Law and Legal Studies

While previous studies have shown that policing is not class neutral, for youth from low socioeconomic classes and neighborhoods, intense and disproportionate policing strategies have been implemented that exclusively focus on them. This study explores the experiences of socially and economically deprived youth from deteriorated neighborhoods in Nairobi and the policing strategies often adopted in inner-city estates. The objective is twofold; to reveal the experiences of socially and economically deprived youth in low socioeconomic class neighborhoods and to suggest appropriate policing strategies for the neighborhoods in which they live. To describe their experiences, a descriptive design was used to collect qualitative data from respondents who were purposively selected. The respondents included youths and selected police officers. The study revealed that youth from low socioeconomic backgrounds are disproportionately subjected to coercive and zero-tolerance policing and control among several socioeconomic challenges operating in their environment. It is these socioeconomic conditions that predisposed them to criminal acts. The study concludes that legitimate police authority is demonstrated at best through subtle influence and that democratic policing, community-led-policing, team policing, and intelligence-led-policing in "troubled" neighborhoods can enhance face-toface interactions between the police and locals and achieve crime-free neighborhoods. This study recommends the adoption of procedural fairness, cooperation, respect, understanding, and upholding of the rule of law.

The European mouflon (Ovis musimon, but see below) inhabited the Mediterranean islands from 9000 years B.C. before the introduction to the mainland [e.g., 1]. Reazei et al. [2] suggested that the European mouflon should be considered as subspecies (O. orientalis musimon) of the Asiatic mouflon. Chessa et al. [3] investigated Cypriot, Corsican and Sardinian mouflons and found genetic traits of the first wild sheep mostly in the genome of the Cypriot mouflon (O. orientalis ophion), a subspecies endemic to the island [4-6]. The mouflon is the largest wild terrestrial mammal of Cyprus. The population (3000 units) inhabits the mountainous Paphos forest (620 km 2 ) and adjacent forest areas. The mouflon and its habitat are protected under the National Law 152 (I)/2003 for the Protection & Management of Wild Birds and Game Species and listed in the Annexes II and IV of 92/43 Habitats Directive. The species O. orientalis ophion is included in the Appendix I of CITES ( -accessed on September 2011). The Cypriot mouflon is also listed as ''vulnerable'' by the IUCN as poaching, habitat loss, road network and infection from pathogens threaten the species. Over the last 20 years the Cypriot Game Fund Service has been taking important actions including population monitoring, habitat improvement and conservation and intensive patrolling to limit poaching . This paper deals with the alleged poaching of three mouflons in Cyprus. As part of the investigation, both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers were used to establish if there was a link between the dead mouflons and the bloodstained exhibits collected on the scene of the crime.

The European mouflon (Ovis musimon, but see below) inhabited the Mediterranean islands from 9000 years B.C. before the introduction to the mainland [e.g., 1]. Reazei et al. [2] suggested that the European mouflon should be considered as subspecies (O. orientalis musimon) of the Asiatic mouflon. Chessa et al. [3] investigated Cypriot, Corsican and Sardinian mouflons and found genetic traits of the first wild sheep mostly in the genome of the Cypriot mouflon (O. orientalis ophion), a subspecies endemic to the island [4-6]. The mouflon is the largest wild terrestrial mammal of Cyprus. The population (3000 units) inhabits the mountainous Paphos forest (620 km 2 ) and adjacent forest areas. The mouflon and its habitat are protected under the National Law 152 (I)/2003 for the Protection & Management of Wild Birds and Game Species and listed in the Annexes II and IV of 92/43 Habitats Directive. The species O. orientalis ophion is included in the Appendix I of CITES ( -accessed on September 2011). The Cypriot mouflon is also listed as ''vulnerable'' by the IUCN as poaching, habitat loss, road network and infection from pathogens threaten the species. Over the last 20 years the Cypriot Game Fund Service has been taking important actions including population monitoring, habitat improvement and conservation and intensive patrolling to limit poaching . This paper deals with the alleged poaching of three mouflons in Cyprus. As part of the investigation, both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers were used to establish if there was a link between the dead mouflons and the bloodstained exhibits collected on the scene of the crime.

The reliance on digital means for information access and dissemination has given rise to a fiercely competitive landscape among news outlets. The main challenge they are now facing in order to secure success extends beyond retaining their current audience, it also involves attracting new users. The primary instrument in this pursuit is their website, however, the simple conversion of print content into digital formats falls short of meeting the demand. News platforms should prioritise delivering a superior user experience as it constitutes the very core of any digital project. Among users, including but not limited to news platforms, there is a general belief or assumption that opting for a subscription-based alternative translates into a more enriched and satisfying user experience.

