Learned Helplessness

Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment represent stressful events that demand emotional adjustment, thus recruiting coping strategies and defense mechanisms. As parental relations were shown to influence emotion regulation patterns and adaptive processes in adulthood, the present study investigated whether they are specifically associated to coping and defense mechanisms in patients with breast cancer. One hundred and ten women hospitalized for breast cancer surgery were administered questionnaires assessing coping with cancer, defense mechanisms, and memories of parental bonding in childhood. High levels of paternal overprotection were associated with less mature defenses, withdrawal and fantasy and less adaptive coping mechanisms, such as hopelessness/helplessness. Low levels of paternal care were associated with a greater use of repression. No association was found between maternal care, overprotection, coping and defense mechanisms. Immature defenses correlated positively with le...

This paper delves into John M. Doris critique on Aristotle's notion of the formation of moral character.For Aristotle; a moral character could be developed by inculcating virtues through habitual action. The habitual action is not only undertaken on a regular basis but also is personalized which has moral significance when we evaluate action and personality.There are two ways to interpret this Aristotelian theoretical position; namely the naturalistic or behaviouristic perspective and the non-naturalistic perspective. The naturalistic thesis maintains that habit and character formation is inherently present in the form of disposition in human beings and could be causally related to the neurophysiological function of the brain process. On the other hand, the non-naturalistic thesis upholds a teleological account of the formation of moral character which is grounded on the power of will. But in this paper would like to explicate and examine the John Doris notion of moral character is juxtaposed with the situationists conception of the moral character rather than to explain Aristotelian notion of character formation.

Background-Numerous studies have implicated neurogenesis in the hippocampus in animal models of depression, especially those related to controllability and learned helplessness. Here, we tested the hypothesis that uncontrollable, but not controllable stress would reduce cell proliferation in the hippocampus of male and female rats, and would relate to the expression of helplessness behavior. Methods-To manipulate controllability, groups of male and female rats were trained in one session (acute stress) or over seven sessions (repeated stress) to escape a footshock, while yoked controls could not escape, but were exposed to the same amount of stress. Cell proliferation was assessed with immunohistochemistry of BrdU and immunofluorescence of BrdU and NeuN. Separate groups were exposed to either controllable or uncontrollable stress and their ability to learn to escape during training on a more difficult task was used as a behavioral measure of helplessness. Results-Acute stress reduced cell proliferation in males, but did not affect proliferation in the female hippocampus. When animals were given the opportunity to learn to control the stress over days, males produced more cells than the yoked males without control. Repeated training with controllable stress did not influence proliferation in females. Under all conditions, males were more likely than females to express helplessness behavior, even males that were not previously stressed. Conclusions-The modulation of neurogenesis by controllability was evident in males but not in females, as was the expression of helplessness behavior, despite the fact that men are less likely than women to experience depression.

Introduction. The advancement of digital communication has driven demand for virtualized services across sectors such as gaming, education, and business, consequently propelling the growth of the metaverse industry. Metaverse-based learning environments play a crucial role in education by influencing learner and instructor motivation. By simulating virtual laboratories and real-world scenarios, the metaverse enhances educational quality through interactive experiences. This study focuses on aviation service majors, investigating how metaverse technologies impact learning outcomes and student satisfaction. It underscores the need for empirical insights and theoretical frameworks to better understand professor-student interactions within these contexts and optimize educational practices. Methods. The participants in this study were 137 airline service major students from four universities. Data were collected from freshmen (31.4%), sophomores (38.0%), juniors (29.2%), and seniors (1.5%) students majoring in airline service. This study used SPSS Win.21.0 statistics programs to conduct the frequency test, reliability and correlation tests. For the moderated mediation analysis, 'Model 14 of PROCESS macro ver.4.0' was used as the statistical method. Results. Professor-student interaction was found to have conditional indirect effects on the relationship between learning presence and learning satisfaction through learning flow that were significant (p < .01) when the professorstudent interaction values were .0000 (.0302~.2912) and .1161 (.0844~.3865), respectively. Therefore, the moderated mediation effect of resilience was verified. Conclusions. This study found that airline service major students with high professor-student interaction have increased learning flow. The results of this study indicate that students' professor-student interaction should be fostered and reinforced with the goal of increasing improving metaverse' learning presence and increasing their learning flow.

Introduction. Airline service major students learn various knowledge and skills to be flight attendants. In the practical classes, they have higher student-faculty interaction than students majoring in other majors. Thus, major satisfaction is an important to increase learning outcomes through major commitment. This study focuses on student-faculty interaction, major commitment, and major satisfaction to improve learning outcomes among airline service major students. Methods. The participants in this study were 284 airline service major students from three universities. Data were collected from freshmen (19.7%), sophomore (39.1%), junior (29.6%), and senior (11.6%) students majoring in airline service. This study used SPSS Win.21.0 statistics programs to conduct the frequency test, reliability and correlation tests. For the moderated mediation analysis, 'Model 14 of PROCESS macro ver.4.0' was used as the statistical method. Results. First, student-faculty interaction had positive correlations with both major commitment (β = .5521, p<.01) and learning outcomes (β = .2162, p<.01). Major commitment had a positive correlation with learning outcomes (β = 1.4654, p < .01). Second, major satisfaction was found to have conditional indirect effects on the relationship between student-faculty interaction and learning outcomes through major commitment that were significant (p < .01) when the major satisfaction values were 3.6667 (.3525, .2257~ .4830), 4.6667 (.2281, .1231 ~.3642) and 5.0000 (.1866, .0691 ~.3383), respectively. Therefore, the moderated mediation effect of major satisfaction was verified. Conclusions. This study found that airline service major students with high student-faculty interaction have increased learning outcomes. The results of this study indicate that students' major satisfaction should be fostered and reinforced with the goal of increasing airline service major students' major commitment and improving their learning outcomes.

A promising new concept of a diamond amplified photocathode for generation of high-current, high-brightness, and low thermal emittance electron beams was recently proposed and is currently under active development. To better understand the different effects involved in the generation of electron beams from diamond, we have been developing models (within the VORPAL computational framework) to simulate secondary electron generation and charge transport. The currently implemented models include inelastic scattering of electrons and holes for generation of electron-hole pairs, elastic, phonon, and charge impurity scattering. We will present results from 3D VORPAL simulations with these capabilities on charge gain as a function of primary electron energy and applied electric field. Moreover, we consider effects of electron and hole cloud expansion (initiated by primary electrons) and separation in a surface domain of diamond.

