanisms have to be designed and deployed to allow subscribers to be charged with different rates, depending on their location and profiles. In this paper a proposed platform for location-aware service provision is introduced and the interactions among its constituent components for applying an efficient locationbased charging scheme are discussed in detail.

Mixed Reality (MR) refers to the general case of combining images along a continuum which ranges from purely real (unmodelled) data, such as raw video images, to completely virtual images, based on modelled environments. Depending on where a particular display mode lies on the reality-virtuality continuum, MR encompasses the case of Augmented Reality (AR), as well as the case of Augmented Virtuality (AV). In designing human-machine interfaces for mixed reality applications, a number of considerations are discussed which may potentially impact the effectiveness of the design. In addition to the real-virtual image content (which is closely related to how much knowledge is available about the images being displayed), these include the (visual) perceptual impact of the display technologies used for combining real and virtual images, which manifest themselves in particular when virtual objects must be aligned with real ones, for applications such as AR mediated teleoperation. Other considerations include where the user's particular viewpoint lies along a continuum ranging from ego-to exo-centricity, as well as control-display congruence issues constrained by the other MR factors.

Mixed Reality (MR) refers to the general case of combining images along a continuum which ranges from purely real (unmodelled) data, such as raw video images, to completely virtual images, based on modelled environments. Depending on where a particular display mode lies on the reality-virtuality continuum, MR encompasses the case of Augmented Reality (AR), as well as the case of Augmented Virtuality (AV). In designing human-machine interfaces for mixed reality applications, a number of considerations are discussed which may potentially impact the effectiveness of the design. In addition to the real-virtual image content (which is closely related to how much knowledge is available about the images being displayed), these include the (visual) perceptual impact of the display technologies used for combining real and virtual images, which manifest themselves in particular when virtual objects must be aligned with real ones, for applications such as AR mediated teleoperation. Other considerations include where the user's particular viewpoint lies along a continuum ranging from ego-to exo-centricity, as well as control-display congruence issues constrained by the other MR factors.

Navigation applications are becoming standard features in more and more commercially available devices. Locating a mobile user is however still a very challenging task, especially in GNSS degraded areas such as urban canyons and indoors. A seamless indoor/outdoor positioning solution requires utilizing additional technologies in parallel to satellite navigation due to satellite signals being often unattainable in for example deep indoors, or the high noise levels of the satellite signals available are causing significant degradation ...

In the next five to ten years, the evolution of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) will have a revolutionary impact on the positioning performance. More GNSSs will become available with improved signal characteristics. At the same time, enhancement of receiver technology and algorithms is ongoing. In light of these developments, it is investigated whether highprecision relative positioning with single-frequency receivers will become feasible, and, if so, under which circumstances. We submit that this would open the door to a wide range of applications for instance in the field of mobile Location Based Services for which users do not have professional receivers at their disposal. The closed form expression of the single-frequency Ambiguity Dilution of Precision (ADOP) gives a clear insight into how and to what extent the various factors of the underlying singlefrequency model contribute to the overall ambiguity resolution performance. Furthermore, numerical studies indicate that for benign dynamics single-frequency RTK becomes feasible for baselines up to about 10-15 km if GPS+Galileo is used. In this contribution we will present analytical and numerical results. Ambiguity resolution performance as function of number of epochs, receiver noise and baseline length will be analyzed, and compared for ideal circumstances as well as for situations with bad satellite visibility and/or multipath. Furthermore, different next generation GNSS configurations will be considered. Based on the results, it is predicted that for rapid, short baseline cm-level positioning, low-cost single-frequency receivers will become very competitive in comparison to their more expensive dual-frequency cousins.

