Kurdish

Diviso tra Turchia, Siria, Iraq e Iran, il Kurdistan rappresenta probabilmente uno degli scenari geopolitici più caldi del Medio Oriente. È il territorio di un popolo, i curdi, che vanta più di trenta milioni di persone la più grande "nazione" senza Stato - e che si sta rivelando un attore cruciale della regione. Nelle recenti crisi mediorientali, infatti, il "fattore curdo" si è rivelato una costante fondamentale: dalle guerre in Iraq sotto Saddam Hussein alla lotta contro il cosiddetto Stato Islamico, dal ruolo nei delicati equilibri politici turchi al conflitto siriano. Senza dimenticare che il Kurdistan è una delle regioni più ricche di petrolio. Conoscere i curdi, distinguere le loro istanze autonomiste o indipendentiste, le priorità che ne guidano l'operato nei diversi contesti statali in cui si trovano a vivere, è quindi fondamentale per comprendere cosa stia avvenendo oggi. In questo volume si offre un primo approccio globale alla "questione curda" grazie all'apporto di studiosi internazionali e alla curatela dell'lSPl, uno dei più importanti istituti di ricerca europei.

Drawing on feminist theory, as well as theory surrounding the correlation between poverty and suicide, this study explores the increased rate of suicide among women in western Iran. Based on empirical research, including interviews with women from the Kurdish region of the country, the author considers the marginalisation of Kurdish populations in Iran, the suppression of their rights, and violence against women in its various forms. With attention to family violence, such as direct physical or sexual assault, psychological bullying or through practices such as forced marriage or honour killings, the author also considers the political nature of such violence, as certain violent practices are enshrined in the Iranian constitution and legitimised in jurisprudential practice. A study of gendered violence and its effects, Women and Suicide in Iran will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of Sociology, Criminology and Middle Eastern Studies with interests in violence, gender and suicide.

Aziz Khan Mukri is one of characters that has good and Decisive role in the political and cultural events of qajar Period. Explain his role in the political and cultural relations during the Qajar period, will opens the door to further research on the  disentangling the various uncertainties history.In order to respond to the need for a comprehensive and extensive explanations of historical events of this period, in this paper, the status of Azizkhan in the  political relations between Iran and the Ottoman, analyzed and evaluated using the methods of historical research, its significance is analyzed.results of the study indicate that the political development of the Azizkhan express political space based discrimination, Removing discrimination and justice in the distribution of power during the decline distinctions ethnic and religious in AmirKabir led period.These results also show that tensions between the two territories frontiersman, including gains of detente Azyzkhan approach in dealing with various inflammatory and political tensions between Iran and the Ottoman world.

Kovar di warê zanistê da xwedî bandoreka giring in. Kovara Nûbiharê cara ewil di sala 1992yan hate weşandin. Armancên kovaran curbicur in. Yek ji van armancan jî hînkirin û bipêşvebirina ziman e. Ev mijara ewil, bi taybetî di derbareyê perwerdeya ziman da ye. Em di vê gotarê da li ser bandora Kovara Nûbiharê a li ser zimanê kurdî rawestîyan. Ji nivîsan jî tê famkirin ku armanca ewil a derketina Kovara Nûbiharê xizmeta ziman û nasnameya kurdî ye. Ji bo vê armancê heta îro 156 hejmarên kovarê derketine. Kovar bi taybetî giringîyeka mezin dide hînbûn û hînkirina zimanê kurdî. Ji ber vê yekê, di hejmarên xwe yên destpêkê da, bi taybetî li ser mijarên zimanî yên wekî alfabe, rêziman, ferheng û mafê zimanê dayikê rawestîyaye. Îro jî Nûbihar, zimanê kurdî wek dîyardeya herî giring a nasnameya kurdî dibîne.
Peyvên Sereke: Kovara Nûbiharê, zimanê kurdî, perwerde, nasname

MAGAZİNE, LANGUAGE AND EDUCATİON-NUBİHAR MAGAZİNE AND KURT LANGUAGE
Abstract
Journal, Language and Education -Journal of Nubihar and Kurdish Language-
Journals have a significant impact in the field of science. Journal of Nubihar was first published in 1992. Journals have various purposes. One of these purposes is to teach the language and develop it. This first topic is particularly relevant to the field of language teaching. In this article, we focused on the influence of Journal of Nubihar on the Kurdish
Language. As can be understood from the articles, the primary aim of Journal of Nubihar is to serve the Kurdish language and identity. For this purpose, 156 issues of the journal have been published so far. The journal attaches great importance to the learning and teaching of the Kurdish Language. Therefore, in its first issues, it focused on language topics such as the alphabet, grammar, dictionary and the mother tongue right. Even today, Nubihar sees the Kurdish language as the most distinctive indicator of Kurdish identity.
Keywords: Journal of Nubihar, Kurdish Language, education, identity

ABSTRACT


This dissertation is concerned with the sufistic hermeneutics of mahwi’s poem. It is an attempt to read his Kurdish poems, amid theoretical reading of Islamic interpretation and western. Thus some unclear textual meaning can be interpreted. Because of that, the study is divided in to an introduction and three chapters.
The introduction deals with the relation between the term hermeneutics and Islamic interpretation, rhetoric, and aesthetic interpretations.
Chapter one is entitled to” The Text between pleasure and hermeneutics” This chapter is classified into two sections. The first section is about Ghazal as a Sufistic inheritance for the interpretations means. It sheds a light on the query of heavenly and earthly love and the relation to hermeneutic text as well as feminization of text and conceiving pregnancy by beauty query from gracefulness, perfection, lordliness of God to human being.
Whereas the second section studies wine as a source of sufistic hermeneutics. It also deals about hermeneutic reading of wine, its problems of interpretation reasons behind using wine in sufistic texts, its relation with glow, presence or absence of love partner, flute, house of perfection, and features of moral wine.
Chapter two focuses on hermenutic phenomenology, where  phenomenology has become source or means for hermeneutics to find unclear textual meanings. The first section of chapter two describes the intentions of poet text, and the experience of poet’s life. It studies the ways to understand mahwi’s intentions, It also explains that through phenomenology there is hermeneutic reading for the indications of existence, freedom, nothingness, passing away, murdering, and cessation of being.
Chapter three is devoted to hermeneutic semiology, where semiology as a science that studies signs and symbols has become a source and means so as to make hermeneutic reading for some signifiers and where by obtain different meanings. For this purpose, the first section is about the query of selfness, selfishness, and poets attention for the use of first person pronoun(I) as a signifier that an device different meanings. Later, this signifier were read hermeneutically, furthermore, they were textually, and terminologically used as hermeneutic source. In the second section logic is studied as a source for semiology and its changing meanings to hermeneutic and later there are hermeneutic reading for some signifiers.
Finally the thesis studies sufistic essaying, and  hermeneutic problems. In these chapter, it is attempted to have different reading for Mahwi’s Kurdish texts while considering sufistic essaying. Finally, the paper ends with a conclusion and results. 