As such, this paper contributes to the study of user experience design through an investigation of the experience provided by two large categories of news websites in the UK, those utilizing a paywall-based revenue model and those providing free access. The goal of this study is to observe the user-friendliness of each site’s interface, attempting to test the validity of the above-mentioned belief and ultimately to answer the following question: are paywall-based news websites offering an enhanced experience to their users as opposed to free-to-access news websites? The research sample is comprised of ten websites, five from each category. This paper uses the user-centric principles of performance, usability and accessibility and uses them as criteria against which the dataset is examined. These concepts and the appropriate means of measuring them were discussed in the literature review then applied systematically to gather information.

The findings point towards fluctuations within the scores and overall rankings, with paywall-based and free websites alternating from one analysis to another. However, paywall-based news websites were found to perform better collectively for usability and accessibility. When it comes to performance, homepages were found to load faster on free websites, meanwhile article pages had significantly smaller loading times on paywall-based websites. When assessing each site individually the overall best performer across all criteria under evaluation was The Sun, a free-to-access website, and the worst performer was found to be Mail Online, also a free-to-access website.

The twentieth century has seen a sea change in the concentration of ownership of U.S. corporations. Early in the century Berle and Means identified the divorce of ownership from control as the central corporate governance problem, but since the 1970's ownership has been re-concentrating into the hands of fiduciary institutions ± most notably pension funds and mutual funds. By the 1990s fiduciaries collectively owned over 50% of the outstanding equity of the 1,000 largest corporations. This new pattern of ownership, fiduciary capitalism, has begun to raise important policy questions including: How can agents (fiduciaries) effectively monitor other agents (boards of directors)? What are the social implications of universal ownership where fiduciaries own substantial stakes in virtually all of the corporations in a country, and, finally, What does it mean to maximize shareholder wealth when fiduciaries are universal owners?

Population: The Iberian Peninsula, which covers 582,860 km 2 , is a crucial part of the Mediterranean space and it has played a decisive role in the peopling of Europe. It is separated (14 km) from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar, and it is geographically distant from where the two most important events in recent human evolution occurred: the out of Africa migration of ''modern'' Homo sapiens through the Levant, and the emergence and diffusion of agriculture. Andalusia, the wide region (87,268 km 2 ) of southern Spain, was densely populated from very ancient times. It harbors a long, complex history so its autochthonous population represents an appropriate subject for detailed studies of genetic structure to understand peopling processes in the Mediterranean, and in the Iberian Peninsula, in particular. Huelva is the western-most Andalusian province and borders with Portugal; Granada province is located just on the eastern side of the region (Fig. ). Both territories, separated by a distance of around 300 km are located along the Andalusian coastal fringe. Huelva and Granada show a very rich and differentiated history from prehistoric times. People from diverse cultures and origins settled there, including Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, Arabs and Berbers. The samples (N = 347) were from healthy, unrelated, autochthonous individuals from Huelva (N = 167) and Granada (N = 180) provinces. All the sampled subjects had parents and all grandparents born in the respective Huelva and Granada provinces. Blood samples were collected by a group of doctors and nurses accompanied by researchers (RC and BA) from Universidad Complutense of Madrid. All donors were informed about the aims of this study and full informed consent was obtained from all participants. The geographic location of each sampling locality is shown in Fig. . Part of these samples (those belonging to Huelva province) have been previously typed for autosomal STRs . Extraction: Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples (taken on EDTA tubes) using a standard proteinase-K digestion, followed by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.

Today is the age of globalization and business is considering as the leading global factor for social and economic development. It is said that, Accounting is the language of business but it is another gigantic thought that Auditing is the side language of business. Audit is the vital factor to ensure the accountability of an organization, this paper events to explore audit on the perspective of Islam which further enables a practitioners and intended users to be self-confident and inspirational in using his or her acquired knowledge both in traditional system of auditing as well as Islamic perspective. The plot of the paper is as follows: In the first part we shall examine the development and approach of established auditing and point out some of its inadequacies from the Islamic point of view. In the last part, we shall state the role of auditing in the Islamic framework.

