Linguisitcs

Traditionally, the notion of style has been associated exclusively with 'original', i.e. non-translated, texts. However, recent work in translation studies has started to look at style from the perspective of the target text. This article revisits the work done in this area, focusing particularly on Malmkjær (2003) and Baker (2000). Baker argues that it is possible to identify the translators’ own stylistic preferences using corpus analysis. A case study along those lines is presented which looks at the use of foreign lexical items in literary translations from Spanish and Portuguese into English by Margaret Jull Costa and Peter Bush. A control corpus, COMPARA, is used to provide further comparative data. The results suggest that the way in which the two translators use source culture lexical items might be a distinctive characteristic of their style of translation.

The study aimed to identify the challenges faced by the teachers in implementing school based assessment in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. The study was conducted in all 8 secondary schools in Bintulu. Semi structured interviews and classroom observations are triangulated to collect qualitative data of the study. In addition, questionnaire is conducted to strengthen the data collection quantitatively. Findings show that there are internal and external challenges faced by the teachers in implementing school based assessment.

Theme
Symbolism and New Society
Simbolo at Isang Bagong Lipunan
The GLOCAL CALA 2022 theme “Symbolism and New Society” describes the need for symbolic representation in a rapidly changing Asia. As has been the case throughout a larger global society, Asian societies have sought increasingly rapid change, seeking none less than online spaces to contextualize and to legitimize the effects of this rapid change. Here, recent events have patently mediated the shift to online interaction, a shift which has thus intensified the development, and possibly, the invention, of a range of new symbolisms and symbolic clusters that now have a limited use in offline spaces.
Throughout the past decade, and more particularly over the past one year, global changes have elicited these new symbolisms of communication, symbolisms which have quickly been exposed to contestation and (re)interpretation, owing to the nee to deploy online technologies on such a large scale, and which are now presenting themselves as highly beneficial to anthropological study. Asian language symbolisms have always exposed their potency as representational of their communities and as legitimizing of the worth of these communities in a global society, but never have they shown more significance than in the current era, where their intensified usage online, and their qualities for legitimizing Asian identities, seek investigation.
The Asian symbolism pervades the whole semiotic spectrum of that which is performatively Asian, and which is distinct from the Non-Asian, yet a symbolism which can interlink the colonized with the decolonized, through a multitude of human ideologies. This again becomes more the case now as the boundaries of Asian symbolisms have become blurred through online textual modes, Linguistically and Anthropologically, and beyond.
The GLOCAL CALA 2022 thus calls for renewed awareness and interpretations of Asian symbolisms in this new era, and asks that we seek new perspectives of these Asian complex symbolisms, in their global contexts. These interpretations increase in significance as the use of online virtual world texts and textual modes have now assumed an authoritative stance over the real world, possibly creating new realities and new real worlds that subvert our ideologies of those old real worlds. This shift to symbolisms required to reconceptualize new virtual and old real worlds in this current era, will surely motivate dialogue.

Article 15 1(a) of the International Covenant on Economics, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) recognises “the right to take part in cultural life”. This paper determines whether the International Covenant provides for situations where the use of a majority language is treated as insignificant and unequal to the national language of a state.
Attention will be given to (a) whether the ICESCR ensures the limitations on the use of a majority language is non-discriminatory. (b) The role cultural relativism plays in Guyana’s Educational System and its impact on students. (c) Investigating the gaps in addressing linguistic rights [using a majority language without discrimination in Guyana’s Educational System.] In addition, this paper involves a mixture of the Doctrinal/Legal approach method- [ review of legislation, policies, case law, International Treaties], as well as conventional sources of data-scholarly articles, books, documents.  More so, data will be collected via social media platforms (What's App and Messenger) and used as anecdotal sources.
Non-discrimination and equality are fundamental components of international human rights law and essential to the exercise and enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.

In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Darmok," a humanoid alien race provides a challenge to the Universal Translator - they only communicate in metaphors. A cognitive semantic approach is used to discuss the question of whether that language is as strange as it seems, comparing the metaphoricity of Darmok with eponimization and lexicalization. The real oddity of the language is proposed to lie in an innate Theory of Mind impairment in the alien race.

In an earlier note on A click in Swahili I drew attention to the Reverend W. E. Taylor's description of an interjection/ideophone in the Mvita (Mombasa) dialect that contains a dental click (1891: 93). Taylor struggled to render this unusual sound in print, and offered three different transcriptions for it in his African Aphorisms, as can be seen from the entry that is reproduced here. Judging by the eccentric composite -- "Mng'wpc" -- that appeared in Burt's Swahili Grammar and Vocabulary (1910: 13, fn. 1), Taylor was never able to settle on a satisfactory solution. This wasn't really his fault, given that there was little agreement on how to write down clicks and the languages using them at this time.