Most studies tend to report that academic procrastination (AP) was caused by students’ internal factors, such as educational self-efficacy, perfectionism, fear of failure, expectancy value belief (perception of the task value), or classroom engagement. Nevertheless, some studies in the past have reported that students’ perception of their educators’ expectancy has significantly predicted their educational efficacy, fear of failure, and perception of the task value. Therefore, we hypothesized that students’ perception of educators’ expectancy predicted the students’ AP, fully mediated by educational self-efficacy, moderated by the expectancy value belief. The data was collected from 361 purposively recruited students from universities in Indonesia and Malaysia who completed the scales of perceived lecturers’ expectancy (PLE), educational self-efficacy (ESE), and expectancy value belief (EVB) and procrastination assessment scale-students (APSS). The data was analyzed by using AMOS-SEM and it was suggested that PLE significantly predicted ESE and APSS. Nevertheless, ESE was not a significant predictor of APSS; therefore, no mediation occurs. Furthermore, the link between PLE and APSS is significantly moderated by the EVB. In other words, lecturers might have played some active role, albeit indirect, in pushing students toward academic procrastination. Further implications, limitations, and suggestions are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective experience of moral distress among nurses working in long-term care hospitals. Methods: A phenomenological approach was used for the study. Data were collected from May to July, 2019 using open-ended questions during in-depth interviews. Participants were nurses working in long-term care hospitals and had reported experiences of moral distress. Nine nurses participated in this study. Results: Three themes emerged from the analysis using Colaizzi's method: (1) confusion and distress about the meaning of care, (2) a feeling of helplessness caused by connivance, (3) enduring in the organization. Conclusion: Sufficient labor supply, environmental improvements, programs for improving interpersonal skills, education and counseling on end-of-life care, and recognition improvement about long-term care hospitals are suggested to reduce the moral distress of long-term care hospital nurses.

The concept of learned helplessness is related to the learning process. This situation which is hard to dealt with can lead to motivational, cognitive and emotional changes and may leave irremediable traces. Therefore, measuring this construct especially in youngsters is thought to be important. That’s why the Learned Helplessness Tendency Scale was developed. 30 items were developed on the basis of Causal Attribution Theory. Item pool was presented to the expert group. In order to provide data-based evidence of validity and reliability, data were collected from secondary school students. EFA group consists of 299 observations while the CFA consists of 210. As a result of the explanatory and confirmatory factor analyzes, a 3-factor structure consisting of 14 items was accepted. For criterion validity study, its correlation with the Beck Hopelessness Inventory was examined. All validity studies show that the developed scale produces valid results. Composite reliability coefficient pr...

Purpose of the study was to explore the mental health problems in different functional areas of women who are undergoing divorce process. It was found that these women were suffering from various types of psychological problems. Symptoms found in different functional areas included ? physiological function impairments (e.g. weakness and tired, low appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, chest pain, brain stroke, senseless, numbness etc.), emotional function impairments (e.g. helplessness all the time, severely depressed, frustrated, anxious, upset, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, low confidence, low self?esteem, etc.), cognitive impairments (e.g. distressful thought about real life crisis ? ?I have become valueless?, ?I have no way?, ?I do not want to live anymore? etc.), behavioral impairments (e.g. unable to perform household chores, lose temper for every silly thing, misbehave with family members and relatives etc.), occupational function impairments (e.g. declined level of inter...

The Covid-19 virus infection is currently a worldwide concern. With the rapid spread of this virus infection and the addition of cases every day in Indonesia, it will be a double burden for the health system and the welfare of society in general. The data obtained from the Covid 19 Handling Committee and National Economic Recovery, as of December 15, 2020, a total of 623,309 were confirmed positive with 5,489 cases. DKI Jakarta Province occupies the first position, with 152,499 cases. Based on data from the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office, as of October 1, 2020, 53% of Covid&#39;s 19 patients were OTG (People Without Symptoms). The impact of this increase in OTG, namely that several isolation places have been prepared by the government, it could be added, then, these OTG patients who are certainly separated from their families, are hampered in working, many experience stress and feelings of helplessness, which in turn can reduce the quality of life. Covid-19 patient life. Of th...

This paper presents the methodologies implemented while classifying Dravidian code-mixed comments according to their polarity. With datasets of code-mixed Tamil and Malayalam available, three methods are proposed - a sub-word level model, a word embedding based model and a machine learning based architecture. The sub-word and word embedding based models utilized Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network along with language-specific preprocessing while the machine learning model used term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) vectorization along with a Logistic Regression model. The sub-word level model was submitted to the the track ‘Sentiment Analysis for Dravidian Languages in Code-Mixed Text’ proposed by Forum of Information Retrieval Evaluation in 2020 (FIRE 2020). Although it received a rank of 5 and 12 for the Tamil and Malayalam tasks respectively in the FIRE 2020 track, this paper improves upon the results by a margin to attain final weighted F1-scores of 0.65 for the Ta...

Recent literature indicates that there are important clinical differences between chronic and non‐chronic depression. This article considers the implications of these differences when conducting cognitive therapy (CT) with chronically depressed patients. CT with chronic patients requires a greater emphasis on combating hopelessness, helplessness, and perfectionism, addressing early life‐adverse experiences, and modifying maladaptive schemas. In addition, the effectiveness of CT may be enhanced by focusing on patients&#39; poor social skills, ineffective reasoning skills, and their depressive identity. The case example presented illustrates CT with a chronically depressed patient. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.

Our current dynamic digital era has generated active procrastination which is a popular trend of behaviour among young adults. Deciphering this reckless habit reveals a fascinating truth in which active procrastination thrives on strategic planning for task completion. This study examined i) self-regulation and resilience as the significant predictors of active procrastination among young adults, ii) the significant difference in active procrastination among university students and working young adults, iii) significant gender differences among university students, and iv) among working young adults. A total of 192 respondents completed the questionnaires, Self-Regulation Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Active Procrastination Scale. Through quantile regression, results show that self-regulation is a significant predictor of active procrastination among young adults. Independent t-tests shows there is no significant differences in active procrastination among university students and working young adults. However, there are significant gender differences in active procrastination among university students, but not among working young adults. These findings indicate that self-regulation plays a significant role in cultivating active procrastinating among young adults. Furthermore, interesting findings are discovered for gender differences as males have relatively higher active procrastination scores. Hence, the findings emphasize the need for workshops to transform young adults to become active procrastinators through enhancing self-regulation.

