Korea

The paper attempts to outline the urban visions and architectural ideas and vocabulary behind the formation of the large urban conglomeration in Japan, South Korea and China, and how the seeds of Western planning theories and architectural design practice have helped shaping and building the contemporary cites along the vast regions of Asia Pacific Region, and frame a local language in envisioning the city of the future.
Reflecting on the contributions from East Asia to the discourse of planning and design a city for the future as promoted by single actors, larger cultural movements and national elites fostering economic ambitions and political agendas of autocratic forces (e.g. from the experimental cities by the Metabolists in Japan, to the more “pragmatic” urban development projects fostered by local and national governments in South Korea and China), the paper tries to explain the key socio-economic factors and engines which have dramatically and radically transformed the skylines of the most dynamic and growing influential area of the world at the dawn of 21st century; it also aims at describe the origins of the various forms and elements of the modern built environments which have been shaped and molded by these same forces, and how/whether these urban forms embodies a true genuine East Asian vision of the city of the future, and what is the current trend in terms of new urban forms and architectural design research at the beginning of 21st century.

On September 18, 1996, Lee Jin Gyu, a South Korean taxi cab driver, was taking a passenger on the Gangneung-Tonghae coastal highway.  A little before one in the morning, the driver noticed a group of men clustered on the side of the highway

Original article at NKNews: http://www.nknews.org/2012/09/this-day-in-the-history-of-the-dprk-2/

Airbnb’s remarkable growth is applauded, but there is certainly room for expansion in the Korean market. In this study, the authors conducted a background analysis of Airbnb, studying the strengths and weaknesses of the firm and devising strategies for further success in Korea.
In regards to price, the authors decided the price strategy currently held is applicable in Korea as well. There is no need for change in that aspect. The authors did observe the need for a premium service centered on business travelers, those who travel most frequently. The premium service would have an annual fee, but it would provide benefits to customers in the form of additional services and exclusive deals.
Brand awareness is relatively low in South Korea. To inform the Korean audience, who are potential guests and hosts, there is the need to adopt widely used Korea online platforms, including Kakaotalk and Naver. Not only does this widen Airbnb’s footing in the market, but it also establishes new ground for which promotions can take place.
Airbnb stands at an advantage due to the ubiquity of Internet and mobile phone users in a highly technologized country. Numerous network platforms are ready to accept Airbnb’s entrance into its user base, and upon entrance, Airbnb will already be ahead of competitors in claiming South Korea’s market for room accommodations.

[By Christopher Lotis and Michel D. Lee; Foreword by P.M. Taylor. This full book is uploaded here while the Smithsonian website, where it was published online, is being revised.]

An important theme of this volume is the relationship between ceramics and cultural identity, especially as it relates to a particular family’s collection, and also to the broader study of the personal and social aspects of collecting. The book thus forms a contribution not only to the study of Korea’s material heritage but also to Korean-American or Asian-American studies, and to the
history of collecting. It will surely be of interest to art as well as social historians, and to all those who appreciate the aesthetic quality of Korea’s ceramic art.

The authors’ “behind-the-scenes” study of this private collection included the creation of an extensive research database about it, not only the ceramics included in this volume but also paintings, costumes, bronze works, and many other objects that could form the basis for subsequent studies. The collection includes some important twentieth-century ceramics that have not been included within this volume; these await study alongside other works by contemporary artists in this wide-ranging
collection. As the authors emphasize, the component of the Chang collection selected for publication here has been extensively tested using thermoluminescence testing. For this reason, these objects constitute an important “type collection” of tested pieces for this type of materials analysis, against which other ceramic works may be compared.

This book should therefore serve as an important reference for work on its topic, as a unique and well-illustrated introduction to this private collection and its significance; and hopefully also as a stimulus for other studies within this and related private collections.

[NOTE: 2 photos, available in the print edition (p. 12), have been extracted from this online book because the copyright holder disallows online publication of those photos.]

Dünya ilişkilerindeki en son akımları - tarihsel bağlamdan ödün vermeden - ele alan, Dünya Siyasetinde Asya Pasifik isimli kitabımızın bu baskısı özellikle son  on yıldaki yeni gelişmeleri yansıtıyor.

Bu baskıda bölgenin başlıca devlet aktörlerine odaklanıldı. Hindistan hakkında tamamen yeni bir kısım eklendi ve hem Rusya hem de Avustralya'nın kısımları büyük ölçüde genişletildi.  Ayrıca, Tayvan ve Kore'yi içeren çatışmalar ile Güneydoğu Asya'daki uluslararası politikanın karmaşıklıkları gibi uluslararası kuruluşların rolü de kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alındı.

