Language and Linguistics

Scholars suggest that what constitutes an effective argumentation is culturally driven and L1 specific rhetorical or argument patterns may influence written argumentation in a second language. The present study, thus, explores the argument preferences of people from the same cultural background across their L1 and L2 texts within a cultural-educational framework. First, participants are given a survey regarding their previous writing instruction that serves as the "small cultural context" to contextualize the findings; then, they write argumentative essays both in their L1 and L2. The texts are analyzed mainly in terms of argument structures based on Toulmin's (1958) model of reasoning, Hinkel's (1997; indirectness devices, Aristotle's rhetorical appeals, and language style. Then, stimulated recall interviews are conducted to learn the reasons behind the participants' use of detected patterns and their transfer. The results indicate common patterns used in both similar and dissimilar ways across L1 and L2, influenced by cultural as well as various other factors.

It has been argued that depending on gender language is used in different ways in society, and the fact that language is surveyed differently leads to the thesis that men and women have ‘differentiated communicative competence’ (Coates, 2004). A distinct pronunciation variant that is widely used and ‘has recently been noted as spreading through non-standard accents in England’ (cf. Trudgill, 1988: 43), is that of th-fronting. The form th- fronting has become more and more integrated into the speech patterns of many speakers across the United Kingdom although it has ‘not ‘officially’ entered RP yet’ (Altendorf, 1999: 5). This study focused on whether or not gender is associated with variation in the usage of th-fronting in the urban and multicultural locality of Nottingham, United Kingdom. The analysis was undertaken in order to assess how urban youth culture in Nottingham utilizes and applies the form th-fronting in everyday dialogue such as day-to-day conversations, and whether their mode of expression varies according to gender. The study aimed to gain an insight into the relationship between spoken language and identity, and to recognise whether the social backgrounds/ cultural practices people have influence their use of ethnically and age-coded variables. From the results, it was established that th-fronting does vary according to gender and that increased formality does limit the amount of th-fronting used.

Free online resources are user-friendly technologies which have become available through the Internet in recent years and gaining popularity during Covid-19. Since learners use smartphones, free online resources are easily accessible. Books are portable, but learners find it somewhat difficult to learn English language via books which may only be available in the classroom context, whereas free online resources are easily accessed. The purpose of this study is to identify learners’ perception learning English via free online resources and traditional learning. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the present study. Twenty-five international pre-elementary intensive English students took part in this study. It was found that learners perceived the free online resources as valuable tools for learning English in relation to reading, conversation, and vocabulary and also free online resources help promote free learning norms in learning the English language. The learner...

This 800-page volume is a clear and readable presentation of the current state of research on the history of the Tibeto-Burman (TB) language family, a typologically diverse group of over 250 languages spoken in Southern China, the Himalayas, NE India, and peninsular Southeast Asia. The TB languages are the only proven relatives of Chinese, with which they form the great Sino-Tibetan family.

"Diversité Linguistique. Un défi pour l’Europe is the French translation of Linguistic Diversity. A Challenge for Europe. It consists of a transcription of the conference hosted 4th March 2010 by the European Parliament and organized by the European Free Alliance (EFA).

The book is a transcription of the most relevant contributions of the seminar and it intends to give an overview of the different kinds of unresolved problems concerning the situation of languages in Europe. It follows the same structure as the one from the speeches of the conference and it is divided in three parts. The first one (Languages without a State) refers to the languages that suffer unfair discrimination within the Union. The prime example is Catalan, which is spoken by more than 10 million Europeans and can not be called a ‘minority language’ despite the fact that it bears no official status at a European level. Galician and Basque are in a similar situation, they are not under direct threat but actions should be taken to ensure its survival. The second (Minority languages within Member States) describes the situation of European lesser used languages and pays special attention among other endangered European languages to the Occitan, Breton, Franco-Provençal, Frisian, Welsh and Corsican cases. Finally, the last part describes the situation of those languages bearing no legal protection outside the borders of the state that considers them official yet they do not risk to disappear. A classic example is Hungarian: official in Hungary, but with no recognition in Slovakia, Romania and Serbia where Hungarian speaking communities are not entitled to its official use."

