International cooperation policy

The article introduces Urban Food Policies (UFP) in the field of decentralized
cooperation as a relatively new field of work, exchange and action-oriented
research within and between cities, and local authorities in the global North
and South. Indeed, a plethora of cities have been implementing actions with
different implementation mechanisms indicating that UFP can generate
positive stimuli, new perspectives, and reciprocal benefits. The article
examines a number of ongoing international projects to then focus on the
relevant programs developed in Italy and on the African continent, looking
into aspects of governance, outlining essential features of decentralized
cooperation and of these ongoing development projects, and concluding
with potential prospects in this area.

Questo libro offre elementi per rispondere a diverse domande sulla cooperazione internazionale allo sviluppo, tracciando un percorso fondato sull'analisi critica dei diversi contesti politici, economici e sociali della storia recente; così come dei principali paradigmi e degli attori che li hanno espressi e caratterizzati. La ricerca delinea inoltre la congiuntura in cui si trova la cooperazione internazionale e i suoi possibili scenari futuri dopo l'approvazione dell'Agenda 2030 per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile. In questo contesto, l'autore mette in evidenza processi come il nuovo protagonismo dei paesi emergenti, la transizione verso un sistema internazionale sempre più multipolare e la crescente importanza della cooperazione per affrontare alcune questioni di governance globale.
José Antonio Ocampo
Professore della Columbia University
Presidente del Comitato per le politiche di sviluppo delle Nazioni Unite

This chapter contains a brief analysis of the institutional evolution of Colombian international development aid cooperation, and its organisation and mandates. It deals with Colombia’s approach to both ‘traditional’ relationships between established donors and recipients, and the newer paradigm of partnership relations with other developing countries; and concludes with some evaluation of strengths and weaknesses in the system.

Resumen

Los importantes cambios que afectan a la financiación del desarrollo, y los desplazamientos del poder que se observan en el sistema internacional están modificando las políticas de cooperación en América Latina y el Caribe. Este artículo analiza el impacto de esas tendencias en los flujos de ayuda oficial al desarrollo (AOD) hacia, y dentro de la región, y las implicaciones de política de la agenda de eficacia de la ayuda para los países de renta media que la integran. También se discute la emergencia de la cooperación Sur-Sur como resultado de la creciente diferenciación entre países de América Latina, prestando atención a sus motivaciones, estrategias y variantes.

Abstract

Important changes affecting development financing and the shifting of power in the international system are changing development cooperation policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. This article analyses the impact of these trends in ODA flows to, and within the region, and the policy implications of the aid effectiveness agenda for middle income countries. The emergence of South-South cooperation as a result of the growing internal differentiation in Latin America is also discussed, paying attention to the motives, strategies and variations among countries.

Este artículo investiga en primer lugar cómo han evolucionado en los últimos veinte años los PRM en el escenario internacional y las brechas de desarrollo que están encarando en la actualidad, por un lado, y cuál es su posicionamiento en la cooperación para el desarrollo, por el otro. Evidenciando al mismo tiempo la encrucijada representada por la progresiva disminución de los recursos de Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo y el creciente protagonismo que estos países reivindican a nivel internacional.
Seguidamente, el texto aborda los cambios que se han dado en América Latina y el Caribe y señala los avances conseguidos en la lucha contra la pobreza, en la segunda parte, y los desafíos que estos países tendrán que enfrentar en los próximos años, empezando por la desigualdad y la vulnerabilidad social, en la tercera parte.
Finalmente, se analiza qué están haciendo los países de la región para influir en la agenda de desarrollo para 2030 y cuál es su posicionamiento en lo referente a la implementación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.