Geniş kapsamlı tanımlanmış güvenlik politikaları, politik ekonomi, kalkınma, insan hakları, mülteciler ve çok daha fazlasını içeren bu güncel metin, Asya Pasifik’in dünya siyasetindeki yeriyle alakalı olarak tüm meraklıları düşünmeye teşvik edecek dinamik bir giriş sunmaktadır.

The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical validities and efficiencies of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ARS) in identifying children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korean community-based samples. A large sample of elementary school students (n = 1668) participated in this study. We used the CBCL and the ARS as the screening instruments. Diagnoses were determined by clinical psychiatric interviews and confirmed by DSM-IV-based structured interviews. Of the 46 subjects who underwent clinical psychiatric interviews, 33 were diagnosed as having ADHD. A T score of 60 with regard to the Attention Problems profile of the CBCL resulted in a reasonable level of sensitivity or positive predictive value in the diagnosis of ADHD. In both the parent and teacher reports of the ARS, 90th percentile cut-off points resulted in a high level of predictive value. The highest levels of specificity and positive predictive value were ...

Studies were conducted from May, 1993 to April, 1995 to determine the changing patterns of infection by the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, among residents and fish hosts in Kyongbuk Province. The infection rate among residents was 7.7% by stool examination. The rate in males (11.3%) was significantly higher than females (4.1%). Positive rate of intradermal test was 27.6% in the same population. The special type of a simple catalytic model was applied for the analysis of intradermal positive reactors by age and sex, and the equation was y = 0.4776 (1 - e-0.0375t) for males and, y = 0.2085 (1 - e-0.0138t) for females. Analysis of stool examination data by two-stage catalytic model revealed y = 0.025 (e-0.00471 - e-0.0235t). The annual Clonorchis infection rate was 4.7 per 1,000 susceptibles and the annual loss rate was 23.5 per 1,000 infected. The frequency distribution by the eggs per gram (EPG) was calculated as well as the cumulative percentages of positives. The regression equa...

Atmospheric mercury pollution was recognized after a large oil spill on the west coast of Korea on 7 December 2007. In this study, the concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM: Hg 0 ) in air were measured both shortly after the oil spill (∼100 h) and 1 month after the accident near the accident site. When the Hg concentration levels were compared between two seashore sites and two parallel sites offshore, the values tend to decrease further offshore. The unusual rise in Hg concentration levels observed on the seashore area shortly after the accident (mean of 16.4 ± 9.85 ng m −3 ) dropped dramatically after 1 month with active cleanup activities (2.99 ± 1.40 ng m −3 ). Because of the connection between crude oil and Hg (one of the major impurities), the unusual rise in the atmospheric Hg after the oil spill can be explained by the active evasion of Hg from the spilled crude oil. Although Hg levels determined a few days after the accident did not exceed the reference exposure limits (REL) proposed by several agencies, the early build-up of elemental mercury level due to the oil spill might have exerted certain impacts on the surrounding environments.

PURPOSE: The Visible Human Projects, which were launched in the United States, have also been developed in Korea and China during the past decade. This article includes the new trials to promote a variety of their applications. METHODS: In a Korean laboratory, whole bodies of two cadavers were serially sectioned (Visible Korean), while two Chinese institutes have sectioned nine cadavers (Chinese Visible Human and Virtual Chinese Human). For acquiring sectioned images and stereoscopic models of better quality, appropriate cadavers were chosen; equipments and techniques for embedding, sectioning, photography, and computer processing were continuously improved in the two countries. To facilitate the research, Korean and Chinese scientists have visited each other. RESULTS: The sectioned images with thinner intervals (0.2 mm or less) and higher resolution were obtained. From the advanced data, the segmented images of comprehensive structures were prepared to construct three-dimensional m...

The tumor necrosis factor and TNF receptor (TNF-TNFR) superfamily plays very important roles in the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated diseases. Regulation of TNF-TNFR superfamily gene expression influences many aspects of the pathology associated with these diseases. In order to investigate genetic variations in the regulatory regions of the TNF-TNFR superfamily genes, promoter regions were screened by sequencing DNA samples from 24 unrelated Korean individuals. We identified a total of 68 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the regulatory regions of the known TNF-TNFR superfamily genes, including 50 SNPs in the promoter regions, 16 SNPs in the 5′-UTR regions, and two SNPs in the coding regions of these genes. Among the 68 SNPs identified in this study, 25 SNPs were novel SNPs. Interestingly, the sequence alteration created by 11 SNPs completely abolished putative transcription factor binding sites in these alleles. These results suggest that these SNP sites can regulate gene expression by controlling the binding of transcription factors. The identification of function-altering SNPs in the promoter regions of the TNF-TNFR superfamily will facilitate efforts to understand the association of TNF-TNFR superfamily genes with several immune-mediated human diseases.