In the next five to ten years, the evolution of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) will have a revolutionary impact on the positioning performance. More GNSSs will become available with improved signal characteristics. At the same time, enhancement of receiver technology and algorithms is ongoing. In light of these developments, it is investigated whether highprecision relative positioning with single-frequency receivers will become feasible, and, if so, under which circumstances. We submit that this would open the door to a wide range of applications for instance in the field of mobile Location Based Services for which users do not have professional receivers at their disposal. The closed form expression of the single-frequency Ambiguity Dilution of Precision (ADOP) gives a clear insight into how and to what extent the various factors of the underlying singlefrequency model contribute to the overall ambiguity resolution performance. Furthermore, numerical studies indicate that for benign dynamics single-frequency RTK becomes feasible for baselines up to about 10-15 km if GPS+Galileo is used. In this contribution we will present analytical and numerical results. Ambiguity resolution performance as function of number of epochs, receiver noise and baseline length will be analyzed, and compared for ideal circumstances as well as for situations with bad satellite visibility and/or multipath. Furthermore, different next generation GNSS configurations will be considered. Based on the results, it is predicted that for rapid, short baseline cm-level positioning, low-cost single-frequency receivers will become very competitive in comparison to their more expensive dual-frequency cousins.

The proliferation of mobile devices and the emergence of wireless location-based services has generated consumer demand for availability of GPS in urban and indoor environments. This demand calls for enhanced GPS algorithms that accommodate high degrees of signal attenuation and multipath effects unique to the ''urban channel.'' This paper overviews the market for location-based services and discusses algorithmic innovations that address challenges posed by urban environments.

A feasible Mobile Positioning solution is often sought after by network operators and service providers alike. Location-dependent applications create a new domain of services which might not only be of interest to the next generation of mobile users but also create new potential revenue streams. Applications vary from emergency services and tracking to location-based information services, location-based billing and location-dependent advertising. Due to the shortcomings of location-related information present in GSM networks, and the lack of positioning functionality in most of the commonly sold mobile devices, a straightforward solution for mobile positioning does not currently exist. This research intends to propose cellular positioning methods which do not require any significant changes to the network or the mobile device itself, which are feasible and cost effective, and which provide sufficient accuracy for certain categories of location-based services. These techniques are ba...

Location based services can simplify information access but despite the numerous efforts and prototypes that attempt to provide location based services, there are very few such systems in wide spread use. There are three common problems that face the designers of location based systems -the basic location technology, the complexity of establishing a service for a particular location and the complexity of maintaining and presenting information to users of the systems. This paper outlines the software architecture of and experience with the Mirage Spatial Wiki. We describe the design decisions that have led to a system that is easy to deploy and use.

This paper describes a new model for sharing location info for mobile users. This approach can operate without the need for disclosing identity info to third party servers. It could be described as a safe location sharing model. The proposed approach creates a special form of distributed database that splits location info and identity information. In this distributed data store identity info is always saved locally. It eliminates one of the main concerns with location-based systems -privacy. This paper describes a model itself as well as its implementation in the form of HTML5 mobile web application.

This paper describes a new model for sharing location info for mobile users. This approach can operate without the need for disclosing identity info to third party servers. It could be described as a safe location sharing model. The proposed approach creates a special form of distributed database that splits location info and identity information. In this distributed data store identity info is always saved locally. It eliminates one of the main concerns with location-based systems - privacy. This paper describes a model itself as well as its implementation in the form of HTML5 mobile web application.

In contrast to regular queries that are evaluated only once, a continuous query remains active over a period of time and has to be continuously evaluated to provide up to date answers. We propose a method for continuous range query processing for different types of queries, characterized by mobility of objects and/or queries which all follow paths in an underlying spatial network. The method assumes an available 2D indexing scheme for indexing spatial network data. An appropriately extended R * -tree, that primarily is used as an indexing scheme for network segments, provides matching of queries and objects according to their locations on the network or their network routes. The method introduces an additional pre-refinement step which generates main-memory data structures to support efficient, incremental reevaluation of continuous range queries in periodically performed refinement steps.

