Lexical evidential markers

The aim of the research is to establish standard lexical signs of aggressiveness through the analysis of authorised publicistic texts. Methods. The research employed the method of functional semantic analysis, study of the cognitive discursive model, and lexico-semantic analysis of aggression markers. The obtained results were processed using the methods of descriptive statistics. Pearson’s chi-square test (χ2), the Mann–Whitney U test, and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient were also used. Results. The identified markers reflect a variety of functions, such as expressing the author’s point of view, forming a subjective attitude, expressing judgments, and supporting the author’s position. Statistical analysis confirmed their statistical significance and systematicity in journalistic discourse. Donald Trump uses high levels of aggressive language and radical statements, while other sources show lower levels of aggressiveness. Bloomberg and The Economist lead in the lowest use of aggression markers. Conclusions. The article reveals various markers of aggression through the authorisation of publicistic texts. The identified markers indicate various functions, including expressing the author’s point of view and forming subjective attitudes. The study confirms the statistical significance of aggression markers, which indicates their systematicity in journalistic authorised discourse. Prospects. Further research may focus on deepening the understanding of aggressive vocabulary markers and their influence on the perception of publicistic information.

Starting from the assumption that grammaticalization is rooted in situated language use, the present study tests the connection between functional reanalysis and formal reduction with a synchronic approach. It investigates a case of potential (but not actuated) grammaticalization in Present-Day English, the use of epistemic phrases of the type it could/might be (that), which can serve an adverbial function and undergo formal reduction in analogy to maybe. These phrases are analyzed in British English (spoken data and informal writing) for their syntactic complementation and for omission of the expletive subject it. The results show that omission rates are overall higher in "critical contexts," that is, where the item is structurally ambiguous between a clause and an adverbial, though other usage types, such as idioms, may promote it-omission too. The findings suggest that formal reduction (it-omission) is connected to incipient/potential grammaticalization (critical contexts) even in the absence of a diachronic grammaticalization process. Thus, they provide evidence that the oft-observed correspondence between functional and formal changes emerges immediately in synchronic language use. A possible interpretation is that certain linguistic elements have a base potential for being put to more grammatical uses; while these uses need not initiate change, speakers tend to adapt the form to its function.

This paper studies the uses of [diski] in the Brazilian Portuguese language, with a descriptive proposal that combines Functional Discursive Grammar and Grammaticalization Theory-based approaches. The aim of the paper is to widely analyze these uses and to show satisfactory descriptive counterpoints in relation to the evidential paradigm consisting of different patterns of functionality of [diski].Este texto traz um estudo dos usos da construção [diski] no português do Brasil, com base em uma proposta descritiva que equaciona postulados da Gramática Discursivo Funcional e da Teoria da Gramaticalização. O objetivo é promover uma análise ampla desses usos e obter contrapontos descritivos satisfatórios em relação ao paradigma evidencial constituído pelos diferentes padrões de funcionalidade de [diski]

This study analyzes the modal functions of the adverb ya in three contact varieties of Spanish: Basque Spanish in the Basque Autonomous Community, Andean Spanish in contact with Quechua in Ecuador, and Judeo-Spanish in Turkey and the Balkans. In comparing the uses of ya among the three Spanish varieties, we apply an approach developed by Mougeon et al. (2005) consisting of the following steps: (1) determine that the feature in the contact variety has the same or similar function in the source language; (2) examine whether the innovation is the result of an internal process such as overgeneralization or regularization; (3) provide evidence of data militating against, or bolstering, the contact induced hypothesis; and (4) identify a correlation between the level of bilingualism in the community and the frequency of its innovative use. This four-step methodology is applied in the Basque-, Quechua-, and Turkish-Spanish contact situations in order to establish whether its innovative use of modal ya is empirically shown to be contact-induced.

The study presented here began eight years ago in the middle of a goodnight story. In the picture book by Ruth Krause, titled The Carrot Seed, 2 which the first author was reading to her two-year old daughter, a little boy planted a carrot seed. He diligently attended to it every day, eagerly anticipating the appearance of the carrot plant. But his family was anxious that the seed would not grow, which gave rise to their rather discouraging comments: His mother said: ''I'm afraid it won't come up.'' His father said: ''I'm afraid it won't come up.'' Just as the first author finished the mother's comment, a look of alarm appeared in her daughter's face. By the time she spoke the father's utterance, her daughter asked a question: ''Why are they afraid?'' All of a sudden, the first author was taken aback, as much by the simplicity of the question as by its complexity, both at the level of language use and at the level of human psychology. An attempt has been made ever since to find an answer to the child's question, and this study offers one from a perspective that takes into account the semantics, pragmatics, and the psychology of fear.