BACKGROUND: Differences in pain processing, muscle structure and function have been reported in patients with low back pain (LBP) with different grades of pain chronicity. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to examine differences in psychological factors, disability and subjective fatigue between subgroups of LBP based on their chronification grade. METHODS: Twenty-one healthy controls (HC) and 54 LBP patients (categorized based on the grades of chronicity into recurrent LBP (RLBP), non-continuous chronic LBP (CLBP), or continuous (CLBP)) filled out a set of self-reporting questionnaires. RESULTS: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) scores indicated that anxiety, pain severity, pain interference and affective distress were lower in HC and RLBP compared to non-continuous CLBP. Anxiety scores were higher in non-continuous CLBP compared to RLBP, continuous CLBP and HC. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Helplessness (PSCH) was higher in non-continuous CLBP compared to HC. The Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA) showed no differences in adaptive and maladaptive behaviors across the groups. The Pain Disability Index (PDI) measured a higher disability in both CLBP groups compared to HC. Moreover, the Rolland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) showed higher levels of disability in continuous CLBP compared to non-continuous CLBP, RLBP and HC. The Checklist Individual Strength (CIS) revealed that patients with non-continuous CLBP were affected to a higher extent by severe fatigue compared to continuous CLBP, RLBP and HC (subjective fatigue, concentration and physical activity). For all tests, a significance level of 0.05 was used. CONCLUSIONS: RLBP patients are more disabled than HC, but have a tendency towards a general positive psychological state of mind. Non-continuous CLBP patients would most likely present a negative psychological mindset, become more disabled and have prolonged fatigue complaints. Finally, the continuous CLBP patients are characterized by more negative attitudes and believes on pain, enhanced disability and interference of pain in their daily lives.

BACKGROUND: Differences in pain processing, muscle structure and function have been reported in patients with low back pain (LBP) with different grades of pain chronicity. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to examine differences in psychological factors, disability and subjective fatigue between subgroups of LBP based on their chronification grade. METHODS: Twenty-one healthy controls (HC) and 54 LBP patients (categorized based on the grades of chronicity into recurrent LBP (RLBP), non-continuous chronic LBP (CLBP), or continuous (CLBP)) filled out a set of self-reporting questionnaires. RESULTS: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) scores indicated that anxiety, pain severity, pain interference and affective distress were lower in HC and RLBP compared to non-continuous CLBP. Anxiety scores were higher in non-continuous CLBP compared to RLBP, continuous CLBP and HC. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Helplessness (PSCH) was higher in non-continuous CLBP compared to HC. The Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA) showed no differences in adaptive and maladaptive behaviors across the groups. The Pain Disability Index (PDI) measured a higher disability in both CLBP groups compared to HC. Moreover, the Rolland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) showed higher levels of disability in continuous CLBP compared to non-continuous CLBP, RLBP and HC. The Checklist Individual Strength (CIS) revealed that patients with non-continuous CLBP were affected to a higher extent by severe fatigue compared to continuous CLBP, RLBP and HC (subjective fatigue, concentration and physical activity). For all tests, a significance level of 0.05 was used. CONCLUSIONS: RLBP patients are more disabled than HC, but have a tendency towards a general positive psychological state of mind. Non-continuous CLBP patients would most likely present a negative psychological mindset, become more disabled and have prolonged fatigue complaints. Finally, the continuous CLBP patients are characterized by more negative attitudes and believes on pain, enhanced disability and interference of pain in their daily lives.

Work organization and process are privileged spaces to recognize the forces that lead to psychological suffering. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of physicians of primary health care, who work in the More Doctors Program, on the relation between psychological suffering and work process during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research was conducted with a case study using qualitative data collection, description, and analysis. An intentional sample was selected in accordance with the theoretical saturation technique. Information was collected by semi-structured interviews, following a script built to meet the objectives of this research. The analysis of interviewees' discourse articulated categories of analysis drawn from five thematic axes with points of articulation between them, consensuses and contradictions that give meaning to the visions and positions of the actors in health. Results evinced the pandemic as a health and traumatic catastrophe, resizing the work process and contributing to overload, conflicts, fear, feelings of helplessness, and psychological suffering. Numerous shortcomings, infrastructure problems, bureaucracy, political interference, mismatch between training and practice also contributed to this suffering.

En este trabajo se han estudiado las repercusiones psicopatológicas de la violencia doméstica en la mujer en función de las circunstancias del maltrato en una muestra de 212 víctimas en un Servicio de Violencia Familiar. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que la gravedad psicopatológica (estrés postraumático y malestar emocional) estaba relacionada con diferentes circunstancias de maltrato: la situación de la mujer en relación con la convivencia con el maltratador, la cercanía de la violencia en el tiempo, los años de sufrimiento del maltrato y la presencia de relaciones sexuales forzadas, así como los episodios de maltrato en la infancia. Por otro lado, se halló que el apoyo social y el apoyo familiar eran variables relacionadas con un menor nivel de gravedad psicopatológica. Se comentan las implicaciones de este estudio para la práctica clínica y para las investigaciones futuras. PALABRAS CLAVE. Mujeres maltratadas. Trastorno de estrés postraumático. Psicopatología.

Leaving home to attend University constitutes a transition that is often characterized by an increased risk of loneliness, a psychological state that predicts poor mental health outcomes. Informed by a comprehensive conceptual framework of coping with stress, this study sought to examine the coping strategies young adults deploy to manage experiences of loneliness whilst studying at University. A qualitative, cross-sectional study was designed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 University students who had moved away from home to study, and who self-identified experiencing loneliness. We used directed qualitative content analysis to analyse the data both between and within participants. The results demonstrate that participants used a variety of coping strategies to manage the distressing experience of loneliness. Accommodation, mainly in the form of distraction, support-seeking, social isolation, self-reliance, and problem-solving behaviours were the most prevalent coping strategies mentioned. Coping reflecting helplessness, escape, submission, and more rarely, opposition, were also found, albeit less often. Students showed evidence of a wide-ranging coping repertoire, with the deployment of specific coping strategies presenting as highly selective and contextual. Strategies for coping with loneliness take into account constraints and opportunities in the environment, the availability and appropriateness of social resources, as well as individual resources and needs.

Leaving home to attend University constitutes a transition that is often characterized by an increased risk of loneliness, a psychological state that predicts poor mental health outcomes. Informed by a comprehensive conceptual framework of coping with stress, this study sought to examine the coping strategies young adults deploy to manage experiences of loneliness whilst studying at University. A qualitative, cross-sectional study was designed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 University students who had moved away from home to study, and who self-identified experiencing loneliness. We used directed qualitative content analysis to analyse the data both between and within participants. The results demonstrate that participants used a variety of coping strategies to manage the distressing experience of loneliness. Accommodation, mainly in the form of distraction, support-seeking, social isolation, self-reliance, and problem-solving behaviours were the most prevalent coping strategies mentioned. Coping reflecting helplessness, escape, submission, and more rarely, opposition, were also found, albeit less often. Students showed evidence of a wide-ranging coping repertoire, with the deployment of specific coping strategies presenting as highly selective and contextual. Strategies for coping with loneliness take into account constraints and opportunities in the environment, the availability and appropriateness of social resources, as well as individual resources and needs.