In this paper we discuss the various challenges in a mobile environment where the querying unit and the object being queried are in motion. After this we focus on the classification of different types of location dependent queries and various solutions to solve these complex location dependent queries. Additionally this paper also focuses on various methods of LDQP and its applications. The basic aim of this paper is to study various LDQP along with data management problems involved in evaluation of location based queries and its classification. Location Dependent Query Processing (LDQP), Mobile User (MU). I INTRODUCTION The main aim is facilitating data access to the user anywhere and at any instant of time. Nowadays, people are always on the move and hence, mobile environments hold key aspects to information retrieval. The need to access daily information about the weather, restaurant locations, stock exchange and so on, is unavoidable. This kind of information can be accessed at ...

Positioning in radio networks is a well established research area. The dominating approach has been that positioning algorithms are implemented in the higher levels of the communication system based on position related information derived in the lowest (physical) layer. Examples of measurement include received signal strength (RSS), time of arrival (TOA), angle of arrival (AOA), and fusion and filtering is a straightforward task. The technical driver for positioning has been E911 and for commercially driver comes from location based services and logistics management. These demands are fundamental in the development of positioning in future radio networks standards. There is today a trend for accuracy demand that goes beyond what can be achieved with todays measurements. Another trend is that measurements and positioning algorithms are approaching each other, so some parts of the positioning are performed on the chip-sets (lowest layer) and low-level measurements are available to the...

The enhancements in mobile device infrastructure enable the use of a location computer service while user is on the move; such systems are known as Location-Based Services (LBS). When these applications manage user profile and context, they are coined context-aware applications. In this paper we propose a service-oriented architecture for context-aware applications named Omnipresent. Omnipresent is based on well-established standards

This paper proposes a new location-awareness system, ALTAIR(Automatic Location Tracking with Active IR-tag) that automatically detects and tracks the location of the mobile PC(Persona1 Computer) users. IR(1nfraRed)-tag is stably detected and distinguished by IR filtering camera. Combination of the IR-tag and wireless LAN (Local Area Network) enables ALTAIR to control the IR-tags through the network to perform stable tracking for multiple users. The position of the detected IR-tag and its network information (e.g. I P address) are associated with each other by controlling the emission pattern of the IR-tag in turn. ALTAIR starts to aware the user's position when the user enters the system area, using DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) service. Our experiments show the effective performance to tracking and recognize the users' positions in an office environment.

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Geography Markup Language (GML) standard provides basic types and a framework for defining geo-informational data models such as CityGML and IndoorGML, which provide standard information models for 3D city modelling and lightweight indoor network navigation. Location information, which is the semantic engine that fuses big geo-information data, is however, discarded in these standards. The Chinese national standard of Indoor Multi-Dimensional Location GML (IndoorLocationGML) presented in this study can be used in ubiquitous indoor location intelligent applications for people and robots. IndoorLocationGML is intended as an indoor multi-dimensional location information model and exchange data format standard, mainly for indoor positioning and navigation. This paper introduces the standard's main features: (1) terminology; (2) indoor location information model using a Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagram; (3) indoor location information markup language based on GML; and (4) use cases. A typical application of the standard is then discussed. This standard is applicable to the expression, storage, and distribution of indoor multi-dimensional location information, and to the seamless integration of indoor-outdoor location information. The reference and basis are therefore relevant to publishers, managers, users, and developers of indoor navigation and location-based services (LBS).

Augmented reality (AR) is a variation of virtual reality (VR). Many manufacturing companies and computer science have been studying the AR technology as a new human machine interface with the development of VR technologies. However, most of software and methods for digital manufacturing require the perfect 3D models of the whole product or the whole system in virtual reality to represent the target system and surrounding environment. Certain manufacturing companies which realize the weaknesses of VR based digital manufacturing technologies have been studying AR technology as new interface between man and machine. Therefore, this study would become the basic idea for the researchers to explore and increase the experience of the user, who can retrieve this information by a user-friendly interface.