Research Question/IssueIn this study, we explore the relationship between the use of nonfinancial performance measures in Chief Executive Officer (CEO) bonus plans and CEO power, moderated by compensation committee monitoring. Furthermore, we investigate whether the inclusion of nonfinancial performance measures is associated with higher CEO bonus pay sensitivity to shareholder returns.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a sample of FTSE 350 firms during the period 2007–2013, we find that CEO power is significantly negatively related to the propensity of using nonfinancial performance measures. This negative relationship, however, is moderated by higher levels of compensation committee monitoring. We also find that firms combining nonfinancial and financial performance measures in CEO bonus plans tend to have stronger CEO bonus pay sensitivity to shareholder returns than firms using financial measures alone. Thus, our results suggest that boards of directors adopting nonfinancial perfor...

Transitional justice discourse is generally accepted as having its foundations located in the theoretical, policy and practical implications of dealing with past human rights violations in societies that have experienced either repressive politics or violent conflict. Many theorists and policy-makers resolutely assume or defend the notion that ‘dealing with the past’ is where the debates about, and contribution of, the transitional justice paradigm uniquely lie.2 Understood in this way, transitional justice as a field of study has grown exponentially, comprising theoretical debates, the comparative assessment of domestic accountability schemes, international criminal justice, the study of truth commissions, and ethical-legal debate concerning the morality of compromise on accountability for gross and systematic violations of human rights.This foreword, building on the previous work of its authors,3 extends and expands our contention that transitional justice in this narrow sense mus...

Feminism, the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes (Britannica, 2025). Feminist activism has led to research and acceptance of Domestic Violence as a concept and a phenomenon leading to understanding a range of behaviours such as physical, sexual, psychological, social, economic and spiritual abuse (DeKeseredy, 2011; Laing

This article examines intimate partnership violence as a question of criminal justice policy in Finland, and contributes to criminological discussions regarding oft-stated connections between the politicization of the victim, the treatment of offenders, and repressive criminal justice policies. In this discussion, legislation aiming to regulate and prevent violence against women has often been utilized as an example of such punitive policies. Although criminal policies in Nordic countries differ significantly from more punitive Anglophone policies, punitive tendencies, it has been argued, have increased in the former, too. This article analyzes the change in legal regulations and the criminal political status of intimate partner violence in Finland between 1990 and 2004, while examining the juxtaposition of victims and offenders alongside repressive demands.

This paper argues that key differences between the UK and the US in the importance ascribed to a company's social responsibilities (CSR) reflect differences in the corporate governance arrangements in these two countries. Specifically, we analyse the role of a salient type of owner in the UK and the US, institutional investors, in emphasising firm-level CSR actions. We explore differences between institutional investors in the UK and the US concerning CSR, and draw on a model of instrumental, relational and moral motives to explore why institutional investors in the UK are becoming concerned with firms' social and environmental actions. We conclude with some suggestions for future research in this area.

This study explores the magnitude of shareholders' say-on-pay (SOP) votes and its impact on CEO compensation. This study draws its sample from US Russell 3000 companies, the largest US companies, from 2011 to 2019. By creating a dummy variable, we further divided our sample into Russell 3000 and S&P 500 for peer comparison. This study employs descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and pooled OLS regression and finds that CEO compensation has a significant negative association with pay gap opposition. The coefficient and t-statistic were greater for the S&P 500 than for the Russell group. The study also finds that the CEO-to-employee pay ratio (CTE) is positively correlated with the number of shareholders' dissenting votes. The coefficient and t-statistic were greater for the Russell group than for the S&P 500 group. Each additional point of CTE increases shareholder dissent votes by 1.4% for the Russell 3000 companies. This study has important implications for corporate directors, investors, and policymakers. The study contributes to the corporate governance literature, particularly on executive compensation. Our findings support the perspective of social comparison theory and contend that shareholders view CEO compensation as a biased evaluation of their contribution to the firm. We have developed a unique measure of the CEO-to-employee pay ratio, which is based on SEC methodology. Our findings provide empirical evidence for investors and policymakers in the U.S. and other jurisdictions.

The purpose of UbiPOL project is to develop a ubiquitous platform that allows citizens be involved in Policy Making Processes (PMPs) regardless of their current locations and time. However, literature highlights one of the foremost reasons that make citizens de-motivated in engaging themselves in policy making—the ignorance of germane policies and PMPs within the government organizations. It is highly suggested that while more citizens find connections between their everyday life activities and pertinent government policies, the more they become pro-active or motivated to be involved in PMPs. For this reason, UbiPOL aims to provide ‘context aware knowledge’ provision with regards to policy making, i.e. through UbiPOL enabling citizens in identifying any relevant policies along with other citizens’ opinion ‘whenever they want’ ‘wherever they are’ according to their everyday life pattern. As a result of this platform, citizens are anticipated to be more acquainted with the newest rele...