The Broadcasting reform in the post reform Indonesia has been signified by the presence of Broadcasting Law of 32/2002 which has promoted media democratization, as well as the Press Law No 40/1999 which has contributed to media liberalization in Indonesia. The enactment of the Broadcasting Law of 2002 will enable the media to implement its role of promoting democratic values and practices such as the freedom of expression, the  right to communication, competition, and participation.  The main audiences of the Broadcasting Law No 32/2002 are broadcasting media institutions. The law will regulate broadcasting media institutions and ensure “services to the public through promotion of democratic values without intervention from dominant elites such as state, government, politicians, parties, businesses, and capital”As such, the independent regulatory body called KPI will be essential in implementing the broadcasting regulation.Meanwhile, KPI could hardly promote and determine the media democratization agenda without component of civil society support including media role at the middle of private broadcasting institution and the political interests.Civil society actors were gradually weakened and became sluggish particularly in Jakarta. In that sense, the road to media democratization will become harder in, with KPI not only lacking its authority but also civil society, media and government support.

Report on the TECT Conference at the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, 15-18 September 2009. Conference title: “Evolution of Cooperation: Models and Theories”; prepared especially for the nineteen core researchers of the TECT project “Dynamic complexity of self-organizing, cooperation-based commercial networks in the first global age”, who were excluded from participation by the collapse of TECT networking funds. The DynCoopNet Project within TECT focuses on cooperation within the networks linking the global domains of Iberian Monarchies during the First Global Age, 1400-1800.

This aim of this study is to explore the development assistance system and its multiple challenges in the global economy: an obstacle for assisted countries. Development aid is one of the instruments of international cooperation whose primary objective is to facilitate trade in the context of globalization. It deserves to be approached systemically to understand the different monetary and human flows and to build networks of actors developing reciprocal interdependencies. For example, development aid to poor countries can be broken down into four main variants: “budget assistance,” “technical assistance,” “project assistance” and “emergency assistance.” According to the authors, development aid must be analyzed in relation to the overall socio-economic and political context (on the donor country side) and local (in the assisted country), acting on the networking links developed by the actors involved. It is thus asserted in the asymmetry of the power relations between the players in...

Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies and the Question of Public Versus Private Military

Foreign Military Intervention in Internal Conflicts and Creating a General
Approach to Asymmetric Warfare, particularly regarding Kurdistan and Syria

This aim of this study is to explore the development assistance system and its multiple challenges in the global economy: an obstacle for assisted countries. Development aid is one of the instruments of international cooperation whose primary objective is to facilitate trade in the context of globalization. It deserves to be approached systemically to understand the different monetary and human flows and to build networks of actors developing reciprocal interdependencies. For example, development aid to poor countries can be broken down into four main variants: “budget assistance,” “technical assistance,” “project assistance” and “emergency assistance.” According to the authors, development aid must be analyzed in relation to the overall socio-economic and political context (on the donor country side) and local (in the assisted country), acting on the networking links developed by the actors involved. It is thus asserted in the asymmetry of the power relations between the players in...

In Kyrgyzstan as elsewhere, foreign aid agencies fund the development and use of technical expertise in their support of institutional reforms.

However, do the government, business/social and foreign aid actors involved treat this expertise as a means of influencing the reforms’ legislative politics, how and to what effect? Also, how may the public, decentralized and participatory dimensions of a country’s political system inform these dynamics?

I address these questions in my research on of foreign aid to business taxation reforms in Kyrgyzstan (completed in Jan ‘21).

This is the study’s conceptual framework chapter, which critically reviews the ‘thinking and working politically’ (TWP) development aid policy current (and related political economy of institutional reform/governance aid literature).

Il turismo responsabile è il turismo attuato secondo principi di giustizia sociale ed
economica e nel pieno rispetto dell’ambiente e delle culture, come sottolineato dall’OMT negli artt. 1 e 2 del Codice mondiale del Turismo, da cui si evince che esso non è solo un tipo di turismo, ma è il modo a cui dovrebbe essere informata l’intera attività turistica. Un particolare contributo alla promozione e diffusione del Turismo responsabile è stato ed è offerto dalla cooperazione internazionale allo sviluppo, in particolare dalla cooperazione decentrata o territoriale, cioè quella promossa dalle Autorità locali dei Sud e dei Nord del mondo, con il concorso delle rispettive componenti della società civile organizzata (ONG, organizzazioni pro sociali, piccoli imprenditori locali, associazioni di migranti…). Negli Ultimi 10 anni i progetti di cooperazione allo sviluppo tesi a promuovere sistemi turistici
locali sostenibili nei territori dei PVS sono stati significativi. Tra questi quelli promossi dal sistema Torinese della cooperazione decentrata.