This dissertation focuses on a specific language revitalization method used by the Chickasaw Nation, currently located in Oklahoma. Language revitalization refers to any effort intended to increase the use of a language, usually an endangered language that has a decreasing number of speakers. The Chickasaw language is severely endangered, with an estimated 50 native speakers who are all over the age of sixty. As part of their language revitalization efforts, Chickasaw Nation has created the Chikasha Academy, a program designed to teach the language to adults. The goal of the program is to produce conversationally proficient adult speakers after two years in the Academy. This research has focused on the successes of the learners in the Academy as they learn their language. This dissertation analyzes how the adult learners in the Chikasha Academy are learning the language, in terms of: 1) what they learn, 2) what order they learn it in, and 3) what level they reach in their learning after one year. Specifically, the research focuses on the learners' morphosyntax (how they create words and sentences) and discourse (how they connect their sentences). Expectedly, when compared to both published descriptions of Chickasaw, which are based on native speakers, and the speech of the native speakers involved in the Chikasha Academy program, the adult learners' morphosyntax and discourse structures have noticeable differences. However, what they learn successfully far outweighs these differences. In the Chikasha Academy, several adult learners meet daily with native speakers for structured immersion sessions. All sessions are recorded by the Chickasaw Nation and these recordings are the main data analyzed in this dissertation. Supplementing this

This essay was practically finished by the late Ernest Fenollosa; I have done little more than remove a few repetitions and shape a few sentences. We have here not a bare philological discussion, but a study of the fundamentals of all esthetics. In his search through unknown art Fenollosa, coming upon unknown motives and principles unrecognized in the West, was already led into many modes of thought since fruitful in "new" western painting and poetry. He was a forerunner without knowing it and without being known as such. He discerned principles of writing which he had scarcely time to put into practice. In Japan he restored, or greatly helped to restore, a respect for the native art. In America and Europe he cannot be looked upon as a mere searcher after exotics. His mind was constantly filled with parallels and comparisons between eastern and western art. To him the exotic was always a means of fructification. He looked to an American renaissance. The vitality of his outlook can be judged from the fact that although this essay was written some time before his death in 1908 I have not had to change the allusions to western conditions. The later movements in art have corroborated his theories.-Ezra Pound. ] This twentieth century not only turns a new page in the book of the world, but opens another and a startling chapter. Vistas of strange futures unfold for man, of world-embracing cultures half weaned from Europe, of hitherto undreamed responsibilities for nations and races. The Chinese problem alone is so vast that no nation can afford to ignore it. We in America, especially, must face it across the Pacific, and master it or it will master us. And the only way to master it is to strive with patient sympathy to understand the best, the most hopeful and the most human elements in it. It is unfortunate that England and America have so long ignored or mistaken the deeper problems of Oriental culture. We have misconceived the Chinese for a materialistic people, for a debased and worn-out race. We have belittled the

Despite its importance to the foreign learner, English derivational morphology is often neglected in EFL and ESL classrooms and teaching materials. This is a result of vocabulary negligence as a whole and of priority being given to rules of grammar. This paper tests the relative difficulty for Arab speakers in their acquisition of aspects of English derivational morphology. This testing depends on previous work by the author through identifying major similarities and differences between written Standard Arabic and written Standard English through contrastive analysis. Results confirm that predictions of the contrastive analysis are very useful in the acquisition of English derivational morphology; hence, they should be considered by English teachers, language acquisition researchers, textbook-designers, and methodologists.

57th Annual Meeting  of the Societas Linguistica Europaea
University of Helsinki, August, 21th-24th
This discussion aims to provide a summary of current Japanese diachronic corpus linguistics research based on the author’s firsthand experience of exploring the obstacles encountered while studying Old Japanese texts with existing corpora.

This book, which was written as a Habilitationsschrift, began as a study of the so-called Saxon genitive (prenominal genitive) in German, but has come to encompass all the diachronic changes that have occurred in the German nominal system, especially to the left of the noun. The study attempts to give a synchronic analysis of the relationships within the noun phrase from a diachronic perspective. Moreover, data from other Germanic languages are taken into account, especially from English and the Scandinavian languages. All the changes in the German NP are attributed by Demske to a single change in the relationship between articles and nouns, from semantic to a morphologically motivated relationship (320). After the introductory chapter 1, chapter 2 deals with agreement within the nominal system, chapter 3 with possessive pronouns, and chapter 4 with the attributive genitive. The book concludes with some general implications for diachronic syntax. Chapter 1, "Einleitung," gives an overview of previous analyses of the German nominal system, pointing out some of the problems with the NP analysis. Demske assumes the DP hypothesis, which claims that nominal phrases are not projections of nouns but rather of the functional category D(eterminer). The DP analysis overcomes the limitations of the NP analysis and is especially attractive for German, since case, number, and gender are primarily realized on the article rather than on the noun itself. Chapter 2, "Grammatische Merkmale und Relationen," deals with the marking of the features case, number, gender, and definiteness on nouns, adjectives, and articles. First, Demske outlines the inflectional and agreement properties of the noun phrase in New High German (NHG), especially the problems of adjective inflection. Then she discusses some previous approaches within both the generative and the HPSG (head-driven phrase structure grammar) frameworks. Demske brings historical data from Old High German (OHG) and Early New High German (ENHG) into this discussion.