-The present study compared brain activity of adolescents with or without burnout during their responses to a computerized version of the Stroop Color and Word Test. The Sport Adaptation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered to 460 Korean high school student athletes. Electroencephalographic data were recorded from frontal, central, parietal, and occipital brain regions while these participants were performing the Stroop Color and Word Test. A 2 (group) × 2 (condition) × 15 (electrodes) three-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that the athletes without burnout exhibited significantly higher accuracy than their counterparts with burnout on the Stroop Color and Word Test. The athletes without burnout also showed higher amplitudes for theta, alpha, and beta power in the frontal areas than the athletes with burnout.

Depression is one of the most prevalent health problems for immigrants in the United States (U.S.) and it has been associated with the process of acculturation. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify subgroups of Korean immigrant women based on their Korean as well as American acculturation levels using cluster analysis and to determine whether these subgroups differ on depressive symptoms in 200 Korean immigrant women aged 20-64. Cluster analysis identified four as the most appropriate number of subgroups: they were designated as Korean cluster (45%), Marginalized cluster (26%), American cluster (22%), and Bicultural cluster (7%). Korean cluster had high scores on Korean acculturation and low American acculturation, Marginalized had low for both, American had high scores on American acculturation, low for Korean acculturation, and Bicultural had high scores for both. Women in the Marginalized subgroup reported significantly higher depression scores than women in the American and Korean clusters. It is important to identify immigrants who do not relate to either their heritage culture or the new host culture and address their mental health risk issues.

SUMMARY Background Dental health is an important determinant of nutritional status, but has not been investigated as a risk factor for dementia. This study aimed to investigate the association between number of teeth, use of dentures and recent-onset dementia. Methods This was ...

The native habitat of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is southeast Asia, but it is found throughout Japan, Korea, and northern China, and is also common in the tropics and subtropics. Its range extends from New Guinea west to Madagascar and north to the ...

While pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is almost exclusively caused by cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) mutations, many patients identified with the PSACH phenotype do not have this mutation, suggesting gene and locus heterogeneity. In order to further characterize this entity, we studied 32 clinically and radiographically diagnosed PSACH patients, among 19 families. COMP and collagen (Col) IX (A1, A2 and A3) mutations, were determined. Patients who tested negative for pathological gene mutations but who were identified with the PSACH phenotype, were included. The phenotypes were characterized according to height deviation (cm) from normal, lower extremity mechanical axis deviation (MAD), cervical and thoracolumbar spine involvement, pelvic index, as well as hip, knee, ankle and hand involvement. We report an 81% mutation detection rate for PSACH, of which COMP+Col9A3 mutations were more prevalent (61%) than COMP mutations alone (30%). Of our PSACH patients, 19% tested negativ...

In 2015, the Japanese imperial army’s system of military sexual servitude/military prostitution once again became central to relations between South Korea and Japan. After the signing of a 2015 agreement meant to resolve disputes between the two countries, the Statue of Peace, an effigy of a young Korean woman, was reproduced in both physical form and through digital media, expanding its visual presence in both the material and virtual worlds. This study examines events between 2015 and 2018 through the lens of visual politics and argues that, to fully understand the political impact of the Statue of Peace, we need to assess it not only as a physical effigy, but also as a form of digital reproduction. In doing so, it highlights that the mechanical reproduction of the Statue of Peace freed it from the limitations of being a physical representation, and allowed it to interact in more diverse contexts as a tool of resistance against the Japanese government’s proposal and the Korean government’s complicity with the 2015 agreement. This study adds to the analytical toolbox of visualising Korea with the aim of providing greater insight on an important issue facing South Korea and its relationship with Japan.

An acidic polysaccharide with anticoagulant activity was isolated from the edible mushroom Auricularia auricula using water, alkali or acid extracts. The alkali extract showed the highest anticoagulant activity and was thereby further purified using gel filtration chromatography. Specific anticoagulant activity of the purified polysaccharide was 2 IU/mg and its average mass was ∼160 kDa. The polysaccharide from this species of mushroom contains mainly mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid and xylose but no sulfate esters. Its anticoagulant activity was due to catalysis of thrombin inhibition by antithrombin but not by heparin cofactor II. Inhibition of Factor Xa by antithrombin was not catalyzed by the polysaccharide. The glucuronic acid residues were essential for the anticoagulant action of the mushroom polysaccharide since the activity disappeared after reduction of its carboxyl groups. In ex vivo tests using rats orally fed with the polysaccharide, we observed an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation as observed with aspirin, a well-known antiplatelet agent. The polysaccharides from these mushrooms may constitute a new source of compounds with action on coagulation, platelet aggregation and, perhaps, on thrombosis.

