Issues Management

Bu çalışmada öncelikle konu kavramının tanımı ve unsurları
açıklanarak kavramsal bir çerçeve sunulduktan sonra konu yönetiminin
tanımı ve unsurları, kriz yönetimiyle ilişkisi anlatılmış, konu yönetim
süreci ifade edilerek kuramsal bir çerçeve ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Ardından konu yönetimi süreci dikkate alınarak Türk kamu yönetiminde
uyuşturucu ile mücadele politikası, konu yönetimi süreci dikkate alınarak
değerlendirilmiştir.

System theorists believe that organizations that function as an open system have a greater chance of survival than organizations that function as a closed system due to the exchange of inputs and outputs between the organization and its publics. Public relations researchers have proposed adopting a dialogic approach to public relations where interaction between the organization and its publics are mutual, which is the underpinning to an open systems approach. This paper posits that organizations can function within an open systems approach to public relations by employing social media. Adoption of a functional approach is a fruitful way to look at the social functions various social media serve in the system of organizations and their publics. Research has considered the gratifications publics receive from social media; however, limited research has considered what social media do for the organization-public relationship system. It has been argued that organizations also have psychological and social motivations; therefore, applying a functional analysis approach might be a good of way determining what functions social media serve in the organization-public relationship system. Four functions are proposed in which social media may serve the system: maintenance of organizational identity, opportunity to build relationships with publics, ability to control issues management, and the chance to promote social corporate responsibility. Understanding social media's role in the system can help practitioners identify the functions that may contribute to an open systems approach to public relations and ultimately an organization's survival.

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) field presents not only a landscape of theories but also a proliferation of approaches, which are controversial, complex and unclear. This article tries to clarify the situation, ''mapping the territory'' by classifying the main CSR theories and related approaches in four groups: (1) instrumental theories, in which the corporation is seen as only an instrument for wealth creation, and its social activities are only a means to achieve economic results; (2) political theories, which concern themselves with the power of corporations in society and a responsible use of this power in the political arena; (3) integrative theories, in which the corporation is focused on the satisfaction of social demands; and (4) ethical theories, based on ethical responsibilities of corporations to society. In practice, each CSR theory presents four dimensions related to profits, political performance, social demands and ethical values. The findings suggest the necessity to develop a new theory on the business and society relationship, which should integrate these four dimensions.

he line is getting blurred as the art and science of influence evolves.

I see public affairs as an organization’s efforts to manage relationships with stakeholders in the public policy arena at any level. These are individuals or groups with an interest in the organization’s affairs, such as politicians, regulatory agencies, communities, clients, prospects, shareholders, trade associations, think tanks, business groups, charities, unions and the media.

I see public relations as a subset of marketing. Beyond that, both arenas rely on similar strategies and tactics to influence target audiences. Public affairs strategists have wisely borrowed some pages from the world of marketing. Likewise, the world of marketing is no longer isolated from advocacy and public policy. Boycotts, trade wars, demonstrations and online protests have marketers tuned in to corporate and government policies around the globe.