ملخص الأطروحة

هذه الأطروحة الموسومة بـ (هرمنيوطيقا شعر محوى الصوفي) تعدّ محاولة لقراءة الأشعار الصوفية للشاعر الكوردي الشهير بـ(محوى)، إذ إنّها تركّز على الجوانب التأويلية لهذه الاشعار، في ظلّ النظريات التأويليّة الإسلامية، والهرمنيوطيقا الغربية، والغرض من ذلك: كشفُ أبعاد خفية كثيرة للنصوص، وإدراك المعاني والدلالات التي يتضمنها، ولا يمكن التوصل إليها إلا بالتأويل.
وتكوّنت الأطروحة من: مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة فصول، مع نتائج مهمة توصل إليها البحث.
ففي المقدمة تناول البحثُ تعريف الموضوع-والعنوان محددا- مختصراً، وتطرقَ إلى أسباب اختياره وأهميته، وحدوده، وذكر الصعوبات والعوائق التي واجهت طريقه، ومن ثَمَّ بيان خطة العمل فيه.
وفي التمهيد: تناول البحثُ تعريفَ مصطلح (الهرمنيوطيقا) قديماً وحديثاً، وبيانَ صلتها بالتأويل الإسلامي، وعلم البلاغة، وفن الجمال، ثم توضيح علاقة الهرمنيوطيقا بمناهج ما بعد البُنيوية.
وقد خصّص الفصل الأول لـ(النص بين اللذة والهرمنيوطيقا)، وذلك ضمن مبحثين، فجعل المبحث الأول للغزل كميراث للتصوف وألية للتأويل الشعري، واشتمل ذلك على: الحديث عن مسألة الحُبّ والعشق السماوي والأرضي، وعلاقتهما بتأويلية النصّ، ومن ثمّ أنوثية النصّ وما تحمله من مسائل الجمال في (الجمال والكمال والجلال الإلهية)، إلى جمالية الإنسان. أما المبحث الثاني فجعل لمسألة الشراب كمصدر للهرمنيوطيقا الصوفية، وفيه قراءة تأويلية لمفهوم الشراب، وتباين وجهات نظر المؤولين فيه، وذكرُ أسباب استعماله في نصوص الصوفية، وعلاقة هذا المصطلح بالنور والنار، وحضور المعشوق وغيابه، وأهل الكمال، وكذلك صلته بالني، والتطرق أيضاً إلى بعض سمات الشراب المعنوى في أشعار محوى الصوفية. 
و خصّصت الفصل الثاني للكلام عن الهرمنيوطيقا الظاهراتية، إذ إنّ الظاهراتية النقدية تعدّ أداة مهمة للتأويل، فإنها تكشف فجوات معانية في النصوص ومسافات دلالية في الخطاب، ومن هنا تضمن هذا الفصل مبحثين: فجعل في المبحث الأول لمفهوم قصدية الشعر والنص، وتجربة الحياة، وذكر الوسائل والقرائن التي لها دور كبير لفهم قصدية شعر محوى الصوفي. وفي المبحث الثانى حاول البحث أن يدرس ظاهراتياً عن مسألة الوجود والعدم، والذهاب إلى الموت، وإلى القتل والشهادة بأيدى المعشوق عند الشاعر، ومن ثمَّ قراءة تأويلية عن تلك الظواهر النادرة الخاصة بخطاب التصوف عند محوي.
أما الفصل الثالث فقد خصّص للتأويلية السيميائية، مبيّناً أثر السميائية-الدال والمدلول- في تأويل بعض أشعار محوي الكردية، واشتمل هذا الفصل على ثلاثة مباحث، فخصص المبحث الأول للكلام على علم المنطق كأداة للتأويلية، إذ موضحا أنّ الشاعر استعمل مصطلحات منطقية، ويمكن النظر إليها من حيثيتين: من حيث المعنى السيميائي، ومن حيث المعنى التأويلي. وجعل المبحث الثاني لـ(أنا) وذاتية الشاعر كبعدٍ للتأويل، متطرقاً إلى صلة (الأنا) بمضمون النصوص لدى محوى، وكذلك التركيز على علاقة (الأنا) بالدال الذي له دور في احتجاب المعاني الشعرية، ونضوج التأويل فيها. وجعل المبحث الثالث للكلام على خطاب التصوف وإشكالية الـتأويل والمعنى، مركّزاً على إشكالية قراءة نصوص محوى الشعرية، وباطنية النص واحتجاب المعنى، مبيناً أيضاً أهمية التأويل عند محوى.    وجاءت الخاتمة لذكر أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها الأطروحة.

Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker beinhaltet das Recht auf einen eigenen Staat. Jedoch vergrößert die Gründung eines Staates nicht das Maß der Freiheit eines Volkes. Das auf Nationalstaaten basierende System der Vereinten Nationen ist ineffizient geblieben. Mittlerweile sind Nationalstaaten zu ernsthaften Hindernissen für jegliche gesellschaftliche Entwicklung geworden. Der Demokratische Konföderalismus ist das Gegenparadigma des unterdrückten Volkes. Der Demokratische Konföderalismus ist ein nichtstaatliches gesellschaftliches Paradigma. Er wird nicht staatlich kontrolliert. Zugleich ist er der kulturell-organisatorische Entwurf einer demokratischen Nation. Demokratischer Konföderalismus basiert auf der Mitwirkung der Basis. Seine Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse liegen bei den Gemeinschaften. Höhere Ebenen dienen nur der Koordination und Umsetzung des Willens der Gemeinschaften, die ihre Delegierten zu den Vollversammlungen schicken. Für einen begrenzten Zeitraum sind sie sowohl Sprachrohr als auch ausführendes Organ. Jedoch liegt die grundlegende Entscheidungsgewalt bei den lokalen Basisorganisationen.

