Journalism Practice

Building on research proposing reciprocal journalism as a concept underlying participatory practices and norms in journalism, this study examines how reciprocity might meaningfully be measured in a journalistic context. Using a survey of US journalists, this study adapts measures of reciprocal attitudes and behaviors to journalistic practices. It also develops measures of direct, indirect, and sustained reciprocity as applied to journalism, and explores the relationship between each of these reciprocal forms and one type of participatory behavior: interacting with audiences online. The results indicate that some measurements of positive reciprocity can be meaningfully translated to a journalistic environment and may help to predict forms of audience interaction. For future research, the findings point to the potential for forms of reciprocity to be explored as antecedents for other journalistic norms and practices.

In Greek mythology, the God of Transitions, Janus, is usually represented as having two faces: one looking at the future and the other at the past, illustrating a change from one condition to the other (cf. Bennett, 2013). Like Janus, now embedded in a number of newsrooms, web analytics companies are altering the ways in which news is produced and showing reverence to the institution of news while not taking claim of its past. With respect to the nuanced norms and practices that have traditionally guided journalism as a profession, these companies are introducing web analytics as disruptive, connective, and routinized in journalism. These companies are thusly giving a nod to the past while simultaneously redirecting its future. Since the purpose of journalism has been to provide citizens with useful information so that they can make individual and collective decisions about their governments, lives, communities, and society, it is important to understand how peripheral new actors in journalism such as web analytics companies are altering news production and culture. Such consideration can provide insights into what news is today and what it may look like in the near future. Drawing on interviews with web analytics managers representing some of the leading web analytics companies in the world, this study examines how these companies perceive their roles in journalism and how they may be altering news production and culture. Web analytics and optimization companies including Omniture, Accrue, WebSideStory, and others emerged in the mid-1990s. These companies focused on collecting and processing data into information, providing key performance indicators and formulating strategies for web optimization for varieties of businesses and organizations. They have established themselves as critical components for a number of industries reliant on data. As an example, after acquiring Urchin Software Group in 2005 and launching Google Analytics one year later, Google worked to make such data more accessible to the public (AP 2005).

As journalists continue integrating social media into their professional work, they wrestle with ways to best represent themselves, their organizations, and their profession. Several recent studies have examined this trend in terms of branding, raising important questions about the changing ways in which journalists present themselves and how these changes may indicate shifts in their personal and professional identities. This study combines a visual content analysis of the images journalists use in their Twitter profiles with analyses of their profile text and tweets to examine how journalists present themselves online with an eye toward individual and organizational branding. Findings indicate journalists choose a branding approach and apply it consistently across their profiles, with most profiles consisting of a professional headshot while notably lacking organizational identifiers such as logos. Journalists also tend to lean toward professional rather than personal images in their profile and header photos, indicating a possible predilection for professional identity over personal on social media.

As user-generated content (UGC) and citizen-driven forms of journalism have risen to prominence alongside professional media production, they have presented a challenge to traditional journalistic values and processes. This study examines that challenge from the perspective of the creators and consumers of citizen-driven news content, exploring their perceptions of citizen journalism and the professional tenets of good journalism. Through a nationally representative survey of US adults, this study finds that citizen journalism consumers hold more positive attitudes toward citizen journalism, but do not show a significant identification with professional journalistic values, while general news consumption is positively related with affirmation of professional journalistic values. Compared with consumption, content creation plays a relatively insignificant role in predicting attitudes toward citizen journalism and the professional tenets of good journalism. Implications for understanding the changing perspectives of news creators and consumers are discussed.

As journalists continue integrating social media into their professional work, they wrestle with ways to best represent themselves, their organizations, and their profession. Several recent studies have examined this trend in terms of branding, raising important questions about the changing ways in which journalists present themselves and how these changes may indicate shifts in their personal and professional identities. This study combines a visual content analysis of the images journalists use in their Twitter profiles with analyses of their profile text and tweets to examine how journalists present themselves online with an eye toward individual and organizational branding. Findings indicate journalists choose a branding approach and apply it consistently across their profiles, with most profiles consisting of a professional headshot while notably lacking organizational identifiers such as logos. Journalists also tend to lean toward professional rather than personal images in their profile and header photos, indicating a possible predilection for professional identity over personal on social media.

