Livestock Waste Management

Mass gathering events is very common in India due to which there have been various instances which has made certain negative impact on our environment. Kumbh Mela is one of the largest mass gathering event on the earth. It is one of the most important and sacred festival which is celebrated four times in 12 years on the banks of river Ganga (Haridwar), river Shipra (Ujjain) . River Godavari ( Nashik) , and at the confluence of rivers the Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati( Prayagraj). This time it has taken place at Prayagraj. This paper studies the water and Sanitation management and impact on the environment before and after Kumbh Mela 2019 at Prayagraj with the help of relevant data of that event collected. Moreover, it discusses what steps have been taken by the government to curb the ill effects of the place of event to be held with the implementation of new technologies like Geo-tubes and Bio-Remediation. The study shows that there were proper arrangements for the Sanitation with use of 1.22 lakhs Eco-toilets along with 20,000 dustbins. Moreover, solid waste was properly managed at most of the locations with the help of Tipper vehicles which carried the solid waste to the treatment plants. Several new STPs were installed to manage the waste generated.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract This study aims to examine the economic and environmental benefits of recovered paper and potential contribution of the recovered paper to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Vision 2030. The Vision 2030 is an inclusive development policy, recently launched, with the objectives to build the best future for the country. The Vision 2030 is based on three ambitious goals: making the country a vibrant society, a thriving economy and an ambitious nation. It is estimated that by 2030, 5.05 million ton of waste paper would be recovered in the country. About 11.3 billion SAR (US $3.01 billion) would be added to the country's GDP and would create about 16,536 new jobs if the recovered paper industry is built in the country. Moreover, a net environmental benefit of 9.6 million crude barrel oil savings and 4.5 million ton of CO2 savings from GHG emissions could be achieved by 2030 only from the paper waste recovery in the country. The potential benefits of paper waste recycling in KSA highlight the needs of effective measures to optimize the economic and environmental opportunities inherited in the waste paper industry. These measures should focus on capitalizing the local waste paper processing industry, restrict the export of raw waste paper materials, and enhance the waste paper collection process and quantity.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), millions of worshippers come from across the globe to perform religious rituals of Pilgrimage (Hajj) and Umrah. Madinah-tul-Munawara is one of the holiest city, where pilgrims come after performing rituals in Makkah. In this city, most of the collected municipal solid waste (MSW) is disposed of in the landfills after a partial recycling of paper, cardboard, and metals (~10-20% of total MSW). The Saudi's government has recently launched a new policy of Vision 2030, which outlined the safeguard of local environment through increased efficiency of waste recycling and management, pollution prevention strategies and generating renewable energy from indigenous sources, including the waste. Currently, the recycling practices in KSA are mainly regulated by an informal sector through waste pickers or waste scavengers. This has led to the need of recycling schemes, especially in the holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah through a public-private partnership (PPP). Huge amounts of energy can be conserved, that would otherwise be spent on raw material extraction, transportation, and manufacturing of materials, through recycling into the same materials. Around 10,009 TJ of energy can be saved through recycling of 24.21% of MSW in Madinah city, including glass, metals, aluminum, cardboard, and paper. It is estimated that around 10,200 tons of methane (CH4) emissions and 254,600 Mt.CO2 eq. of global warming potential (GWP) can also be saved. In addition, carbon credit revenue of US $5.92 million, and landfill diversion worth of US $32.78 million can be achieved with a net revenue of US $49.01 million every year only by recycling 24.21% of MSW in Madinah city. The waste recycling doesn't require high technical skills and labor, and complicated technologies for large-scale implementation, and therefore, can be implemented easily in the holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah to achieve multiple economic and environmental benefits. Abstract In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), millions of worshippers come from across the globe to perform religious rituals of Pilgrimage (Hajj) and Umrah. Madinah-tul-Munawara is one of the holiest city, where pilgrims come after performing rituals in Makkah. In this city, most of the collected municipal solid waste (MSW) is disposed of in the landfills after a partial recycling of paper, cardboard, and metals (~10-20% of total MSW). The Saudi's government has recently launched a new policy of Vision 2030, which outlined the safeguard of local environment through increased efficiency of waste recycling and management, pollution prevention strategies and generating renewable energy from indigenous sources, including the waste. Currently, the recycling practices in KSA are mainly regulated by an informal sector through waste pickers or waste scavengers. This has led to the need of recycling schemes, especially in the holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah through a public-private partnership (PPP). Huge amounts of energy can be conserved, that would otherwise be spent on raw material extraction, transportation, and manufacturing of materials, through recycling into the same materials. Around 10,009 TJ of energy can be saved through recycling of 24.21% of MSW in Madinah city, including glass, metals, aluminum, cardboard, and paper. It is estimated that around 10,200 tons of methane (CH4) emissions and 254,600 Mt.CO2 eq. of global warming potential (GWP) can also be saved. In addition, carbon credit revenue of US $5.92 million, and landfill diversion worth of US $32.78 million can be achieved with a net revenue of US $49.01 million every year only by recycling 24.21% of MSW in Madinah city. The waste recycling doesn't require high technical skills and labor, and complicated technologies for large-scale implementation, and therefore, can be implemented easily in the holiest cities of Makkah and Madinah to achieve multiple economic and environmental benefits.