Monografia Zarządzanie kwestiami. Studium przypadku Duże Opole z perspektywy paradygmatu interpretatywnego bada proces zarządzania kwestią za pomocą storytellingu w budowaniu narracji służącej nadawaniu sensu działaniom organizacji. Analiza narracji budowanej przez władze samorządowe Opola w kwestii poszerzenia granic administracyjnych miasta w latach 2015–2017 pełni role studium, stanowiąc swego rodzaju laboratorium, w ramach którego badane i weryfikowane są postawione w monografii tezy. Opis przypadku wzbogacony został o analizę stakeholders, w której wykorzystano modele Edwarda Freemana oraz Rolanda Mitchella, Bradley’a Agla i Donny Wood. Kwestia Dużego Opola została odniesiona do modelu cyklu życia kwestii Michaela Regestera i Judy Larkin. Analiza procesów narracyjnych oparta została na informacjach przekazywanych w mediach lokalnych i regionalnych (głównie „Nowa Trybuna Opolska” oraz „Gazeta Wyborcza Opole”) oraz w serwisach internetowych miasta Opole i na profilu „Nie dla rozdzielenia gminy Dobrzeń Wielki” w serwisie Facebook, który był jednym z głównych kanałów informacji przeciwników powiększenia Opola. Dla oceny procesu zarządzania kwestią Dużego Opola skorzystano z metod ilościowych wykorzystując autorskie badania kwestionariuszowe realizowane metodą PAPI (Paper and Pen Personal Interview) prowadzone w latach 2016–2018 na reprezentatywnej próbie badawczej.
Analiza przypadku rozszerzenia granic miasta Opola oraz pogłębione studia nad literaturą przedmiotu stanowiły asumpt do sformułowania następujących problemów badawczych: Jak zarządzanie kwestiami wpisuje się w proces tworzenia sensu w organizacji? Czy w budowaniu narracji możliwe jest wykorzystanie kwestii i zarządzania kwestiami? W jakiej relacji pozostają między sobą zarządzanie kwestiami i zarządzanie kryzysowe? Propozycje wyjaśnienia powyższych problemów można zawrzeć w kilku stwierdzeniach konstruujących tezę pracy, której weryfikację przeprowadzono w kolejnych rozdziałach. Zatem: zarówno zdolność, jak i skuteczność zarządzania w organizacji polega na budowaniu narracji o kwestiach; to narracje zapełniają przestrzeń komunikacyjną między działaniami organizacji a oczekiwaniami środowiska; od narracji zależy postrzeganie kwestii przez otoczenie; kwestia i narracja o niej stanowi potencjał możliwy do wykorzystania w procesie zarządzania; zarządzanie kryzysowe bywa tylko etapem w zarządzaniu kwestiami, gdyż kryzys jest jedynie momentem w życiu każdej organizacji, a jej naturalnym odruchem jest dążenie do równowagi.
Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań dotyczących procesu zarządzania kwestią Dużego Opola stanowią egzemplifikację potwierdzającą rekonceptualizację zjawiska zarządzania kwestiami i zarządzania kryzysowego. Rekontekstualizacja zakresów znaczeniowych prowadzi do potwierdzenia tezy o szerszym zakresowo pojęciu zarządzania kwestiami oraz współistniejącym z nim, jako specyficzny etap, procesie zarządzania kryzysowego. Wnioski, które rodzą się z przeprowadzonej analizy, prowadzą do wskazania determinantów skuteczności, od których zależeć będzie proces zarządzania kwestiami.

Reputation Management -- The Key Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communication (Routledge, 2007, p301) John Doorley & Fred Garcia mendefinisikan manajemen isu merupakan proses organiasi perusahaan dalam mengidentifikasi tantangan, baik dari internal maupun eksternal dalam lingkungan bisnis mereka. Identifikasi ini harus dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya krisis yang dapat melukai bahkan bisa menghancurkan reputasi perusahaan. Manajemen isu akan melibatkan pandangan public atau khalayak.
“Issues management is a corporate process that helps organizations identify challenges in the business environment—both internal and external— before they become crises, and mobilizes corporate resources to help protect the company from the harm to reputation, operations, and financial condition that the issue may provoke. Issues management is a subset of risk management, but the risks it deals with involve public visibility and possible reputational harm."

Key Words: Reputasi manajemen, Lion Air, Issue mangement,

Ungeachtet dessen, dass die BIM-Methode ursprünglich zur Steigerung der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit und Informationsaustausch ins Leben gerufen wurde, wird sie oft nur eingesetzt, um firmeninterne, unstrukturierte 3D-Modelle zu erstellen und auszuwerten. Der wichtige Daten-und Informationsaustausch zwischen den Disziplinen findet kaum statt, was zu einem geringen Reifegrad der BIM-Methode führt. Um eine modellbasierte Kommunikation unter allen Projektbeteiligten im BIM-Prozess zu gewährleisten, ist die Nutzung zweier Datenformate, welche sich über die Jahre hinweg etabliert haben, erforderlich: zum einen die Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) und zum anderen das BIM Collaboration Format (BCF). Über das IFC Format werden die Gebäudemodelle ausgetauscht und die Kollisionsprüfung wird über das BCF Format geregelt. In einem BCF ist die Kollision mit Informationsgehalt grafisch abgebildet. Dieser Artikel beschreibt den Austauschprozess von Kollisionen (engl. Issues) zwischen den Fachdisziplinen in Bezug auf die Anwendung des BCF Formats und vergleicht diesen mit dem herkömmlichen Prozess über Excel-, Word-oder PDF-Dateien. Anstelle des unkontrollierten one way Austauschs von Informationen über E-Mail, wird hier ein Prozess über eine strukturierte und zentrale webbasierte Umgebung vorgestellt.

