Judezmo (Ladino

A historical overview in Judezmo of the use of Romanization for writing Judezmo (Ladino, Judeo-Spanish) followed by a description of the Romanization rules advocated today by the La Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i Su Kultura and the Akademia Nasional del Ladino en Israel (Jerusalem).

lijepe književnosti kod bosanskih Sefarda", V. Maksimović (priredio), Izabrana djela Kalmija Baruha, Sarajevo 1972, pp. 323-326 ‫מופיע‬ ‫פאפו‬ ‫לאורה‬ ‫של‬ ‫הרומנסירו‬ .2 ‫בתרא,‬ ‫גרסה‬ ‫גרסאות.‬ ‫בשתי‬ ‫בעיזבון‬ ‫גרסה‬ ‫רומנסות;‬ ‫עשר‬ ‫כוללת‬ ‫המהודרת,‬ ‫שבע‬ ‫של‬ ‫ראשוניים‬ ‫רישומים‬ ‫כוללת‬ ‫קמא‬ ‫בתרא,‬ ‫שבגרסה‬ ‫הרומנסות‬ ‫עשר‬ ‫מתוך‬ ‫אחרות.‬ ‫רומנסות‬ ‫שש‬ ‫ובצדם‬ ‫נחקרו‬ ‫שבו‬ ‫ברוך,‬ ‫של‬ ‫מאמרו‬ ‫על‬ .3 ‫פאפו,‬ ‫לאורה‬ ‫שרשמה‬ ‫רומנסות‬ ‫שבע‬ ‫ראו‬ ‫המקום‬ ‫ולמראה‬ ‫להלן,‬ ‫ד'‬ ‫סעיף‬ ‫ראו‬ ‫להלן.‬ 53 ‫הערה‬ S. Elazar, El romancero judeo-.4 ‫ברומנסירו‬ .español, Sarajevo 1987 ‫רושמי‬ ‫כמה‬ ‫של‬ ‫קבצים‬ ‫אלעזר‬ ‫כלל‬ ‫שלו‬ ‫שכתבו‬ ‫שירים‬ ‫וקובצי‬ ‫שירים‬ ‫רומנסות,‬ ‫בבוסניה.‬ ‫ספרדים‬ ‫יהודים‬ ‫משוררים‬ ‫מופיעים‬ ‫אינם‬ ‫השירים‬ ‫הרומנסירו‬ ‫בתוך‬ ‫הם‬ ‫אלא‬ ‫נלקחו‬ ‫הם‬ ‫שמהם‬ ‫הקבצים‬ ‫לפי‬ ‫בהערות‬ ‫זאת‬ ‫עם‬ ‫נושאים.‬ ‫לפי‬ ‫מסודרים‬ ‫לעמוד‬ ‫אפשר‬ ‫הסופיות‬ ‫ובהערות‬ ‫השוליים‬ ‫את‬ ‫לשחזר‬ ‫וגם‬ ‫שיר‬ ‫כל‬ ‫של‬ ‫מקורו‬ ‫על‬ ‫של‬ ‫הרומנסירו‬ ‫הקבצים.‬ ‫של‬ ‫תכולתם‬ ‫בתוך‬ ‫כולו‬ ‫נכלל‬ ‫בתרא(‬ ‫)גרסה‬ ‫פאפו‬ ‫לאורה‬ ‫שישה‬ ‫גם‬ ‫ובצדו‬ ‫אלעזר,‬ ‫של‬ ‫הרומנסירו‬ El namorado ‫בעצמה:‬ ‫כתבה‬ ‫שהיא‬ ‫שירים‬ Madres ,(194 ‫שיר‬ 180 ‫‪)i‬עמ'‬ la muerte Prekura de kantar,(195 ‫שיר‬ 180 ‫)עמ'‬ 182 ‫)עמ'‬ Violetas ,(196 ‫שיר‬ 181 ‫)עמ'‬ Alavasiones a la ruda como ,(197 ‫שיר‬ Hadras de‫ו-‬ (253 ‫שיר‬ 253 '‫)עמ‬milisina ‫את‬ ‫שנושא‬ ‫שלה‬ ‫מערכון‬ ‫המלווה‬ ,Pesah .(215 ‫שיר‬ 210 ‫)עמ'‬ ‫השם‬ ‫אותו‬ M. Nezirović, "El cancionero de los .5 romances judeo-españoles de Sarajevo de Laura Papo-Bohoreta", Linguistica, 26 (1986), pp. 115-130 18 ‫"בוקי"‬ ‫הספרותי‬ ‫בשם‬ ‫פורסם‬ ‫אשר‬ ‫השם‬ ‫באותו‬ ‫סיפור‬ ‫של‬ ‫תאטרוני‬ 20 ‫"בוקי".‬ -‫רומאנו‬ ‫אברהם‬ ‫הוא‬ ‫הלוא‬ 19 ‫אחר,‬ ‫ב"בוקי"‬ ‫מדובר‬ ‫אולם‬ -‫לאורה‬ ‫של‬ ‫למחזותיה‬ ‫שהתייחסה‬ ‫הראשונה‬ ‫יוגוסלבית‬ ‫הלא‬ ‫החוקרת‬ ‫היכרות‬ ‫העיזבון‬ ‫את‬ ‫הכירה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫רומרו‬ ‫אולם‬ 21 ‫רומרו.‬ ‫אלנה‬ ‫היא‬ ‫פאפו‬ ‫וידקוביץ'-‬ ‫קרינקה‬ ‫של‬ ‫תרגומה‬ ‫על‬ ‫הסתמכה‬ ‫היא‬ ‫ובעבודתה‬ ‫ישירה,‬ ‫מחקרה‬ ‫התפרסם‬ ‫מאז‬ 24 ‫עובדיה.‬ ‫ושל‬ 23 ‫צ'מפרה‬ ‫של‬ ‫למאמריהם‬ 22 ‫פטרוב‬ ‫העוסקים‬ ‫של‬ ‫לתודעתם‬ ‫לחלחל‬ ‫פאפו‬ ‫לאורה‬ ‫של‬ ‫שמה‬ ‫התחיל‬ ‫רומרו‬ ‫של‬ ‫מרשימה‬ ‫הועתקו‬ ‫מחזותיה‬ ‫ושמות‬ ‫שמה‬ ‫הספרדים.‬ ‫היהודים‬ ‫של‬ ‫בתרבותם‬ idem (edicija rukopisa i prevod), .6