We present a cognitively grounded analysis of the pattern of variation that underlies the use of two aspectual markers in Spanish (the Simple-Present marker, Ana baila ‘Ana dances’ and the Present-Progressive marker, Ana está bailando ‘Ana is dancing’) when they express an eventin-progress reading. This analysis is centered around one fundamental communicative goal, which we term perspective alignment: the bringing of the hearer's perspective closer to that of the speaker. Perspective alignment optimizes the tension between two nonlinguistic constraints: Theory of Mind, which gives rise to linguistic expressivity, and Common Ground, which gives rise to linguistic economy. We propose that, linguistically, perspective alignment capitalizes on lexicalized meanings, such as the progressive meaning, that can bring the hearer to the “here and now”. In Spanish, progressive meaning can be conveyed with the Present-Progressive marker regardless of context. By contrast, if the Simple-Pres...

The present paper deals with the multifunctionality of Lithuanian modal adverbials. The аim of the analysis is to show that the Lithuanian modal adverbials gal 'perhaps' and galbūt 'maybe' and their English correspondences are multifunctional and to retrieve their meaning variants. This contrastive corpus-based study makes use of quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The results show that the adverbials under study exhibit a variety of functions: though mostly they qualify the proposition in terms of the degree of likelihood, i. e. epistemic modality, they can also acquire several other functions in addition to qualifying the proposition. Though the adverbial gal 'perhaps' is more functionally versatile than galbūt 'maybe', it is clear that both adverbials have developed post-modal uses. The markers exhibit a diversity of functional variants in different types of discourse: they can act as mitigating devices reducing the illocutionary effect of an imperative or making a suggestion or offer more polite; as interrogative particles; or as approximators estimating a figure, number or quantity; or playing a part of non-factual markers in epistemic lists.

The article concerns the semantic nuances of the verb faxo in the Plautus' language. The vast majority of the occurrences demonstrate causative semantics, but there are a few cases where such a meaning can hardly be seen. De Melo singled out the two occurrences in which faxo can be treated as either an adverb similar to forsitan or a parenthetical expression with the meaning "I assume. " The author of the article has found some more examples of the non-causative use of faxo and tried to find out which of De Melo's suggestions is preferable. On the grounds of the grammaticalization principles suggested by Hopper and Heine, there has been traced the stages of grammaticalization of faxo in the language of Roman comedy, with particular attention to the broader context. It is demonstrated that the causative meaning which transpires in many examples tends to emerge in the "bridging contexts" of grammaticalization, while the transition to the semantics under consideration occurs at the following stage, i.e. in the "switch context". Having analyzed all the occurrences of faxo against the broader contexts and comparative data from other languages, the author concludes that the rare sigmatic future faxo had over time become a semi-grammaticalized marker of the speaker's stance, which allowed both evidential (inferential) and modal-epistemic interpretation.

This article deals with the Old English adjectival construction that consists of the copulative verb bēon 'to be' and the past participle. Grammaticalization is gauged as to the agreement between the subject noun phrase and the past participle and from the perspective of deflexion, which is considered the final stage of grammaticalization. The highest rates of agreement are found in AElfrician texts and translations from Latin, while other texts like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle not only evince remarkably lower figures of agreement, but also show a decrease over time. The conclusion is reached that, although the grammaticalization of the past participle in passive constructions is not complete on the basis of deflexion, the process is well underway in Old English.

Traditionally, scholars have claimed that the raising construction with sembrare ‘seem’ (sembrare+infinitive) is truth-conditionally equivalent to the impersonal construction sembra che ‘it seems that’. In contrast with this point of view, and following a Construction Grammar approach, we hypothesize that this alternation is motivated by differences in the functional properties of the alternating constructions. To test this hypothesis, we focused on selection properties, with the view of assessing whether any subject could be a good candidate to appear in the constructions under exam.

This paper presents the results of a corpus-based investigation of the role of the firstperson plural pronoun in the construction of intersubjective meaning among evidential perception verbs in written and spoken English and German (mainly written). Whereas the first-person singular pronoun only signifies that the evidence rests solely with the speaker/writer, the first-person plural pronoun allows a much wider range of intersubjective meanings concerning the nature of the evidence. It is also shown how English and German perception verbs express intersubjective evidential meaning in a number of different complementation patterns, how the type of this meaning is often linked to these patterns, and how the use of the first-person plural pronoun can vary among and within these constructions.

корпусНый аНализ эвидеНциальНых глаголов sagen и behaupten в совремеННом НемецкоЯзычНом медиадискурсе © Боднарук Елена Владимировна (2020), orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-4513, доктор филологических наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой немецкой и французской филологии, Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова (Архангельск, Россия),

In a number of IE languages the genitive case exhibits a wide variety of meanings, ranging from common uses like the expression of possession, meanings like the Standard of comparison. It will be argued t hat the genitive should be viewed äs a case of structured polysemy äs opposed to either acc(dental homonymy or a case of an abstract, general single meaning. I will also show that the kind of synchronic structure postulated for the genitive reßects to a certain extent the semantic history of the morpheme äs well; this in turn suggests that both synchronic polysemy and semantic change are much more sensitive t o regularity and systematicity than usually thought.