An anticipatory management audit was conducted to evaluate the processes that govern strategic information flows from external sources to internal stakeholders within the
Oregon Army National Guard with a specific focus on their existing systems and processes for; monitoring its external environment for issues that may impact the organization, sharing relevant information with key stakeholders and decision-makers, and their ability to incorporate insights into their formal decision making and military orders production.  The audit discerned that the ORNG is well positioned to monitoring its external environment through the PAO, has essentially overlooked the anticipatory management functions of the J5, and by default, relies heavily on the J3 for both communicating anticipatory information as well as incorporating that information into operational plans.  For this audit, only the single issue of anti-lockdown protests was used to illustrate the systematic approach, or “roadmap” for the Oregon National Guard use to evaluate all emerging trends. For the sake of clarity, the audit itself is laid out in the same 4-step sequence; first to Assess, then to Prioritize, followed by an overview Brief with Recommendations. Each step in the sequence is a “signpost” with specific instructions for each staff section to follow on the road to forecasting and preparing for the future issues facing the Oregon Guard.

Fachartikel: Globaler Wandel stellt Ölgesellschaften und andere multinationale Unternehmungen vor komplexe Entscheidungssituationen. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt am Beispiel Shell, welche Positionen die Firma bezüglich verschiedener Issues, wie z.B. Brent Spar, vertrat und wie das Verhalten eines multinationalen Konzerns auf seinen Geschäftsprinzipien fussen soll.

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) field presents not only a landscape of theories but also a proliferation of approaches, which are controversial, complex and unclear. This article tries to clarify the situation, ''mapping the territory'' by classifying the main CSR theories and related approaches in four groups: (1) instrumental theories, in which the corporation is seen as only an instrument for wealth creation, and its social activities are only a means to achieve economic results; (2) political theories, which concern themselves with the power of corporations in society and a responsible use of this power in the political arena; (3) integrative theories, in which the corporation is focused on the satisfaction of social demands; and (4) ethical theories, based on ethical responsibilities of corporations to society. In practice, each CSR theory presents four dimensions related to profits, political performance, social demands and ethical values. The findings suggest the necessity to develop a new theory on the business and society relationship, which should integrate these four dimensions.

Kent and Taylor proposed five dialogic principles for mediated public relations in 1998 and numerous studies of activist groups, corporations, and educational institutions have shown that most websites fail to meet their dialogic potential. This study explores some of the reasons why activist organizations do not integrate dialogic features into their websites. Thirteen activist public relations practitioners were interviewed to determine their perceptions of websites as tools for information dissemination and resource mobilization. Three consistent themes emerged from the interviews: (1) website communication is perceived to be most effective when tied to issue-specific events and issue currency, (2) websites cater to existing and highly involved publics, and (3) websites are viewed as passive communication tools that must be supplemented with traditional public relations practices.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to better understand agenda setting by international human rights organizations in the online environment and at the same time contribute to agenda-setting theory. The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the area of human rights is clarified, and agenda-setting and related concepts are discussed.

Desde los años 70, en que la función de gestión de asuntos públicos comenzó su profesionalización y expansión, hasta la actualidad, la participación de la empresa en la esfera pública ha sufrido una transformación debido a factores internos y externos. En primer lugar, el concepto de empresa ha evolucionado para reconocer la importancia que ésta tiene como institución social, con carácter humano, más allá de la mera actividad económica. En segundo lugar, de un lado las presiones regulatorias del entorno y los cambios en lo político y, de otro, las demandas sociales de unos públicos cada vez más informados y exigentes son piezas del puzzle en el que se ejerce hoy la gestión de asuntos públicos.
Sin embargo, el vehículo de participación en el debate público se mantiene y no es otro que la gestión de los citados issues o asuntos públicos, sobre cuya definición no se ha alcanzado aún consenso. Este artículo ofrece una síntesis conceptual del término en lo que tiene de elemento central para la participación en la esfera pública de las instituciones. Para ello se han revisado:  (a) la literatura principalmente anglosajona existente sobre corporate public affairs desde 1958 a la actualidad; (b) materiales publicados en revistas académicas sobre public affairs, -Institute of Public Affairs Review, Journal of Public and International Affairs, Journal of Business & Public Affairs, Australian Review of Public Affairs, Journal of Public Affairs, Administration and Management-, así como el Journal of Public Affairs al completo –desde su primera publicación en 2001 hasta la actualidad-; y, por último, (c) artículos, manuales, monografías y capítulos de libros cuyo tema principal fuera la definición, conceptualización y descripción del concepto de issue, strategic issue, asunto público, corporate public affairs, etc.