This study investigates the meanings of the near-synonyms al-asfār and alkutub (the books) and their English translations. It aims at identifying the contextual meanings of the Qur'ānic near-synonyms based on different exegeses of the Holy Qur'ān. Then, it explains the semantic differences that exist between the Qur'ānic pair and how such semantic differences are reflected in two English translations of the Holy Qur'ān. Besides, it highlights the meanings of the polysemous lexical item alkutub (the books) in different Qur'ānic contexts and how the various senses of this lexical item are transferred to English. The study adopts the RC-S approach as a theoretical framework for data analysis. It also employs the qualitative approach for collecting and analyzing the data of the study. The exegeses of the Holy Qur'ān are consulted to identify the semantic differences between the Qur'ānic near-synonyms as well as the meanings of the polysemous lexical item alkutub (the books). The findings reveal that there are some semantic differences between the selected Qur'ānic near-synonyms and that such semantic differences are not reflected in the English translations. The findings also show that the polysemous lexical item alkutub (the books) and its singular formal-kitāb (the book) are literally translated in some Qur'ānic contexts. The study provides recommendations for readers as well as translators especially the translators of the Holy Qur'ān.

Minimémoire de validation FCS2 (sous la direction d'Emmanuel Sander et Jean Baratgin) M2 Cogmaster/ENS Janvier 2013 Approche pragmatique de la compréhension dans l'étude expérimentale de la rationalité La question de la compréhension de la tâche par les sujets, c'est-à-dire de l'interprétation qu'ils se font de l'information transmise par l'expérimentateur, est cruciale pour l'étude expérimentale de la rationalité. Le raisonnement ou la décision doivent être évalués en fonction de l'information effectivement utilisée par les sujets si on veut étudier leur conformité à la norme rationnelle.

In the previous issue of CAJ, Heggarty (2007) set out how certain key principles and methods of historical linguistics can be exploited to open up another window on the past, from a perspective quite different and complementary to that offered by the archaeological record. Following this up, we turn here to an ideal case-study for exploring how the various patterns in linguistic (pre-)histories can be matched with their most plausible correlates in the archaeological data. Beyond our initial illustration of the Incas we now look further afield, to set the sequence of major civilizations of the Andes into its linguistic context, tracing the expansion trajectories of the main Andean language families further back in time, stage by stage, ultimately to their most plausible original homelands. The linguistic story emerges starkly at odds with assumptions widely held among archaeologists of the region. Indeed we encounter a paradigm case of how only a radical rethinking can reconcile our two disciplines' findings into a single, coherent, holistic prehistory for a human population — in the Andes, a prize now tantalizingly within our reach.

Previous work demonstrates that a word's status as morphologically-simple or complex may be reflected in its phonetic realization. One possible source for these effects is phonetic paradigm uniformity, in which an intended word's phonetic realization is influenced by its morphological relatives. For example, the realization of the inflected word frees should be influenced by the phono-logical plan for free, and thus be non-homophonous with the morphologically-simple word freeze. We test this prediction by analysing productions of forty such inflected/simple word pairs, embedded in pseudo-conversational speech structured to avoid metalinguistic task effects, and balanced for frequency, or-thography, as well as segmental and prosodic context. We find that stem and suffix durations are significantly longer by about 4–7% in fricative-final inflected words (frees, laps) compared to their simple counterparts (freeze, lapse), while we find a null effect for stop-final words. The result suggests that wordforms influence production of their relatives.

Abstract: The present article is meant to be a practical approach to the didactics of interpretation. Our
purpose is to analyse interpreters’-to-be competences in classes of interpretation from English (foreign
language) into Romanian (mother tongue). In this respect, we intend to revise and reinforce the role of
students’ acquisition of linguistic competence and have a closer look at the pragmatic competence. The
pragmatic competence refers to the ability to understand and render in the target-language the subtleties
of an act of communication, preserving the intention and the communicative effect of the speaker. Thus,
we will examine interpreters’-to-be abilities to transpose the meaning behind words in the bilingual act of
consecutive interpreting in the academic setting in an empirical comparative study involving students at
the Department of Translation, Interpretation and Applied Linguistics from Moldova State University and
students at the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, specialty of Applied Linguistics from
“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași.
Keywords: linguistic competence, semantic-pragmatic competence, interpreting competence, didactic
approach, interpreter-to-be, quality of interpretation