After the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, al-Nida’ (The Call) newspaper was established as a propaganda tool to justify the annexation and communicate with Kuwaiti citizens. This study conducts an archival analysis of 104 issues to examine how the Ba’athist regime framed its nation-state building efforts through media. Drawing on Mylonas’ (2012) theoretical framework on assimilation, accommodation, and exclusion, the study analyzes how Ba’athist propaganda in al-Nida’ constructed and omitted nation-building strategies. Using Applied Thematic Analysis (ATA), six dominant themes emerge: historical claims, exclusion of the Kuwaiti ruling elite, sociopolitical integration, law and order, economic integration, and territorial claims. This study highlights the role of propaganda in wartime nation-state building, demonstrating how authoritarian regimes engineer national identity through media. By analyzing al-Nida’, this research contributes to scholarship on nation-state legitimacy, wartime propaganda, and occupation narratives, offering insights into how war, propaganda, and state-building efforts intersect in authoritarian nation-building projects.

This evidence-based report aims to familiarise the reader with a wide array of AI in journalism use cases, provide grounding on the legal and ethical issues that journalists and audiences identify regarding this technology within journalism, and reveal news audiences’ expectations regarding how this technology should or should not be used. The report ends with a series of questions for journalists and news organisations to consider as they work through their experimentation with and guidelines around AI use in journalism.

This report brings together six discrete research and engagement activities over a three-year period (2022-24), drawing on fieldwork in seven countries (Australia, Germany, USA, UK, Norway, Switzerland, and France), and focuses on AI in journalism within three broad domains: AI-generated content in journalism, journalists’ perceptions of and use of AI in journalism, and news audiences’ perceptions of and reactions to this technology being used in journalism.

This study explores the discursive construction of negative identity through the monstrous antagonist, the yrr-a collective intelligence of deep-sea organismsin Frank Schätzing's novel The Swarm and the intricate implications stemming from humanity's interaction with this creature. The yrr represents characteristics fundamentally alien to human nature, such as collective intelligence and ecological harmony, while simultaneously exposing humanity's exceptionalist and destructive tendencies. In doing so, the novel compels readers to confront human responsibility for climate change and environmental degradation. This study contends that the yrr functions as a metaphor for humanity's failure to address pressing environmental issues and serves as a critique of anthropocentric discourse. Additionally, Schätzing's portrayal of the ocean as a space of both mystery and fear reinforces these thematic concerns. By situating the Yrr in the ocean's depths, Schätzing underscores the concept of a vengeful nature, responding to humanity's environmental degradation, colonial ambitions, and ecological ignorance.

Second-level agenda-setting suggests that news media influence how we think. As a case study examining the nature and effects of mainstream news media's coverage of the 2015 Apple/FBI dispute about data privacy versus national security, this study found via content analysis that a majority of articles covering the dispute (73.7%) made the same potentially misleading claim about how the American public feels about the dispute. Nearly half (45.6%) of those articles made public opinion claims without offering empirical evidence, and almost all articles (97.4%) that cited the Pew survey appeared to have inadvertently created an unsubstantiated social reality. Then, this study found in a subsequent experiment that, consistent with impersonal influence, the above-mentioned news portrayals significantly affected the participants' view on Americans' collective opinion towards the Apple/FBI dispute. The long-term effect of this journalistic oversight is notable. Theoretical implications and practical recommendations for future science communication in the news are discussed.

The Web has been publicly available for more than 20 years, and US newspapers' experiment with this particular platform has been going on for nearly as long. Motivated initially by high hopes for the potential of the Internet, newspaper firms have expended substantial resources digitizing and distributing their content through a multitude of channels. Underlying newspapers' sustained enthusiasm for a digital future is a long-time (yet unchecked) assumption that print newspapers are dying ; the 2008 recession, which accelerated declines in print circulation and advertising revenue, reinforced such a belief. It is against this backdrop that US newspapers, especially national and metro dailies, became more determined than ever to complete their transition from print to online-by slashing resources for the print edition, laying off print staff, and reducing printing and delivery schedules while expanding digital operations, hiring multimedia reporters and social media editors, and requiring all journalists to reinvent themselves digitally. Another widely held assumption is that "digital natives" would not be inclined to read the "dead-tree" edition of a newspaper. As a result, "newspapers need to figure out how to attract young people to their Internet sites" (quoted in Graybeal 2011, 95). However, amid early excitement and recent determination about an all-digital future for news, a long-time problem facing a vast majority of newspaper firms persists-digital revenue remains insufficient to cover the loss on print revenue (Pew Research Center 2015). Industry discourse often focuses on the loss on the print side without critically examining the performance of the digital products, framing the problem as "newspapers have not yet figured out how to monetize online news users," implying that a solution will emerge in the future (Chyi 2015). However, to this date, the performance of newspapers' digital products in terms of advertising and subscription revenue has remained underwhelming. The result of newspaper firms' transition from print to online is, in the business sense, "exchanging analog dollars for digital dimes" (quoted in Dick 2009, para. 1). Since readership is the foundation for subscription and advertising revenue, to tackle the mystery behind "analog dollars" and "digital dimes," we scrutinized major newspapers'