Die Welt der Kommunikation unterliegt einem großen Wandel. In vielen Bereichen verlieren klassische Medien ihr Kommunikationsmonopol. Online-Informationen nehmen stattdessen diese Position ein. Dabei dominieren nicht mehr so sehr journalistische Inhalte das Web, sondern user-generierter Content. Immer häufiger setzen hierbei Blogger Themen auf die öffentliche Agenda und erzielen dadurch viel Aufmerksamkeit. Diese öffentliche Agenda spielt für Unternehmen eine große Rolle. Sie stellt eine Momentaufnahme im fortwährenden Fluss der Bildung öffentlicher Meinung dar. Davon hängen Unternehmen und ihr Erfolg mehr denn je ab. Ein paar Beispiele verdeutlichen es: -Bevor jemand ein Auto kauft, informiert er sich in der Fachpresse oder auf Verbrauchersites im Internet. -Aber auch Unternehmen, die gesellschaftliche Erwartungen nicht erfüllen, können in Schwierigkeiten geraten -derzeit gilt dies beispielsweise für Manager, die sich hohe Gehaltserhöhungen gönnen oder für Firmen, deren Zulieferer Kinderarbeit tolerieren. Solches Verhalten kann dem Image eines Unternehmens schaden, aber auch dem Absatz und schlimmstenfalls die Handlungsmöglichkeiten durch neue Gesetze oder Verordnungen einengen.

This study examined how Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the United States used framing as an issue management strategy in promoting COVID-19 vaccine. A content analysis of HBCUs' (N = 268) COVID-19 vaccine-related messages showed that institutional leaders primarily used thematic frames over episodic frames. In other words, the COVID-19 vaccination was promoted as a community issue by emphasizing safety and wellbeing of the community. Black leaders' vaccine communication mostly focused on background information, research data, and statistics related to vaccination and vaccine effectiveness. Such use of framing strategies may indicate black leaders' trust and openness in vaccine communication and contribute to enhancing vaccine acceptance among the African American community. Findings have implications for persuasive vaccine communication and issue management in institutions of higher education.

In accordance with Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Indonesia recognizes the religion and protects the freedom of the people in carrying out its religious teachings. Indonesia is a plural country because of the diversity of beliefs and the beliefs held by the community. But because of this diversity, Indonesia has a sensitivity especially associated with religious issues. In the last two years, the establishment of the negative issues about Islam has been increasing. Consequently, Islam is cornered in Indonesia. This situation is feared to be able to further exacerbate the potential for votes for the Islamic parties in the 2019 election. Therefore, the concept of issues management of Chase W. Howard model is used in this study to answer how the management of the Islamic party issues is to face the 2019 Election. The research method used is the qualitative descriptive approach in the interpretive paradigm with the design of case study research. The re...

public relations theories and practices. Through interviews with public relations practitioners facing intractable scenarios and the integration of dissensual and agonistic perspectives of Lyotard (1984), Rancière (2010), Mouffe (1999) and others, the dissertation examines the role and impact of wicked problems in practice. Managing intractable problems involves organizational awareness of publics, communities, and societies, as well as a re-evaluation of effectiveness for public relations practitioners. Among its contributions, the dissertation generates a praxis-centered definition of the facets of intractability and new frameworks for social issue engagement and holistic measurement.

The increasing of supply-chain scale which caused by borderless business partnerships can result in less monitored chains, a condition in which predicting and detecting issues in supply-chain must be strengthened. Issues are resulted from gap between supply-chain business practices and stakeholders expectations, whether its come from related affairs or not. Issues which have any direct impacts on a supply-chain can bring risk and then cause a crisis if they are not managed by firms. This paper aims to investigate potential issues arrival patterns which disseminate through the nature of supply-chain as a network. Then, a framework also proposed to give an understanding on how to predict incoming issues before developing any prevention plans. The proposed patterns and framework are developed based on literature survey which is combined with several sample cases to build a comprehensive discussion. This paper concludes that issues can come through several patterns before they become direct risk and cause crisis in supply-chain. Before firms develop risk management or do any crisis prevention, they must transform themself based on the proposed framework to have an agile response of any small changes which have potential escalation into any other big and important risks. By looking at the limitations of previous approaches which tend to treat this topic only as business practices, this paper throws a light from academic perspective on how to develop sharp understanding about issues dissemination and arrival patterns on supply-chain.