This book is an exploration of categories, constructions, and change in English syntax. A great many books are published on the syntax of English, both monographs and edited volumes, and yet another may seem unnecessary. However, we felt more than justified in adding to the sizeable literature here for two reasons. The first, to borrow from Richard M. Hogg and David Denison'sjustification for A History of the English Language,isthat'one of the beauties of the language is its ability to show continuous change and flexibility whileinsomesenseremainingthesame.And if that is true of the language, it is also true of the study of the language' (2006: xi). Central to our book is a focus on the syntax of the English language, through a wide variety of orientations that a collective work makes possible. Thus the volume aims to embrace the wide variety of approaches and methodologies in the current analysis of English syntactic structure, variation, and change, both past and present, through a careful curation of new case studies by established and emerging scholars in the field. Such breadth of scope, together with a specific focus on English syntax, sets the collection apart from most others. The second reason is that this book is dedicated to

The paper examines borrowed instances of what we call emphatic superlative ever (ES-ever) into two Germanic languages (Dutch and German) and two Romance languages (French and Spanish). We base our study on extensive corpus data. We model the data in three stages ranging from constructional borrowing (Stage-1: el coolest job ever 'the coolest job ever'), via diaconstructions (Stage-2: la mejor canción ever 'the best song ever'), up to lexical borrowing (Stage-3: las portadas más photoshopeadas ever 'the most photoshoped portals ever'). We extend an earlier approach to social meaning in HPSG to borrowing.

This paper presents an ongoing study on the change of the syntactic subject from inanimate in the source text to animate in the target text with two typologically different languages: Finnish and French. This syntactic change is called humanization of the subject in translation and it is proposed as a candidate to the so-called and criticized translation universal hypothesis. Firstly, the article presents the pilot study designed to empirically test the possible humanization of the subject in translation proposed by Chevalier (1995). It has been conducted on a corpus of translated French and Finnish taken from contemporary fiction and contains 531 clauses and 809 subjects in ST. The corpus study shows a few patterns in the translation of the syntactic subject that appear in four contexts: animation involving a perception that can be auditory or visual, animation in free indirect discourse, animation with an acting inanimate subject, and, lastly, animation involving a psychological or physical human characteristic. These preliminary results will be discussed in terms of cognitive linguistics. In the conclusion, the problems arose by the research findings will be examined and it will be argued that a new bi-directional corpus of translated texts from Finnish-French-Finnish needs to be built. This will enable a short discussion concerning representativeness and the type of data to collect.

This paper explores the application of quantitative methods to study the effect of various factors on phonetic word duration in ten languages. Data on most of these languages were collected in fieldwork aiming at documenting spontaneous speech in mostly endangered languages, to be used for multiple purposes, including the preservation of cultural heritage and community work. Here we show the feasibility of studying processes of online acceleration and deceleration of speech across languages using such data, which have not been considered for this purpose before. Our results show that it is possible to detect a consistent effect of higher frequency of words leading to faster articulation even in the relatively small language documentation corpora used here. We also show that nouns tend to be pronounced more slowly than verbs when controlling for other factors. Comparison of the effects of these and other factors shows that some of them are difficult to capture with the current data and methods, including potential effects of cross-linguistic differences in morphological complexity. In general, this paper argues for widening the cross-linguistic scope of phonetic and psycholinguistic research by including the wealth of language documentation data that has recently become available.

According to some historical linguists, the early English HAVE + past participle construction had only one meaning (e.g. Mustanoja 1960: 499-500, Carey 1994), namely the resultative perfect. However, recent research has demonstrated that the Old English HAVE + past participle construction has much more in common with the Modern English present perfect than was previously thought (Lee 2003 and Łęcki 2010). Reading of the literature of both diachronic and synchronic analyses opens up terminological issues of the usage of "uses", "meanings" and "functions". Such terminological ambiguity is in fact a reflection of the uncertainty as to the true nature of HABBAN + past participle construction or the present perfect in Modern English.

Significant theoretical developments have taken place in language-cognition research in the last few decades. The collected chapters in this book provide extensive coverage of important areas of this research domain including bilingualism, sentence processing, and embodied cognition. The chapters written by experts provide the reader the most up to date discussion about issues and controversies while providing theoretical and empirical knowledge about these themes. In spite of the wide range of topics covered, there has been an attempt to make the collection thematically coherent providing the state of the art in language-cognition research. The chapters have been written for both researchers as well as graduate students interested in basic issues in language-cognition research and their relevance for larger issues on language and cognition. The other most significant aspect of this volume is the emphasis on multidisciplinary approaches and cross-cultural emphasis. The volume offers excellent material to researchers who wish to compare studies across languages and cultural boundaries. The basic purpose of the volume then is to present substantially the main arguments and research themes as well as methodological issues in the broad area of language-cognition research to a wider audience in linguistics, psycholinguistics, psychology, neurosciences and cognitive science.