Children from some demographic groups disproportionately receive special education (SE) services. Due to methodological shortcoming in existing work, it remains unclear whether this is due to real differences in academic needs or cultural selection/bias. Hence, in a community sample of 1250 Norwegian children, we examined the role of third grade SE services, academic test scores, behavioural problems, and teacher's level of helplessness in mediating the effect of family socioeconomic status (SES) and students' gender on fifth-grade SE services. Results revealed no direct effects of either gender or SES on fifth-grade SE, but four mediated pathways were identified: (1) Boys had a greater likelihood of receiving fifth-grade SE services when (a) they previously received SE and (b) they experienced more ADHD symptoms, both in third grade. (2) Students from low-SES families were more likely to receive SE services in fifth grade when (a) they performed poorly in math in third grade and (b) their teacher reported greater feelings of helplessness when teaching these students. The findings are discussed with respect to the differential-needs hypothesis, mechanisms of cultural selection and the possibility of gendered selection for SE at younger ages. Special education (SE) is the most important support system for enhancing the learning and development of students who require extra support and services to succeed academically. About 10% of US students and 8% of students in Norway and Finland receive SE services (OECD 2012), involving considerable resources; consider two examples in this regard: $50 billion was spent annually on SE for the schoolyear of 1999-2000 in the US and one-sixth of yearly expenses for compulsory schooling in Norway is expended on SE, equal to $1.1 billion (Norwegian Directorate of Education and Training 2013; Union of Education 2016). Given such expenditures, it is important to ensure that those in need of SE are indeed offered it. It is equally important to ensure that those not in need of SE are not offered it, and to recognise that such students may have other needs that could be better met with different approaches and policies. Previous research indicates that boys, students

An acute traumatic event can lead to lifelong changes in stress susceptibility and result in psychiatric disease such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We have previously shown that access to a concentrated glucose solution for 24 h beginning immediately after trauma decreased stress-related pathology in the learned helplessness model of PTSD and comorbid major depression. The current study sought to investigate the peripheral physiological effects of post-stress glucose consumption. We exposed 128 male Sprague-Dawley rats to inescapable and unpredictable 1-milliamp electric tail shocks or simple restraint in the learned helplessness procedure. Rats in each stress condition had access to a 40% glucose solution, 40% fructose solution, or water. Blood and liver tissue were extracted and processed for assay. We assessed corticosterone, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), glucose, and liver glycogen concentrations at various time points following stress. We found that rats given access to glucose following exposure to traumatic shock showed a transient rise in blood glucose and an increase in liver glycogen repletion compared to those that received water or fructose following exposure to electric shock. We also found that animals given glucose following shock exhibited reduced free corticosterone and increased CBG compared to their water-drinking counterparts. However, this difference was not apparent when glucose was compared to fructose. These data suggest that post-stress glucose prophylaxis is likely not working via modulation of the HPA axis, but rather may provide its benefit by mitigating the metabolic challenges of trauma exposure.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disease with relatively high lifetime prevalence. It is marked by a high diversity of symptoms and comorbidity with other psychiatric disease. Furthermore, PTSD has a high level of origin and symptom heterogeneity within the population. These characteristics taken together make it one of the most challenging diseases to effectively model in animals. However, with relatively little headway made in developing effective disease interventions, PTSD remains as a high priority target for animal model study. Learned Helplessness (LH) is a procedure classically used to model depression, but has in recent years transitioned to use as a model of PTSD. Animals in this procedure receive 100 inescapable and unpredictable tailshocks or simple restraint without shock. The following day, the animals are tested in a shuttle box, where inescapably-shocked subjects exhibit exaggerated fear and profound deficit in escape performance. Stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) also uses an acute (single session) stressor for modeling PTSD in rodents. The SEFL procedure begins with exposure to 15 footshocks or simple context exposure without shock. Animals that initially received the 15 footshocks exhibit future enhanced fear learning. In this review, we will compare the behavior, physiology, and interventions of these two animal models of PTSD. Despite considerable similarity (a single session containing inescapable and uncontrollable shock) the two procedures produce a very divergent set of behavioral consequences.

This study investigated the relationship between activity of disease, mental health status, quality of life, and family dysfunction in northwestern Colombian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Seventy-nine patients completed a 2-phase study that included physical examination (objective measurement of disease activity according to adapted American College of Rheumatology criteria) and a pretested questionnaire that sought information on helplessness, disability, depression, anxiety, quality of life, arthritis self-efficacy for pain, and other symptoms, as well as family dysfunction and socioeconomic status. Nineteen patients (24%) had active RA, 48 (61%) had moderately active RA, and 12 (15%) were in remission. Symptoms of depression, helplessness, disability, pain, anxiety, lower quality of life, and self-efficacy were associated with RA activity regardless of age, sex, and duration of the disease. Symptoms of depression were directly correlated with anxiety, helplessness, pain, and disability and inversely correlated with quality of life and selfefficacy. Although family dysfunction was present in 39% of patients, no associations between family dysfunction, activity of RA, mental health variables, socioeconomical status or quality of life were observed. These results indicate that RA activity significantly influences mental health status and quality of life in this population. Accordingly, a holistic conception of therapy should guide the treatment of patients with RA.

Nurses enter the profession because they have a deeply rooted desire to care for people and it is important that they stay optimistic and keep their caring concern for patients to ensure high quality nursing care. We can learn about enabling or protective factors from resilient professional nurses who experience satisfaction in caring for their patients. We can also learn from less resilient nurses about risk factors in order to better equip nurses who suffer and run the risk of becoming physically or mentally ill and even leave the profession. The experiences of these nurses can lead to a better understanding of resilience in the profession and the information can be used to facilitate growth in professional nurses and can be of benefit to the health care service. This qualitative phase of a research project on resilience in professional nurses focused on the experiential narratives of 35 identified resilient and 10 less resilient professional nurses. Nurses were asked to share their experiences about what enabled or hindered them in their professional resilience. It took place in public and private hospitals, as well as primary health care clinics in South Africa. Findings indicated that the resilient nurses were actively involved in building and maintaining their resilience promoting ecologies, whereas less resilient nurses mostly externalised their loss of resilience and manifested professional helplessness and meaninglessness.

Nurses enter the profession because they have a deeply rooted desire to care for people and it is important that they stay optimistic and keep their caring concern for patients to ensure high quality nursing care. We can learn about enabling or protective factors from resilient professional nurses who experience satisfaction in caring for their patients. We can also learn from less resilient nurses about risk factors in order to better equip nurses who suffer and run the risk of becoming physically or mentally ill and even leave the profession. The experiences of these nurses can lead to a better understanding of resilience in the profession and the information can be used to facilitate growth in professional nurses and can be of benefit to the health care service. This qualitative phase of a research project on resilience in professional nurses focused on the experiential narratives of 35 identified resilient and 10 less resilient professional nurses. Nurses were asked to share their experiences about what enabled or hindered them in their professional resilience. It took place in public and private hospitals, as well as primary health care clinics in South Africa. Findings indicated that the resilient nurses were actively involved in building and maintaining their resilience promoting ecologies, whereas less resilient nurses mostly externalised their loss of resilience and manifested professional helplessness and meaninglessness.