Memed, My Hawk, a modern epic novel of the literary Turkish tradition published in 1955, could be classified as an example of World Literature (Weltliteratur) in the Goethean meaning of the term (Eckermann, J.P., Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens, trans. John Oxenford as J.W. von Goethe, Conversations with Eckermann, repr. North Point Press, 1994, p. 132). The many interwoven references and connections to other narrative modes, literary stereotypes, topoi and themes make this work an interesting object of critical analysis, proving that there is not only a national literature, which this novel of course belongs to, but also a more widespread literary context. I will identify, through the chapters and the pages of the novel, some of the literary commonplaces and intertextualities that can be referred to the Epic tradition of various epochs and national literatures.

Recently, Turkey and the U.S. signed an agreement for Turkey to join the coalition’s fight against the Islamic State (IS, a.k.a. ISIS/ISIL). As part of this agreement an IS-free zone will be created in Syria, but it is not clear yet whether this will encroach on the territory of the People’s Protection Units (YPG), the main Kurdish armed group operating in Syria. The YPG has been one of the most successful forces on the ground in the fight against IS and despite the changing dynamics it still remains important. However, Turkey’s entry into the battle will lead to every aspect of the YPG being reassessed, as Turkey deems it to be a terrorist organisation. Nonetheless, the YPG still has a significant role to play and abandoning it now could lead to the situation in Syria becoming even more complex.