Fuel transportation is one of the major concerns of the energy market. This fuel mainly comes from the processing of crude oil at the refinery industries. The transport fuel processing industries, such as crude oil distillation plants, gas condensate fractionation plants, natural gas processing plants, etc., are one of the most energy- and emission-intensive sectors in the world. On the other hand, the handling and transportation of petroleum products like petrol, kerosene, diesel, naphtha, octane and sprite, etc. also produce environmental pollution. This study is just an overview of energy and waste management by transport fuel processing industries in Bangladesh. Such industries are also known as petrochemical industries. They mainly produce gaseous pollutants such as process gas, waste gas, etc. and liquid pollutants such as produced water, waste oil and grease, etc. The gaseous pollutants are burnt in the flare system to save the environment. The liquid pollutants are more hazardous because of their higher salinity and corrosivity and higher amounts of grease. The literature on waste water management techniques, pollution abatement techniques and oil-water separator techniques is described. The study found that the rational use of energy and proper environmental management are essential for achieving the energy and environmental sustainability of transport fuel process industries.

Mass gathering events is very common in India due to which there have been various instances which has made certain negative impact on our environment. Kumbh Mela is one of the largest mass gathering event on the earth. It is one of the most important and sacred festival which is celebrated four times in 12 years on the banks of river Ganga (Haridwar), river Shipra (Ujjain) . River Godavari ( Nashik) , and at the confluence of rivers the Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati( Prayagraj). This time it has taken place at Prayagraj. This paper studies the water and Sanitation management and impact on the environment before and after Kumbh Mela 2019 at Prayagraj with the help of relevant data of that event collected. Moreover, it discusses what steps have been taken by the government to curb the ill effects of the place of event to be held with the implementation of new technologies like Geo-tubes and Bio-Remediation. The study shows that there were proper arrangements for the Sanitation with use of 1.22 lakhs Eco-toilets along with 20,000 dustbins. Moreover, solid waste was properly managed at most of the locations with the help of Tipper vehicles which carried the solid waste to the treatment plants. Several new STPs were installed to manage the waste generated.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for anaerobic co-digestion of Chinese cabbage waste silage (CCWS) with swine manure (SM). Batch and continuous experiments were carried out under mesophilic anaerobic conditions (36-38 • C). The batch test evaluated the effect of CCWS co-digestion with SM (SM: CCWS = 100:0; 25:75; 33:67; 0:100, % volatile solids (VS) basis). The continuous test evaluated the performance of a single stage completely stirred tank reactor with SM alone and with a mixture of SM and CCWS. Batch test results showed no significant difference in biogas yield up to 25-33% of CCWS; however, biogas yield was significantly decreased when CCWS contents in feed increased to 67% and 100%. When testing continuous digestion, the biogas yield at organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.0 g VSL −1 d −1 increased by 17% with a mixture of SM and CCWS (SM:CCWS = 75:25) (423 mL g −1 VS) than with SM alone (361 mL g −1 VS). The continuous anaerobic digestion process (biogas production, pH, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and TVFA/total alkalinity ratios) was stable when co-digesting SM and CCWS (75:25) at OLR of 2.0 g VSL −1 d −1 and hydraulic retention time of 20 days under mesophilic conditions.

In recent years, an increasing threat to ground Water quality due to human activities has become of great importance.  The adverse effects on groundwater quality are the results of man’s activity at ground surface, unintentionally by agriculture, domestic and industrial effluents, unexpectedly by agriculture, domestic and industrial effluents, unexpectedly by sub-surface or surface disposal of sewage and industrial wastes. The quality of ground water is of great importance in determining the suitability of particular ground water for a certain use (public water supply, irrigation, industrial applications, power generation etc).The quality of ground water is the resultant of all the processes and reactions that have acted on the water from the moment it condensed in the atmosphere to the time it is discharged by a well. Therefore, the quality of ground water varies from place, with the depth of water table, and from season to season and is primarily governed by the extent and composition of dissolved solids present in it. A vast majority of ground water quality problems are caused by contamination, over-exploitation, or combination of these all together. Most of ground water quality problems are difficult to detect and hard to resolve. The solution are usually very expensive, time consuming and not always effective. Ground water quality is slowly but surely declining everywhere. Ground water pollution is intrinsically difficult to detect, since problem may be concealed below the surface and monitoring is costly, time consuming and somewhat hit-or-miss by nature. The Wide range of contaminations sources is one of the many factors contributing to the complexity of groundwater assessment. It is important to know the geochemistry of the chemical-soil-groundwater interactions in order to assess the fate and impact of pollutant different hydrologic zones as they migrate through the soil to the water table. The serious implications of this problem necessitate an integrated approach in explicit terms to undertake groundwater pollution monitoring an abatement programmer. A Major problem in urbanized areas is the connection and disposal of domestic wastes because of large volume of sewage is generated in a small area, the waste cannot be adequately disposed of by conventional septic tanks and cesspools. Therefore, special disposal sites are being used to collect and dispose such wastes in densely populated areas. The intensive use of natural resources and the large production of wastes in modern society often pose a threat to ground water quality and have already resulted in many incidents of ground water contamination. Pollutants are being added to the ground water system through human activities and natural processes. Solid waste from industrial units is being dumped near the factories, which is subjected to reaction with percolating rain water and reaches the ground water level. The percolating water picks up a large amount of dissolved constituents and reaches the aquifer systems and contaminates the ground water. The Problem of ground water pollution in several parts of the country has become so acute that unless urgent steps for detailed identification and abatement are taken, extensive ground water resources may be damaged. The quality of ground water depends on a large number of individual hydrological, physical, chemical and biological factors.