The present chapter outlines the historical development of lexicography in Judezmo, the traditional language of the Sephardic Jews of the former Ottoman Empire and its successor states, and Ḥaketía, the language of the Sephardim of Spanish Morocco. After notes on the thematic limitations of the chapter and on present-day Judezmo orthography, introductory notes are provided on Judezmo and Ḥaketía. The developmental stages of Judezmo and Ḥaketía lexicography are then sketched out, culminating in an overview of electronic corpora and contemporary Judezmo lexicography online, discussion of current issues in Judezmo lexicography, and a look at prospects for the future.

From the 19th–20th-century beginnings of modern linguistics, scholars reported on various results of interactions between diverse language speakers; but it was only with Uriel Weinreich's Languages in Contact (1953) that a solid theoretical basis for the systematic study of contact linguistics was elaborated. The present article studies lexical influences from South Slavic on Judezmo (Ladino/Judeo-Spanish) resulting from contact during the 16th–19th centuries between speakers of these two languages in the regions that, between 1918 and 1992, were known jointly as Yugoslavia. During the Ottoman and then Austro-Hungarian periods, borrowings in local Judezmo from South Slavic were relatively few compared with Turkisms. But from the nineteenth century, when the South Slavs gained political independence, Serbo-Croatian exerted an ever-increasing influence on Judezmo in this region. The case of Judezmo there differs considerably from Yiddish in Slavic Eastern Europe throughout the same period, as described by Uriel Weinreich and others.

From the 19th–20th-century beginnings of modern linguistics, scholars reported on various results of interactions between diverse language speakers; but it was only with Uriel Weinreich’s Languages in Contact (1953) that a solid theoretical basis for the systematic study of contact linguistics was elaborated. The present article studies lexical influences from South Slavic on Judezmo (Ladino/Judeo-Spanish) resulting from contact during the 16th–19th centuries between speakers of these two languages in the regions that, between 1918 and 1992, were known jointly as Yugoslavia. During the Ottoman and then Austro-Hungarian periods, borrowings in local Judezmo from South Slavic were relatively few compared with Turkisms. But from the nineteenth century, when the South Slavs gained political independence, Serbo-Croatian exerted an ever-increasing influence on Judezmo in this region. The case of Judezmo there differs considerably from Yiddish in Slavic Eastern Europe throughout the same pe...