This article reports on a preliminary scan of six English-language newspapers in Southeast Asia, with a side comparison to a leading Australian newspaper, regarding their coverage of environmental sustainability issues over a two month period in 2005.  It identifies the ownership and key politico-economic issues for each masthead, and does a detailed quantitative analysis of their subject matter and use of sources, followed by two case studies of complex, multisourced stories critical of corporate or government activities. The analysis draws on field theory, and canvasses debates about the power relations among journalists and sources. It concludes that there is a common set of journalistic practices across the sample regardless of national and political differences, but considerable diversity of approaches within that commonality. Patterns of ownership, particularly state vs non-state offer little general explanatory power for this diversity.  Protection of the environment had ‘mot...

Abstract: This paper aims to provide guidance on crucial assessment issues, such as ways of assessing knowledge and aptitudes/practice, innovative tools for conceiving and incorporating computing and information technology in teaching, learning and especially assessment, encouraging reflexive practice and self-evaluation, how to develop group learning and learner autonomy through assessment, how to address culturally diverse student populations’ learning needs and strategies by using culturally responsive assessment tools, how both students and teachers can benefit from these assessment methods, strategies and techniques, some challenges and contradictions, etc. Besides the literature review, the paper will show how this extremely complex process of assessment can be applied in classes covering theological subjects. However, similar assessment plans can be applied in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classes as well, or when assessing multicultural education subjects. In this respect, several assessment criteria will be discussed.

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This study explores the editorial practices of Decât o Revistă (DoR), a publication that established narrative journalism in Romania and promoted a distinctive journalistic approach for 13 years, differing from mainstream media. Using content analysis on a corpus of 170 journalistic texts published between 2009-2022, this research examines how DoR's style is constructed within the Romanian media ecosystem from the perspective of narrative journalism. The main findings of the study reveal a limited application of the writing techniques defined by the normative theory of narrative journalism in editorial practice.

Travel journalism has been profoundly affected by developments in social media technology and the rise of user generated content. Yet, in comparison with news and political reporting, it has received limited academic attention. Online travel content is vast and is gaining significant readership figures; this chapter examines the modalities typical of this content and considers the ways in which it is changing the nature of traditional, professional travel journalism. Drawing on Bourdieu's notion of 'distinction' (1984), this chapter explores how the authority and expertise of the professional travel journalist now competes with the more organic, less economically driven displays of 'symbolic mastery' in travel blogs. A form of multimodal critical discourse analysis was used to study fifty British broadsheet newspaper articles from 2014-2016 and compared with a survey of the top fifty travel blogs of 2016. This chapter finds that traditional travel journalism is characterised by the imparting of knowledge of destinations' "terroir" (what to do, what to see), whereas the user generated content of travel blogs is typified by more personal, experientially driven content. It notes the emergence of 'hybrid' forms of travel content that span the 'amateur' / 'professional' divide and argues that this is suggestive of the power of travel journalism's increasingly active, consumer/producer audience.

The monograph by Rens Vliegenthart tackles the intriguing relationship between mass media coverage, political elite discourse, public opinion, and real-world facts regarding immigration and integration in the Netherlands. Covering the entire 1990-2004 period, the study only draws on aggregate data, no individual-level relationships are examined. Through sophisticated time-series modelling drawing on Granger causality, the study shows that there are multiple and interactive causal relationships between media, politics, the public, and real-world facts. That is to say: frames, or ways to interpret the immigration issue, tend to 'jump' from the media or politics to the public and vice versa. Vliegenthart nicely shows that the 'talking politics' community is engaged in a mutual play of framing and agenda setting. Vliegenthart finds, for example, that the political arena is much more diverse and pluralist regarding the immigration issue. While, what he calls, the Islamas-a-threat frame has dominated media coverage throughout most of the research period, in Parliament much more diverse interpretations of the immigration issue prevailed. Especially in terms of symbolic politics in parliament, MPs seem to follow the media rather than vice versa. When attention in the media increases, parliament follows and starts to devote more attention to the issue. This, once again, confirms that the causal agendasetting impact of media on politics is larger than the other way round. Also regarding the framing of the immigration issue, media and parliament affect each other. Interestingly, frames of the other realm are only adopted when they have already been used frequently in the own realm. Concretely, the media only adopt frames that are used in politics if these frames were already in use in the media before. Media also directly impact on the support for anti-immigrant parties. The more attention the media devote to the immigration issue, the more support for the anti-immigrant parties among the citizens. The same applies to favourable and unfavourable framing of immigrants in the news. There is a lot to be liked in this book. It deals with an important issue, uses an impressive amount of well-collected data, is thoughtfully constructed,