Los Programas de Transferencias Condicionadas (PTC) se orientan a fomentar la acumulación de capital humano entre las poblaciones más vulnerables, especialmente en los más jóvenes, a fin de detener la transmisión inter-generacional de la po-breza. No obstante su heterogeneidad, los PTC realizados en América Latina comparten una estructura basada en la entrega de recursos monetarios y no monetarios a familias en situación de extrema pobreza que cumplan con ciertas condiciones asociadas al mejoramiento de capacidades humanas, sobre todo en los ámbitos de la salud y la educación. Los propósitos principales de este artículo son analizar la eficacia de los PTC en la lucha contra la pobreza y su transmisión inter-generacional, por un lado, y plantear una reflexión sobre los aportes de la cooperación internacional a la formulación y a la realización de los PTC, por el otro.

Recent discussion of the relationship between legal authorities and the people within their communities emphasize the benefits to legal authorities of gaining voluntary deference and willing cooperation from the people with whom they deal. A key element in gaining such cooperation is being viewed as legitimate. And legitimacy is based upon the fairness of the manner in which legal authorities exercise their authority: i.e. procedural justice. If legal authorities exercise their authority fairly they build legitimacy and increase both willing deference to rules and the decisions of the police and the courts and the motivation to help with the task of maintaining social order in the community.

This article deals with the highly topical issue of the character and results of scientific and pedagogical cooperation of universities and cultural institutions in the field of artistic Regional Studies. For a number of federal public institutions of higher education it became the theme of many years of experimental research. The purpose of research – is to develop and test a mechanism of socialization of students and scientists means of artistic of Regional Studies. The object of the research is the socialization of students and scientists means of artistic of Regional Studies. Tasks of the experiment, represented in this research, are divided into three main parts: legal and organizational; methodological and psycho-pedagogical; finance and economics. The paper also shows the methods of the study and its expected results. As a result of scientific and educational cooperation and experimental activities of the universities at the international, federal and regional level, groups of institutions gained multifaceted experience. It gave the possibility to improve significantly the overall results in the formation of human resources. The list of achieved indicators of research and teaching collaboration and experimental work was considered by teams of the universities and cultural institutions. The article invites the researchers for constructive scientific dialogue and the organization of joint research activities.
Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению характера и результатов научно-педагогического сотрудничества вузов и культурно-просветительских учреждений в области художественного краеведения. Для ряда федеральных государственных учреждений высшего профессионального образования это стало ещё и темой многолетнего экспериментального исследования. Цель исследования - разработать и апробировать механизм социализации студентов  и учёных средствами художественного краеведения. Объект исследования – пути социализации студентов  и учёных средствами художественного краеведения. Задачи эксперимента, представляемого в данной работе, подразделяются на три основных блока: нормативно-правовые и организационные; методические и психолого-педагогические; финансово-экономические. В работе также приведены методы проведенного исследования и его планируемые результаты. В результате научно-педагогического сотрудничества и опытно-экспериментальной деятельности университетов на международном, федеральном и региональном уровне коллективами учреждений накоплен многогранный опыт. Это позволило существенно повысить общие результаты в формировании кадрового потенциала. Рассмотрен перечень показателей, достигнутых коллективами университетов в результате научно-педагогического сотрудничества и опытно-экспериментальной работы. Наглядно представлено, как возрастал кадровый потенциал университетов, институтов и исследовательских центров, а также сотрудничающих с ними культурно-просветительских учреждений. Статья приглашает к конструктивному научному диалогу и организации совместной исследовательской деятельности.