Background and aims: Psychological traits such as pain catastrophizing may play a role in the development of chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Pain catastrophizing is the tendency to amplify negative cognitive and emotional pain processes. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) assesses elements of pain catastrophizing divided into three subgroups of factors (rumination, helplessness and magnification). Previous studies have shown associations between CPP and increased pain sensitivity, widespread generalized hyperalgesia, and decreased pain thresholds, but the relation between pain catastrophizing and specific pain thresholds has not yet been widely examined in this patient group. The aims of this study were (a) to determine if catastrophizing is increased in women with CPP compared with pain-free women, (b) to assess the importance of pain catastrophizing, psychological distress variables, and subjective pain sensitivity for pain thresholds of heat, cold and pressure in these two groups, and (c) to determine whether psychological variables or pain thresholds best contribute to the differentiation between CPP and controls. Methods: Thirty-seven women with chronic pelvic pain who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy on the suspicion of endometriosis participated along with 55 healthy and pain-free controls. All underwent quantitative sensory testing on six locations on the body to determine heat (HPT), cold (CPT) and pressure (PPT) pain thresholds. The PCS, the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ), the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, (HADS) demographics and clinical data were collected prospectively. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square regressions were used to assess the associations between PCS scores and pain thresholds. The women with CPP scored significantly higher on PCS than the healthy controls. PCS-helplessness, PCSrumination and HADS-depression were significantly associated with pain thresholds for the whole group. In the CPP group, PCS-rumination, body mass index and PSQ were significant regressors for HPT and CPT. The PCS and the HADS subscales were strongly intercorrelated in women with CPP and were stronger regressors of group membership than the three pain thresholds. In the group of healthy control women, no relationships were found to be significant. The psychological variables were somewhat stronger significant regressors than pain thresholds (also significant) for group membership. Conclusions: Women with CPP have significantly higher pain catastrophizing scores than women without CPP. The pain catastrophizing rumination factor is significantly associated with pain thresholds of heat and cold in CPP women. PCS and HADS are strongly intercorrelated and PSQ correlates positively with these variables. It seems that the psychological variables are important for group differentiation. Implications: The results clearly indicate the need for a multimodal assessment (bio-psycho-social) of CPP patients including psychological symptoms such as catastrophizing, anxiety and depression. The registration of semi-objective pain thresholds captures both specific pain

End-stage renal disease (ESRD), a chronic life-threatening condition, and its treatment by hemodialysis impose severe limitations over a number of significant life dimensions. Variations in treatment, however, afford patients with differing degrees of control over this facet of their illness, and renal transplantation removes these constraints. This situation was employed as a naturally occurring experiment to test the reformulated learned helplessness theory of depression and to explore the psychological impact of limited controllability in ESRD. Participants were 45 dialysis and 25 posttransplant patients. Standardized interviews were conducted by two experimenter-interviewers. The data package sampled information from a concept formation task, psychometric tests of depression, self-esteem, generalized and health locus of control, and separate ratings by hospital staff, family, and participants themselves. Principal-components analysis reduced the 16 dependent variables to six factor scores (accounting for 69.0% of the variance). A hierarchical multiple regression-correlation data-analytic strategy tested two families of hypotheses that applied helplessness theory to (a) control over a variety of nontreatment life dimensions and (b) the dialysis treatment itself. Demographic and medical variables were controlled statistically. Perceived control over nontreatment life dimensions was importantly related to depression, although results failed to provide strong support for the reformulated helplessness theory. Implications for helplessness theory and ESRD are discussed. End-stage renal disease (ESRD; i.e., renal the introduction of maintenance hemodifailure), once considered a fatal and irre-alysis in the early 1960s. Hemodialysis 1 is mediable condition, has been treatable since presently the most widely used treatment for ESRD, and it is estimated that 80,000 paw e would like to express our appreciation to the fol-***** are currently receiving this form of lowing people without whose interest and help this re-therapy throughout the world (Mams & search could not have been conducted: M. Dattel of the . Life on maintenance di-Royal Victoria Hospital Dialysis Unit; P. Gorman of alysis, however, is generally considered to be the Royal Victoria Hospital Transplantation Service; N. stressful. Among the Stressors most Frezza of the Centre Hospitaller Cote des Neiges Di-J alysis Unit; M. Kaye, B. McCloskey, and G. Oscar of the Montreal General Hospital Dialysis Unit; and M. ," , . ,," .•"• .., . Prud'Homme and L. McMullen of the Notre Dame of Canada d< f ora ' fe "°W sh To^ f , Hospital Dialysis Unit. Special thanks to D. Kaloger-W 5£ P r f ented at J he f™ and , * 8th an " ual c °nven t>°« s opoulos for his help in serving as an experimenter-in-**• Ame " ca , n S^l Assocla . tlon ' New *>*• terviewer. Thanks also to F.

Subjectively perceived locus of control provides information on the extent of individual adaptation and how the individual deals with difficulties in various spheres of life. Learning to perceive the connection between our behavior, its positive and negative effects and taking measures to achieve the desired effect is the result of repeated experience. Family factors are crucial for shaping the locus of control, i.e. parental attitude, the relationship between a child and their parents and the child's experience in various socio-educational situations. This article presents the results of a survey on locus of control in penitentiary recidivists and their perception of selected aspects of upbringing in their families of origin. The survey uses J.B. Rotter's Locus of Control Scale translated by L. Drwal's, and the author's own questionnaire. The participants of the survey were 245 recidivists and penitentiary multi-recidivist offenders in two types of penitentiaries -semi-open and closed. It was established that the penitentiary recidivists have an external locus of control. There were, however, no significant associations between locus of control and a type of family of origin as well as the number of repeated offences. Penitentiary recidivists perceive their own families of origin as having numerous problems and the characteristics which were probably the cause of the formation of an external locus of control (i.a. unemployment, poverty, alcoholism in the family and helplessness or passivity of parents in the face of growing problems, dominant, parental