The study aims to assess the interplay between ethnic identity politics and editorial independence of the six purposively selected ethnic-based Ethiopian media through the context of conflict reporting. In so doing, a total of 188 conflict news stories were collected from the selected television outlets and subjected to quantitative content analysis. Descriptive statistics of percentage and a non-parametric test of Chi-square were computed to see the extent and distributions of different variables across categories, and interpretations were mainly made in light of the constructs of social identity theory and hierarchy of influences model. Journalism of activism has become an emerging trend so that the ethnic orientation seems to overwhelm the ethical underpinnings. Ethnically affiliated polarization and political parallelism seem to prevail in the media landscape. Journalists' professional identity appears to be compromised at the expense of ethnic solidarity. This was intensified by prominence by placement, bias by omission and source selection bias, in-group favoritism and out-group derogation, strategic alliance to other groups and out lauding exclusive victimization in reporting conflicts.

This paper analyses to whom Spanish journalists feel responsible. To achieve this objective, we sent out a survey to Spanish journalists to ascertain their opinion on this question. The journalists' point of view was then compared with that of the general public though six focus groups consisting of Spanish citizens from six cities in Spain (Barcelona, Castellón, Madrid, Sevilla, Mondragón and Santiago de Compostela). Lastly, five in-depth interviews were conducted with journalism experts (e.g. directors of professional journalist associations). The main results show that the journalists feel particularly responsible to their conscience, the journalism code of ethics and their sources. The citizens, in contrast, believe that journalists should be responsible to the audience. We contextualised the Spanish finding in the European context by comparing our results with those derived from a study among European journalists.

A dominant monitorial reporting method means that journalism shines a spotlight on officials’ activities, plans, and statements.While this reporting method has brought official wrongdoing to light, monitorial reporting has also participated in amplifying, emphasizing, and normalizing problematic official definitions that neglect structural factors contributing to persistent issues of marginalization. Using qualitative textual analysis, this study articulates a grounded alternative called a solidarity reporting method for covering marginalization. A solidarity reporting method means that journalism prioritizes marginalized people’s definitions, shared conditions, and ongoing struggles—which may challenge the definitional parameters that officials attempt to set. A case study of a 2016 journalistic collaboration called theSan Francisco Homeless Project demonstrates how a solidarity reporting method enriches journalism on homelessness by representing the firsthand observations and perspectives of people subjected to social injustice, and accounting for structural conditions. Solidarity reporting helps advance journalism’s pursuitof truth.

American journalists regularly humanize marginalized communities
in an attempt to bridge social distance. Journalists’ techniques for
doing so may constrain representations to the level of individual
turmoil and resilience without accounting for structural factors,
however, which has troubling social justice implications. This
study examines how journalists humanize homeless people in the
case of the collaborative San Francisco Homeless Project. Textual
analysis of 325 stories complemented by in-depth interviews with
journalists finds that journalists predominantly evoke empathy at a
personal level and less frequently enact solidarity at a political
level. Personal stories humanize members of marginalized
communities through narratives of individual exceptionalism and
relatability, which establish grounds for empathy. In contrast,
politicized stories enact solidarity through a technique of radical
inclusion that begins with marginalized people’s analytical
perspectives. With an ethic of empathy, journalism may
encourage interpersonal harmony at an individual level but does
little to bring the shared conditions of social injustice experienced
across a community into focus—whereas with an ethic of
solidarity, journalism becomes equipped to represent paths
toward a more just society.

Despite the sustained growth in journalism as a choice of degree path for young people, our understanding of students' aspirations and motivations remains relatively underdeveloped. At the same time, journalism careers appear increasingly uncertain, as the industry responds to digitalization and convergence. In this mixed-methods studyemploying 35 interviews and a survey of 837 UK journalism students-we ask what areas of journalism do students aspire towards, how do they feel about their future career prospects, and what is motivating them to study journalism in the first place? We find that intrinsic motivations (calling and talent, dynamic job) prevail over public service ones, with students drawn to soft news beats over hard news. Aspirations are also strikingly gendered, opening up questions of journalism education in this process. We also find that while students articulate an aspirational career in respected media outlets, they are pragmatic about their immediate career prospects. Here, journalism education appears to play a significant role in socialising students towards careers beyond journalism. Findings are discussed in the light of ongoing debates around journalistic socialisation and the future of journalism.