Russian influence in Muslim Central Asia was far reaching. The transformative effects of Russian presence first emerged in the administrative setup and governance, and soon it spread to the domain of education and sociocultural symbols. The Muslim Central Asian society lost its connection with the Muslim world in the neighborhood as Russian alphabets, lexemes and structures replaced the Arabic script. The Tsarist administration initiated these changes which culminated in the Soviet era when Central Asian Muslims were forced to cultivate Russian language and culture. However, the distrust among the Russian diaspora and Muslim Central Asian local population was deep seated. Once the Soviet Union fell, the demographic and linguistic changes were attacked by nationalists. Despite the post-1991 attempts, the Russian language is still dominant in Muslim Central Asia as compared to English and other modern European languages.

1 This discussion challenges English language teachers and others to look at the impact English spread has on local perspectives. suggests that we should start exploring knowledge in local instead of global contexts to better understand the global-local negotiations. Phillipson (1992: 166), in his book, Cultural Imperialism, sets forth a gap in the research in English language spread:

Speech acts in legal language: introduction ''One of the particularities of any language of law consists in the fact that the validity-in the sense of its correctness-of its sentences depends not only upon syntactical and semantical, but also upon pragmatical conditions'' (Oppenheim, 1942:11). One of the most striking pragmatic properties of legal documents concerns their performative character. Besides norms laying out duties and norms conferring rights, every legal system contains rules productive of legal effects by the very act of being uttered, such as ''regulation X is hereby revoked'': here the legislator's utterance neither describes nor prescribes a behaviour; rather it brings about, or, to use a technical term, constitutes, a new state of affairs. As noted by Carcaterra (1990:117) among others, the traditional dichotomy between descriptive and prescriptive discourse fails to account for such forms of legal production and must be complemented by the investigation of their performative function. Oddly, such a dimension, which discloses an area of intersection worth investigating between legal theory and analytical philosophy, has been overlooked in important works on legal language. As remarked by Garzone (2000:398): In dealing with contracts Trosborg (1994:312ff), while correctly emphasising that legal speech acts cannot be translated literally, classifies them as directive, commissive and constitutive (using the word constitutive, quite oddly, not with the meaning of 'performative' but rather to mean 'sentences used to explain or define expressions and terms in the contract or to supply information concerning the application of the statute'), thus overlooking performativeness altogether. As a consequence, when discussing the meaning of verb forms in legal speech acts in a translation, she attributes a purely deontic meaning to shall, while in legal texts I have shown elsewhere (Garzone, 1996:68ff) that this modal can also have a performative meaning depending on the context. This Special Issue of the Journal of Pragmatics aims to reassess the contribution that studies of legal language offer to both the notion of performativity and speech act theory in general. More specifically, applications to specific domains of legal practice and the adoption of a diachronic dimension will be considered for their insights into both the nature and pragmalinguistic realization of speech acts in selected legal genres (court trial records: depositions, indictements; law codes) and the institutional and social settings in which they are (were) performed. The first paper in the issue, Overruling as a speech act: performativity and normative discourse by Ross CHARNOCK, takes up the question of the relationship between performativity and normativity. In the common law system, judges are said to be bound by precedents decided in courts of the same level or above. However, in higher courts, under certain conditions, they have the right to overrule. Overruling declarations may be analysed as performative speech acts, having the effect of changing the law. Since the judges are reluctant to be seen as assuming a legislative function, they tend to use indirect rather than explicit language, especially in the most significant cases. Alternatively, they present their overruling decisions not as new legislation, but rather as declarations of the true state of the unchanging common law. The legal validity of overruling declarations depends to a large extent on their perlocutionary effects. Even after successful performance, these effects may be cancelled by later decisions in higher courts. The legal effects of overruling decisions thus suggest a close relation between performativity and normativity. The following three papers share the adoption of a diachronic perspective on speech act analysis.