In the 1990s, concerns with response fragmentation for intimate partner violence (IPV) led to the promotion of coordinated community responses (CCRs) to prevent and control IPV. Evaluation of CCRs has been limited. A previous evaluation of 10 CCRs funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed no overall impact on rates of IPV when compared to matched communities. However, there was great variability in the quality and quantity of CCR efforts between sites and thus potentially different levels of impact. This article establishes the impact of each of the 10 CCRs on women's past-year exposure to IPV and contact with IPV services and explores the associations between specific CCR components and contact with IPV services.

The Massachusetts Department of Public Health implemented the Collaborative for Abuse Prevention in Racial and Ethnic Communities (CARE) project in two Latino communities, in the city of Chelsea and in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. One goal of CARE was to build collaborative networks of service providers to provide culturally competent services. Networks of existing community-based agencies that provide a variety of different services regarding violence against women were established in both locales. This article describes the CARE model, network formation, initial attempts to build collaboration and cultural competence, outreach and education activities, and organizational-level changes resulting from the establishment of the networks. The challenges, successes, and lessons learned in implementing this network model are also discussed.

This study examined housing problems and homelessness after separation in a sample of 110 women who had experienced domestic violence. Of the sample, 38% reported homelessness. Similar percentages reported housing problems (e.g., late paying rent, skipping meals, threatened with eviction). Predictors of more housing problems included experiencing a greater severity of violence, contacting fewer formal systems, having less informational support, and receiving a negative response from welfare. Women's odds of reporting homelessness were reduced by 30% if police officers responded positively. These findings highlight the importance of changing system responses in an effort to reduce women's housing problems and risks for homelessness after separation.

In Hobbes, freedom of choice requires nonfrustration: the option you prefer must be accessible. In Berlin, it requires noninterference: every option, preferred or unpreferred, must be accessible-every door must be open. But Berlin's argument against Hobbes suggests a parallel argument that freedom requires something stronger still: that each option be accessible and that no one have the power to block access; the doors should be open, and there should be no powerful doorkeepers. This is freedom as nondomination. The claim is that freedom as noninterference is an unstable alternative between freedom as nonfrustration and freedom as nondomination. * A version of this article was given as the Routledge Lecture in Philosophy at Cambridge University, and as a presentation at the University of Paris V, in October 2009. Other versions were presented at two conferences: one at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, in October 2008, the other at the University of Iceland, Reykjavik, in June 2010. I was greatly helped by comments received from members of the audience on each occasion. I also benefited greatly from conversations on related matters with Selim Berker and Sven Rosenkranz. And I was enormously helped in final revisions by comments from John Christman, Rainer Forst, and the referees/editors. 1. Pace, e.g., Philippe Van Parijs, Real Freedom for All

The objective of this study is to show compatible data with the idea that men who commit intimate partner violence are uninhibited about the moral consequences of their behaviors, probably because they feel certainty about the rightness of their moral values and they strongly deceive themselves to maintain a good moral self-concept, and thus a good level of well-being. To do that, we compare their scores with those obtained by an opposite sample regarding the use of violence, made up of professional male psychologists who work in the social field trying to teach others alternative strategies to violence.

Constitutional review usually focuses on the positive actions of lawmakers in relation to enacted legislation. However, can constitutional violations arise out of the negative actions of the lawmakers? This situation may be called "legislative omission" which happens when the lawmakers breach their duty to enact laws required by the constitution. If the negative actions of lawmakers can cause constitutional violations, how can this kind of violations be reviewed? The constitutional judiciary may adopt this mission in some countries as a kind of constitutional review, and some other countries regulate specifically the method of practising this monitoring. However, recognising and monitoring this kind of constitutional violation is still relatively new and even identifying this problem is still not clear enough. Thus, this thesis is an attempt to clarify this legal phenomenon deeply by studying several issues related to its definition, types, and identifying the reasons which cause it, on one side. Then it is an attempt to examine the role of the constitutional judiciary to remedy this problem, the kinds of decisions which may be issued by judges in this context and how can this kind of monitoring be justified, on another side. II Declaration 1 I confirm that this thesis "The Monitoring of Legislative Omission by the Constitutional Judiciary a Comparative Study" is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. ABDULHALEEM MOHAMMED III Declaration 2 I confirm that I have used a third party for proof-reading and I declare that the proof-reading did not compromise my authorship of the work submitted and the substance of work remains my own work. ABDULHALEEM MOHAMMED IV Certificate This is to certify that the thesis entitled "The Monitoring of Legislative Omission by the Constitutional Judiciary a Comparative Study" has been prepared under my supervision by Abdulhaleem Qasim Mohammed for the Degree of Doctor of Phelosophy in Constitutional Law and Legal Theory in the School of Law, the University of Reading.