The #MeToo movement, which engulfed much of India's news and entertainment industry in October 2018, was projected by many as a watershed moment for Indian journalism. Driven largely through social media activism, it created significant media discourse and public outcry, leading to the 'outing' and resignation of scores of journalists. This paper explores the perception of #MeTooIndia in regional and national newsrooms. Drawing on Manuel Castells's ideas of networked social movement, we consider the origins of #MeTooIndia, including its mediation on private and social networks. We then draw on 190 semi-structured interviews with journalists working in 14 languages across the six administrative zones of India to explore the 'cause' of the campaign-the prevalence of sexual harassment and sexual violence in workspacesbefore turning our attention to the impact, or potential for impact, that journalists saw in it. We find most journalists felt the movement was "good", but did not think it influenced their newsroom environment or newswork in any meaningful manner. Regional journalists expressed more pessimism about the #MeTooIndia, men more so than women.

Amidst burgeoning literature on citizen journalism, we still know relatively little about how and why genuinely marginalised groups seek to use this form of reporting to challenge their exclusion. In this article, we aim to address this gap by analysing two UK citizen journalism initiatives emanating from The Big Issue Foundation, a national homeless organisation, and Access Dorset, a regional charity for disabled and elderly people. These case studies are united by the authors' involvement in both instances, primarily through designing and delivering bespoke citizen journalism education and mentoring. Based on over 40 hours of interviews with participants of the workshops and 36 hours of participant observation, we analyse the challenges participants faced in their journey to become citizen journalists. This included: low self-esteem, physical health and mental wellbeing, the need for accessible and adaptable technology, and overcoming fear associated with assuming a public voice. We also analyse marginalised groups' attitudes to professional journalism and education, and its role in shaping journalistic identity and self-empowerment. Whilst demonstrably empowering and esteem building, our participants were acutely aware of societal power relations that were seemingly still beyond their ability to influence. Those who are marginalised are, nevertheless, in the best position to use citizen journalism as a conduit for social change, we arguethough challenges remain even at the grassroots level to foster and sustain participatory practices.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant social distancing measures offer a compelling context through which to understand the changing relationship between journalism and place. Through an ethnography of news making at a major Indonesian news broadcaster, this study explored the material settings of news making during the pandemic and the consequences of the place-based realignments on journalistic practice, professionalism, and authority. Four main findings emerged. First, we found that as far as broadcast journalists are concerned there are no alternatives to the newsroom; making news in the newsroom was synonymous with their professional journalistic identity. A second finding is to highlight the key role of place in shaping press-source relations. In our case, the loss of physical proximity to government sources had major consequences for power relations between journalists and authorities. Third, certain news objects held particular meaning for journalists, and that when disrupted, can have deleterious consequences for their professional identity. Finally, our study witnessed an important shift in journalistic routines that favoured the live field report over pre-recorded packages or in-depth analysis. Findings are discussed in the context of ongoing debates about journalistic routines, identities, and the “material turn” in journalism studies.

Whilst live blogs have become an established part of the news media ecology, corresponding research is still in its infancy, especially that which examines the crucial question of sourcing practices. In this article we address some of the gaps in previous research by conducting a large comparative sourcing analysis of three UK news organisations-BBC News, the Guardian, and the Telegraph-that all regularly publish live blogs. We analyse sourcing practices across three different genres of live blogging and corresponding online news articles, through a comparative analysis of events broadly categorised as crisis, politics, and sport. Our findings suggest that there are some aspects of sourcing practices that are distinct to live blogs, such as directly embedding social media. However, when it comes to polyvocality (the diversity of who gets to speak), genre-specific journalism norms seem to account for more than the affordances of the platform itself and only in sport live blogs are demotic voices habitually included. Based on these findings we develop a typology of live blogging and online news articles, that documents the nuances in sourcing patterns across different news formats and genres, and provide a theoretical basis for future research in this field.

This study examines independent news startups with self-reported revenue earnings in high-, middle-, and low-income categories and compares them in the areas of news content creation. The findings, based on a content analysis of 704 articles, reveal that low-revenue earners publish fewer stories than middle-and highrevenue earning sites. For-profit sites publish significantly more in low-and mid-revenue earning categories but non-profits publish significantly more in high-revenue earning sites. Most stories are still covered by editorial staff, including articles in the field of entertainment, lifestyle/health and community events about people, usually considered the domain of citizen reporters. The discussion section contextualizes these findings and recommends future research could consider examining these sites separately rather than clubbing them under the umbrella of "digital local independent startups."