Given the increasing recognition of racial/ethnic health disparities, the present study focused on older Korean Americans. Using data from 230 older Korean Americans in Florida (M age=69.8, SD=7.05), we assessed (a) how background variables (demographic information and acculturation), health constraints (chronic conditions and functional disability), and psychosocial factors (sense of mastery and filial satisfaction) were associated with health perception and depressive symptoms; and (b) whether health perception mediated the connections between health constraints and depressive symptoms. We observed positive perceptions of health and emotional states among individuals with higher levels of acculturation, fewer chronic conditions, less disability, and a greater sense of mastery. We also found that persons who were more satisfied with their relationships with adult children and who had more positive health perception were less depressed. Additionally, the findings supported a mediation model of health perception in the linkages between physical and mental health. Findings and implications are discussed here in a cultural context.

Co-author: Irek Sabitov, a journalist from Ufa, Russia.

On August 29, 1945, shortly after WWII had ended, an American B-29 bomber, while on a POW supply mission to Japanese-occupied Konan, Korea (now Hungnam, North Korea), was shot down by Soviet Yak fighters. All 13 members of the crew survived. They were then interrogated by high-ranking Soviet officers and interned at an Allied POW camp at Konan until their return to Seoul could be arranged two weeks later.

This study examines the English language teaching (ELT) policies and measures taken under the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) from 1945 to 1948, in an attempt to illuminate their implications on the current ELT in Korea. The study analyzes data derived from documents of the Korean and the U.S. governments, literature on Korean history, and literature on Korean education and language education. During the previous decade of Japanese colonial rule, the development of ELT had been stalled due to Japan's war against the U.S. and its allies and the colonial government's consequent suppression of Anglophone elements in the colony. With the arrival of the U.S. forces in 1945, however, the climate unfavorable to ELT reversed. The U.S. military government took various educational measures to enhance ELT. It reintroduced English as a required subject in the secondary-school curriculum and as a key subject in university entrance exams. It also established a state-run English language school and provided teacher training nationwide through the school. Despite these reform measures, however, Korean ELT maintained core characteristics set earlier during Japanese colonial rule.

Public health initiatives to immunize children and adults have effectively reduced the number of tetanus cases in the USA. However, in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), immigrants from Mexico had a 67% non-protective anti-tetanus antibody (ATA) level. Less work has been conducted among other immigrant populations to determine the extent of this observation. Objective To measure ATA levels among the Korean-American immigrant population. Methods A convenience sample of 50 Korean Americans born outside the USA was recruited to determine the levels of ATA. A non-protective level of ATA was defined as below 0.15 IU/ml. Results The mean age was 59.5 years and 82% were female. There were 43/50 (86% (95% confidence limits 76, 96)) patients with a non-protective ATA level. Those between the ages of 50-59 years (94% were seronegative) and 60 years-highest age (92% were seronegative) were among the least likely to be protected. Neither gender nor a self-reported history of past tetanus immunization or military service predicted protection to tetanus. Discussion In this pilot study we found that 86% of Korean immigrants did not have protective ATA levels, with patients in the 50-59 year age range as unlikely to be protected as the older subjects. Patient reported history was unreliable in determining whether an individual had protective levels. Conclusion The vast majority of sampled Korean American immigrants lack protective ATA levels and are in need of immunization. Additional study is needed to determine the risk of other immigrant groups to tetanus.

Background Novel approaches are being explored to develop new therapies for various allergic diseases. Complementary and alternative medicines are considered to be promising avenues for the development of such new therapies. Objectives To investigate the effect of many Korean plants on the IgE-mediated allergic response in mast cells and in vivo, and its mechanism of action. Materials and methods The anti-allergic activity was tested by evaluating effects on degranulation of mast cells in culture and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in vivo. Its mechanism of action was investigated by immunoblotting analysis, immunoprecipitation, RT-PCR, and other molecular biological approaches in mast cells.

Hamster adalah hewan mamalia yang termasuk keluarga hewan pengerat yang mempunyai bermacam spesies dan hampir ada di tiap negara. Hamster seringkali digunakan sebagai hewan percobaan di laboratorium (karena reproduksi mereka yang cepat) bersama tikus dan hewan pengerat lainnya. Mereka biasa berkembangbiak di perbatasan padang pasir, bukit pasir dan di kaki gunung, dataran rendah yang bersemak-semak dan berbatu, di lembah bersungai, padang rumput yang luas, dan ada beberapa juga yang tinggal di ladang tanam.