Argentina is a country characterized by successive discontinuities and heavily conditioned by a troubled politicalinstitutional history. This article will argue that only the interaction and coherence between training and management systems created simultaneously as the dynamic expression of change can result in public organizations in tune with the characteristics of the knowledge society. Only those projects that have incorporated from their inception selfregulation, interaction, and readjustment mechanisms may provide answers in times that are difficult to compare with other periods in public administrations. The nation’s problems have never been as complex as they are today, nor did we have tools as powerful as the ICTs to solve them. From a complexity approach, it explores the synergic bonds between the promotion of e-government (EG) and the training and learning processes of public officials.

This article evaluates the current practice of digital government in large municipalities worldwide. The study assesses 84 cities from around the world that use a five-stage e-government framework. Our research and methodology goes beyond previous research by utilizing 92 measures that were translated into the native language of each city. In addition, the assessment of each municipal web site was conducted by a native speaker of the municipality's language between June and October of 2003. We reviewed relevant e-government literature for evaluating Web sites nationally and internationally, and discussed our sample selection, methodology, theoretical framework, findings, and recommendations. Our results indicate that Seoul, Hong Kong, Singapore, New York, and Shanghai are the top five large cities for providing digital government opportunities to citizens online. Our research also suggests a difference in the digital government capabilities among the 30 developed nations belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and lesser developed (non-OECD) nations.

Ευρισκόμεθα στις αρχές του έτους 1961 και οι εφημερίδες επί μέρες ασχολούνται με έγκλημα που έγινε στην Κρήτη: Στο Ηράκλειο, μέσα σε καφενείο, ένας «λεβέντης» διέπραξε τον υπ'αριθμό 17 φόνο του. Λίγο μετά τη σύλληψή του αποκαλύφθηκε ότι ο εν λόγω είχε ήδη καταδικαστεί τρεις (3) φορές «εις θάνατον», τουλάχιστον δύο (2) σε ισόβια και ακόμη σε «ειρκτή», «πρόσκαιρα δεσμά» κ.ο.κ. Αυτά, όποτε γίνονται γνωστά, εμείς οι Έλληνες τα αντιμετωπίζουμε με «χαμόγελα πλατειά» μέσω των οποίων εκδηλώνεται ενδόμυχη περηφάνεια: «Είδες τι είμαστε; Ο τράχηλός μας ζυγόν δεν υποφέρει! Ενώ οι άλλοι…» Ενώ οι άλλοι… οι κουτόφραγκοι π.χ., τα αμερικανάκια, οι χαχόλοι που λόγω έλλειψης «ενδόξων προγόνων» δεν είναι «ατσίδες» όπως εμείς. Και συνεχίζουμε ακάθεκτοι-μακαρίζοντας τον εαυτό μας για τους «γαλανούς ουρανούς μας», τα «δαντελλωτά ακρογιάλια μας», τον «Ιερό Βράχο της Ακρόπολης και τους Ολυμπιακούς Αγώνες που εδώ ξεκίνησαν» κ.τ.λ.

Exploring the appointment of directors of different professional backgrounds, levels of independence, age, gender and ethnicity, this paper develops a taxonomy describing what is meant by diversity on the board and its implications for decision‐making. Board configuration is considered in terms of empirical evidence highlighting the criteria used in appointing directors and the associated implications of social capital for board dynamics. Issues raised include the influence of these on board performance and the ability of individual directors to make an effective contribution as board members. The conclusions highlight the various mythologies associated with the value of board diversity.

I discuss some observations in the forensic accounting-based fraud literature, and identify the recent advances and other important issues in the literature that are worth noting. The main message in this commentary article is that fraud is complicated, and fraud complexity can significantly influence the way we undertake research in the forensic accounting and fraud literature. The practical implication is that forensic accountants, fraud examiners, and forensic accounting researchers should incorporate into their practice the complexity of fraud regardless of whether they follow an empirical, experimental, exploratory, analytical or critical approach to detect or investigate fraud.