Among the numerous Jewish books published in Belgrade between 1837 and 1905, there are approximately sixty Ladino works written by Sephardi authors scattered throughout the Ottoman Empire and the Mediterranean. Except for some novels, historical books, grammars of Hebrew language and a method for studying German, the majority of Ladino works published in Belgrade are of a religious character. The bulk of Ladino rabbinic literary production in the Balkans was printed in Hebrew Rashi letters which makes these works unique but not easy to access. Works of rabbinic content are a valuable source of information about the life and work of pious Sephardi writers, the religious life of the Sephardim scattered in different Jewish communities of the Balkans, and their local customs and differing ways of applying Jewish law. While an important inventory and study of Ladino books was published in 1990 in Serbian by Ženi Lebl, titled Jewish books published in Belgrade 1837-1905, the works cited have not as yet received scholarly attention. The aim of this article is to revisit Lebl's catalogue to identify relevant halakhic and ethical rabbinic works, as well as prayerbooks, written in Judeo-Spanish and published in Belgrade, thereby shedding light on Jewish printing in Serbia and the literary production of the most salient nineteenth-century Sephardic rabbis from the Balkans and the surrounding area.

The Judezmo writer Alexandre Benghiat was widely appreciated for his popular, light and often humorous literary style. His writings were mostly praised by fellow Judezmo writers and published in numerous Judezmo journals inside and outside his native Izmir, including his own periodical El Meseret [“The Joy”]; and since the turn of the twentieth century his compositions have been cited, analyzed and anthologized by researchers. Until World War I most of his writings were relatively optimistic. But with the War and its disastrous consequences for the residents of Izmir much of Ben ghiat’s writing became more somber. In 1919 Benghiat published the Judezmo diary that he had kept during the War, describing the tribulations of the Izmir residents, especially its Jews, and particularly his own plight. This article previews the diary, which will be published in its entirety by the author of the article.

This paper attempts to extrapolate from the responsa literature of the Ottoman Sephardic rabbis of the seventeenth century the main features of the Judezmo which Nathan of Gaza  would have heard and used in Eres Israel in particular and in Gaza in general. It also uses that literature to survey the personal names borne by Sephardic, Mizrahi or Oriental and Ashkenazi Jews during that period.

La protagonista di Tela di cipolla parte dal Messico per un viaggio nella terra d’origine dei suoi genitori, bulgari sefarditi, alla ricerca delle proprie radici familiari e linguistiche. Seguendo le tracce del giudeospagnolo, la lingua dei discendenti degli ebrei espulsi dalla Spagna nel 1492, attraversa vari luoghi tra Bulgaria, Grecia, Bosnia, Turchia. I suoi appunti di viaggio si alternano a riflessioni, ricordi, poesie, racconti, sogni, in un tessuto complesso e fragile, ma non privo di umorismo, che offre la testimonianza viva dei profondi legami e del senso di mistero e di rifugio che si irradia dalla lingua verso la sfera personale. Un libro unico nel suo genere.

Myriam Moscona, scrittrice messicana di origini bulgare sefardite, è autrice di vari libri di poesia, tra i quali il più recente è La muerte de la lengua inglesa (2020). Ha ricevuto molti riconoscimenti, come il Premio di Poesia Aguascalientes nel 1989, la Guggenheim Fellowship nel 2006 e il Premio Xavier Villaurrutia nel 2012 per il romanzo Tela de sevoya, qui proposto per la prima volta in italiano. Vive a Città del Messico con il suo cane Isaac.

Alessia Cassani insegna letteratura spagnola all’Università di Genova. Si occupa di letteratura dell’esilio repubblicano spagnolo (Ci portarono le onde, 2012) e di letteratura sefardita (Sentieri di parole. Studi sul mondo sefardita contemporaneo, 2019; Una lengua llamada patria. El judeoespañol en la literatura sefardí contemporánea, 2019).