Entrepreneurial, independent digital media sites arose in response to disruption in the journalism industry brought on by emerging technologies. This study explores this trend in Latin America from the perspective of audiences. Based on surveys of readers of entrepreneurial digital news sites in Guatemala and Nicaragua, this mixed-methods study offers a snapshot of who these readers are and what they are interested in. Results showed readers of the Guatemalan and Nicaraguan news sites valued equally quality journalism and innovation, but differed when it came to the importance they placed on the sites' business models. This study also illuminated a new dimension of innovation, one from the readers' perspective. While some respondents associated innovation with use of new technologies, in general readers defined innovation as unique (to the region) and alternative (to mainstream media) ways of doing journalism; their definition, unlike that of journalists, was not necessarily technologically driven.

In the study reported in this article, the diverse news media repertoires in Portugal are investigated using a Q-methodological approach. We analyse the participants’ perceptions of the experienced values of the cross-media news landscape (Schrøder, 2012) and identify seven news media repertoires: quality media lovers (R1); broadcast media consumers (R2); Volume 14, Issue 2 November 2017 Page 284 television news addicts, press consumers and social media avoiders (R3); news snackers (R4); online based-media and social media addicts (R5); online newspaper lovers and radio news avoiders (R6); and television, press and social/online-based media consumers (R7). A preference for traditional media, especially television, and increasing use of social media, constitute the salient features of the Portuguese national news repertoires.

In this study, I examine the perilous conditions facing Filipino journalists covering the Mindanao region, focusing on differences in threats and dangers faced by those who are local to the region and those parachuting in from Manila. Using a qualitative approach, I have conducted one group interview with two local and two non-local journalists, and five in-depth one-to-one interviews with journalists and expert sources, in 2017. The study additionally draws on interviews with fourteen Filipino journalists and editors from 2014. The journalists perceive that safety differ depending on whether they are local to the conflict they cover or not. Safety issues are significant for the ways in which they operate in the field and decisions they make. Extra-judicial killings and impunity for perpetrators committing crimes against journalists perpetuate dangerous conditions particularly for local journalists, while kidnapping for ransom is among the greatest threats perceived by non-local journalists. In situations which nonlocal journalists can retreat, their local counterparts stay behind and face reprisals. Ethics is imperative to safety particularly for local journalists. Safety training should be tailored to and differentiate between security challenges. Collaboration between local and non-local journalists may improve their safety altogether, but media organisations must adequately compensate both.

This study examines the potential of constructive journalism ideas and their implementation in Croatia, a country with a different social, cultural and historical background than that of Denmark or other Western European countries where constructive journalism is practiced. Three Croatian linguists explain the potential hidden meanings of the word constructive for Croatians. Fifteen broadcast journalists and editors in Croatia have been interviewed in order to examine the potential opportunities and obstacles for the implementation of constructive journalism ideas in their newsrooms. Croatian journalists have a more active approach towards journalism and their overall impression of constructive journalism ideas is positive. Both linguists and journalists noticed potential ideological connotations of the word constructive, while journalists were careful about reporting on possible solutions and things that would work so as not to cross the line and be pulled into ideology. When it comes to implementation, most journalists point out differences in mind-set, political influences and newsroom routines as main obstacles. A development of a specific strategy for Croatian newsrooms that moves away from adhering to ideas only is recommended, while the word constructive may be used only if it is clearly defined.

The study analyzes the editorial position of the Brazilian and foreign press in the coverage of Dilma Rousseff's impeachment trial. By a framing analysis, we aim to understand how the national quality newspapers such as Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo, O Globo, and the international ones as Público, El País, The Guardian, Le Monde and The New York Times organize the events and construct the respective political narratives, verifying the similarities and differences in the interpretation of the political crisis that led to the removal of the first female president of Brazil.

The spectrum of peace journalism Kurzfassung: Eine der größten Hürden, denen sich der Friedensjournalismus gegenübersieht, ist die Vagheit seiner Definition. Der vorliegende Aufsatz schlägt daher ein Verständnis des Friedensjournalismus vor, das sich in einem Spektrum zwischen passivem und aktivem Friedensjournalismus bewegt. Auf Grundlage einer Durchsicht der bisherigen Literatur integriert der Aufsatz die geläufigen Theorien in ein übergreifendes Konzept und plädiert für dessen Übernahme und Weiterentwicklung. Abschließend werden potentielle Vorteile, Nachteile und Kritik des unterbreiteten Vorschlages diskutiert.