While there are operational, financial, and workforce barriers to integrating oncology with palliative care, part of the problem lies in ourselves, not in our systems. First, there is oncologists' "learned helplessness" from years of practice without effective medications to manage symptoms or training in how to handle the tough communication challenges every oncologist faces. Unless they and the fellows they train have had the opportunity to work with a palliative care team, they are unlikely to be fully aware of what palliative care has to offer to their patients at the time of diagnosis, during active therapy, or after developing advanced disease, or may believe that, "I already do that." The second barrier to better integration is the compassion fatigue many oncologists develop from caring for so many years for patients who, despite the oncologists' best efforts, suffer and die. The cumulative grief oncologists experience may go unnamed and unacknowledged, contributing to this compassion fatigue and burnout, both of which inhibit the integration of oncology and palliative care. Solutions include training fellows and practicing oncologists in palliative care skills (eg, in symptom management, psychological disorders, communication), preventing and treating compassion fatigue, and enhancing collaboration with palliative care specialists in caring for patients with refractory distress at any stage of disease. As more oncologists develop these skills, process their grief, and recognize the breadth of additional expertise offered by their palliative care colleagues, palliative care will become integrated into comprehensive cancer care. (JNCCN 2012;10:1192-1198) Palliative care is "…an active and systematic approach to addressing issues that are important to patients and families in the setting of serious illness…aimed at yielding improvements in quality of life and relief of suffering. It is focused on optimizing people's function and comfort in the shadow of a limited life expectancy in all of the domains that make us who we are: physical, emotional, spiritual, sexual, social and financial." 1 Palliative care is not confined to care at the end of life-that is hospice care. Palliative care is appropriate for all patients with cancer, from diagnosis forward. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Palliative Care 2 and the ASCO vision for 2020 3 both recommend early consults for selected patients. And for patients with advanced disease, benefits of early referral may include prolongation of life, less depression, and improvement in quality of life, as shown in patients with advanced lung cancer. Oncology and palliative care should, therefore, be natural partners, but although "supportive care" has been adopted readily, palliative care has not. Recent publications on the financial, operational, and systemic barriers and workforce limitations regarding successful early integration of palliative care or hospice programs into the care of oncology patients describe several model systems that have overcome these barriers. This article therefore explores other, more personal barriers to integrating palliative care and oncology, and offers some solutions for each. I thank Dr. Michael Levy for this opportunity. Dr. Levy and I were oncology fellows together in the late 1970s, but in the 1980s, as I pursued the mysteries of myelopoiesis, he began his pioneering work to relieve the pain and suffering of his patients with cancer. In 1999, he became the President of the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, and in 2001 was

This research aimed to investigate whether there is any significant difference in the tendency of experiencing learned-helplessness between high school students with lower grade and higher grade in Salatiga, Indonesia. Survey method was used in collecting the data,utilizing Perceived Influence Questionnaire (Holt, 1980) as the instrument of measurement. 317 participants were involved,consisted of 190 of higher grade students and 127 of lower grade students. Mann-Whitney U was used to analyse the data, considering that the data were not normally distributed. This test result showed that there was a significant difference between high school students with higher grade and lower grade (the Mann-Whitney U coefficient of 10,644, with z value of -1795, p &lt;0.05 (p = 0036, 1-tailed)), with students of lower grade tend to be more prone to experience learned-helplessness. Additional results from their subjective perception on their achievement were also discussed and so were the implicatio...

Peritraumatic distress is a syndrome that involves negative emotions, such as anxiety, helplessness and horror, experienced during and shortly after a traumatic event. It seems that peritraumatic distress, along with peritraumatic dissociation, is one of the strongest predictive factors of post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) . Intensity of peritraumatic distress is significantly related to the intensity of PTSD symptoms, among others in individuals who experienced a natural disaster [2] or motorcycle accident [3] as well as in policemen [4] and paramedics . Parents of severely ill children experience extreme emotions due to their child's illness. This tendency applies to parents of children treated in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) as well as parents of children treated for cancer . Moth-

Two studies explored the role of implicit theories of intelligence in adolescents' mathematics achievement. In Study 1 with 373 7th graders, the belief that intelligence is malleable (incremental theory) predicted an upward trajectory in grades over the two years of junior high school, while a belief that intelligence is fixed (entity theory) predicted a flat trajectory. A mediational model including learning goals, positive beliefs about effort, and causal attributions and strategies was tested. In Study 2, an intervention teaching an incremental theory to 7th graders (N 5 48) promoted positive change in classroom motivation, compared with a control group (N 5 43). Simultaneously, students in the control group displayed a continuing downward trajectory in grades, while this decline was reversed for students in the experimental group. The adolescent years are filled with many changes, making it a psychologically intriguing stage of development. The adolescent experiences rapid maturational changes, shifting societal demands, conflicting role demands, increasingly complex social relations, and new educational expectations (e.g.,

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, stringent measures were implemented in most countries to limit social contact between residents of long-term care facilities (LTCF) and visitors. The objective of this scoping review was to identify and map evidence of direct and indirect consequences of contact restrictions, guided by three conceptual perspectives: (1) stress and learned helplessness (i.e., failure to use coping behaviors even when they are available and actionalble); (2) social contact loss; and (3) 'total institution' (i.e., a facility operates following a fixed plan due to spelled-out rules and norms, controlled by institutional representatives). We used the framework for conducting a scoping review by Arksey and O'Malley; included were peer-reviewed manuscripts reporting on the outcomes of contact restrictions from the beginning of the pandemic until the end of 2020. After removing duplicates, 6,656 records were screened and 62 manuscripts included. Results pertaining to the stress and learned helplessness perspective primarily focused on depressive symptoms, showing substantial increases compared to the pre-pandemic period. Studies examining cognitive and functional decline, as well as non-COVID-19 related mortality, were limited in number and presented mixed findings. The majority of study outcomes related to the social contact loss perspective focused on loneliness, but the study designs did not adequately allow for comparisons with the pre-pandemic status. The evidence concerning outcomes related to the 'total Institution' perspective was inconclusive. Although detrimental effects of social isolation in the long-term care context found support particularly in the negative affect domain, other outcome areas did not allow for definitive conclusions due to considerable variations in findings and, in some cases, insufficient statistical power.

Attributions and related biases are particularly relevant to the development and maintenance of positive symptoms in psychosis and depressive symptoms in mood and psychotic disorders . Some studies in psychosis show that the attributional style is probably a separate construct of social cognition since it minimally correlates with other domains . differentiate two biases: a general tendency to make non-self-attributions, including people and circumstances, for positive events ("externalising bias") and a specific tendency to blame others for negative events ("personalising bias"). Individuals who usually tend to explain disturbing events in terms of external (non-self) causes may be particularly prone to develop delusional beliefs about such experiences . On the other hand, several studies observed a higher tendency to attribute positive events (but not negative) to oneself , but other studies did not . Moreover, persecutory delusions caused by an externalising attributional bias maintain self-esteem preserved in persons with delusions . By contrast, later research from the "defence model" of persecutory delusions predicts that people with this kind of delusions have lower selfesteem than people with depression and a greater externalising Clínica y Salud (2020) xx(x) xx-xx

Domestic violence (DV) remains a serious issue worldwide, including in Indonesia, where women are the most vulnerable group. Women victims of DV often experience severe psychological impacts, such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which significantly decrease their quality of life. Prolonged exposure to violence reinforces feelings of helplessness and perpetuates the cycle of abuse. This study examines the psychological effects of DV on women and explores resilience as a key factor in overcoming these impacts. Using a quantitative approach with secondary data, the research highlights the role of resilience, which comprises emotional regulation, positive thinking, and problem-solving skills, supported by external factors like social and professional support systems. Findings emphasize that trauma-focused interventions and collaborative community efforts are crucial for empowering victims to rebuild their lives. Furthermore, accessible legal protection, psychological services, and societal destigmatization are essential to foster recovery and sustainable well-being for women survivors of DV. This research advocates for comprehensive policies and practices to support victims and promote a more inclusive and peaceful society.