Advertising hoardings are common in cities. Hoardings are put up at almost all squares and near all bus stops/stations/railway stations/airports, malls, multiplexes, etc. Thus, these hoardings are omnipresent. These hoardings attract public attention because of their textual message and visuals. The language employed in these hoardings is simple and shows an economy in the use of words. The main function is to convey the message about a product or service in an effective manner. This linguistic communication or advertisement discourse can be studied from various points of view. This paper is a humble effort to study advertising hoardings in Nagpur city from the point of view of Sociolinguistics.

Perceção de variantes dialetais do Português europeu continental: um estudo exploratório ____________________________________________________________________________________ Resumo Com o presente estudo, pretendemos, através da aplicação de dois testes percetuais (de identificação e de discriminação), avaliar a forma como são identificadas e distinguidas seis variantes dialetais do Português Europeu (PE), falado em Portugal Continental. Entre os diferentes fenómenos fonéticos convocados pelos falantes para a identificação das variantes, destaca-se o elevado valor distintivo do ditongo <ei>, que conhece várias realizações, de acordo com a região. As tarefas de identificação revelaram-se mais difíceis do que as de discriminação, sendo o dialeto da Beira Litoral o mais facilmente identificado. Os resultados apontam, ainda, para uma maior facilidade na perceção das diferenças existentes entre dialetos geograficamente distantes, percebendo-se, neste domínio, a existência de uma clara distinção entre o Norte (Minho e Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro) e o Sul (Alentejo e Algarve). As conclusões decorrentes da análise dos resultados obtidos carecem de estudos mais aprofundados, quer no que diz respeito aos fenómenos fonéticos que contribuem para a correta identificação dos dialetos, quer no que se refere ao impacto do perfil dos ouvintes, na concretização das tarefas percetivas solicitadas. Palavras-chave: dialetologia -fonética -perceção da fala -testes percetuais. ____________________________________________________________________________________

Let us suppose that you are a research linguist, tormented by some doubts and questions about the state of your profession, and not constrained by having to repeat a catechism of "known truths" to Linguistics 101 students, and not worried about employment tenure. How would you actually go about tackling "the central problem of linguistics", namely how we acquire and maintain knowledge of the probability of systemic relationships in a language?

Riesgo y Compromiso. Las representaciones del saber en trabajos de investigación publicados en revistas venezolanas arbitradas: destrezas discursivas. Resumen Se examinan referencias, según argumentaciones apoyadas en la recolección y organización de diversas fuentes en los trabajos en publicaciones venezolanas arbitradas, las derivaciones inexactas que se conforman en el abstract, en el asunto correspondiente a la educación, cuando ésta se entiende en referencia a instancias superiores con adjetivos y sustantivos impropios, de lo que se concluye en la necesidad de puntualizar en las destrezas discursivas de los traductores. Palabras clave: resumen, traducción, sintagma adjetivo, publicación científica, palabras cognadas. Abstract As the subject of work here examines arguments supported by references in the collection and organization of various sources in the Venezuelan papers in refereed, inaccurate leads are formed in the abstract, in the case for education, when it is seen referring to higher authorities with adjectives and nouns unfit, what is concluded on the need to specify in discourse skills of translators.

The rejection of the onomatopoeic theory of the origin of language by Müller , together with Saussure's (1916) partial extension of the principle of arbitrariness to phonetically motivated words, seems to be among the reasons for a drop in interest in the study of mimesis in the lexicon. The present paper describes an experiment involving the classification of a comprehensive list of English and Slovak words of imitative origin into natural semantic categories similar to those used in the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. Extending the focus well beyond mere echoic onomatopoeia, the study demonstrates that sound-imitative words are far from being applicable to only a narrow semantic range (Anderson 1998:128). Based on the obtained data, it is argued that identifying recurrent semes within the lexemes synchronically interpreted as mimetic might, if supported by further cross-linguistic evidence, serve as an aid for linguists in getting to the roots of certain words of yet unexplained etymology.

In order to construct any representation of the syntax or of the vocabulary of a language, we must first know where information about syntax and semantics is to be found. The point of view of Lexicon-Grammar in this regard is that the source of knowledge lies in experimentation. We will therefore examine the experimental side of syntax and semantics. Most of this paper is based on M. Gross (1984, 1988, 1992, 1994).