Today's spacefaring nations lack a systematic framework for evaluating international cooperation proposals that takes both political and technical concerns into account. By simultaneously considering technology and policy, a more informed decision may be made about how best to cooperate. An original framework is set forth for identifying and evaluating different cooperative schemes for their impact on technical and political concerns. The strength of this framework is then illustrated using a case study of US and Italian cooperation. r

Our research choose an “orchestral” perspective on communication not only as a tool, but as the way in which the social communicator relies both on multistrategical approaches and dynamics of social actors involved in a process of pluralistic mutual endorsement. Participatory approach for communication has been highlighted as the new key strategy and as the contemporary way to manage conflicts related with natural resources management. It has been shown the need to empower democracy throw an integrated perspective between local and central perspective.
The “multiway” or “orchestral” visions of communication propose that the flow of messages is not the mainly focus of the social communicator, emphasising on additional functions of communication (i.e. sharing production of knowledge processes). So we need methods to understand the interconnected and distinctive mechanisms of the social and local arenas where different forms of communication and power relationships contribute to negotiate, produce and share knowledge.
We try to consider different social arenas and points of view, by the means of one case analysis, looking for integrated methods in “orchestral communication”. The case study on “Indian women role in water management” will show that lack in communication may affect participation in local community democracy issues. We will consider two different communication methods on the grass-root and international arenas. As we can assume by the experience of two NGOs working on Indian women’s issues, locally oriented and internationally oriented perspectives lead to different perceptions on the local level as on the international level. This scenario tells us about the way in which institutional and non institutional bodies can work in order to improve communication between local movements and international mediatic arenas giving the idea of a new role for local community subjects on the international stage.

In Kyrgyzstan as elsewhere, foreign aid agencies fund the development and use of technical expertise in their support of institutional reforms.

However, do the government, business and foreign aid actors involved treat this expertise as a means of influencing the reforms’ legislative politics, how and to what effect? Also, how may the public, decentralized and participatory dimensions of a country’s political system inform these dynamics?

I address these questions in my research on foreign aid to business taxation reforms in Kyrgyzstan in 2010-2016 (completed in Jan ‘21).

This is the full 155-page study (+bibliography). Please see next document for a 33-page partial version (the conclusion, preceded by the introduction & research design), and further down for the separate chapters. 

Research abstract:

In dialogue with the ‘thinking and working politically (TWP)’ policy current in international development cooperation, the present study examines the leverage that foreign aid-funded technical expertise had as a resource in the legislative politics of business taxation reforms in Kyrgyzstan in 2010-2016. Specifically, it looks at how this leverage was informed by the public, decentralized and participatory dimensions of the country’s political system during that period. Thereby it explores how different national actors engaged with foreign aid-funded attempts to mobilize technical expertise for the purpose of reform advancement. The study reports that while the legislative process in Kyrgyzstan was generally associated with the primacy of informal transactions and private interests, the partakers in the policy contests treated public pressure backed by technical evidence as a significant means of influence. In particular, the country’s business leaders positioned themselves as citizen representatives who kept the government in check on its obligations to improve national wellbeing. They used the media and inter-stakeholder policy meetings to portray undesired reforms as detrimental to society, and did the same with government inaction on the reforms they favored. Thereby they sought to capitalize on the political risk that state officials and members of parliament attributed to such public criticism. As part of these attempts, business leaders drew on pro-reform technical evidence supplied with contributions from foreign aid programs. They also worked to counteract its application by the government and its foreign aid partners. Many of the policy discussion platforms where either happened were initiated or facilitated by foreign aid actors, sometimes with a concrete aspiration to influence a reform contest through the articulation of technical evidence. With these findings the study aims to contribute to the discussion about the space for foreign aid agencies to help advance positive institutional change by mobilizing technical knowhow through social stakeholder engagement.