In accordance with Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Indonesia recognizes the religion and protects the freedom of the people in carrying out its religious teachings. Indonesia is a plural country because of the diversity of beliefs and the beliefs held by the community. But because of this diversity, Indonesia has a sensitivity especially associated with religious issues. In the last two years, the establishment of the negative issues about Islam has been increasing. Consequently, Islam is cornered in Indonesia. This situation is feared to be able to further exacerbate the potential for votes for the Islamic parties in the 2019 election. Therefore, the concept of issues management of Chase W. Howard model is used in this study to answer how the management of the Islamic party issues is to face the 2019 Election. The research method used is the qualitative descriptive approach in the interpretive paradigm with the design of case study research. The results of the research show that the Islamic party has exceeded all elements on the issues management of Chase model. These elements become the step of the Islamic party against the issues of Islam and exist in the democratic system, especially for the 2019 election without reducing the sense of peace in Indonesia.

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) field presents not only a landscape of theories but also a proliferation of approaches, which are controversial, complex and unclear. This article tries to clarify the situation, “mapping the territory” by classifying the main CSR theories and related approaches in four groups: (1) instrumental theories, in which the corporation is seen as only an instrument for wealth creation, and its social activities are only a means to achieve economic results; (2) political theories, which concern themselves with the power of corporations in society and a responsible use of this power in the political arena; (3) integrative theories, in which the corporation is focused on the satisfaction of social demands; and (4) ethical theories, based on ethical responsibilities of corporations to society. In practice, each CSR theory presents four dimensions related to profits, political performance, social demands and ethical values. The findings suggest the necessity to develop a new theory on the business and society relationship, which should integrate these four dimensions.

MBA Case Studies and internet searches, added significantly to learning. Why not employ Case Studies for undergraduate degree or professional training? At Dominican College, Management CEE Countries course was developed and offered the first time. At IEEE, C# and Big Data were given. At NJIT, Java Programming course was taught. Doing Case Studies in these courses for 65 students/employees in undergraduate, Master degree and professional training, provided a good foundation for critical thinking, interpersonal communication and leadership building skills. This paper is the summary of the learning experiences. Harvard University, Cranfield University, Thunderbird University and others have published case studies for 30+ years. Since 1996, internet is the new paradigm for business and education. Final projects using real-life case studies via internet search, proved to be very successful for learning.

Previous studies focusing on protest and social movement mostly concern identifying marginalization strategies that the media used to delegitimize the movement. This study attempted to examine how Indonesian mainstream media framed the Save KPK movement which emerged as a result of the dispute between the KPK and the Police. This study viewed these two institutions as collective and competing actors that represent certain interests and pursue the legality of their actions. In particular, this study proposed a typology of five framing devices used in the coverage of the Save KPK movement and explored the occurrence of framing strategies and the overall tone of the news coverage of the movement. A total of 246 articles on the Save KPK Movement was derived from the two most influential elite newspapers in Indonesia: the Kompas and the Media Indonesia. The Media Indonesia had 138 articles, while the Kompas published 108 articles. The results show that conflict, morality, and responsibility are the three framing devices mostly used in media coverage of the Save KPK movement. Further, the results demonstrated that the social movement organizations seem to be successful in the process of diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing. The results of this study provide more insight concerning framing strategies and media contents could be applied to be effective in shaping public opinion. In particular, the results highlight the positive side of the social movement organizations and their actions could strengthen the support of the public for the consequences of that target group.

Bug report assignment is an important part of software maintenance. In particular, incorrect assignments of bug reports to development teams can be very expensive in large software development projects. Several studies propose automating bug assignment techniques using machine learning in open source software contexts, but no study exists for large-scale proprietary projects in industry. Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate automated bug assignment techniques that are based on machine learning classication. In particular, we study the state-of-the-art ensemble learner Stacked Generalization (SG) that combines several classiers. Method: We collect more than 50,000 bug reports from ve development projects from two companies in dierent domains. We implement automated bug assignment