+K KDNLPAE GDGJHU KDQGDQ WHúZvTNLULQWRLQFLWHWRLQVWLJDWH WRXUJHGHIGDQSDOSrUDGDQWRMRVWOH KDU ILHUFH KDYLOGDU EHQHILFLDU\ KDZLUGH LPSRUW aNLULQ WRLPSRUW KDZLUGHEDU LPSRUWDEOH KDZLUGHEDUv LPSRUWDELOLW\ KDZLUGHUNHULPSRUWHU KDZLUGHNLULQ LPSRUWDWLRQ KDZLUGRU HQYLURQPHQW KDZLUGRUv HQYLURQPHQWDO KHFL]AE GHVWHVHU KHGHI DLPJRDOREMHFWLYH KHIVAE ]LQGDQ KHIW VHYHQ KHIWHP VHYHQWK KHIWH ZHHN a\DQH ZHHNO\HYHU\ZHHN KHIWHQDPH ZHHNO\SXEOLFDWLRQ KHOEHVW SRHP KHOEHVWYDQ SRHW arPvUv SRHWODXUHDWH KHOVHQJDQGLQ YHYDOXDWHQHYDOXDWLRQ KHOZHVW RSLQLRQDWWLWXGH aD[ZHGHUELULQ WRH[SUHVVRQH ¶VRSLQLRQ KHPDQ VDPHVLPLODU KHPDQGLQ YWRLQFOXGHWRFRPSULVHQ LQFOXVLRQ KHPEHU FRXQWHUHTXLYDOHQWFRXQWHUSDUW KHPEHUv HTXYDOHQFHHTXLYDOHQF\ KHPGHP FRQWHPSRUDU\ KHPr]KHPEr] DUPVODS aNLULQ WRHPEUDFHWRJLYH«DKXJ KHPr]DQGLQWRHPEUDFHWRJLYH«DKXJ KHPvKHP DOO KHPQDY QDPHVDNH KHPVDO FRHYDO KHPZHODWv FLWL]HQMLKHPDQZHODWv FRPSDWULRW NLULQaWRQDWXUDOL]HWRJUDQWFLWL]HQVKLS KHPZHODWvWv FLWL]HQVKLS KHQGHUDQ GLDVSRUD KHQJ NRPHGvFRPHG\ KHQJ KH\DPSHULRGWHUPVHPHVWHU VHVVLRQHUD KHQJv NRPvNFRPLFFRPLFDOIXQQ\ KHQJvKH\DPvSHULRGLFDO KHTAE PDI KHU HDFKHYHU\ aURM HYHU\GD\ KHUURMv HYHU\GD\ KHUGX ERWK KHUHúH SHUVHFXWLRQ aOL\HNvNLULQ WRSHUVHFXWHVRPHRQH KHUrP UHJLRQ KHUrPv UHJLRQDO KHULIDQGLQ YWWRFROODSVHQFROODSVH KHULIvQ YLFROODSVHQFROODSVH KHULúDQGLQ ]LOP]RUvOL\HNvNLULQWR SHUVHFXWHJLYDúWLQGHZLVDQGLQWRSUHVVWR VTXHH]H KHVDGDUAE SDUGDU KHVW IHHOLQJIHHOLQJVHPRWLRQVHQWLPHQW KHVWR\v VHQWLPHQWDO KHVW\DU HPRWLRQDO KHWvZED]vVRGRP\EXJJHU\ KHYDQv EHGTHVWvTHVWD[HUDEVXvTHVW FRQVSLUDF\ KHY HDFKRWKHUHDFKRWKHUV aGvWLQ WRPHHWHDFKRWKHUV aJLUWLQ WRXQLWH KHYEHúAE KHYSDU KHYGvWLQ PHHWLQJ KHYJLUWv XQLWHG KHYMvQv FRH[LVWHQFH KHYNDU FRRSHUDWRUFROODERUDWRU KHYNDUv FRRSHUDWLRQFROODERUDWLRQ WHDPZRUN a\DQDYQHWZH\v LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQ ELa\DWLúWHNvLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKVWK NHYNrúH EDODQFH KHYNLUr MRLQWWHQDQF\ KHYOLQJ EURWKHULQODZZLIH ¶VVLVWHU ¶V KXVEDQG KHYSDU ELKHYUHMRLQWúLUvNSDUWQHU KHYSDUv SDUWQHUVKLS KHYSH\LYvQ LQWHUYLHZ KHYSH\PDQ DOOLDQFHDOOLHG KHYSLúN SDUWQHU KHYUr FRPSDQLRQFRPUDGHFRQVRUWIHOORZ KHYVHQJ EDODQFH KHYZHODWvAE KHPZHODWv KHZDQGLQ PDWvNLULQ[ZHGvNLULQWR VKHOWHUWRKDUERUWrGHKHEQLQFOXGH FRPSULVH KHZHVDQGLQ!KDQGDQ KHZFH QHFHVVDU\UHTXHVWHGQHHGHG KHZFH\v QHHGUHTXLUHPHQW KHZO WU\SXUVXLW aGDQ WRWU\WRSXUVXH KH\DP SHULRGWHUPVHPHVWHUVHVVLRQHUD KH\DPvSHULRGLFDO KH\LUDQGLQ WREHZLOGHU KH\NHOAE SH\NHU KH\UDQ DGPLUHUIDQGHYRWHHORYHU aEQ WRDGPLUHWRDGRUH KH\UDQv DGPLUDWLRQ KH]DU WKRXVDQG KH]DUVDO PLOOHQQLXP Kr PRUH\HW KrFHW H[FXVHUHDVRQMXVWLILFDWLRQDOLEL UDWLRQDOH KrMD YDOXDEOHZRUWK\GHDU KrMD\v YDOXH KrN HJJ KrNDQv RYDO KrPDQ HOHPHQWFRPSRQHQWXQLWIDFWRU FRQVWLWXHQWLQJUHGLHQW KrQLN FRRO KrVLUAE URQGLN KrYv KRSH KrYvGDU KRSHIXO KrYRMHU HGXFDWRUWUDLQHU KrYRMHUv HGXFDWLRQWUDLQLQJ KrYRWLQ WRHGXFDWHWRWUDLQ KrZLúDQGLQ YWRVDYHQVDYLQJV Kr] SRZHUIRUFH arQDYvQDYDOIRUFHV arQDVD\vúv VHFXULW\IRUFHV arQEHMD\v arQEHUHYDQv GHIHQVLYHIRUFHV arQGHUYH\v H[WHUQDOSRZHUV arQGHU\D\v QDYDOIRUFHV arQKHZD\v DLUIRUFHV arQKLQGLUvQ LQWHUQDOSRZHUV arQOHúNHUv DUPHGIRUFHV KLOEHUDQGLQ WRSURGXFHWRPDQXIDFWXUHWR IDEULFDWHQSURGXFWLRQPDQXIDFWXUH KLOELMDUWLQ QHOHFWLRQYWRHOHFW aDVHURNNRPDU SUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQ arQSDUOHPDQv SDUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQV KLOELMrU HOHFWRU KLOGDQ KXoNrQ[ZHaWRUROOXSRQH ¶V VOHHYHV KLONLULQ DJLUa WRPDNHDILUH URQDKvJXORSúHZOa WRVZLWFKRQWKHOLJKWV KLOVHQJDQGLQ HYDOXDWHWRUHYLHZWRIRUPDQ RSLQLRQRI KLQDUGHKLQDUHQ H[SRUW aNLULQ WRH[SRUW KLQDUHNHU H[SRUWHU KLQDUWLQ WRVHQG KLQFHW AE KrFHW KLQGLU LQLQZDUGLQVLGH KLQGLUDQGLQ WRLQFOXGHWRHQFORVHWR FRPSULVH KLQGLUvQ LQWHUQDOLQWHULRU KLQrU VNLOOVNLOOV KLúNHEDZHU H[WUHPLVWIDQDWLF KLúNHEDZHUv H[WUHPLVPIDQDWLVP KLúPHQG FRQVFLRXVDTLOGDUZLVH KLúPHQGv FRQVFLRXVQHVVDTLOGDUv ZLVGRP KLú\DU DZDUHDOHUWYLJLODQWFRQVFLRXV KLú\DUv DZDUHQHVVDJDGDUvZDUQLQJ FDYHDW KLTTAE GDGZHU KvOH IUDXG KvP EDVLVIRXQGDWLRQ KvPGDU IRXQGHU KvQKvQLN FRRO KvQEQ IrUEQHOLPvQWROHDUQ KvQEQWH]vQVDUEQYL WRFRRO KvQNLULQIrUNLULQHOLPDQGLQWRWHDFK KvQNLULQ WH]DQGLQVDUNLULQYWWRFRRO KvQGHNDU HGXFDWRU KvQGHNDUv HGXFDWLRQ KRQDN ILFWLRQIDQWDV\ KRVL\DQH WHVWDPHQWDU\ KRVv ZLOO KRVvGrU ]HODPWHVWDWRUMLQWHVWDWUL[ KRVvGrUv WHVWDF\ KRVvKHQGH WHVWDWH KRVvKHQGH\v WHVWDF\ KRVvQDPH ZLOOWHVWDPHQW KRY EDUEDULDQZLOGVDYDJHEUXWH KRYDQH EDUEDULFEUXWDODWURFLRXV KR\ IDFWRUVHGHPVHEHEUHDVRQ KR] WULEH KR]EHQGKR]SHUHVW WULEDOLVW KR]EHQGDQHKR]SHUHVWDQH WULEDOLVWLF KR]EHQGvKR]SHUHVWv WULEDOLVP KR]v WULEDO KXNXPHW JRYHUQPHQW +XNXPHWD+HUrPD.XUGLVWDQr .XUGLVWDQ 5HJLRQDO*RYHUQPHQW KXNXPv JRYHUQPHQWDO KXQGLUKXQGXUAE KLQGLU KXQHU DUW arQVSHKv ILQHDUWV KXQHUDQH DUWLVWLF KXQHUPHQG DUWLVW KXQHUZHU VNLOOIXO KQ \RXVHFRQGSHUVRQDOSOXUDO KQLNFRRO KU VPDOOWLQ\ KUGH FRLQQLFNHOSLHFHVPDOOFRLQFKDQJH

This chapter focuses on the Iraqi Kurdish response to the rapid and devastating advance of ISIS. Of course, the Iraqi Kurdish response to the ISIS advance has been a multifaceted, complex, and evolving one that includes military strategy, pragmatic politics, and aspirations of independence. Leaving aside the fact that the ISIS advance has granted the Iraqi Kurds unprecedented access to Iraq’s rich oil reserves and the fact that the initial Kurdish reaction was to ramp up their rhetoric toward complete secession from Iraq, this chapter focuses on two further dimensions of the Iraqi Kurdish response. Firstly, it documents the Iraqi Kurdish seizure of the so-called “disputed territories,” especially
Kirkuk, and their stated intent to hold a referendum on the future of these
regions (effectively to force a resolution to Article 140 of the constitution). Secondly, the chapter documents the Iraqi Kurdish use of the ISIS advance as leverage to enhance Kurdish relations dramatically with the US and Europe via direct military support (including airstrikes and weapons supply) and to become the key launchpad
in the fight against ISIS planned for 2015. The chapter concludes by briefly assessing the efficacy and wisdom of the Kurdish strategy of leveraging the ISIS onslaught to advance their own interests.