The guide to the final report of OTKA PD 73826 by the PI 1.1 Reasons for submitting the final report ahead of time As Principal Investigator of OTKA PD 73826 "Cross-Categorial Case," I am submitting the final report 8 months ahead of time. This requires some explanation. The final report is submitted in order to close the project for formal reasons. Namely, as of August 1, 2010, I transferred to another job for main funding. I filed a request to the OTKA office in July 2010, with the goal of finding an appropriate funding scheme for the remaining research time, until March 31, 2011. Since there were no appropriate funding schemes, the funding was stopped on July 31, 2010 instead of March 31, 2011 and a final report has to be delivered. Thus, this report documents the activities performed within the OTKA framework between April 1st, 2008 and July 31, 2010, covering 2.3 years instead of the planned 3 years of funding. The lack of a suitable scheme is the main reason for closing the project 8 months ahead of time. I would like to resume my research and publishing as soon as a suitable OTKA funding scheme emerges. 1.2 The original workplan (3 years and 2 years) The original plan encompassed three years instead of the two years that I was actually able to complete. The research goal of 3 years was to prepare a monographic manuscript for publication and two articles. The planned end result of 2 years was two articles (one article at the end of year 1 and another at the end of year 2). The following sections contain the description of the planning as fixed at the English and Hungarian websites of the OTKA project. 1.2.1. Workplan in English The following text is cited from the official research proposal. The research plan follows the plan for writing a book and some related articles on on the topic. The 1st year is necessary to finalize the theoretical framework and the hypotheses. Finding and reading the literature on the topic, the formulation of the empirical tests, giving a structure for presenting the research in the form of a monograph belong to the tasks of the 1st year. On the basis of the work of the first year and the previos works on the topic, the introduction is written

This paper presents an account ofthe semantic category ofthe dative case in Czech in the framework ofcognitive grammar. A hierarchy oftypes of Variation involved in the structuring of case categories is suggested, äs well äs appropriate notationsfor captioning case semantics. All types of case usage, whether traditionally identified äs grammatical, semantic or affective, are shown to have a logical, well-motivated role in the structure of the case category. In particular, affective uses of case are demonstrated to be regulär, predictable metaphorical extensions of basic case usage. A sei of possible universal strategies in the evolution and structure of case categories is postulated in the conclusion.

This paper introduces our methodology for annotating variations in enunciative and modal commitment in a text. We first present the theoretical background of the study which puts the emphasis on the close interaction between time, aspect, modality and evidentiality (TAME) categories (and also markers). We then present our semantic resources which encompass not only lexical items, but also morphological inflections and syntactic constructions. We finally describe the first step of our global natural language processing (NLP) workflow which uses a syntactic analysis parser.

The aim of the article is to test empirically predictions formulated in the Transitivity Hypothesis framework. Methodological problems of the original approach are discussed and some solutions are offered. For the testing of the hypotheses two corpora of Czech were used (Prague Spoken Corpus and Prague Dependency Treebank). The results question both the predicted impact of the language form on transitivity and, more importantly, the concept of the Transitivity Hypothesis in general.

The French adverb certainement (‘certainly’) is labelled a “modal adverb”. It has two (sentence adverb) uses according to the literature, called “strong modal use” and “weak modal use”. The strong modal use is indeed strong (epistemico-)modal in that it indicates total certainty, whether subjective or intersubjective. What is called its “weak modal use” is shown to be an evidential use. It indicates primarily that the content qualified by the adverb results from a non-monotonic inference, performed by the speaker, whose conclusions are plausible, defeasible, and thus never totally certain. This is due to the presence of an evidential-inferential component in its meaning. As for the so-called weak modal element of “probability” in its meaning, we reanalyse it as “non- certainty” and argue it is an element of utterance meaning, a property of quasi-assertions to which non-monotonically inferred content gives rise. Finally, we claim that the adverb also has a meaning component that we c...

À vue d’oeil est une locution adverbiale qui a échappé à l’attention des linguistes, malgré une polysémie riche et variée et des problèmes intéressants qu’elle pose. Si nous avons choisi de l’étudier ici, c’est en premier lieu parce qu’elle a des acceptions qui nous paraissent relever de l’évidentialité lexicale – dont l’étude est très populaire parmi les linguistes depuis une bonne décennie – plus précisément de l’évidentialité inférentielle. Nous présentons ici les deux grands types d’opérations inférentielles auxquelles la locution, selon le type de contenu propositionnel qu’elle qualifie, peut renvoyer comme marqueur évidentiel, et que nous appelons : l’« analyse » et l’« estimation », qui s’articulent elles-mêmes chacune en trois ou quatre opérations inférentielles plus spécifiques. Nous montrons comment ces opérations inférentielles se retrouvent, mutatis mutandis, dans l’une des trois acceptions de l’emploi « endophrastique » de la locution, où celle-ci est syntaxiquement inc...