Previous studies focusing on protest and social movement mostly concern identifying marginalization strategies that the media used to delegitimize the movement. This study attempted to examine how Indonesian mainstream media framed the Save KPK movement which emerged as a result of the dispute between the KPK and the Police. This study viewed these two institutions as collective and competing actors that represent certain interests and pursue the legality of their actions. In particular, this study proposed a typology of five framing devices used in the coverage of the Save KPK movement and explored the occurrence of framing strategies and the overall tone of the news coverage of the movement. A total of 246 articles on the Save KPK Movement was derived from the two most influential elite newspapers in Indonesia: the Kompas and the Media Indonesia. The Media Indonesia had 138 articles, while the Kompas published 108 articles. The results show that conflict, morality, and responsibility are the three framing devices mostly used in media coverage of the Save KPK movement. Further, the results demonstrated that the social movement organizations seem to be successful in the process of diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing. The results of this study provide more insight concerning framing strategies and media contents could be applied to be effective in shaping public opinion. In particular, the results highlight the positive side of the social movement organizations and their actions could strengthen the support of the public for the consequences of that target group.

The increasing of supply-chain scale which caused by borderless business partnerships can result in lessmonitored chains, a condition in which predicting and detecting issues in supply-chain must be strengthened.Issues are resulted from gap between supply-chain business practices and stakeholders expectations, whetherthey come from related affairs or not. Issues which have any direct impacts on a supply-chain can bring risk and then cause a crisis if they are not managed by firms. This paper aims to investigate potential issuesarrival patterns which disseminate through the nature of supply-chain as a network and the use of socialmedia among people in supply chains. Then, a framework also proposed to give guidelines on how tounderstand incoming issues arrival before developing any prevention plans. The proposed patterns andframework are developed based on literature survey which is combined with valuable issue samples to builda comprehensive discussion. This paper concludes that issu...

Elite athletes can reach a level of notoriety where media and fans are interested in various aspects of their lives beyond that of their on-field success or failure. By receiving this level of attention, these sporting celebrities attract sponsorships from commercial, fee-paying corporations. With considered alignment, manufacturers can enhance the visibility of their product with target audiences that consume every aspect of the lives of celebrity endorsers. While this form of commodification has been explored from the perspective of the private sector, there is limited research that reflects on the ambassador relationship between sport celebrities and charitable organisations.While a charity ambassador role omits financial support, a win-win outcome can be achieved. Enhanced visibility can benefit both parties: the sports celebrity adds another dimension to their personal brand portfolio, and the charitable organisation broadens awareness of their social issue. Retired athletes continue to harbour desirable brand equity; they have ongoing potential to reach to multiple stakeholders and act as important catalysts for social change.Whilst heightened visibility of an issue is desired, the immense stakeholder interest in the life of a successful athlete has a downside if the celebrity transgresses. Minor transgressions may pass with little impact, yet what constitutes a minor transgression for one set of stakeholders may result in reputational damage for both athlete and brand. Adopting a case study approach, this chapter investigates the construction of the sports celebrity persona at various stages of their career and the response by all actors to transgressions.Findings reveal that media framing of successful sports personalities can exacerbate future failings and heighten the impact on stakeholders, thus lessening their viability and longevity as positive social catalysts. Replicating actions adopted by the private sector, charitable​ organisations may respond to scandals by immediately severing the relationship, or at the other extreme, provide visible support as the celebrity seeks to repair and restore their image. The cases lead to a cohesive set of risk assessment considerations.

tNew technology has dramatically expanded over the past decade. New features on web-sites, powerful mobile devices, and the subsequent restructuring of news services havedramatically changed the profession. This study sought to learn about the broader issuesof technology, and forecast trends in online communication technologies. In an effort tolearn what technology professionals outside of public relations know about new technol-ogy and social media, this study used a Delphi methodology and solicited the participationof technology professionals from computer science, professional writing, communication studies, art, business, music and other areas. The first two rounds of the Delphi findings arereported and suggest that public relations professionals need to broaden their understanding of new technology to consider social and relational issues, rather than the current focuson practice.

Purpose
This paper examines the formation of a cross-sector partnership in which a collaborative response addressed the issue of affordable housing and homelessness in Melbourne, Australia. Factors leading to the formation and evolution of the relationship reveal how social partnerships in the housing/construction industry can be formulated.

Design/methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews were held with representatives of the three sectors involved in an innovative social housing model, the Elizabeth Street Common Ground project. Supported with background documentation, interviews were coded and the results contrasted against theories pertaining to cross-sector collaboration.

Findings
Several factors contributed to the formation of this partnership, most notably the strong social imperative found within the organisational ethos of participating organisations. The opportunity to replicate a well-trialled and successful model coincided with the desire amongst all partners to be part of the solution.