KURDISH BELONGS to the Western Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The two principal branches of modern literary Kurdish are (1) Kurmanji, the language of the vast majority of Kurds in Turkey, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, the area designated by Kurdish nationalists as “North Kurdistan,” with an estimated fifteen to seventeen million speakers, and (2) Sorani, the language of most Kurds in Iraq (four to six million speakers) and Iran (five to six million speakers), the area designated as “South Kurdistan.” Although the two are closely related, Kurmanji and Sorani are not mutually intelligible and differ at the basic structural level as well as in vocabulary and idiom. Since Kurdish is fairly closely related to and has been massively influenced by Persian, the dominant literary and cultural language of the area for the last millennium, Kurdish is best approached with a basic knowledge of Persian.

To draw the borders of Kurdistan -understood here as "the land of the Kurds" -is a difficult task, as there are today only broken-up portions of Kurdistan, with largely disconnected fates. Thus we should begin by classifying the different modes of definition and representation of this territory, as well as their respective legitimacy. This way, we see what these delimitations reflect and signify with regard to the sometimes ambiguous conceptions of the Kurdish people which underlie them. But is Kurdistan (as an identifiable territory, "related" to a specific population) not just a utopia, periodically and contradictorily reactivated? It is then necessary to ask whether the "Kurdish question" is not going through a process of deterritorialization… which makes it then possible to imagine more original solutions than a simple territorial redistribution.

زبان‌های مختلف در سراسر جهان معمولاً به علل مختلف دستخوش تغییرات و دگرگونی‌های فراوانی می‌شوند و به تدریج گونه‌های زبانی متعددی پدید می‌آورند که اگرچه در بیشتر اوقات برای گویشوران آن زبان‌ها قابل فهم‌اند اما در سطوح مختلف زبانی اعم از واجی، صرفی و نحوی واجد خصوصیات متفاوت و گاه متناقضی هستند. هورامی نیز، به مثابه‌ی گویشی گورانی و یکی از زبان‌های ایرانی نو، از این قاعده کلی مستثنی نبوده است. تاکنون گونه‌های متعددی از این گویش گورانی در مناطقی همچون هورامان لهون (در نواحیِ کردنشین ایران و عراق)، هورامان تخت، هورامان ژاوه‌رود و روستای کندوله‌ یافت شده و تا حدی ویژگی‌ها این گونه‌ها در ادبیات موجود در باب هورامی توصیف شده است. مقاله‌ی حاضر درصدد است تا برای اولین بار گونه‌ی جدیدی از این گویش را با نام هورامی کرمانشاهی معرفی نماید و برخی از خصوصیات زبانی ِ مختص به آن را بازشمارد. نیاکانِ گویشوران این گونه‌ی خاص از هورامی که عموماً ساکن کرمانشاه هستند، از اوایل دهه‌ی سی شمسی بنا به علل مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی از شهرستان پاوه به کرمانشاه مهاجرت کرده‌اند. تغییرات زبانی رخداده در گویش هورامیِ نسل دوم و سوم این مهاجران از الگوهای مشابهی پیروی می‌کند که عملاً امکان بازشناسی گویش‌شان را به مثابه‌ی گونه‌ی جغرافیایی جدیدی از هورامی ممکن می‌سازد. برخی از این تغییرات که در جستار حاضر در قالب مقایسه‌ای تطبیقی با گونه‌ی پاوه‌ای معرفی خواهند شد عبارتند از: حذف دال هورامی در پاره‌ای از محیط‌های واجی و صرفی خاص، حذف مقوله جنسیت، تغییر سازوکارهای بیان نمود استمراری، تغییر شرایط حاکم بر حالت‌نمایی در صرف اسم، تغییر الگوی انطباق ارگتیو. از آنجایی که بخشی از خصوصیات این گونه از هورامی در گونه‌های دیگری از هورامی، همچون گویش کندوله‌ای، نیز مشاهده می‌شود، خواهیم کوشید تا در پایان این جستار الگویی از تغییرات احتمالی در هورامی بدست دهیم.
واژگان کلیدی: هورامی کرمانشاهی، تغییرات زبانی، جنسیت، حالت‌نمای غیرمفعولی، نمود استمراری، الگوی انطباق ارگتیو.

Comma Press, the UK's leading publisher of short-fiction,  is looking for new short stories written by Iraqi writers and set in Iraq to be published in both Arabic (eBook) and English translation (book and eBook) in 2015. The anthology will be edited by Hassan Blasim, who won the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize 2014 for his collection The Iraqi Christ.  Submissions can be made in Arabic, Kurdish or English to [email protected] or  [email protected]

تبحث  دار النشر البريطانية ( كوما بريس  ) عن قصص قصيرة جديدة  تدور أحداثها في العراق من تأليف كتاب عراقيين  .ستنشر المجموعة القصصية باللغة  العربية (رقمياً)  المجموعة القصصية . بالإضافة إلى الترجمة الانكليزية ( رقميا و ورقيا ). سيشرف حسن بلاسم على اصدارهذه  ايرجى من الكتاب الراغبين بالمشاركة التواصل معنا عبر هذه العناوين للبريد الألكتروني
  [email protected] و      [email protected]

Western modernity with its colonial application has created an identity trauma and patriarchal domination of the memory of colonized and oppressed peoples. Critiques from colonized territories encourage us to reread the colonial epistemes of modernity, whether or not centered on the West. The Kurdish political movement thus defines a new interpretation of modernity based on the critique of colonialism and global capitalism: "democratic modernity." This chapter problematizes the relations between modernity, the nation state, the destruction of ecology, social confinement, the relationship of the forces of these relations, but above all the modalities by which it becomes possible to act on them to break the "stalemate" of the modernity of thought in the twenty-first century.