One of the elements that have popularized and facilitated the use of geographical information on a variety of computational applications has been the use of Web maps; this has opened new research challenges on different subjects, from locating places and people, the study of social behavior or the analyzing of the hidden structures of the terms used in a natural language query used for locating a place. However, the use of geographic information under technological features is not new, instead it has been part of a development and technological integration process. This paper presents a state of the art review about the application of geographic information under different approaches: its use on location based services, the collaborative user participation on it, its contextual-awareness, its use in the Semantic Web and the challenges of its use in natural languge queries. Finally, a prototype that integrates most of these areas is presented.

This special issue of Computer Communications presents state-of-the-art research and applications in the area of location-based services (LBS). Initial location-based services entered the market around the turn of the millennium and for the greater part appeared in the form of restaurant finders and tourist guides, which never gained widespread user acceptance. The reasons for this were numerous and ranged from inaccurate localization mechanisms like Cell-ID, little creativity in the design and functions of such services, to a generally low acceptance of data services. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing market penetration of GPS-capable mobile phones and devices, which not only support high-accuracy positioning, but also allow for the execution of sophisticated location-based applications due to fast mobile data services, remarkable computational power and high-resolution color displays. Furthermore, the popularity of these devices is accompanied by the emergence of new players in the LBS market, which offer real-time mapping, points-of-interest content, navigation support, and supplementary services. LBS have also received a significant boost by federal government agency mandates in emergency services, such as in the United States of America.

This paper focuses on the growing need to consider the implications of humancentric applications of precise location based services (LBS). As newer positioning technologies are introduced into the market with a greater level of location accuracy, and existing technologies are utilized in an integrated fashion to overcome limitations, issues pertaining to the use and potential misuse of location information rise to the fore. The scenario planning methodology provides a robust approach within which to consider future possibilities based on current market developments. To this end, document and content analysis play an important role in the collection of facts used to illustrate a given set of scenarios. The contribution of this paper is in providing adequate evidence toward precise LBS and in identifying those attributes that will guide the formation of the narrative descriptions in future research. The preliminary results of the study indicate that societal, ethical and legal implications need to be given greater attention as precise LBS applications will be increasingly used in the tagging, tracking and tracing of humans.

Location-based services (LBS) are those applications that utilize the position of an end-user, animal, or thing based on a given device (handheld, wearable, or implanted), for a particular purpose. This article uses scenario planning to identify the possible risks related to location-based services in the context of security and privacy. The original contribution of this article is that the dilemma has been related specifically to LBS, under the privacy-security dichotomy. Here, each side of the dichotomy is divided into three key components that combine to greatly magnify risk. Removing one or more components for each set decreases the privacy or security risk. Where more elements are present in conjunction, the risk is increased.

The adoption of positioning technologies to supplement, complement and function as defense intelligence applications has become widely accepted within homeland security and military circles. At the core of advancement are four main positioning technologies. Specifically these are the global positioning system (GPS), second generation (2G) and beyond mobile telephone networks (including wireless data networks), radio-frequency identification (RFID) and geographic information systems (GIS). For all positioning technologies, both separately and when combined, it is of primary importance to their continued adoption that the controlling powers have an in-depth understanding of the causality between implementation, usage and flow-on effect. This relies on an alignment of defense strategy, knowledge systems, security requirements and citizen rights within the broader social context. Whereas this social context must respond to continuing security breaches, advancements in technology, and the ever-changing face of bureaucracy there is however, great difficulty in creating an uncompromising foundation for homeland security which is at all times both void of complexity and suitable to all. Even more difficult though is to predict both the events and consequences which will herald from the systems now being created.