Originality/value
The results provide an insight into the ingredients pivotal to the formation of a successful multi- sector partnership. It highlights the value in sharing best practice and the importance of networks when tackling major global problems such as affordable housing and homelessness.

Purpose -
Social responsibility initiatives that incorporate multiple sectors have the capacity to challenge unsustainable practice and pave the way for model solutions towards the societal problems we face globally. This paper identifies models of best practice and examines the manner in which such social partnerships attract new partners and scale-up their solutions.

Design/methodology/approach -
Comparisons of three Australian case studies were analysed. These cases were purposefully selected as they all represented relationships that demonstrated social partnerships characteristics and they had all attracted acclaim by their peers. They differed in terms of their societal problems and relationship duration. Semi-structured interviews were held with managers and employees from each social partnership where they discussed all aspects of the partnership lifecycle from pre-collaborative conditions through to outcomes. A total of 50 semi-structured interviews were held with members of the private, nonprofit and public sectors.

Findings -
Social partnerships pool skills, knowledge and finance across sectors, concentrating on specific societal issues of mutual concern. Resultant successful initiatives act as catalysts in soliciting further support. Three primary pathways exist for successful social partnerships that wish to evolve: expansion, replication and refinement. Focused attention and resources, through the formation of social responsibility clusters, can lead to sustainable solutions.

Practical implications -
There are many organisations wishing to move on from philanthropic exchange towards more meaningful integrated relationships. This paper highlights the value of both within sector and cross-sector collaboration to achieve organisational outcomes. It provides some insight into the entry points for both nonprofit organisations as well as small to medium sized private sector organisations who would otherwise consider social investment in large scale societal problems beyond their reach.

Originality/Value -
Social partnerships within the Australian context are under-represented; this paper addresses this by examining three best practice exemplars. The rationale for incorporating new partners and sharing success is discussed and supported by a model of social responsibility cluster formation.

This chapter illustrates how governmental officials use strategic communication to legitimate stands on public policy issues. Government rhetors, because of their role as decision makers and influencers over the public policy process, have power that even the leaders of multinational organizations often do not have.

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) field presents not only a landscape of theories but also a proliferation of approaches, which are controversial, complex and unclear. This article tries to clarify the situation, ''mapping the territory'' by classifying the main CSR theories and related approaches in four groups: (1) instrumental theories, in which the corporation is seen as only an instrument for wealth creation, and its social activities are only a means to achieve economic results; (2) political theories, which concern themselves with the power of corporations in society and a responsible use of this power in the political arena; (3) integrative theories, in which the corporation is focused on the satisfaction of social demands; and (4) ethical theories, based on ethical responsibilities of corporations to society. In practice, each CSR theory presents four dimensions related to profits, political performance, social demands and ethical values. The findings suggest the necessity to develop a new theory on the business and society relationship, which should integrate these four dimensions.

The increasing of supply-chain scale which caused by borderless business partnerships can result in less monitored chains, a condition in which predicting and detecting issues in supply-chain must be strengthened. Issues are resulted from gap between supply-chain business practices and stakeholders expectations, whether it comes from related affairs or not. Issues which have any direct impacts on a supply-chain can bring risk and then cause a crisis if they are not managed by firms. This paper aims to investigate potential issues arrival patterns which disseminate through the nature of supply-chain as a network. Then, a framework also proposed to give an understanding on how to predict incoming issues before developing any prevention plans. The proposed patterns and framework are developed based on literature survey which is combined with several sample cases to build a comprehensive discussion. This paper concludes that issues can come through several patterns before they become direct risk and cause crisis in supply-chain. Before firms develop risk management or do any crisis prevention, they must transform themself based on the proposed framework to have an agile response of any small changes which have potential escalation into any other big and important risks. By looking at the limitations of previous approaches which tend to treat this topic only as business practices, this paper throws a light from academic perspective on how to develop sharp understanding about issues dissemination and arrival patterns on supply-chain.

Bug report assignment is an important part of software maintenance. In particular, incorrect assignments of bug reports to development teams can be very expensive in large software development projects. Several studies propose automating bug assignment techniques using machine learning in open source software contexts, but no study exists for large-scale proprietary projects in industry. Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate automated bug assignment techniques that are based on machine learning classication. In particular, we study the state-of-the-art ensemble learner Stacked Generalization (SG) that combines several classiers. Method: We collect more than 50,000 bug reports from ve development projects from two companies in dierent domains. We implement automated bug assignment