The mother tongue has a very strong relationship with mind, psychology and "mother archetype". It is assumed that the individuals who have a strong relationship with their mother tongue in their personal and social lives have a strong psychological disposition. Especially in the context of Jung's mother archetype theory, it is observed that people who face fear and similar traumatic situations take shelter in the archetype. In this study, we will focus on six different cases related to mother tongue in the context of Jung's theory. As will be manifested in the six cases, the mother tongue has great impact on human psychology. The results point to mythological archetypes. It is observed that there is a desire to return to the mother's womb as a symptom in people who have detached from their mother tongue. Concordantly, this study focuses on the trauma behind it and the returning process of those individuals who have severed their ties with their mother tongue.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, gerek kuruluşunda ve gerekse günümüzde yaşadığı önemli çözülüş sürecinde, çeteleşme biçiminde kuruluşlara gitmekte ve içindeki engelleri olduğu kadar karşısındaki hedeflerini de düşürmek için bu yöntemi kullan-makta da epey ustalaştığı görülmektedir. Mustafa Kemal hareketinin kendisi, dönemin Osmanlı nizamında bir çete ha-reketi olarak ortaya çıkar ve bu o zaman açıkça da söylenir. İttihat Terakkicilik ta-mamen bir çete sistemi altında çalışır. Hele oluşturduğu TeĢkilatı Mahsusa yani o dönemin MĠT‟i, dünyada örneği az görülen ve hatta belki de ilk örneği sayıla-bilecek bir Ģekilde, devletin içinde ama gizli bir çete olarak kendisini örgütlen-dirir. Özellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu‟nu dağılış sürecinde ayakta tutmanın temel yöntemi, Teşkilatı Mahsusa‟nın çeteleşme tarzıdır. İmparatorluğun kurtulamayacağı anlaşılınca, aynı çeteler Anadolu‟ya yayılırlar. Kuva-i Milliye adı altındaki teşkilat-lanmalarda oldukça etkilidirler. Mustafa Kemal başlangıçta bunları oldukça kullanır. Örneğin Çerkez Ethem‟in hareketi de, Teşkilatı Mahsusa‟nın bir üyesi olması itiba-rıyla son tahlilde çetedir. Ama eğilimi padişah yanlısı isyancılardan değil, özellikle Bolşevik etkilenmeden ötürü Anadolu İhtilali yönündedir. Ve buna benzer Efeler hareketi de tipik bir çete hareketi olarak anlaşılır. Zaten o zaman ismi de odur.

This paper explores English-Kurdish translations produced by the Kurdish section of the Voice of America (VOA). It is hypothesized that such translations are marked by unnaturalness and foreignness both in terms of linguistic and cultural aspects. This feature seems to be a peculiar characteristic that sets the VOA Kurdish apart from other media outlets producing Kurdish translations. Applying Venuti's (1995/2008) theory of foreignization and domestication and taking a translation-oriented textual analysis approach, the paper sets out to qualitatively examine a set of 15 English journalistic texts translated into Kurdish by the VOA Kurdish. The study encompasses both linguistic and cultural matrices to identify unnatural or foreignized translation occurrences, which are expected to be otherwise rendered naturally in other media outlets. The results of the study show that Kurdish translations produced by the VOA are peculiarly outlandish and orientated towards foreignization. For journalistic translations to be comprehensible by the target audience, media players ought to present their outputs, translation or otherwise, as naturally as possible. Therefore, the paper recommends that the VOA Kurdish change its tendency from foreignization to domestication.

Osmanli Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Resûl Mestî’nin (1823-1908) Hayati ve Eserleri ÖZ
Kürt edebiyatı tarihinde birçok yazar ve şair halen birer isimden ibaret olup onların hayat ve eserlerine dair kayda değer bulgular elde edilememiştir. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinin incelenmesi sayesinde Kürt edebiyatçı, eğitimci, alim ve fizikçi Resûl Mestî’nin hayatının kimi yönlerine ışık tutulmuştur. Osmanlıca belgelere istinaden ilk defa onun hayatının karanlıkta kalan kimi yönleri aydınlığa kavuşturulmuş ve tümüyle belge ve kaynaklara bağlı kalınarak onun basılı ve kayıp eserleri gün yüzüne çıkarılmış ve benzer şekilde onun şiir denemeleri, Şeyh Rızâ Tâlabânî ile olan edebî münasebetleri ve derlenen birkaç şiiri vasıtasıyla bir şair olarak oynadığı rol gösterilmiştir. Öte yandan onun bilimsel mucitlik çabaları ve hayatının eğitim sahasını alakadar eden önemli aşamaları incelenmiş ve bu yolla Kürt toplumu içerisinde eğitim tarihinin ne suretle şekillendiği betimlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Resûl Mestî, Şiir, Fizik, Eğitim, Osmanlı Belgeleri.

Rasul Masti (1823-1908) His Life and Works in Ottoman Archives ABSTRACT
In the history of Kurdish Literature, there are so many authors and writers who are still known by their names, that is, not so much information of their lives and works can be obtained. In this paper, based on the searches in Ottoman Archives, some aspects of Rasul Masti's life are described. Rasul Masti was a Kurdish tutor, educator, scientist, and physicist. The paper attempts to shed a light on his life and works relying on Ottoman Archive documents and references. Also, according to these references and documents, the paper demonstrates his published books and lost works. It also shows his poetic experience, his relation with the poet, Sheikh Razay Talabani through collecting some of his poems. Despite of all that, the paper studies his creative scientific efforts and various stages of his life in education, in this way, it depicts in writing style, the history of education in Kurdish society.
Keywords: Rasul Masti, Poetry, Physics, Education, Ottoman Documents

This study analyses the Kurdish children' literature in the North. The goal is to show works which about kurdish children's literature in the North.
First, the definitions of child, childhood and children's literature have been explained. Then about history of Kurdish children's literature some
informations are given. Kurdish children's literature when started and who has written for the children is also mentioned. Kurdish writers, poet and intellectuals who work for children in the North are introduced. Kurdish children' magazines and publishers that publish Kurdish children's books in the North also been the subject of this article.