This paper presents the real possibility that commercial mobile tracking and monitoring solutions will become widely adopted for the practice of non traditional covert policing within a community setting, resulting in community members engaging in covert policing of family, friends, or acquaintances. This paper investigates five stakeholder relationships using scenarios to demonstrate the potential socioethical implications that tracking and monitoring people will have on society at large. The five stakeholder types explored in this paper include: (i) husband-wife (partner-partner), (ii) parent-child, (iii) employeremployee, (iv) friend-friend, and (v) stranger-stranger. Mobile technologies such as mobile camera phones, global positioning system data loggers, spatial street databases, radio-frequency identification and other pervasive computing, can be used to gather real-time, detailed evidence for or against a given position. However, there are currently limited laws and ethical guidelines for members of the community to follow when it comes to what is or is not permitted when using unobtrusive technologies to capture multimedia, and other data that can be electronically chronicled. The evident risks associated with such practices are explored.

The objective of this paper is to explore the role of human tracking technology, primarily the use of global positioning systems (GPS) in locating individuals for the purposes of mutual legal assistance (MLA), and providing location intelligence for use in interstate police cooperation within the context of transnational crime. GPS allows for the 24/7 continuous real-time tracking of an individual, and is considered manifold more powerful than the traditional visual surveillance often exercised by the police. As the use of GPS for human tracking grows in the law enforcement sector, federal and state laws in many countries are to a great extent undefined or even contradictory, especially regarding the need to obtain warrants before the deployment of location surveillance equipment. This leaves courts ruling on transnational crimes in the precarious position of having to rely on age-old precedents which are completely void to the new capabilities of today's tracking technologies. On one side of the debate are civil libertarians who believe the individual's right to be let alone is being eroded to the compromise of human rights, and on the other side are law enforcement agencies who wish to provide more precise evidence to judges and juries during hearings against suspects (particularly in issues pertaining to national security). This paper argues that there is a radical middle position, the via media: that a warrant process is legislatively defined and not only for MLAs but also to formalise existing informal interstate police cooperation. Safeguards are required to overcome the potential misuse of human tracking technologies by police officials and others in positions of power. And this particularly in light of the emerging implantable high-tech identification and tracking devices now commercially available.

Uberveillance is above and beyond, an exaggerated, and omnipresent 24/7 electronic surveillance. It is a surveillance that is not only always on but always with you. It is ever-present because the technology that facilitates it, in its ultimate implementation, is embedded within the human body. The inherent problem with this kind of bodily pervasive surveillance is that omnipresence will not always equate with omniscience. Infallibility and ambient context will be for the greater part absent. For as Marcus Wigan has pithily put it, "context is all." Hence the real concern for misinformation, misinterpretation, and information manipulation of citizens' data.

Location-based services (LBS) rely on knowledge of a user's location to provide tailored services or information by means of a wireless device. LBS applications have wideranging implications for society, particularly in the context of tracking and monitoring groups of individuals such as children, invalids, and parolees. Despite a great deal of attention paid to technical and commercial aspects of LBS technologies, consideration of the legal, ethical, social and technology momentum issues involved has been wanting. This paper examines some of the more pressing issues that are expected to arise from the widespread use of LBS. The outcome of this paper is the development of an LBS privacy-security dichotomy. The dichotomy demonstrates the importance of striking a balance between the privacy of the individual and national security as a whole. It also presents a realized framework for reasoning about potentially problematic issues in LBS applications.

Spurred by the recent escalation of terrorist attacks and their increasingly devastating outcomes, defense intelligence in the context of homeland security has been drawn into the spotlight. The challenge, at both national and global levels, of managing information in order to offensively resist attack or defensively keep citizens safe from further harm has never been greater. In meeting this challenge, the tools and strategies used by relevant defensive powers are a key factor in the success or failure of all activities, ranging from small-scale homeland security administration through to large-scale all-inclusive war. In all areas within this wide scope, the adoption of positioning technologies has played an important role. Of special significance are the global positioning system (GPS), second generation (2G) and beyond mobile telephone networks (including wireless data networks), radio-frequency identification (RFID) and geographic information systems (GIS). Since most positioning technology has been developed or released for use within the commercial sector however, concerns beyond technological feasibility are raised when applications are harnessed solely for defense. The integration between commercial and military sectors; and public and private needs must be considered, and, primarily, this involves ensuring that the enforcement of homeland security does not compromise citizen rights.