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a evidencialidade lexical expressa pelos verbos “ver”, “olhar” e “observar” em língua portuguesa. Para tanto, adotamos os preceitos teóricos da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008) e a classificação da evidencialidade proposta por Hengeveld e Hattnher (2015) e Hengeveld e Fischer (2018). As  ocorrências  analisadas  provêm  do  Corpus  Brasileiro  (SARDINHA;  MOREIRA  FILHO;  ALAMBERT, 2010), do Timestamped JSI Web Corpus 2014-2020 Portuguese (TRAMPUS; NOVAK, 2012), do Iboruna (GONÇALVES, 2006) e do Portuguese Web 2011 (KILGARRIFF et al., 2014). Nossos resultados atestam a produtividade de verbos de percepção visual como uma estratégia para indicar percepções físicas, raciocínios e relatos, corroborando e expandindo resultados de trabalhos anteriores.

This paper explores the current use of the verb like in sequences such as “me likey”. This new use is practically limited to modern variant spellings (likey, likee, like-y and likie) and resembles the original (and now obsolete) impersonal structure of the verb in which the experiencer was encoded in the objective case and the verb was used invariably, among other aspects. However, rather than the re-emergence of an impersonal construction, the sequence “me likey” seems to be the result of a situation of language contact and it is in line with the informalisation of English as seen, for example, in the increasing tendency for objective pronouns to be used in subject position in a variety of constructions. In light of the evidence from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the TV Corpus, we can conclude that the sequence is used in highly informal registers, and that it tends to appear in rather formulaic expressions, especially in two-word sequences.

In the recent decade the realisations of evidentiality and epistemic modality in European languages have received a great scholarly interest and resulted in important investigations concerning the relation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, their means of expression and meaning extensions in various types of discourse. The present paper deals with the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly, clearly’, matyt ‘apparently, evidently’ and regis ‘seemingly’, which derive from the source domain of perception, and the epistemic necessity adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’. The aim of the paper is to explore the morphosyntactic properties of the adverbials when they are used as evidential or epistemic markers and compare the distribution of their evidential and epistemic functions in Lithuanian fiction, news and academic discourse. The data have been drawn from the ...

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama lietuvių kalbos adverbialų gal ir galbūt kiekybinė ir kokybinė distribucija skirtinguose diskurso tipuose (šnekamoji kalba, grožinė literatūra, akademinė kalba). Tyrimo tikslas yra aptarti lietuvių kalbos adverbialų gal ir galbūt ir jų atitikmenų anglų kalboje multifunkcionalumo aspektus. Straipsnyje pateikiama kiekybinė ir kokybinė šių adverbialų analizė. Šių lietuvių kalbos adverbialų vartosena dar iki šiol nebuvo aptarta pasitelkiant įvairių tekstynų teikiamomis galimybėmis. Tyrimas remiasi tekstynų inspiruota metodologija – empirinė medžiaga yra paimta iš dvikrypčio lygiagrečiojo tekstyno ParaCorpEN→LT→EN, Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstyno CorALit ir iš Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno. Kiekybinė analizė atskleidžia, kad gal dominuoja visuose diskurso tipuose. Šis adverbialas vartojamas dvigubai dažniau nei galbūt. Tirti adverbialai gana dažnai figūruoja grožinės literatūros tekstuose, tačiau prototipinė jų vartosena yra būdinga šnekamajai kalbai. Tuo ta...

The article shows that significant benefits can be gained from the integration of corpus linguistics and grammaticalization theory, two subfields which, despite sharing considerable common ground, tended to remain as separate areas of linguistic analysis until quite recently. Making use of diachronic and contemporary corpora of English, such as the

This paper explores patterns in the integration of Hungarian and Romanian nouns as well as adjectives in the German dialect of the speech community of Palota, a German Sprachinsel in North-West-Romania. The main focus of the study is on both inflectional and derivational noun and adjective morphologies and on how they behave in the case of some more or less distantly related contact languages. Based on a select number of examples from first hand data and following standard code-mixing models such as that of Muysken (2000) and Myers-Scotton’s (1993, 2002) mlf model, it establishes a typology of code-mixing morphology ranging from more matrix language-like, i.e. German-like to more embedded language-like, i.e. Hungarian- and Romanian-like patterns and bare forms, suggesting an ongoing shifting process in the local German dialect of Palota towards a fused lect (Auer 1998). In terms of linguistic complexity, the present paper argues that this language shift process favour simplification...