This paper presents a discussion about financial inclusion washing. It was argued that financial inclusion washing is the deliberate or unintentional use of exaggerated claims or misleading claims to describe an entity's commitment to increase the level of financial inclusion. The paper showed that many entities are at risk of practicing financial inclusion washing such as international development organizations, aid organizations, government agencies, central banks, financial institutions, financial inclusion support groups and associations, among others. The paper also highlighted the manifestations, motivations and consequences of financial inclusion washing. The paper further identified ways through which entities can avoid financial inclusion washing. Financial inclusion washing has not been considered to be a crime although it should be.

Nigeria as a country has over the years depended so much on various traditional forms of Know Your Customer (KYC) and various identity verification techniques such as the use of National Identity Card, Driver's License, Voters Cards and Utility Bills and Payment receipts. With the increasing population and Nigeria's porous border and increasing national security threats, studies have shown that these techniques lack the requisite technological expertise and parameters to indeed meet required Identity verification needs, therefore, allowing these KYC processes to be highly compromised and exposing the country to serious security threats. This limitation is what the Proof of Address Certificate System intends to resolve. This research analyzes the various potentials and impacts of the Proof of Address Certificate System on insecurity and security architecture of Nigeria.

The present study examined associations between child sexual abuse (CSA), adult sexual victimization, and emotion regulation difficulties in a sample of 168 incarcerated women. Approximately 50 % of the sample reported CSA, 54% reported adult sexual victimization, and 38% reported sexual revictimization (i.e., CSA and adult victimization). Revictimized women reported significantly greater difficulties with several facets of emotion regulation when compared to singly victimized and non-victimized women. Interestingly, singly victimized women did not demonstrate greater emotion regulation deficits when compared to non-victims. Findings suggest that the negative impact of victimization experiences on adult emotion regulation abilities may be cumulative. Further, they highlight the potential importance of assessing and targeting emotion regulation difficulties among child abuse and adult sexual victimization survivors.

Beyond the autopoietic enclaves in university law schools, one hears that autopoietic, or systems theory (we shall be using these interchangeably) and the discourse surrounding it, is highly abstracted, and in consequence has little to say on society, law or socio-legal studies. This is thought to be the case in relation to both Luhmann's comprehensive mapping of the field, and in the subsequent exploration of that field by legal academics and other social scientists. As a result of this, outside the community of autopoietic theorists, systems theory is not generally thought of as being something that is regularly applied to the operative contexts of particular legal or social systems. This special issue is an attempt to change that perception and show the relevance of autopoiesis as applied in various socio-legal fields. The origin of the papers in this issue can be traced to the discussions at the Systems stream of the Socio-Legal Studies Association Annual Conference (SLSA). The papers are drawn from several different meetings of the Conference, and from the work presented and discussed there. As systems theorists will already be aware, and as it became clear from the first time that the Systems stream convened at the SLSA, the usual characterisation of autopoiesis as abstract and lacking direct application to context, mischaracterises the diversity of discourse which draws on autopoiesis as an analytical framework, and the uses to which that material has been put. The papers in this issue showcase the many contexts in which autopoiesis can be applied to offer novel and productively critical perspectives on legal questions. In the first paper of this issue, Rachel Herron addresses systems theory to the power to stop and search under s.44 of the Terrorism Act 2000. Herron argues that autopoiesis can be used to understand the limited effects of the safeguards envisaged by the drafters of the Act, as well as the lack of anticipated operational restraint and intelligence-led judgment on the part of police officers that legislators had expected. This analysis is developed through the conceptualisation of the legal system alongside that of the policing systemwhich is to be differentiated from the political system on the basis of the particular functions of the policing subsystem. It is argued that, although s.44 has been repealed, the reasons for the racial-effect of the powers remains misunderstood by legislators, and so seems likely to reoccur if the observations of autopoiesis are not considered. In their paper, Jennifer Hendry and Colin King examine a different aspect of law enforcement, the use of civil powers to seize property which, in the view of law enforcement officers, represent the proceeds of crime. The powers under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Part V allow for nonconviction-based asset forfeiture; the recovery of assets through a procedure premised on a civil, rather than criminal, standard of proof. Drawing on systems theory, the authors explain that the powers can be seen as a consequence of the perceived failure of criminal law to tackle the problem of organised crime, particularly the financial incentives connected with such activity, and raise concerns over whether non-conviction-based asset forfeiture represents a legitimate process in view of the reduction in procedural protections offered by the civil standard of proof. Shifting away from law enforcement and towards family law, Sarah Sargent draws on both critical race theory and systems theory to examine transracial adoption. Reflecting on the reforms made to s.1 (5) of the Adoption and Children Act 2002 by the the Children and Families Act 2014, Sargent argues that the effort to make the adoption placement system 'race-neutral', and the concurrent belief that