Free online resources are user-friendly technologies which have become available through the Internet in recent years and gaining popularity during Covid-19. Since learners use smartphones, free online resources are easily accessible. Books are portable, but learners find it somewhat difficult to learn English language via books which may only be available in the classroom context, whereas free online resources are easily accessed. The purpose of this study is to identify learners' perception learning English via free online resources and traditional learning. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the present study. Twenty-five international pre-elementary intensive English students took part in this study. It was found that learners perceived the free online resources as valuable tools for learning English in relation to reading, conversation, and vocabulary and also free online resources help promote free learning norms in learning the English language. The learners also had constructive attitudes towards free online resources. Free online resources always provide a motivating learning environment, enhance learners' analytical and critical thinking skills, and encourage social interaction between teachers and learners, learners and their peers, and learners and other participants.

A globalização e os avanços científicos e tecnológicos diminuíram as distâncias espacial e temporal entre os homens, conectou culturas, possibilitou trocas, promoveu profundas transformações no comportamento humano e aumentou o abismo sócio-econômico que divide ricos e pobres. Nesse novo ambiente sócio-cultural, o campo linguístico também foi afetado e hoje convive-se com a competição, cooperação, interação entre línguas num contexto/enfoque global. Nesse ambiente multilíngue global transitam línguas com diversos stati e esferas de atuação, entre eles, línguas locais, de imigrantes, minoritárias, frente às tais línguas nacionais, internacionais e apenas uma global: o inglês. Língua imperial, o inglês se impõe hegemonicamente como expressão dessa globalização e sem a necessidade de uma lei ou políticas que garantam seu espaço. A língua inglesa para chegar onde está hoje, acompanhou a expansão do império britânico nos séculos XIX e XX e a ascensão dos Estados Unidos como superpotência, principalmente depois da Guerra Fria (1989/1991). Contudo, no mesmo ambiente, , , , ao lado do inglês, , , , diversas línguas com importante peso econômico, cultural, político e/ou demográfico se destacam, como é o caso do francês, do espanhol, do alemão, do chinês, do russo, do árabe. E por que não do português? Afinal, nesta última década é facilmente perceptível a intensificação de uma política de promoção e difusão do português pelo mundo. Mas que língua é essa que busca internacionalizar-se? Qual o sentido da língua portuguesa nesse processo dentro de um contexto global e amplo, que envolve também um passado colonial, que opõe uma ex-metrópole e sete ex-colônias? Neste artigo, busco através de conceitos da análise de discurso de base francesa (PÊCHEUX, 1988; MAINGUENEAU, 1997), independente das divergências internas, identificar o sentido da * Parte desta pesquisa foi apresentada no X Encontro de Ciência Empírica em Letras, entre os dias 17 e 18 de setembro de 2009 na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. * Mestrando em Linguística do Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras da UERJ. língua portuguesa em discursos oficiais brasileiros, referentes às últimas políticas para a promoção do português. Esses discursos se inserem em um contexto ainda maior de política linguística da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP), em que o Brasil é apenas um componente. Língua portuguesa: da colonização Língua portuguesa: da colonização Língua portuguesa: da colonização Língua portuguesa: da colonização ao cenário global ao cenário global ao cenário global ao cenário global Segundo o Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) e Lewis (2009), que valorizam o peso das línguas minoritárias, o português é falado atualmente por 233 milhões de pessoas. . . . Dessas, 89,9% como língua materna (LM) e 10,1%, ou seja, 23,5 milhões como segunda língua (L2) , o que torna a quinta língua mais falada no mundo (SILVA, 2009). Já de acordo com o Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil (2010) e a CPLP (2010) há no mundo 245 milhões de lusofalantes. Dentre todas as fontes é certo afirmar que o português é falado por 230 a 250 milhões de pessoas atualmente (2010). Embora língua oficial em nove países -Angola, Brasil, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Guiné Equatorial, Moçambique, Portugal, São Tomé Príncipe e Timor Leste -o português atinge praticamente como língua falada a totalidade dos habitantes em apenas dois deles, Brasil e Portugal. Nos países africanos e no Timor Leste atua como língua de unificação na forja de uma