Location-based services (LBS) are those applications that utilize the position of an end-user, animal or thing based on a given device (handheld, wearable, interwoven into fabric or implanted), executed for a particular purpose. LBS applications range from those that are mission-critical to those that are used for convenience, from those that are mandatory to those that are voluntary, from those that are targeted at the mass market to those that cater for the needs of a niche market. Location services can be implemented using a variety of access mediums including global positioning systems and radiofrequency identification, rendering approximate or precise position details. The introduction of locationbased services, which are growing in sophistication and complexity, has brought with it a great deal of uncertainty. Unaddressed topics include: who is accountable for the accuracy and availability of location information, prioritization for location frequency reporting, the user's freedom to opt-in and opt-out of services, caregiver and guardian rights and responsibilities, the transparency of transactions, the duration of location information storage. Some of these controversies are the focus of court cases across the United States, usually between service providers and disgruntled end-users or law enforcement agencies and suspected criminals. While we can wait for the courts to set precedence and then take legislative action to learn about how we should act and what we should accept as morally right or wrong, this is only a small part in considering the emerging ethics of an innovation such as location-based services. Laws, similar to global technical standards take a long time to enact. A more holistic approach is required to analyze technology and social implications. This paper uses scenarios in the form of short stories to summarize and draw out, the likely issues that will arise from widespread adoption of LBS. It is a plausible future scenario, grounded in the realism of today's technological capabilities.

The issue of informal development was discussed in details at the joint FIG Com 3 and UNECE/WPLA workshop in Sounio, Greece, March 2007. Emphasis was given to the scale of the problem in Southern and Eastern Europe and to means of legalising such informal urban development. This paper, instead, addresses the main issue of how to prevent informal urban development, especially through the use of adequate and sustainable means of land use control and good governance. Three key means are addressed: Decentralisation: There is a need to separate central policy/regulation making and local decision making. This is directly linked to citizen participation in the process of land use control. Decentralisation should aim to combine responsibility for decision making with accountability for financial, social, and environmental consequences. Decentralisation requires access to appropriate quality of land information. Comprehensive planning: This should combine the overall land use policies and the more detailed land-use regulations into one planning document covering the total jurisdiction. Presentation of political aims and objectives as well as problems and preconditions, should then justify the detailed land-use planning and the more detailed land-use regulations. This understanding is important-also as a basis for citizen participation-since planning regulations creates different land use options for the various land owners and citizens. Participation: This should serve as a means to create broader awareness and understanding of the need for planning regulations and enable a locally based dialogue between government and citizens around development opportunities and the need for development control. Eventually, such dialogue should legitimise the local political decision making. But how to involve the citizens in the decision making process? Legislation in itself is not enough. A cultural change within society may need to be encouraged. Again, access to participation requires access to land information. Comprehensive planning at local level supported by citizen participation should also enable establishment proper monitoring systems and enforcement procedures to control and legalise actual informal development. TS 8A-Informal Settlements-Mechanisms to Avoid

Considering the growth of wireless communication and mobile positioning technologies, location-based services (LBSs) have been generating increasing research interest in recent years. One of the critical issues for the deployment of LBS applications is how to reconcile their quality of service with privacy concerns. Location privacy based on k-anonymity is a very common way to hide the real locations of the users from the LBS provider. Several k-anonymity approaches have been proposed in the literature, each with some drawbacks. They need either a trusted third party or the users (or providers) to trust each other in collaborative approaches. In this paper, we propose a collaborative approach that provides k-anonymity in a distributed manner and does not require a trusted third party nor the users (or providers) to trust each other. Furthermore, our approach integrates well with the existing communication infrastructure. A user's location is known to only his/her location provider (e.g., cell phone operator). By using cryptographic schemes, user with the help of location providers determines whether the k-anonymity property is satisfied in a query area or not. We start with a simple scenario where user and location providers are honest-but-curious and then we progressively extend our protocol to deal with scenarios where entities may collude with each other. Moreover, we analyze possible threats and discuss how our proposed approach defends against such threats.