Evidentials, which are considered under evidentiality, mark how the speaker accesses propositional information. With the functional approach, languages can indicate the source of information with grammatical and/or lexical items (adjective, adverb, verb) or discourse-based strategies (Tournadre & LaPolla, 2014; Zymner, 2020: 287). If the language does not contain grammatical markers to indicate the source of the information, the meaning can be conveyed by other items which are equivalents or that have a similar function. However, studies on evidentiality generally deal with grammatical items as a system (Aikhenvald, 2004; 2018; Johanson, 2000, 2003, 2018). Turkish is one language that uses grammatical evidentials, which have been used since the historical periods of Turkic languages.
In the evidentiality system of Turkish, indirect access to information is marked with –mIş and ImIş. However, the fact that English has a typology that is not based on morphology in terms of evidentiality makes it difficult to translate Turkish grammatical evidentials to English. In this study, we investigate the lexical markers and the evidential strategies used for grammatical evidentials in the Turkish to English translations of Orhan Pamuk’s novel My Name is Red. The study’s objective is to determine the equivalents of evidentials in the translation’s target language and to reveal any potential loss of meaning in terms of language typology-based translations as well as explaining the reasons for such loss. This study will contribute to cross-language studies and translation science by examining the transference of evidentials in the translation of Turkish fictional works.
In the analysis, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. To reveal the frequency values and uses of the evidentials comparatively, we created two separate corpora in English and Turkish by using the Sketch Engine program. The selected work, My Name is Red, provides data that can exemplify uses in different narrative types in terms of evidentials. Taking into account the narrative types used in the construction of the novel, we evaluate the equivalents of evidentials –mIş and ImIş in English and consider the potential loss of meaning in the translated form. In this framework, we first discuss the appearance of the sub-categories of indirectivity and the functions of evidentials in the narration of the selected examples. In the second stage, we focus on the translated samples in which meaning is lost.
Our findings indicate that indirectivity is often not reflected in the translated form through inferentials, and the reported declarations that are marked with -mIş and ImIş, as well as language samples that carry uncertainty arising from indirectivity, are lost during the translation.
(1) Demek ki rüyalar orada insanların Şeytanla düzüşmesine ve onları suçlayıp yakmaya yarıyormuş.
“In this way, dreams could be manipulated over there, to show that people were having sex with the Devil and to accuse and condemn Jews”
The utterance given above exemplifies the use of lexical marker and grammatical marker together (double marking) (see Aikhenvald, 2004: 93). The speaker makes clear the meaning that propositional information is based on inference by saying demek (ki) “apparently”. When the lexical marker is removed from the proposition, it could also be interpreted as reported because of the grammatical marker, which is the general tendency (see Aksu-Koç & Slobin, 1986: 161-162). In the context of the utterance, a story acquired through hearsay is mentioned. Based on these narratives, the speaker makes inferences by reasoning. However, the translation does not contain an equivalent stating an inference based on reasoning, and “could be” adds the meaning “probability” to the proposition.
(2) Mutluydum, mutluymuşum; şimdi anlıyorum.
“I was happy; I know now that I’d been happy.”
In this example categorized as an inference, the speaker uses the expression Mutluymuşum “Apparently, I was happy” to make the message he wanted to convey clearly to the receiver after the expression Mutluydum “I was happy”, which can be interpreted as a neutral value in terms of evidentiality. The following statement also supports the meaning that emerges in grammatical evidential ImIş and first-person effect. The speaker evaluates himself like someone else by referring to the distance between the speaker and propositional information (see Johanson 2000: 63). The speaker has consciously participated in the realization process of the event, but he evaluates himself by using indirect markers as if observing the traces left behind by the event. The meaning of self-evaluation arises from the first person. For such uses, “I must have” can be suggested for unconscious participation, and “apparently” for self-evaluation (see Slobin & Aksu, 1986: 192).
In the novel, the meaning has been clarified by adding expressions such as once upon a time, I have heard tell to the propositions based on second-hand/third-hand evidence, and the transfer of oral culture such as fairy tales and stories.
Considering lexical markers for hearsay, “apparently” and “görünüşte” appear to evolve into similar semantic fields to correspond to “visual evidence > auditory and visual evidence”. For this reason, it seems appropriate to use them as equivalents of each other in hearsay.
In the translation of literary works, meaning is not lost only because of language typology in the transfers of evidentials, and the author’s stylistic characteristics cannot be fully reflected. The author adapts the widespread use of hearsay in Turkish, and the stereotypes and grammatical markers seen in the oral culture tradition to his own narrative techniques. However, these adaptations cannot be translated, but instead the usual standard equivalents are used in English. To avoid loss of meaning, “apparently, seemingly, evidently, obviously etc.” for inferential, “allegedly, supposedly, reportedly, as they say, etc.” for hearsay in English can be equivalents of grammatical markers in Turkish. Further comparative studies on evidentials will provide important findings for both sciences of translation and linguistics to see the differences in meaning between languages and to show them comparatively.