It has been repeatedly observed that focus substantially changes the sentence prosody in many languages not only by increasing F 0 , duration, and intensity on the focused components but also by compressing the pitch range and intensity of post-focus elements. However, it is not yet fully clear in Persian what the main effect of focus is on pre-focus, on-focus and post-focus elements. To achieve this goal, we have embarked on a full-scale investigation of the phonetic realization of prosodic focus in Persian. The findings of this study reveal that focus dramatically changes the three regions. F 0 and duration has significantly increased in on-focus words without any significant change in intensity. Compared to their counterparts, pre-focus elements show weaker intensity but no change in duration and mean F 0 . Finally post-focus words show significant lowering of F 0 and decrease of intensity. The duration of post-focus words remains intact. Thus, according to the present data, it can be concluded that Persian, like English and Mandarin, falls into the category of PFC (postfocus compression) languages.

En este trabajo reanalizaremos una estructura sintáctica que ha sido objeto de estudio en la Gramática Generativa desde la década del ’70 (por ejemplo, Chomsky & Lasnik, 1977): las estructuras de “ascenso”. En estas estructuras hay un verbo que selecciona una cláusula subordinada no finita, en la que un argumento recibe rol temático pero no caso, produciéndose un movimiento-A hacia la cláusula matriz para recibir caso. Este sistema implica grandes complicaciones a nivel teórico y empírico, por lo que intentaremos reemplazar esa teoría por la de que los así llamados “verbos de ascenso” (parecer como ejemplo prototípico) son en realidad auxiliares con un significado modal. Así, no hay dos cláusulas, sino sólo una, con un dictum y un modus, en la que el verbo de ascenso es en realidad un núcleo con rasgos modales. Comenzaremos caracterizando la noción de modalidad en diferentes ámbitos y luego nos centraremos en el estudio de la sintaxis y la semántica de los verbos de ascenso desde la convergencia entre generativismo, Relevancia y conceptos de lógica modal.

How do we assess what we remember? Previous work on metacognition suggests that confidence judgments are more accurate when given after than before a response to a perceptual task. Here we present two experiments that investigate the influence of decision and response on metacognitive accuracy in a memory task so as to establish what kind of information people use to assess their memory content. Participants were asked to remember lists of words and then to decide which of two target words had previously been presented. In both experiments, participants rated their confidence either after or before the response. However, the experiments differed in the amount of information provided for confidence rating. In Experiment 1, before confidence rating, participants were either presented with both target words and asked to decide between them, or they were only presented with a cue (first letter of the subsequent target words). In Experiment 2, participants were always presented with a ta...

Özet: Bu makalede V. V. Radloff'un 1886 yılında Sanktpeterburg'da yayımlamış olduğu "Kuzeydeki Türk Kavimlerinin Dili/ I. Halk Edebiyatından Örnekler/ 6. Tarançi Diyalekti" adlı kitabında kullnadığı yazınin özellikleri; bu yazı ile kaydedilen eserlerdeki dilin o zamandaki Uygur dilinin geç ici dönemine ait temel özelliklerini yansıttığı ve bu belgelerin günümüzdeki önemi konuları ele alınmıştır.

Background: iGlebe is a fully automated internet treatment program for adults who stutter that has been shown, in some cases, to reduce anxiety and effectively manage social anxiety disorder for many participants. No such automated internet treatment program exists for adolescents who stutter. Aims: The present paper reports a Phase I trial of an adolescent version of the adult program: iBroadway. Methods & Procedures: Participants were 29 adolescents in the age range 12-17 years who were seeking cognitivebehaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety associated with stuttering. The design was a non-randomized Phase I trial with outcome assessments at pre-treatment and immediately post-treatment after 5 months of access to the program. No contact by a clinical psychologist occurred during participant use of the program. Outcomes were a range of psychological, quality-of-life and stuttering severity measures. Outcomes & Results: The compliance rate for the seven iBroadway modules over 5 months was extremely favourable for internet CBT, at 52.4%. There was evidence of treatment effects for (1) the number of DSM-IV mental health diagnoses with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; (2) the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering scale; (3) the Subjective Units of Distress Scale; and (4) parent-reported speech satisfaction. Conclusions & Implications: Further development of iBroadway, the adolescent version of iGlebe, with Phase II trialling is warranted.

