International Business Transactions

This paper will discuss some features of one of the most used type of contract in international sale of goods, the FOB (Free on Board) contract. The focus will be on the Common Law f.o.b. terms identified in Pyrene and Co Ltd v Scindia Navigation Co Ltd  and the “FOB named port of shipment” term under Incoterms 2010. Several transnational legal instruments will be used to elucidate the legal implications of drafting an f.o.b. contract under a specific source of trade terms and how seller’s and buyer’s rights and duties differ significantly among f.o.b. terms. This paper will therefore reconsider the general consensus that f.o.b. contracts are a flexible instrument.  Indeed f.o.b. contracts often allow traders to stipulate terms that may satisfy very specific needs and desires, yet once these terms have been agreed they give existence to obligations and rights that traders are bound to respect.

Development is highly desirable in any society because it enhances people's standard of living anywhere in the world. However, there are some basic procedures to follow in doing business and in the handling of government activities before development can take place; and the Nigerian society is not an exception. With the use of secondary data, the paper examines ethical issues and Nigeria's quest for development. It observed the lack of proper ethical standards (PES) and behaviour as a way of carrying out business and government transactions by the citizens and public officials as the major obstacles to the realization of Nigeria's quest for development. The paper therefore recommends that for the nation to achieve its goals of development, the Nigerian government should inculcate into the citizens, the need to imbibe PES and behaviour as a way of life both in public and private sectors of the nation's economy. These could be achieved through the imposition of stiffer penalty on those found to be involved in an unethical behaviour, no matter their position or status in the country; which would serve as deterrent to others.

This article offers an original case study of the failed sale of Victoria's Secret's business to examine the deep consequences of the covid-19 pandemic in the context of M&A transactions. After presenting the case, it draws two lessons from it by: (1) proposing a multi-layered analysis of the effects of covid-19 depending on the type of event considered and on the contract language, and (2) exploring the possible reshaping of the termination right in connection with the dramatic variations of the target's value during the interim period caused by covid-19.

To start any business one need resources (financial resources, energy resources, human resources), Infrastructure, Transportation, Buyers and above all secure and safe place. Here are 5 reasons why Dubai still is a best place for Starting a business.

The history of French foreign exchange control has formerly been presented as the succession of four stages. During the interwar, a memorial historiography underlined the positive role of liberal Chambers of commerce, and the negative role of oil cartels. During the Second World War and immediate after-war, foreign exchange control would have been centralized as a State policy. The 1950's would have seen two elite groups, from the French National School of Administration and the Mines School, fight for the control of this policy. The 1960's would have seen the pressure of USbacked international organizations leading to a reorganization of the system based on the objectives of efficiency and rent-management. This paper proposes a new narrative based on new historiographical, archival and empirical evidence. It underlines the continuity between cartels and State regulations during the interwar, the dissolution of the system amidst particular interests during and immediately after the war, and the central role of the rivalry between French and anglo-saxon big companies during the 1950's. It challenges the idea of an end of the system, during the 1960's, caused by rising inefficiencies. On the contrary, its achievements led to a reorganization, maintaining its core features till today. The end of its quantitative impacts didn't mean its institutions of negotiations and information lost their central role in matters of economic policy.

In this short piece we provide an interactive, annotated International Business Transactions (IBT) syllabus. The introduction and annotations seek to connect the current discourse on experiential legal education to andragogy — the study of adult learning.

In 2013 we set out to re-develop a 3-credit IBT course. We applied various experiential pedagogical methodologies — developed initially to train Israeli air force pilots and later adapted to medical training and grounded in theoretical and empirical education research — to serve in a traditional IBT course. The goal was not only to develop legal skills such as negotiation, contract drafting, and client counseling but more importantly to impart knowledge including legal doctrine, legal theory, and policy considerations through the use of a series of structured, in-class experiences.

The piece includes embedded documents as part of the interactive reading experience. It is therefore best viewed in Adobe.

Note: If you find this short piece useful you may also wish to view a short youtube video in which Orit and Maya walk through the recently-launched Simulation and Training Center at the Ono Academic College, Israel.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi e-shops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culture-related factors. Based on the study's findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.