European societies are becoming increasingly multicultural and ethnically diverse as a result of immigration. This change, however, is not properly reflected in the European mass media, neither in the portrayal nor in the representation of immigrants in the mainstream media. The aim of this paper is to analyse the newsmaking routines of mainstream newspapers and TV channels in six European countries (Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland) with a view to showing which are the factors that mostly influence these routines. We analyse the impact of three factors on the making of migration related news: a) the news value of such news; b) the role of newsmaking routines and in particular who selects what is published and why; c) the availability of alternative sources and the journalists' trust of different types of news sources. Our study shows that while migrant media follow the general rule that something negative has a higher news value they are also bound up with additional challenges notably that media do not cover migration as a topic regularly, that media outlets have a given 'line' of coverage as regards migration and this contributes to shaping what kind of news are reported. Third, journalists are not always well networked with migrant sources to have access to them. While the rule of thumb "you have to talk to people who are directly involved" holds not all journalists devote the necessary energy and time to present a balanced coverage of migration related issues.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, newsrooms mediated information as quickly as possible for their information-starved audience. In Estonia, Covid-19 initially impacted two large islands, which led to their isolation from the mainland as a precaution. Therefore, local journalism became more crucial than ever, providing news with proximity to the audience members who needed guidance and information, and informing the rest of the nation about the consequences the virus was having on the people of the islands. Considering the pressure on the locals, the interest of the rest of Estonia, and the unfamiliar emergency situation, our study focuses on local newsrooms' approaches to digital news at the centre of Estonia's lockdown on the islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. We conducted eight semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that local journalists had a limited understanding of the importance of their online presence during (and before) the lockdown, and, therefore, lacked the willingness to carry out the digital shift. The shift was also hindered by the journalists' lack of skills and knowledge of digital platforms and their specificity. Overall, we call local journalists on the islands "digital beginners".

This paper uses a single question form*the negative interrogative*as a window into the increasing aggressiveness of American journalists and hence the increasingly adversarial relationship between press and state in the United States. The negative interrogative in English is a type of yes/no interrogative (e.g., ''Isn't it. . .'', ''Don't you. . .'') often understood as asserting rather than merely seeking information. Its frequency in the construction of yes/no questions is an index of the propensity for journalists to depart from a formally neutral posture and express a point of view on the subject of inquiry. Previous quantitative research documented their growing use in US presidential news conferences since the 1950s, with the Nixon Administration as an historical turning point. Here we incorporate a more nuanced qualitative analysis of single cases in use. Beyond their growing frequency, negative interrogatives were increasingly mobilized to raise substantively adversarial matters, increasingly prefaced by adversarial assertions, and increasingly likely to treat such prefaces as presuppositionally given. Together these trends indicate journalists' growing willingness to highlight administration problems and failings and to hold Presidents to account, with Presidents since Nixon facing a harsher climate of journalistic questioning than did their predecessors.

This article outlines an argument for the value of slowness in journalism. It makes an initial argument that our experiences of modernity are not singular experiences of speed and geographical dislocation but increasingly complex negotiations of different temporalities and spatial contexts (May and Thrift 2001) and given this we also require different forms of fast and slow journalism. The article explores how journalism operates at particular speeds because of the comparative advantage of timeliness and also because there is a need for journalism to align itself with the temporalities of the institutional fields on which it reports. It discusses how various types of slow journalism act as interventions in the field of journalism (Benson and Neveu 2005), highlighting the political economy of fast journalism, and providing an alternative to dominant forms of contemporary journalistic practice. The article then focuses on the necessity and importance of slowness within contemporary journalism through a discussion of the concepts of critique, complexity and difference. It is argued that slowness is required for the journalistic task of critiquing power relations that are increasingly manifested in the mastery of the speed of public life. It is also argued that slowness in journalistic practice helps in offering effective scrutiny of public issues that are characterized by informational and conceptual complexity. Finally, it is argued that contemporary democracies involve growing levels of pluralism and proliferations of difference and that slowness is necessary in the representations and understandings of diverse identities, value systems and cultural practices.

This paper examines how social media are influencing the core journalistic value of verification. Through the discipline of verification, the journalist establishes jurisdiction over the ability to objectively parse reality to claim a special kind of authority and status. Social media question the individualistic, top-down ideology of traditional journalism. The paper considers journalism practices as a set of literacies, drawing on the theoretical framework of new literacies to examine the shift from a focus on individual intelligence, where expertise and authority are located in individuals and institutions, to a focus on collective intelligence where expertise and authority are distributed and networked. It explores how news organizations are negotiating the tensions inherent in a transition to a digital, networked media environment, considering how journalism is evolving into a tentative and iterative process where contested accounts are examined and evaluated in public in real-time.