Un codice árabe en caractereS hebreoS de la trapani de loS abbate (Vat. ebr. 358).-El manuscrito Vat. ebr. 358 contiene el texto árabe escrito en caracteres hebreos de los apartados VI-X de la primera parte del Kitāb kāmil al-ināa al-ibbiyya ('El libro perfecto del arte medico'). Esta última es la enciclopedia médica compuesta antes de 367/977-978 por Alī ibn al-Abbās al-Majūsī (m. 384/994 [?]). En el presente artículo se apunta, por primera vez, al lugar de producción del manuscrito, Trapani (rābaniš) en Sicilia. La ciudad aparece mencionada explícitamente en el colofón del manuscrito copiado el 26 de adar 5053 (13 de marzo 1293). Con este artículo se pretende contribuir al estudio de la circulación del conocimiento médico árabe entre los judíos sicilianos durante los siglos XIII a XV. PalabraS clave: Árabe en escritura hebrea; medicina árabe; þAlī ibn al-þAbbās al-Majūsī; Kitāb kāmil al-inā'a al-ibbiyya; Sicilia; ciencia; cultura manuscrita. An Arabic Codex in Hebrew CharacterS from Abbate Trapani (Vat. ebr. 358).-The manuscript Vat. ebr. 358 contains the Arabic text written in Hebrew script of paragraphs VI-X of the first part of the medical encyclopedia Kitāb kāmil al-ināa al-ibbiyya ('The perfect book of the medical art'). The work was composed before 367/977-978 by Alī ibn al-Abbās al-Majūsī (d. 384/994 [?]). This article claims the place of production of the manuscript to be Trapani (rābaniš) in Sicily. The city is explicitly mentioned in the colophon that was copied on Adar 26, 5053 (March 13, 1293). This article expands our knowledge of the circulation of Arab medical science among Sicilian Jews (13-15 th c.).

This study examines the role of new speaker parents who have made a conscious decision to bring up their children in Galician, a language which they themselves did not acquire in the home. Although intergenerational transmission has for long been considered a crucial part of linguistic vitality, new speakers bring complexity to this paradigm and in particular prompt questions about their role as parents and as potential agents of sociolinguistic change in the process of language revitalization. Through their individual as well as collective linguistic practices, new speaker parents have the potential to generate visible and/or invisible language planning on the ground, influencing their children's language learning and creating future generations of speakers. As such, these parents, through their own linguistic behaviour, can play a potentially significant role in the revitalization and maintenance of Galician outside the school through their family language policies in the home. Drawing on two focus group discussions involving seven families in two of Galicia's urban centres, Santiago de Compostela and Vigo, we investigate how these new speaker parents exercise their agency and become policy makers in their homes. Family language policy • New speaker parents • Language revitalization • Bilingualism • Galicia * Bernadette O'Rourke b.m.a.o'

Free online resources are user-friendly technologies which have become available through the Internet in recent years and gaining popularity during Covid-19. Since learners use smartphones, free online resources are easily accessible. Books are portable, but learners find it somewhat difficult to learn English language via books which may only be available in the classroom context, whereas free online resources are easily accessed. The purpose of this study is to identify learners' perception learning English via free online resources and traditional learning. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the present study. Twenty-five international pre-elementary intensive English students took part in this study. It was found that learners perceived the free online resources as valuable tools for learning English in relation to reading, conversation, and vocabulary and also free online resources help promote free learning norms in learning the English language. The learners also had constructive attitudes towards free online resources. Free online resources always provide a motivating learning environment, enhance learners' analytical and critical thinking skills, and encourage social interaction between teachers and learners, learners and their peers, and learners and other participants.