Keywords: Domestic Violence, Psychological Impact, Resilience, Trauma Recovery, Women Empowerment

WORKPLACE BULLYING is a persistent problem in the NHS (Hoel & Cooper, 2000; NHS staff surveys; Quine, 1999), with significant negative implications for individuals, teams and organisations (Illing et al., 2013; Salin, 2009). Definitions vary, but Einarsen et al. (1994) define bullying as ‘a situation where one or several individuals persistently over a period of time perceive themselves to be on the receiving end of negative actions from one or several persons, in a situation where the target of bullying has difficulty defending him or herself against these actions.’Bullying is regarded as ‘a significant source of social stress at work… and a more crippling and devastating problem for employees than all other work-related stress put together’ (Einarsen & Mikkelsen, 2003, p.127). It has been associated with poorer psychological health and well-being, including social isolation and maladjustment, depression, helplessness, anxiety, and despair (Leymann, 1990). Bullying is linked to hig...

Health is a state of physical, social and psychological wellbeing, and not simply the absence of illness". This definition, repeated ad infinitum since 1948, when it was adopted as its own by the World Health Organization (WHO), and although essentially sidelined by a large proportion of the disciplines traditionally responsible for the study of health, has taken on a new profile in the wake of two developments: on the one hand, the shift from a health model bound up with illness and focused on the presence within the subject of physical or psychological symptoms to a model revolving around the presence of indicators and conditions that promote and facilitate wellbeing, and following on from this, the realization that such a state of wellbeing can only apply to subjects within a particular set of socio-historical coordinates. The idea of a subject suspended in a vacuum, a biomedical subject within a biological psychiatry (Pérez, 2003, p. 13), propagated by traditional Clinical Psychology, is pure fiction. Such a subject does not exist: he would lack "humanity" (Johann F. Herbart), she would have no higher mental structure (Vygotsky), he would be incapable of developing as a person in the psychological sense of the term (Mead), she would lack identity, according to the proposals of Festinger and Tajfel. In a Psychology that claims to respond in a valid way to the challenges of today's world it is essential to take on board a simple assumption which enjoys solid theoretical and empirical support: that health is a state of wellbeing of a subject belonging to a socio-historical context. A concept of health revolving around conditions that promote wellbeing was what had been promised by Positive Psychology (Snyder & López, 2002). In its early form, and without the need to make it explicit, it fully embraced the WHO philosophy on making its goal the realization of "a change in the approach of

This paper examines the temporal concepts that underlie the theory of transference in psychoanalysis. The paper reviews Freud's rejection of linear temporality as characteristic of unconscious thought in favour of regression, repetition, and deferred action. It then develops concepts drawn from Jacques Lacan's theory of the formation of the ego. Here, the biologically determined helplessness derived from the human prematurity of birth becomes transformed into an ego that anticipates subjective unity. The paper then moves on to the more complex theory of the temporality implied in subject formation, offered in Lacan's later theory of separation. Implications are drawn for the use and understanding of transference in the practice of psychoanalysis via clinical examples. In addition, Lacan's ideas on subject formation are proposed as an extension and clarification of previous psychoanalytic theories of development.

afirma que no início da vida o humano é um soma que precisa descarregar suas excitações endógenas e ter suas necessidades satisfeitas. Ocorre um acréscimo da tensão proveniente da necessidade, mas que não pode ser dominada pelo aparelho psíquico do infans, ainda em vias de estruturar-se. Devido à imaturidade inerente ao recém-nascido, ele não pode sozinho realizar a descarga para a qual é convocado, não consegue sem a ajuda do outro dar destino às excitações que o acometem. Nesse sentido, a contrapartida do estado de desamparo é a dependência do outro, pois um indivíduo não dá conta, por si só, de sua sobrevivência, nem a nível orgânico nem psíquico. Ele precisará do outro para realizar essa tarefa primordial. A relação primária com o outro é, assim, estruturante do aparelho psíquico, imprimindo na subjetividade as marcas fundamentais do desamparo e da alienação. Abordaremos, neste trabalho, a noção de alteridade na teoria freudiana referida ao estado de desamparo do ser humano. Primeiramente, debruçar-nos-emos sobre esse estado característico do início da vida, entendendo-o não como uma fase transitória ou superável, mas como sendo estruturante da subjetividade. A seguir, pretendemos articular o desamparo, na medida em que ele lança o homem ao campo do Outro, da linguagem, da cultura, sendo o grande aliado do processo de constituição psíquica. Por fim, investigaremos o estatuto da alteridade na teoria psicanalítica, ressaltando que se trata de um complexo com dupla face, o que engendra um risco, uma incerteza: não há qualquer garantia para o sujeito quanto ao que se pode esperar do outro. A resposta do outro diante do desamparo do recém-nascido não é determinada apenas por uma função de amparo ou de continência. A dupla face do outro está sempre operando na relação com o infans: por um lado, amparando, provendo, contendo, mas por outro, desamparando, faltando, violentando. A constituição psíquica encontra-se, dessa forma, atrelada a uma dimensão de insegurança, de falta de garantias e de vulnerabilidade frente ao desejo do outro. Mostraremos, assim, como no contexto das relações primordiais o desamparo, que marca o ser humano desde o início, eleva a alteridade à condição de onipotência sobre o sujeito. Portanto, nossa proposta é apresentar os dois aspectos inerentes à alteridade, mostrando como a maior vulnerabilidade do sujeito decorre do fato de o outro ser incompleto, faltante, estranho. O excesso originário , em Regras para o Parque Humano, propõe que a "aventura da hominização" fez do homem um animal aberto e capaz para o mundo. Ele defende que entre o homem e o animal não há uma diferença de gênero ou espécie, mas uma diferença ontológica. O modo de

Demoralization can be understood as a condition that results from existential conflict. It presents with symptoms of hopelessness and helplessness caused by a loss of purpose and meaning in life. It is a significant mental health concern given there can be an associated desire for hastened death. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the recent empirical evidence on demoralization in patients with progressive disease or cancer, including prevalence rates; the relationships between demoralization and sociodemographic, disease- and treatment-related, and psychological factors; and the psychometric properties of demoralization measures. A comprehensive literature search using key words and subject headings was performed following PRISMA guidelines with nine electronic bibliographic databases, resulting in 25 studies (33 articles) with a total of 4545 participants reviewed. Full articles underwent methodological quality assessment, and correlational information was synthes...