To date, the most important institution in the movement to harmonize international accounting and reporting practices, both in terms of the range of issues addressed and the number of states and firms affected, is the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) (Nobes 1991). The IASC was established in 1973 by the professional accounting bodies of nine countries - Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Ireland (jointly), and the United States.The paper is divided into four sections. Section one describes and critiques the structure of the IASC. Section two describes and critiques the process used by the lASC to develop accounting standards. Section three assesses the strategies used by CARICOM states to adopt IASC standards as national accounting policy. The final section of the paper offers suggestions for reforming the accounting policy-making process used by CARICOM states and the international accounting standard-settin...

In a landmark 1994 case, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that individuals had the right to ask for Internet links that contained certain information about them to be delisted by search engines. This came to be known as the "right to be forgotten." This paper discusses the extent to which this right is consistent with the Islamic tradition. Following an overview of some aspects of the right to be forgotten and why it is endorsed in the European Union with its emphasis on privacy but not in the USA with its exaltation of free speech, the paper discusses two related issues: (1) elements in the Islamic tradition potentially conducive to endorsing a particular understanding of the right to be forgotten and (2) some possible obstacles from that tradition that could challenge the recognition of this right from an Islamic perspective. The paper concludes that despite some challenges, including Qur'anic verses and certain views, activities, and institutions, the right to be forgotten is defendable from within the Islamic tradition by reference to the principle of satr, which breaches that one should not seek to publicize personal information that causes harm to other people or even to oneself. The paper seeks to contribute to discussions on this new right by showing what a religious tradition such as Islam can offer to them.

ve Nidhi Trehan'ın editörlüklerini yaptıkları Romani Communities and Transformative Change [Roman Toplulukları ve Dönüşümsel Değişim] (2021), Roman Çalışmaları alanında Avrupa eksenindeki güncel tartışmaları eleştirel bir kavrayışla ele alan önemli bir metindir. Corvinus Üniversitesi'nde Sosyoloji Doçenti olarak çalışan Andrew Ryder Roman Eğitim Fonu'nun yönetim kurulu üyesidir. Ryder, yerel düzeyde Roman aktivizmine gönül vermiş ve 2004 yılında Liberty Human Rights ödülü alan Gypsy and Traveller Law Reform Coalition'da görev almıştır. Bucharest Üniversitesinden Sosyoloji Doktoru ünvanını alan Marius Taba, 15 yılı aşkın süreyle uluslararası ve yerel düzeylerde Romanlara yönelik politika geliştirme ve eğitim reformları başta olmak üzere sayısız projeye katkıda bulunmuştur. Siyaset sosyolojisi alanında çalışan Nidhi Trehan, doktora çalışmasını London School of Economics and Political Science ve doktora sonrası çalışmasını University College London'da tamamlamıştır. 1996'dan beri insan hakları, sosyal politika ve eğitim alanlarında aktif olarak çalışan Trehan, Avrupa'daki Roman topluluklarına yönelik insan hakları ve sivil toplum ve sosyal hareketler konularında yayınlar yapmaktadır. Editörler, bu kolektif çalışma için nitelikli araştırmacıların yanı sıra Roman hakları aktivisti olarak da bilinen bazı yazarlar ve düşünürleri bir araya getirerek Roman halklarının deneyimlerine, "Sosyal Avrupa" 1 tartışmaları ekseninde içeriden bir bakışla dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, kendini Roman topluluklarının sesini duyurmaya adamış * Bu kitap tanıtım yazısı Öğr. Gör. Dr. Ozan Uştuk tarafından yazılmıştır (İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, ozanus-

Researchers at a midsized public northeastern university evaluated the efficacy of a poster campaign to determine if students increase their knowledge of prosocial bystander behaviors and willingness to intervene in instances of sexual violence after viewing a series of campaign posters where student actors model appropriate bystander behaviors. During the last week of the campaign, undergraduates were invited to participate in a Web survey. The results of this preliminary evaluation indicate promising variation in the awareness of students who reported seeing the campaign compared to those who did not.