It has been repeatedly observed that focus substantially changes the sentence prosody in many languages not only by increasing F 0 , duration, and intensity on the focused components but also by compressing the pitch range and intensity of post-focus elements. However, it is not yet fully clear in Persian what the main effect of focus is on pre-focus, on-focus and post-focus elements. To achieve this goal, we have embarked on a full-scale investigation of the phonetic realization of prosodic focus in Persian. The findings of this study reveal that focus dramatically changes the three regions. F 0 and duration has significantly increased in on-focus words without any significant change in intensity. Compared to their counterparts, pre-focus elements show weaker intensity but no change in duration and mean F 0. Finally post-focus words show significant lowering of F 0 and decrease of intensity. The duration of post-focus words remains intact. Thus, according to the present data, it can be concluded that Persian, like English and Mandarin, falls into the category of PFC (postfocus compression) languages.

The unprecedented experience of Gavrilescu, the main character in the La Țigănci short story, continues to arise various interpretations, proving the viability of this eliadesc writing. For some literary critics, he is the anti-hero by definition, which lives what Eliade understands by &quot;level break&quot;, but without understanding anything of it. The ordinary man, with a banal existence, routinely in the profane becomes the Chosen One uselessly claimed by sacred, for ignorance prevents him from seeing beyond the Illusion. In the hut of the gypsies, he crosses a rite of passage, from life to death, proof being the shrouded curtain that will wrap his naked body, the terrible thirst for unpopularity, and the surprising encounter with the always young Hildegard, the beloved of his youth. In this article, I try to reveal another dimension of this eliadesc short story, linked to the name of the main character, which, in my opinion, refers to the name of the archangel Gabriel, the &qu...

This paper presents some preliminary notes on the previously undescribed Indo-Aryan language of Kundal Shahi, a village in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. We present data from which it appears that the Kundal Shahi language must have descended from an archaic form of Shina, while showing more recent influences from Kashmiri and Hindko in particular. It is not mutually intelligible with any of these languages. Like many other languages in the northwestern corner of the South-Asian subcontinent, Kundal Shahi has contrastive tone. With less than 500 active speakers, most of whom are over 40 years of age, the language is definitely endangered.

Free online resources are user-friendly technologies which have become available through the Internet in recent years and gaining popularity during Covid-19. Since learners use smartphones, free online resources are easily accessible. Books are portable, but learners find it somewhat difficult to learn English language via books which may only be available in the classroom context, whereas free online resources are easily accessed. The purpose of this study is to identify learners' perception learning English via free online resources and traditional learning. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the present study. Twenty-five international pre-elementary intensive English students took part in this study. It was found that learners perceived the free online resources as valuable tools for learning English in relation to reading, conversation, and vocabulary and also free online resources help promote free learning norms in learning the English language. The learners also had constructive attitudes towards free online resources. Free online resources always provide a motivating learning environment, enhance learners' analytical and critical thinking skills, and encourage social interaction between teachers and learners, learners and their peers, and learners and other participants.

Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in

... 973 of cognitive linguistic interchange. ... SuLjects Subject groups were part of a larger cohort previously recruited and tested in conjunction with studies investigating naming and cognitive language impairment in MS (Lethlean and Murdoch 1993,1994). ... 1 2 3 4 -I 6 8 9 10 11 12 ...

This paper investigates the roles of language-specific phonological learning and inherent phonetic contrastiveness in the perception of non-native vowels. Native speakers of Korean and Japanese , at two levels of English language experience , were assessed on the

The aim of this research was to explore the effect of different spatiotemporal contexts on the perceptual saliency of animacy, and the extent of the relationship between animacy and other related properties such as emotions and intentionality. Paired-comparisons and ratings were used to compare the impressions of animacy elicited by a small square moving on the screen, either alone or in the context of a second square. The context element was either static or moving showing an animate-like or a physical-like trajectory, and the target object moved either toward it or away from it. The movement of the target could also include animacy cues (caterpillar-like expanding/contracting phases). To determine the effect of different contexts on the emergence of emotions and intentions, we also recorded and analysed the phenomenological reports of participants. The results show that the context significantly influences the perception of animacy, which is stronger in dynamic contexts than in st...