Di vê lêkolînê de behsa edebiyata zarokan a kurdî ya li Bakur hatiye kirin. Armanc ew e ku di edebiyata zarokan a kurdî de xebatên ji bo zarokan li Bakur hatine kirin bi kurtasî bên nîşandan. Di destpêkê de têgehên zarok, zarokatî û edebiyata zarokan hatine ravekirin. Paşê behsa dîroka edebiyata zarokan a kurdî hatiye kirin.

The connotation of hair flattop in Jaziri poetry is the title of this research based on the meaning of gnosis of hair flattop word as a member of human's face, and put it to the content of gnostic poetry. This knowledge gives a poetry field as a text of gnosis. All classic poems have been well known as gnostic users and taken good benefits from Islamic gnosis for their poetries, and particularly

On the occasion of the inauguration of the Kurdish community-house in Berlin, Germany in September 1997, the well-known Kurdologist Dr. Jemal Nebez held a warmly received speech under the title: The Kurds –
their history and culture.

This speech was not only of great importance because of its contents and coverage, but also because it was based on precise data and historic scientific evidence. In his speech, Dr. Nebez covered various subjects, e.g. pre-Christian ancient history and the mythology of the Kurds, the cultural height and depth of the Kurdish people in the
shadow of the numerous expeditions by alien peoples through Kurdistan, the astounding variety of religions in Kurdistan, with special stress on syncretism as the most striking feature of the Kurdish religious culture,
delineating syncretism as inherently different from mixed religions.

Handan Çağlayan’ın Diyarbekir’den başlayıp farklı Kürt ailelerin gündelik hayatlarında dil kullanımının peşine düşerek yaptığı alan araştırmasına dayalı Aynı Evde Ayrı Diller çalışması, bize Kürtçe’nin farklı kuşaklar arasında hangi durumlarda aktarılabilmiş olduğunu, fakat daha çok da nasıl aktarılamamış olduğunu göstermektedir.Çalışma, birçok bakımdan hem güncel siyasi tartışmalara hem de bu alandaki akademik literatüre önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Aynı Evde Ayrı Diller çalışması, Türkiye bağlamında ve Kürtçe özelinde genellikle eğitim ile ilgili tartışmalara konu olmuş anadili meselesini hem daha geniş bir çerçeveye oturtarak gündelik hayatın diğer alanlarında tartıştığı için hem de sadece anadilinin yasaklanmasından kaynaklanan sonuçlara odaklanmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda kuşaklar arasında dil aktarımının kesintiye uğramasının hangi sosyal, psikolojik ve siyasi etkiler sonucu gerçekleştiğini de gösterdiği için literatüre oldukça önemli bir katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Handan Çağlayan, bu kitapta Kürt hareketinin uzun süreli mücadelesinin dil alanına nasıl yansıdığını, bunun Kürtçe için ne gibi kazanımlar sağladığını kitap boyunca ele alarak anadili etrafında dönen tartışmaları siyasal ve tarihsel olarak da hakikatleri gören ve hakkaniyetli bir bağlama oturtmaktadır. Bununla beraber, çalışmanın saha araştırması devam ederken cereyan eden siyasi gelişmelerin ele alınması, anadili ile ilgili tartışmalarının nasıl bir ortamda cereyan ettiğini göstermesi bakımından oldukça önemli.

With the demise of the rule of the Ba‘ath party in Iraq, the country’s
Kurdish population faces a new chapter in the political and regional
development of its region. For over a century the Kurds have been
subject to the grand schemes of other powers, denied autonomy, and
have faced the onslaughts of military assaults, economic embargoes,
and the destruction of their native regions.

This publication is intended to provide an outline of some of the
issues affecting the Kurds in Iraq. It provides a brief exploration of
the past’s effect on the present, and of how both the Kurds and the
international community may avoid repeating previous mistakes,
laying the foundations for an internationally recognised autonomous
region committed to pluralistic democracy and human rights.
Such a region would require a commitment to the rule of law and
internationally recognised human rights standards.

The history of the city of Amadiya goes back as far as ancient Assyria and it has probably existed even prior to that due to its strategic place on the flat top of a mountain.
It was an Assyrian city known as Amedi from the 25th century BC until the end of the 7th century BC with the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
After that, it was part of Achaemenid Assyria, Seleucid Assyria and Parthian and Sassanid-ruled Assyria until its conquest in the mid 7th century AD by the Arabs. Then, for several centuries, after the expulsion of the caliphs from Baghdad in the 7th century, it was ruled by a pasha from the royal Abbas family, reputed to be one of the richest families in the region.

The region in which the city rests is believed to have been the seat of the Magi, or high priests of Median-ruled Assyria, and the city itself is believed to be the home of some of the most significant Magi priests: the Biblical Magi or the "Three Wise Men" who made a pilgrimage to Bethlehem to see Jesus Christ shortly after his birth.

Amadiya was the seat of the semi-autonomous Badinan Emirate, which lasted from 1376 to 1843. At the turn of the 19th century, the population already numbered 6,000, of whom 2,500 were Kurds, 1,900 Jews and 1,600 Assyrians. There are ruins from the Assyrian era and ruins of a synagogue and a tomb attributed to Ezekiel and a church in the small town. The city also has mosques and a church. One of the icons of the city is the Great Mosque of Amadiya which dates back to the 12th century and the oldest and largest in the region.

The town is perched on a mesa or a plateau, formerly only accessible by a narrow stairway cut into the rock.

Although Amadiya is just 10 1⁄2 miles (16.9 km) from the Turkish border across the Beshesh Mountains, the only border crossing into Turkey is now at Ibrahim Khalil border on the road Amadiya - Dohuk - Zakho, 56 miles (90 km) away. A border crossing was once at Habur.