This study investigates how journalists covering international humanitarian crises make decisions regarding what types of information to include in stories. Specifically, the inclusion / exclusion of solutions-oriented information is addressed, since crises represent a key time during which the potential for international engagement is discussed in the mainstream media. Interviews with journalists covering hunger crises in Africa reveal an internal tension between maintaining a neutral, unbiased position and writing in a way that supports engagement and action. Ironically, perhaps, journalists find that including solutions-oriented information amounts to unethical and biased coverage, despite the fact that inclusion of solutions to social problems is an accepted and institutionalized aspect of the American news media's mandate to the public. Reasons for this seeming contradiction are discussed, and I argue that solutionsoriented information not only can be included without demonstrating bias, but that it ought to be included to support ethical coverage that properly informs citizens about potential paths for political engagement.

No relationship between voting patterns and median hourly pay change since the early 2000s Earnings were subject to a precrisis slowdown across much of the distribution, followed by a six year squeeze that was relatively evenly felt Simple correlation finds no evidence to suggest depth of the pay squeeze affected the vote Though the strength of the leave vote does appear to vary with the pay level In the main, local authorities with higher levels of median pay recorded lower votes for leave Simple correlation implies relatively strong relationship

Data journalism is an emerging form of journalism, entailing the discovery of stories in data with the assistance of data algorithms. The burgeoning literature has largely interpreted the work of data journalism through the lens of objectivity. This paper, however, rejects the applicability of objectivity to data journalism. This inapplicability is the product of five factors: the extensive use of data and data algorithms in journalism; the difficulty in verifying data; the imbalance in data and data access; the uncertainty about if and to what extent data journalists can obtain sufficient knowledge of data contexts and algorithms; and their "design subjectivity" in the data processing process. Data reporting becomes a process of knowledge construction under the influence of these factors. The article argues that because of the social constructionist nature of data journalism, serving the public interest and democracy is a more appropriate principle than objectivity for data journalism. It suggests shifting academic attention from celebrating objectivity in data journalism to examining the epistemology of data journalists, the factors influencing data journalists' formation of knowledge in reporting, their defence of cultural authority, and the democratic meanings of data reports in future research. Such understanding also has implications for data journalism pedagogy and practice.

Data journalism is an emerging form of journalism, entailing the discovery of stories in data with the assistance of data algorithms. The burgeoning literature has largely interpreted the work of data journalism through the lens of objectivity. This paper, however, rejects the applicability of objectivity to data journalism. This inapplicability is the product of five factors: the extensive use of data and data algorithms in journalism; the difficulty in verifying data; the imbalance in data and data access; the uncertainty about if and to what extent data journalists can obtain sufficient knowledge of data contexts and algorithms; and their "design subjectivity" in the data processing process. Data reporting becomes a process of knowledge construction under the influence of these factors. The article argues that because of the social constructionist nature of data journalism, serving the public interest and democracy is a more appropriate principle than objectivity for data journalism. It suggests shifting academic attention from celebrating objectivity in data journalism to examining the epistemology of data journalists, the factors influencing data journalists' formation of knowledge in reporting, their defence of cultural authority, and the democratic meanings of data reports in future research. Such understanding also has implications for data journalism pedagogy and practice.

No relationship between voting patterns and median hourly pay change since the early 2000s Earnings were subject to a precrisis slowdown across much of the distribution, followed by a six year squeeze that was relatively evenly felt Simple correlation finds no evidence to suggest depth of the pay squeeze affected the vote Though the strength of the leave vote does appear to vary with the pay level In the main, local authorities with higher levels of median pay recorded lower votes for leave Simple correlation implies relatively strong relationship

Peace journalism (PJ) is a framework intended to improve conflict coverage by challenging traditional news values. Our study aimed to compare the use of PJ in the local and foreign coverage of two key violent events in Kenyan history-the 2017 election violence and the 2019 Dusit attack-as well as collecting reporters' views and understandings of the concept. A content analysis of 257 articles across 10 legacy newspapers from Kenya, the US, the UK and South Africa were supplemented with 14 semi-structued interviews with local and foreign reporters. We found war journalism (WJ) to be the prevailing frame, with no significant difference in the use of PJ between Kenyan and international newspapers apart from a few variations of individual indicators. The interviews exposed a lack of awareness of PJ in the case of foreign correspondents, and an interpretation that fundamentally differs from traditional understandings of the concept in the case of Kenyan reporters. We conclude that PJ is not a one-size-fits-all approach and needs to be embraced and transformed in cooperation between journalists and academics before it can become a reality in mainstream newsrooms.