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

A serious study of the Chinese language in Russia began in the 18th
century, and at present Russia is experiencing a real boom in the Chinese
language, which is now the second most popular language after English
in the universities, and even in mid schools learning Chinese is
becoming ever more popular.
  In the 20th century, serious studies of the Chinese language were
conducted in the Soviet Union, a considerable number of monographs
and textbooks were created, and / but, written in Russian, until now they
are mostly  unknown in other countries. 
The most significant Sinology linguists of the Soviet period were V.
Solntsev, A. Dragunov, N. Korotkov and several others. The problems,
in general, concerned general theoretical problems of syntax and
morphology. In the 1970s and 1980s, Sinology Linguistics, like
linguistics in general, experienced a period of intensified activity: there
appeared studies on the actual problems of syntax, the linguistics of text
and typology etc. 
The article is aimed to a critical review of the main works of Soviet
period, the description of schools and trends, analysis  from the point of
modern ideas about linguistics.

Previous work demonstrates that a word's status as morphologically-simple or complex may be reflected in its phonetic realisation. One possible source for these effects is phonetic paradigm uniformity, in which an intended word's phonetic realisation is influenced by its morphological relatives. For example, the realisation of the inflected word frees should be influenced by the phonological plan for free, and thus be non-homophonous with the morphologically-simple word freeze. We test this prediction by analysing productions of forty such inflected/simple word pairs, embedded in pseudo-conversational speech structured to avoid metalinguistic task effects, and balanced for frequency, orthography, as well as segmental and prosodic context. We find that stem and suffix durations are significantly longer by about 4-7% in fricative-final inflected words (frees, laps) compared to their simple counterparts (freeze, lapse), while we find a null effect for stop-final words. The result suggests that wordforms influence production of their relatives.

Code-switching between Arabic and English marks a significant linguistic change in the history and use of Arabic in Saudi Arabia. Any kind of language change, which is an inevitable process in almost every world language, has always been resisted in Saudi Arabia mostly due to a national identity and religious factors. The current study investigated the attitude of the Saudi academia comprising English language instructors and English major students towards code-switching between Arabic and English. The study examined the perceptions of the academia towards the use of varying languages and the attitude that resulted from a perception. A sample size of 10 instructors and 40 students from four universities in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia was taken for the purpose of carrying out this qualitative study. Focus Group and interview methods were used to collect data and a content analysis technique was adopted to analyze their transcripts. Findings and Results indicated that there was ...

En este trabajo analizaremos la interacción entre la cuantificación y la negación, la cual da lugar a un fenómeno de adquisición tardía que involucra aspectos sintáctico-semánticos y pragmáticos (Hurtado 1982, 1984; Pascual 2018). Sostenemos que esto se debe a la complejidad que presenta esta interacción, que genera diferentes interpretaciones posibles. Las estructuras ambiguas permiten dos interpretaciones —una isomórfica y otra no isomórfica— cuya desambiguación depende de factores pragmáticos, sintácticos y/o semánticos. Creemos que la cuantificación es un fenómeno del desarrollo (Noveck 2001). Sin embargo, existen varias explicaciones acerca de la adquisición de las estructuras que involucran cuantificación y negación. Las observaciones lógicas y pragmáticas (Noveck et al. 2007, entre otros) deben complementarse con las motivaciones sintácticas (Musolino & Lidz 2006) y con otros aspectos (Gennari & Macdonald 2006). Por otro lado, si consideramos que se trata de estructuras tardías, resulta importante su abordaje en la enseñanza. Contrariamente a lo que ocurre en el tratamiento del tema en libros de texto, las estrategias pedagógicas para abordar sus particularidades deberían apuntar a la activación de las estructuras (Pascual 2018), y así reflejar un progreso en la adquisición de la competencia.

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

BooK revieWs 327 ornamented with over twelve types of marbles and several types of columns, as one of his many wide-ranging examples of ornamented classical buildings that can raise the question of whether ornamentation is integral to classical architecture, or unnecessary, as the 19 th century architect Loos, known for his stark exteriors, might claim.

This paper accomplishes two goals. First, I elucidate Edmund Husserl’s theory of inauthentic judgments from his 1890, “On the Logic of Signs (Semiotic)”. It will be shown how inauthentic judgments are distinct from other signitive experiences, in such a manner that when Husserl seeks to account for them, he is forced to revise the general structure of his philosophy of meaning and in doing so, is also able to realize novel insights concerning the nature of signification. Second, these conclusions are revealed to be the foundation of Husserl’s pure logical grammar, found in the 1901, “Fourth Logical Investigation”. In his analysis of inauthentic judgments, Husserl already recognized, albeit in a problematic way and for entirely different reasons, many of the central tenets of the 1901 work concerning categoremata and syncategoremata, matter and form, and the isomorphism between them.