We study the problem of applying adaptive filters for approximate query processing in a distributed stream environment. We propose filter bound assignment protocols with the objective of reducing communication cost. Most previous works focus on value-based queries (e.g., average) with numerical error tolerance. In this paper, we cover entity-based queries (e.g., a nearest neighbor query returns object names rather than a single value). In particular, we study non-value-based tolerance (e.g., the answer to the nearest-neighbor query should rank third or above). We investigate different non-value-based error tolerance definitions and discuss how they are applied to two classes of entity-based queries: non-rankbased and rank-based queries. Extensive experiments show that our protocols achieve significant savings in both communication overhead and server computation.

This paper presents a software development on Android Platform which applies cell identifier method for improving the accuracy of indoor localization. The objective of this research is to provide a detectable system, "Mobile Detective", for tracking and finding clues of lost mobiles. In general, the location-based service, a software application which retrieves information about where a mobile device is located, uses GPS (Global Positioning System) to indicate the geographical position of the mobile device. Though GPS provides efficient outdoor localization, it does not work well indoor and not all mobile devices have built-in GPS receiver. Therefore, GPS may not be suitable for tracking lost mobiles. In order to solve this problem, cell identifier which indicates mobile device position by using station base information is introduced in this research. The location tracking process is run as background process by using Android service and it automatically repeats sending this information in an interval of time. The results from this process composed of position and mobile's particular information: SIM code and IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity), are sent from the lost mobile to the recipient. The results are displayed in two interface modes which are text message and GUI on Google map. User can use these clues to notify mobile provider and police in order to retrieve the lost mobile

This paper presents a software development on Android Platform which applies cell identifier method for improving the accuracy of indoor localization. The objective of this research is to provide a detectable system, "Mobile Detective", for tracking and finding clues of lost mobiles. In general, the location-based service, a software application which retrieves information about where a mobile device is located, uses GPS (Global Positioning System) to indicate the geographical position of the mobile device. Though GPS provides efficient outdoor localization, it does not work well indoor and not all mobile devices have built-in GPS receiver. Therefore, GPS may not be suitable for tracking lost mobiles. In order to solve this problem, cell identifier which indicates mobile device position by using station base information is introduced in this research. The location tracking process is run as background process by using Android service and it automatically repeats sending this information in an interval of time. The results from this process composed of position and mobile's particular information: SIM code and IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity), are sent from the lost mobile to the recipient. The results are displayed in two interface modes which are text message and GUI on Google map. User can use these clues to notify mobile provider and police in order to retrieve the lost mobile

Many popular mobile applications require the continuous monitoring and sharing of a mobile user's location. However, exploiting a user's location leads to disclosing sensitive information about the users daily activity. Several location privacy-preserving schemes have been proposed, but it remains challenging for a user to achieve visibility of the associated threats as well as to control the impact of those threats. This paper presents an adaptive location privacy-preserving system (ALPS) that allows for a user to control the level of privacy disclosure with different quality of location-based service (LBS). We have identified key attack models on location tracking using powerful map-matching algorithms, and then defined a scheme that allows a user to control the privacy of tracking information. We have implemented ALPS on Android OS and evaluated the implementation extensively via trace-based simulation, showing the effectiveness of user-controllable privacy preservation.

Geographical location solutions have a wide diversity of applications, ranging from emergency services to access to tourist and entertainment services. GPS (Global Positioning System) is the most widely used system for outdoor areas. Since it requires a direct line of sight with the satellites, it cannot be used indoors. For indoor positioning, the most commonly used technology to calculate the position of mobile devices is Wi-Fi. In this article, we present a positioning tool called WiFiPos based on Wi-Fi signal processing. This tool uses different variations of the Fingerprint technique to analyze the performance and accuracy of the system both indoors and outdoors.