A community development program was implemented in the communities providing labor to a timber-producing company in a rural area of South Africa. The program was preceded by a survey that compared the life-styles and residential and work histories of residents in the different communities. The survey indicated that the degree of dependency on the company for facilities and services affected labor turnover and job advancement. Furthermore, community affairs were disorganized and, on average, income levels were below the Household Subsistence Level calculated for the area. The community development program was assessed over a 12-month period. Participation in community affairs by the local residents increased considerably during this time. This increased level of participation is interpreted within the framework of an attributional analysis of the learned helplessness theory. Aspects of the theory appear to require modification and reformulation if they are to be applied successfully to a community setting.

One out of four American children are born into poverty, but little is known about the long-term, mental health implications of early deprivation. The more time in poverty from birth-age-9, the worse mental health as emerging adults (n = 196, M = 17.30 years, 53% male). These results maintain independently of concurrent, adult income levels for self-reported externalizing symptoms and a standard learned helplessness behavioral protocol, but internalizing symptoms were unaffected by childhood poverty. We then demonstrate that part of the reason why early poverty exposure is harmful to mental health among emerging adults is because of elevated cumulative risk exposure assessed at age 13. The significant, prospective, longitudinal relations between early childhood poverty and externalizing symptoms plus learned helplessness behavior are mediated, in part, by exposure to a confluence of psychosocial (violence, family turmoil, child separation from family) and physical (noise, crowding, substandard housing) risk factors during adolescence.

Background: Humanitarian workers operate in traumatic contexts, putting them at an increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes. The quality of the support they receive from their organization, their supervisor, and team members are proposed as determinants of mental illness and well-being, via the stress-appraisal process. Objective: Grounded in organizational support theory, we sought to understand the relationship between organizational factors, including perceived organizational support, supervisor support, and team support, and indicators of both adverse mental health and mental well-being among humanitarian volunteers. This relationship is hypothesized to be mediated by the perceived psychological stress. Methods: A sample of 409 humanitarian volunteers from the Sudanese Red Crescent Society completed an online, anonymous, survey comprised of the Perceived Supervision, Perceived Organizational Support, Team Support, and Perceived Psychological Stress scales, as well as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Patient Health Questionnaire scales, (GAD-7 and PHQ-8), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Study objectives were tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) procedures. Results: Perceived helplessness (PH) and perceived self-efficacy (PSE), as measures of psychological stress, were both found to fully mediate the relationship between perceived organizational support and mental health outcomes. Perceived organizational support was associated with PSE and inversely with PH. PH was associated with adverse mental health and inversely related to mental well-being. PSE was only associated with mental well-being. Perceived supervision was negatively associated with PSE. Conclusions: Perceived organizational support is a key determinant of the mental health of humanitarian volunteers, with greater perceived support associated with lower distress symptomology and greater mental well-being. Humanitarian agencies should take actions to improve their internal organization support systems to mitigate the stress associated with working in traumatic contexts. Specifically, more attention should be paid to the organizational support of the volunteers as front-line workers in humanitarian settings. Cuidando la salud mental de los voluntarios humanitarios en contextos traumáticos: La importancia del apoyo organizacional Antecedentes: Los trabajadores humanitarios operan en contextos traumáticos, lo que los pone en un mayor riesgo de resultados adversos para la salud mental. La calidad del apoyo que reciben de su organización, su supervisor, y los miembros del equipo han sido propuestos como determinantes importantes de las enfermedades mentales y el bienestar, a través del proceso de evaluación del estrés. Objetivo: Basados en la teoría del apoyo organizacional, buscamos comprender la relación entre los factores organizacionales, incluyendo el apoyo organizacional percibido, el apoyo del supervisor, y el apoyo del equipo, y los indicadores de salud mental adversa y bienestar mental entre los voluntarios humanitarios. La hipótesis es que esta relación está mediada por el estrés psicológico percibido. Métodos: Una muestra de 409 voluntarios humanitarios de la Sociedad de la Media Luna Roja Sudanesa completó una encuesta en línea, anónima, compuesta por las escalas de Supervisión Percibida, Apoyo Organizacional Percibido, Apoyo del Equipo, y Estrés Psicológico Percibido, así como las escalas de Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada y el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente, (GAD-7 y PHQ-8 en sus siglas en inglés) y la Escala de Bienestar Mental Warwick-Edinburgh. Los objetivos del estudio se probaron utilizando procedimientos de modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM en su sigla en inglés). Resultados: Se encontró que la desesperanza percibida (DP) y la autoeficacia percibida (AP), como medidas de estrés psicológico, mediaron completamente la relación entre el apoyo ARTICLE HISTORY

Consensus Conference, 1987). However, children with SCD are still at high-risk status for neurocognitive deficits and poor academic performance associated with the complications of SCD that include infarction of major cerebral arteries or microvascular systems, silent infarcts, and a chronic state of

Consensus Conference, 1987). However, children with SCD are still at high-risk status for neurocognitive deficits and poor academic performance associated with the complications of SCD that include infarction of major cerebral arteries or microvascular systems, silent infarcts, and a chronic state of

Background Patients with somatoform pain experience physical pain, that cannot be attributed to any underlying medical or physiological cause, and it is often thought to be related to psychological factors. Health professionals encounter di culties identifying this speci c type of chronic pain, leading to suboptimal treatment strategies. Therefore, we aimed to describe the characteristics of patients with somatoform pain, to support the identi cation of affected patients. Methods We collected and analyzed data of a multicentre cross-sectional study from 200 patients with somatoform pain admitted to psychosomatic centers in Germany between July 2013 and Juli 2014. The survey contains ten different categories, all of them referring to pain related topics. Here, we present the following ve: Personal data, Body: Pain perception, Cognition: Pain processing, Pain behavior, and Physical complaints. Results Our results highlight that most of these patients experience persisting pain in several body parts, which lasts > 12 hours/day (50%), and is constantly changing (71%). Furthermore, patients indicate feelings of helplessness by agreeing to expressions like "the pain is controlling me" (70%). Finally, we found that pain is recognized less in a symbolic way, but predominantly seen as suffering by the patients, despite cognitively acknowledging the dependency of emotional and physical pain. Conclusion The study identi ed speci c and distinctive characteristics in the emotional and behavioral responses of patients with somatoform pain, potentially distinguishing them from other patients with chronic pain and helping clinicians to identify these patients.