This extensive work by William Frawley (Hillsdale (New Jersey) 1992; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 533 pages) is a study of the meaning of grammar intended, according to the author, to replace, among others, John Lyons's Semantics (Introduction, xii). The book has been inspired by some of the latest theories in linguistic thinking: prototypical semantics, cognitive grammar and government and binding theory.

potential theoretical relevance. This book will be important to all whose research interest is Romance phonology. At present, there is no other description in English of the phonology of Portuguese which competes with it in scope or depth. [MARK J. ELSON, University of Virginia.] Agents in Early Welsh and Early Irish.

v 1 From a collective to a free choice determiner in Biblical Hebrew Edit Doron 1 2 Grammaticalization parameters and the retrieval of alternatives: Latin nec from discourse connector to uninterpretable feature Chiara Gianollo 33 3 Vagueness, context-sensitivity and scale structure of four types of adjectives with the suffix-ish Tabea Harris 67 4 On the semantic change of evidential argument jakoby-clauses in Polish Łukasz Jędrzejowski 85 5 Semantic and syntactic change of equis in Mexican Spanish Olga Kellert 131 6 German noch under reanalysis Martin Kopf-Giammanco 161 7 Givenness marking in a mixed system: Constituent order vs. determiners

In a manuscript from 1987, William Labov questions the relation between quantitative and qualitative methods in linguistics:“…, the number, variety and complexity of linguistic relations are very great, and it is not likely that a large proportion can be investigated by quantitative means. At present, we do not know the correct balance between the two modes of analysis: how far we can go with unsupported qualitative analysis based on introspection, before the proposals must be confirmed by quantitative studies based on observation and ...

This article contains some thoughts on the role of bilingual cognition in the diachronic change of morphological paradigms, with a focus on contact-induced change. In a first step, a general typology of paradigm change is proposed, based on a distinction between three levels of linguistic organization (the sign/Level 1, the category/Level 2, and the dimension/Level 3), and two types of change (neutralization and differentiation), thus distinguishing six types of paradigm change. Examples of these types (taken from the pertinent literature) are discussed, and two questions are addressed in each case: (i) To what extent does contact-induced paradigm change of a specific type differ from internal change? (ii) What are (potentially) the underlying cognitive processes motivating each type of change? The hypothesis is explored that there is a correlation between the three levels of analysis and three types of cognitive processes involved in paradigm change. It is suggested that change at ...

This paper aims to revisit the distinction between grammaticalization and lexicalization in English by addressing the case of English composite predicates, which are structures consisting of a verb and a deverbal noun (give a cry, take a bite, have a chat). There have been divided opinions in the linguistic literature as to whether composite predicates should be considered examples of lexicalization or grammaticalization. It will be demonstrated that it is more reasonable to talk about tendencies in the development of composite predicates, whereby they receive some features from one or the other process, than to decisively claim that composite predicates constitute a uniform class exemplifying only one of these two processes. Along these lines, this paper provides a rationale for such arrangement of composite predicates on a spectrum, including those that show features characteristic of lexicalization, such as: lack of compositionality, low productivity and/or fossilization and those that display features of grammaticalization, such as greater productivity and relative transparency in their meaning, as well as acquisition of grammatical functions. In addition, attention is also paid to viewing English composite predicates in the light of the recent theory of constructionalization, as expounded by Trousdale (2014) and Traugott and Trousdale (2013).

Scenes that a child has in his /her mind are not the same as we adults have in the same circumstances but there is something in common between these observations. The morphemes which the child uses have often much in common with the speech of the parents. We don't pay attention to the child's articulations that we do not understand. After a few trials the child will utter a word which is correct enough for the parents to understand. Morphemes are the smallest parts of speech that have meaning. Often words are indivisible. Most Finnish words, however, include suffixes which have something-in fact, very much-to do with meaning. Traditional standard models of grammar, including generative and cognitive ones, separate in the language two types of morphemes and meanings, namely lexical and grammatical items and open class vs. closed class meanings. It follows that there are two types of acquisition. The acquisition of the meanings of grammatical items in a language is, in principle, a different sort of process than learning the meanings of lexical items. Grammatical meanings are sampled from a fixed and pre-specified list, while lexical meanings vary indefinitely. John Lyons (1968, p. 438) pointed out that "there seems to be no essential difference between the 'kinds of meaning' associated with lexical items and the 'kinds of meaning' associated with grammatical items in those cases where the distinction between these two classes of deep-structure elements can be drawn. The notions of 'sense' and 'reference' are applicable to both." Dan I. Slobin (1997; 1999) proposed an alternative approach for the standard model. According to him, grammatical meanings are not a privileged set of meanings. That is, there is not a pre-specified set of meanings to be mapped onto grammatical morphemes. There are "closed classes" within the "open classes." There is great crosslinguistic diversity in the meanings expressed by comparable sets of small-class items, both This article presents analyses of Finnish child language data. The author supported the view that the so-called grammatical meanings may be associated with "lexical" meanings, especially when speaking about the acquisition of Finnish inflectional morphology. The Finnish child begins with endings which include unstressed long vowels, e.g., partitive cases in nouns and 3rd person present verb forms. This markings more iconical than grammatical in nature at first.

The topic of the present study is the dubitative in Present-Day Bulgarian.  The focus is on both the content plane: the invariable meaning of the dubitative as part of the four-member category of evidentiality, and the expression plane: the dubitative forms in the various tenses in the active, the reflexive, and the passive voice.
The specific object of the analysis includes the meaning of the dubitative, its forms and uses in various types of context and its typological and pragmatic aspects.