Ana María González Luna C. insegna lingua e cultura spagnola all’Università di Milano‐Bicocca. Si occupa di letteratura ispanoamericana contemporanea (Narrativa de la violencia y testimonio del ‘destierro’ en los cuentos de Eduardo Antonio Parra, 2017; Sobrevivientes y desaparecidos. Los migrantes en las crónicas de Marcela Turati y Oscar Martínez, 2019).

This study analyzes lexical accommodation in Judeo-Spanish (JS) to model Peninsular and Latin American (PLA) Spanish varieties. Data were obtained through sociolinguistic interviews, including an oral translation task, conducted in Istanbul, the Prince Islands, and New York City. Although accommodation appears higher in those lexical items that involve phonological adaptation, such as changing a JS palatal to a PLA velar ([mu.'3er] --> [mu.'xer]), accommodation by lemma replacement is also a widely- used strategy (JS merkar - > PLA comprar). Most of these lemmas appear in all three communities, and a statistical analysis demonstrated that accommodation is higher among speakers 60 years of age and younger. Also, New York City presents the highest percentages of accommodation, probably due to constant contact with other Hispanic and PLA Spanish-speaking populations in the United Stales. Additional sources and motivations for accommodation include having relatives in Spanish-speaking areas, language attitudes, and professional marketability in a globalized economy.

Hebrew-language historical overview of the Latin/Roman letter writing systems used for Judezmo/Ladino/Judeo-Spanish, with a description of the system advocated by the Autoridad Nasionala de Ladino and the Akademia del Ladino en Israel. Illustrated.

Shalom a todos!
Konosed vos rogo a los estudiantes ke partichiparon en el sigundo kurso del ladino/djudezmo ke ambezó el Prof. David Bunis mezo la University de Washington a Seattle mientres el enverano de 2020.
Entre las universitas reprezentadas:
Georgetown University
Harvard University
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Mount Holyoke College
Skidmore College
University of Chicago
University of California at Los Angeles
University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill
University of Tokyo
University of Washington

This study analyzes the modal functions of the adverb ya in three contact varieties of Spanish: Basque Spanish in the Basque Autonomous Community, Andean Spanish in contact with Quechua in Ecua-dor, and Judeo-Spanish in Turkey and the Balkans. In comparing the uses of ya among the three Spanish varieties, we apply an approach developed by Mougeon eta!. (2005) consisting of the following steps: (I) determine that the feature in the contact variety has the same or similar function in the source language; (2) examine whether the innovation is the result of an internal process such as overgeneralization or regularization; (3) provide evidence of data militating against, or bolstering, the contact induced hypothesis; and (4) identify a correlation between the level of bilingualism in the community and the frequency of its innovative use. This four-step methodology is applied in the Basque-, Quechua-, and Turkish-Spanish contact situations in order to establish whether its innovative use of modal ya is empirically shown to be contact-induced.

Por primera vez, se publican los 7 capítulos completos en una nueva edición, corregida y aumentada, gracias a la editorial argentina Agua Viva Ediciones. Junto con una segunda parte, escrita completamente en ladino. Allí,  donde cada definición es un poema y cada poema es parte de una historia.

En esta comunicación se propone la implementación del marco teórico y metodológico de la sociolingüística histórica en los estudios sobre el judeoespañol. Este marco, hasta ahora utilizado más en el estudio de las formas históricas del inglés y del español, proporciona la reconstrucción de las fases anteriores de la lengua y sociedad a través de testimonios escritos. Asimismo, se examinan las posibles aportaciones del enfoque sociolingüístico-histórico al estudio de la variedad sefardí y a los conocimientos de la (socio)lingüística histórica en general.
Nuestro estudio arranca del postulado de que el uso de una lengua está socialmente fundamentado y que es posible reconstruir los cambios lingüísticos a través del análisis sociológico. Con el fin de tener un análisis válido, el investigador necesita poseer no sólo una ‘competencia sucedánea’ (ing. ‘surrogate competence’ de Nyman 1982) de la lengua que estudia, sino también disponer del corpus adecuado, ya que para los estudios de la lengua anterior al siglo XX es imposible encontrar auténticos testimonios orales. (Nevalainen; Raumolin-Brunberg 2003: 8-10)