The region north of the mountainous region on the border with Turkey is where poplar, willow, oak, hawthorn, cherry plum, rose hips, mountain apple, pear, Sorbus, and other wild trees and meadow grasses are usually located. The town is 1,100 yards (1,000 m) long and 550 yards (500 m) wide. It houses 6,000 citizens in almost 1,200 houses

The decision by the European Union (EU) of 17 December 2004 that
Turkey is to become a candidate for accession heralds a new era for
the Turkish Kurds. The logic of ethnic nationalism in Turkey has long
generated attempts to repress Kurdish identity. Subject to unremitting
attempts by the Turkish government to disband Kurdish networks,
suppress cultural expression and quell dissent, the Kurds residing in
southeast Turkey have borne decades of persecution effected through
discriminatory legislation, forced displacement, judicial harassment,
arbitrary detention, torture, and extra-judicial execution. Now, for
the first time since the ascendancy of Atatürk in 1923, EU accession
has the potential to offer them a real prospect of lasting security in
an open, pluralist society.

Kürt sözü, DLT’den itibaren Türkçede hem cins isim olarak hem de etnonim olarak kullanılan bir addır. Türkçe olan Bulgar adının bugünkü Slav Bulgar toplumuna ad olması gibi, Kürt adının da farklı kökenlerden gelen ve karma bir toplum olan Kürtlere özel ad olduğu düşünülebilir. Bu arada Kürtlerin Arap, İrani, Yafetik, Ermeni ve Anadolu yerli kavimlerinden geldiğine dair görüşler vardır. Kürdistan denilen coğrafyanın Zagros dağları civarı olduğu bilinmektedir. Türkiye’deki Kürtler aslında Kurmanç’tır. Kürtlerin Anadolu’daki tarihi, Türklerin Anadolu hâkimiyeti ile paralellik gösterir. Osmanlı devleti ile İran arasında yaşanan Şii-Sünni çekişmesi içinde, Anadolu’daki Alevi Türkmenler İran’a, İran coğrafyasındaki Sünni Türkmen ve Kürtler de Anadolu’ya doğru çekilmiştir. Kürtlerin Türkiye’deki nüfusu kesin olarak bilinmemektedir ve çok farklı sayılar verilmektedir.  Kürtçe, genellikle Hin-Avrupa dil ailesinden bir dil olarak değerlendirilir. Ancak Kürtlerin dil değiştirdikleri ve ilk dillerinin başka olduğu birçok araştırmacı tarafından dile getirilmektedir. Kürtçenin karma bir dil olduğu söz varlığında ve gramer yapısında kendini göstermektedir. Kurmançça ve Soranice en önemli lehçeleridir. Zazaca, Kürtçenin bir lehçesi değil ayrı bir dildir. 1965 Genel Nüfus Sayımına göre Türkiye’de nüfusun  % 7’sinin ana dili Kürtçedir. Anahtar Kelimeler:  Kürt, Kürtlerin kökeni, Kürdistan, Kürtçe, Kürtçenin lehçeleri

KURDS AND KURDISH LANGUAGE

ABSTRACT The word Kurd is a name used both as a common noun and ethnonym in Turkish language since DLT. It can be thought that the word Kurd may be a proper noun used for Kurds who are a hybrid community and come from different origins, just like the word Bulgar, which is a Turkish word, has been accepted as a name for today’s Slavic Bulgarian community. Meanwhile some argue that Kurds come from Arabic, Iranian, Yaphetic, Armenian and Anatolian native tribes.  It is known that the area which is called Kurdistan is around Zagros mountains. The Kurds in Turkey are Kurmanç. The history of the Kurds in Anatolia has a parallel time line with the sovereignty of Turks in Anatolia. At the result of the Shia-Sunni fighting between Ottoman State and Iran, Alewi Turkmens in Anatolia went to Iran and Sunni Turkmens and Kurds came to                                                  * Prof. Dr., Fırat Ü. İnsani ve Sosyal Bil. Fak. Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Böl. Öğretim Üyesi. Elmek: [email protected] 
44                                                                                                                      Ahmet BURAN

Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 6/3 Summer 2011
Anatolia. The population of the Kurds is not known exactly and quite different numbers are claimed.  Kurdish language is generally thought to be a member of IndoEuropean family of languages. But it is argued by many researchers that Kurds have changed their language and their first language was rather different than the current one. Both vocabulary and grammatical structure show that Kurdish is a hybrid language. Kurmanci and Sorani are the most important dialects of Kurdish. Zazaki is not a dialect of Kurdish, it is a different language. According to the results of general census in 1965, native language of 7% of the people in Turkey is Kurdish. Key Words:  Kurd, Origin of Kurds, Kurdistan, Kurdish language, Dialects of Kurdish

This book presents a documentation and analysis of Harsini, the language variety spoken by the people of Harsin, a small urban centre located in south-east Kermānshāh Province, western Iran. The main features of phonology and morphosyntax are outlined, and an extensive corpus of transcribed spoken texts, recorded in situ, is also provided, together with a lexicon. The book also includes comparative notes and discussion of the place of Harsini within Laki, and its relationship to Southern Kurdish. The sound files from the text corpus are available online at https://multicast.aspra.uni-bamberg.de/resources/kurdish/#laki

The Kurdish female fighters of the YPJ/ YJA-Star women’s guerrilla units have in recent events gained global recognition as one of the prime group of combatants fighting against the extremist terror group, Isis. The West’s impression of the Kurdish female fighters as a phenomenon has largely brought to light the question of why the idea of a woman as a fighter in war proves to be something sensationalised, and widely perceived as unconventional. The emergence of the Kurdish female fighter thus brings into question the issue of gendered militarization, and the understanding of the ideological field of war as heavily masculinised.

This dissertation is an enquiry into the understanding as to how and why the implementation and preservation of gendered hierarchies exist within the field of war. Through the examining of feminist theories concerning war as gendered, in providing an insight into the ideological and political beliefs of Kurdish movement, and through the studying of testimonials from YPJ/ YJA-Star women combatants, this dissertation aims to illustrate the Kurdish female fighter as challenging gendered militarization.

The findings of this piece of research work can be regarded to substantiate to the idea that gendered militarization results in detrimental consequences such as sexual violence and rape against women in war torn countries. This dissertation also contributes to the understanding of the political views behind many Kurdish female fighters, and the PKK movement, as advocating gender equality.