This briefing paper discusses how provisions on environmental cooperation in trade agreements can contribute to better environmental outcomes. It is frequently assumed that the more enforceable environmental commitments are, the more likely governments are to take action to protect the environment. This assumption leads several experts to argue in favour of strong sanction-based mechanisms of dispute settlement in order to ensure the implementation of trade agreements’ environmental provisions. Nevertheless, there is evidence to suggest that softer provisions can result in increased environmental cooperation, which can in turn favour domestic environmental protection. To shed light on this debate, this paper examines the design and the implementation of cooperative environmental provisions of trade agreements.

Think global, act local " è la vision che è alla base delle attività di cooperazione internazionale decentrata. La cooperazione internazionale decentrata  non è solo espressione della solidarietà internazionale di una comunità territoriale, ma costituisce l'unico approccio ragionevole per prendersi cura, con sguardo olistico, degli interessi pubblici locali. " Pensare globale e agire locale " può consentire di agire sui fenomeni alla loro origine, di conoscerli prima delle loro peggiori derive, di non subirli ma di concorrere a governarli.  Per cooperazione decentrata si intende l'azione di cooperazione internazionale allo sviluppo realizzata dalle Regioni e dagli Enti Locali nell'ambito di relazioni di partenariato territoriale con istituzioni locali (per quanto possibile omologhe) dei Paesi con i quali si coopera. I patti di amministrazione condivisa sui singoli beni comuni oggetto dei progetti di cooperazione decentrata (ambiente, coesione sociale, spazi urbani) o su un possibile bene comune “solidarietà glocale”, potrebbero costituire un efficace e appropriato strumento di gestione delle attività di cooperazione decentrata

A deterrence model of legal authority is not only expensive and minimally effective; it also undermines forms of social capital that promote long-term public commitment to the law and, crucially, the public cooperation on which legal authorities fundamentally rely. The exercise of authority via the application of fair process strengthens the social bonds between individuals and authorities. Procedural justice promotes normative modes of compliance and cooperation that are both more stable and more sustainable in the long run. Using the example of the UK, we show how specific policing contexts can modulate, but not fundamentally alter, these associations. We argue that moral alignment with the police is one of a broader range of motivations to cooperate with legal authorities -that are based not on material interests, but on social values and normative commitment.

In Kyrgyzstan as elsewhere, foreign aid agencies fund the development and use of technical expertise in their support of institutional reforms.

However, do the government, business/social and foreign aid actors involved treat this expertise as a means of influencing the reforms’ legislative politics, how and to what effect? Also, how may the public, decentralized and participatory dimensions of a country’s political system inform these dynamics?

I address these questions in my research on foreign aid to business taxation reforms in Kyrgyzstan (completed in Jan ‘21).

This is the study’s research design & methods chapter, which also discusses my general finding on the character of Kyrgyzstan’s legislative politics in the realm of private sector governance.

International cooperation in the South China Sea among ASEAN countries in the current context has become an urgent need. To well implement international cooperation, the concerned countries should have consultations based on scientific assessments of practices and prospects. In that spirit, the article will contribute to elucidating the current status of international cooperation in the sea in a number of specific areas now between national countries in the South China Sea and make judgments about development Hope in the future. Maritime Cooperation in the current context is an urgent need for most maritime areas worldwide. Since international cooperation on the sea, countries strengthen building trust, promoting marine economic development and reducing the risk of conflict. Due to the history of the South China Sea, there are many conflicting disagreements over sovereignty disputes, sovereignty rights, and national jurisdiction. Sea and island sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea have many complex developments both in the field and in bilateral and multilateral diplomatic forums. Therefore, international cooperation in the South China Sea among ASEAN countries in the current context has become an urgent need, this issue needs to be researched deeply to contribute to policy consultations. This article contributes to clarifying the current status of international cooperation in the sea in some specific areas between countries in the South China Sea and making judgments about the prospects in the coming time.