Lecture notes

Abstract: Sowohl die Qualität der entwickelten Software und ihre Fehlerquote als auch ihre Kosten in der Wartungsphase sind trotz Softwareentwicklungsumgebun-gen, Vorgehensmodellen und Werkzeugen nicht befriedigend. Zuverlässige Soft-ware für den Dauerbetrieb muss ...

 Abstract— Functionally Graded Material (FGM) belongs to a class of advanced material characterized by variation in properties as the dimension varies. The overall properties of FMG are unique and different from any of the individual material that forms it. There is a wide range of applications for FGM and it is expected to increase as the cost of material processing and fabrication processes are reduced by improving these processes. In this study, an overview of fabrication processes, area of application, some recent research studies and the need to focus more research effort on improving the most promising FGM fabrication method (solid freeform SFF) is presented. Improving the performance of SFF processes and extensive studies on material characterization on components produced will go a long way in bringing down the manufacturing cost of FGM and increase productivity in this regard.

Although adaptive applications are increasing in popularity, there are only a few approaches that focus on their generalization or the specification of a reference model. Trying to fill this gap, this paper presents a reference model for adaptive hypermedia applications, similar to AHAM. The main novelty of our approach is an object-oriented specification written in UML (Unified Modeling Language) which integrates both an intuitive visual representation and a formal unambiguous specification in OCL (Object Constraint Language). Our reference model is defined as an extension of the Dexter Hypertext Reference Model including user modeling aspects and rule-based adaptation mechanisms.

Growing environmental concern has lead to much attention for industrial recovery of used products and materials. Driven by customer expectations and legislative regulation manufacturers are to an increasing extend held responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products. From a logistics perspective take-back and recovery of used products leads to additional goods flows from the users back to the sphere of producers. "Reverse Logistics" addresses the management of these flows opposite to the conventional supply chain flows. In this paper we consider Reverse Logistics from a distribution management perspective. We review major areas concerned and discuss upcoming issues for decision making. Moreover, we point out specific characteristics and parallels with traditional logistics contexts. Finally, we illustrate our analysis by a number of examples based on recent case studies.

Data preprocessing plays an important role in many processes of data mining. The practice widely adopted in this area is only to use a preprocessing method like discretization. In this paper we propose an ordered scheme to combine various important methods of data preprocessing. The aim is to increase the accuracy of the most used classification algorithms. The experimental results

The primary purpose of this investigation was to explore if gender is related to note-taking in a large undergraduate sample (divided relatively evenly between males and females), and if it is, to examine the cognitive (handwriting speed, working memory, language comprehension) and motivation variables (conscientiousness and goal orientation) that might explain the relationship. A second purpose was to determine if there might be gender related differences in test performance (written recall). Results indicated that females recorded significantly more information in notes and written recall than males and performed significantly better on measures of handwriting speed, working memory, language comprehension, and conscientiousness. Results also indicated that notes' quality was significantly and positively related to language comprehension, gender, and the gender 9 language comprehension interaction, while written recall was positively and significantly related to handwriting speed, mastery goal orientation, and the gender 9 conscientiousness interaction. Results imply that the female advantage typically found in language mediated tasks like reading and essay writing may extend to lecture notetaking. From a theoretical perspective, our data indicate that past research on the processes associated with note-taking, which have focused exclusively on cognitive processes, has been too narrow. Future research should attempt to replicate these findings, investigate other motivation related variables to note-and test-taking, such as openness to experience, and investigate whether females have an advantage on both functions of note-taking: encoding (taking notes), which we investigated, and review (of notes), which we did not investigate.

Crew scheduling is a very well known problem which has been historically associated with airlines and mass transit companies; recently also railway applications have come on the scene. This now happens especially in Europe, where deregulation and privatization issues are forcing a re-organization of the rail industry and better productivity and e cient services are strongly required by the market and the public ownership. Therefore, this sector is showing an increasing interest in Operations Research and Management Science. Railway crew planning represents a hard problem due to both the dimensions and the operational/regulation constraints involved. This paper gives an account of the development of a new crew planning system set up by Ferrovie dello Stato SpA (the Italian railway company) in co-operation with the University of Bologna.

Abstract. The identification of the user's intention or interest through queries that they submit to a search engine can be very useful to offer them more adequate results. In this work we present a framework for the identification of user's interest in an automatic way, based on the ...

Dynamic memory allocation has been a fundamental part of most computer systems since roughly 1960, and memory allocation is widely considered to be either a solved problem or an insoluble one. In this survey, w e describe a variety of memory allocator designs and point out issues relevant to their design and evaluation. We then chronologically survey most of the literature on allocators between 1961 and 1995. Scores of papers are discussed, in varying detail, and over 150 references are given. We argue that allocator designs have been unduly restricted by an emphasis on mechanism, rather than policy, while the latter is more important; higher-level strategic issues are still more important, but have not been given much attention. Most theoretical analyses and empirical allocator evaluations to date have relied on very strong assumptions of randomness and independence, but real program behavior exhibits important regularities that must be exploited if allocators are to perform well in practice.

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Pb01: An m 1 = 485-gram brass block sits in boiling water (T 1 = 100 C). It is taken out of the boiling water and placed in a cup containing m 2 = 485 grams of ice water (T 2 = 0 C). What is the final temperature, T F , of the system (i.e., when the two objects have the same T)?