The American treatment of Korean history has undergone dramatic changes, beginning with the dispatch of Protestant missionaries in the 1870’s, through the Cold War, and up to today. Over the past 130-plus years, American historians of Korea have emphasized the complex interplay and influence of nationalism, modernization, and ideology in Korean historiography. Until very recently, histories of Korea produced in the United States sought largely to frame events on the peninsula as manifestations of larger global themes and trends. Unlike Korean historians in Korea, U.S. historians of Korea have been reluctant to frame their accounts as descriptive of a unique or extra-special narrative of Korean-ness. This is understandable; but, at the same time, it is worth considering whether U.S. historians of Korea may have something to learn from their Korean counterparts today. This paper will provide an overview of the historiography of Korea in the United States, past and present, and offer suggestions for the next era of Korean historical studies. As the intent is to provide a brief “overview,” this paper will discuss a handful of English-language histories of Korea that are well-known examples of U.S. historiography at different points in time.

Kyungpook National University School Background The tropical rat mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti (O. bacoti), is an ectoparasite on of Medicine, Taegu, and Department many rodents, but when the rodent is not available, humans may become the victim of the of Dermatology, Catholic University mite's bite. The bite induces a nonspecific dermatitis; therefore, it is not easy to diagnose Medical College, Seoul, South Korea rat mite dermatitis unless the parasites are found. Correspondence Materials and methods Ten cases of rat mite dermatitis were found in medical students Sang Lip Chung, MD who had studied in the same room of the library. Their nonspecific dermatitis consisted of Department of Dermatology small papules, and parasites were found in the skin or in the environment. The mites were Kyungpook National University School collected and identified as O. bacoti, female. Histopathologic studies showed moderate of Medicine perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrations intermingled with some eosinophils. The presence Samduck 2-Ka 50, Chung-gu Taegu 700-721

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multisensory intervention on the physical growth and health of Korean orphaned infants. Fifty-eight full-term infants were randomly assigned to a control (n ¼ 28) or an experimental (n ¼ 30) group within 14 days postbirth. In addition to receiving the routine orphanage care, infants in the experimental group received 15 min of auditory (female voice), tactile (massage), and visual (eye-to-eye contact) stimulation twice a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Compared to the control group, the experimental group had gained significantly more weight and had larger increases in length and head circumference after the 4-week intervention period and at 6 months of age. In addition, the experimental group had significantly fewer illnesses and clinic visits. These data demonstrate that multisensory intervention in conjunction with human/social contact may be effective in facilitating growth for newborn infants placed in orphanages. ß

L’histoire de la monnaie en Asie orientale est intimement liée à celle de la Chine. En effet, le modèle monétaire chinois a inspiré ceux des voisins immédiats. Dès le viie siècle avant notre ère, sont utilisés en Chine divers signes monétaires manufacturés en bronze dont la valeur d’échange excède la valeur métallique. La Chine invente donc très tôt le principe d’une monnaie fiduciaire faite pour circuler et non pour être thésaurisée. Du premier au dernier empereur, la monnaie garde le même aspect, à savoir une pièce ronde trouée en son centre. Cette monnaie, appelée sapèque en français, se répand grâce au commerce dans toute l’Asie orientale. Le Japon, puis le Vietnam et enfin la Corée l’imitent pour produire leur propre monnayage.
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East Asian monetary history is closely linked to that of China. The Chinese monetary system was used as a model by neighbouring countries. Starting from the 7th century before the Common Era, China used various coinages made out of bronze. Because their exchange value exceeded the metallic value, this was an early invention of a fiduciary coinage made for circulation and not for hoarding. From the first to the last emperor, Chinese coins shared the same shape. They are round coins with a hole in the centre. These cash coins circulated among traders throughout East Asia. First Japan, then Vietnam and finally Korea imitated them to produce their own coinage.
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中国的货币形制启发了周围邻国。中国很早就创造了用于流通而不是储藏的法定货币。从公元前七世纪起，中国就拥有了青铜制的布币及刀币。这些货币的交换价值超过其金属价值。中国因此很早就创造了货币用于流通而不是储藏的原则。从秦始皇帝开始一直到清朝末代皇帝溥仪，中国钱一直是圆形中部为方孔的。这种钱币英文叫 cash coin, 法文叫 sapèque。宋朝时中国钱币通过贸易传遍全东亚。从日本到越南、韩国都相继模仿中国钱币而铸成了自己的货币。

This paper is intended to explain the South Korea legislation process and its comparative with Indonesian legislation process. Obtained from an interview conducted by the author with the political function of the Korean Embassy in Jakarta on December 2019.