Research Question/Issue: What were the reasons for poor risk management on the board level before and during the financial crisis? Were there systemic information processing problems that an alternative board design could alleviate? Research Findings/Insights: Using an information processing perspective, we identify two reasons for boards failing to manage risk well during the financial crisis: (1) board members did not have access to relevant information on the risks management incurred because they had no control over information supply; and (2) board members were unable to process the available risk-related information, and lacked incentives or power to influence managerial decision making. Based on insights from cybernetics and decision making theory, we suggest increasing board level information processing and decision making capabilities by including multiple boards for different stakeholders to create a division of power and labor. We label this alternative structure network governance and posit that it allows superior risk management. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The paper illustrates that the unitary board structure's systemic shortcomings increase the likelihood of poor risk management at the board level. The solutions proposed are an important theoretical advancement of the discussion on ongoing board failure in increasingly complex business environments. Practitioner/Policy Implications: This paper is one of few providing actual recommendations based on a systemic insight. Enlightened shareholders and/or managers could introduce network governance by amending corporate constitutions. Regulators should require firms considered too big to fail to adopt network governance or pay the cost for regulators establishing a risk-monitoring unit in each firm.

Pendidikan merupakan bukti suatu uasaha setiap bangsa untuk meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia, sehingga membantu mempelancarkan pelaksanaan pembangunan nasional Indoneisa dan sebagai hak asasi yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap orang. Dan hak atas pendidikan merupakan salah satu hak yang menjadi pilar yang harus dipenuhi oleh sebuah negara untuk mencapai kesejahteraan rakyat yang seluas-luasnya. Pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan juga menjadi salah satu indikator apakah suatu negara dikategorikan Negara maju, Negara berkembang atau bahkan Negara miskin. Sekaya apapun sumber daya alam yang dimiliki oleh suatu negara tanpa didukung dari sumber daya manusianya yang berpendidikan tinggi, maka negara tersebut tidak akan bisa mengelola dan memanfaatkan kekayaan alam tersebut dengan sebaik-baiknya. Disisi lain walaupun suatu negara tidak memiliki sumber daya alam yang kaya, akan tetapi jika rakyatnya berpendidikan tinggi maka negara tersebut akan maju dan bangkit. Secara khusus memang tida...

Intimate partner violence (IPV) routine screening is widely implemented, yet the evidence for pathways to impact remains unclear. Of the 32 abused women interviewed 16 weeks after antenatal IPV screening, 24 reported positive impact, six reported nil positive impact, and two reported negative impact. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), key conditions for positive impact were care in asking, and support and validation from the midwife. Lack of these and lack of continuity of care were relevant to nil positive impact. Benefits included naming the abuse, connection, unburdening, taking steps to safety, and enabling informed care. Disclosure was not required for positive impact.

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of e-trust and e-satisfaction in the
relationship between e-service quality and e-loyalty in the context of e-government services.
Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected via an online questionnaire of Jordanian
citizens. The structural equation model based on partial least squares was used to test hypotheses.
Findings – The findings showed that e-service quality has a positive and significant effect on e-loyalty. Eservice
quality has a positive and significant effect on both e-trust and e-satisfaction. E-trust and e-satisfaction
have a positive and significant effect on e-loyalty. E-trust has a positive effect on e-satisfaction. Finally,
regarding the mediating effect of e-trust and e-satisfaction, e-trust and e-satisfaction partially mediate the
relationship between e-service quality and e-loyalty in the context of e-government services, and hence all
hypotheses were accepted.
Originality/value – The results of this research aid governmental policymakers in implementing information
and communication technology strategies that streamline citizens’ transactions and promote their active
engagement in e-government initiatives. Additionally, the government has suggested improving awareness
campaigns and providing training for employees to enhance the quality of e-services provided to citizens.
Keywords E-government services, E-service quality, E-satisfaction, E-trust, E-loyalty
Paper type Research paper

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of legislative initiatives to combat domestic violence in different cultural contexts. The study covered 10 countries: five European (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain) and five Asian (Japan, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Mongolia). The study included an analysis of the legislation of the respective countries, and an assessment of the effectiveness of innovative legal approaches. The study revealed substantial regional differences in the effectiveness of legislative measures. European countries have demonstrated a higher level of implementation of comprehensive protection mechanisms. The most effective were electronic monitoring of offenders in Sweden, which led to a significant reduction in the number of violations of restraining orders; the Telephone Grave Danger urgent response system in France, which provided rapid protection for high-risk victims; and specialised courts in Spain, which expedited the processing of domestic violence cases. In Asia, the greatest progress was seen in the implementation of rehabilitation programmes for perpetrators in Mongolia, which reduced recidivism rates, and the expansion of the legal definition of domestic violence in India to include economic and psychological violence. An analysis of expert assessments revealed that cultural barriers stay a considerable challenge to effective implementation of legislation in Central Asian countries, where only 10% of domestic violence cases are prosecuted.