This paper reviews and discusses research on notetaking during academic listening conducted in both first (L1) and second language (L2) contexts and is organized into two main categories: research that is beginning to impact English for academic purposes (EAP) classrooms and that which has yet to make an impact on EAP, but should. Overall, I assert that, while some relevant research on notetaking is reaching EAP classrooms, there is an abundance of knowledge from L1 contexts as well as a number of unexplored areas that have potential to improve instruction and student ability. Throughout the paper, I hypothesize why certain research findings are not being applied in classrooms. In concluding, I provide suggestions for how researchers and teachers might further support colleagues in applying research findings.

This meta-analysis compared the educational impact of the method of notetaking in the college classroom – hand written or using electronic device. The findings involved 14 studies combining 3,075 participants demonstrated that using electronic notetaking methods reduced measured outcomes (average r = −.142). Using the Binomial Effect Size Display, results indicated a decline of 25% of students scoring below the mean when electronic devices when compared to using handwritten notetaking. The study considers explanations for the decline and makes recommendations about the use of technology for notetaking in the classroom as well as paths for practical and pedagogical implications.

Maria T. Sanchez University of Aberdeen UK ABSTRACT Interpreting trainees usually need some time and a lot of practice before they fully realize that note-taking in consecutive interpreting is only an aid to memory and a result of fully understanding what has been said, without paying too much attention to how it has been said. One full implication of this process is that a near-native knowledge of the foreign language(s) is indispensable, given the fact that a poor understanding of what the speakers are saying is incompatible with remembering it and, for that matter, even with taking proper notes. The purpose of this article is to insist on the need to start interpreting training after the foreign language and culture have been rally assimilated and to make sure that students realize from the start that note-taking is not an end in itself. Two practical examples are discussed, one from a business interview and one from a medical situation.

Introducing agile practices into software organizations impacts how projects are planned, coordinated and tracked. In this panel, we discussed commonalities and differences between agile project management and more traditional ideas. Topics discussed included: What works, what doesn’t in an agile context? What kind of company culture is required for agile project management to flourish? How can we transition to an agile approach? What obstacles will be encountered? How can they be overcome? When are more traditional approaches more appropriate?

In most natural waters, the supply of oxygen to water (diffusion from the atmosphere and production from underwater photosynthesis) exceeds the amount used in oxygen-consuming processes, and fish seldom have problems obtaining enough oxygen to meet normal metabolic demands. In aquaculture ponds, however, the biomass of plants, animals and microbes is much greater than in natural waters, so oxygen is sometimes consumed faster than it is replenished. Aeration is the term used to provide oxygen i.e. DO to the aquatic animals. Aquatic

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB [MA-Part 2 ANNUAL EXAMINATION_2020]
Subject: Political Science, Paper: VI (Comparative Political Systems)

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Case List:
1. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan v. Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1955 Sindh 96)
2. Usif Patel and others v/s The Crown (PLD 1955 FC 387)
3. The State v. Dosso and others (PLD 1958 SC 533)
4. Asma Jilani v. Government of Punjab (PLD 1972 SC 139)
5. Begum Nusrat Bhutto vs Chief of Army Sta etc PLD 1977 SC 657
6. Haji Muhammad Saifullah Khan v. Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1989 SC
166)
7. Benazir Bhutto v. the President of Pakistan (PLD 1992 SC 492)
8. Hakim Khan v. Government of Pakistan (PLD 1992 SC 585)
9. Khawaja Ahmad Tariq Rahim v. Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1992 SC 646)
10. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif v. President of Pakistan & others PLD
1993 SC 473
11. Mahmood Khan Achakzai v. Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1997 SC 426)
12. Benazir Bhutto v. the President of Pakistan (PLD 1998 SC 388)
13. Zafar Ali Shah vs General Pervez Musharraf (PLD 2000 SC 869)
14. State versus Zia-ur-Rehman [PLD 1973 SC 49]
15. Al-Jehad Trust versus Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1996 SC 34)

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Systems can be classified as: •Open: mass and energy can be transferred between system and surroundings •Closed: energy can be transferred but not mass •Isolated: Neither energy nor mass can be transferred between system and surroundings A Closed system (a controlled mass) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass enters or leave a closed system. such as, Piston-cylinder device An Open system (or a control volume ) is a properly selected region in space. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume. such as, A Water heater, a turbine and a compressor, etc

Interpreting trainees usually need some time and a lot of practice before they fully realize that note-taking in consecutive interpreting is only an aid to memory and a result of fully understanding what has been said, without paying too much attention to how it has been said. One full implication of this process is that a near-native knowledge of the foreign language(s) is indispensable, given the fact that a poor understanding of what the speakers are saying is incompatible with remembering it and, for that matter, even with taking proper notes. The purpose of this article is to insist on the need to start interpreting training after the foreign language and culture have been rally assimilated and to make sure that students realize from the start that note-taking is not an end in itself. Two practical examples are discussed, one from a business interview and one from a medical situation.

The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of the law of conservation of energy "The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the difference between heat added to the system and the work done by the system" The first law of thermodynamics the internal energy of a system can be changed by doing work on it or by heating/cooling it.