Intermediation

Why does the Chinese government—which is known for its strong-arm tactics—need or desire to use non-state actors to carry out coercion and social control? In this piece, I argue the government seeks to deploy non-state actors to perform coercive acts or exercise social control for a wide range of reasons, such as reducing the cost of repression and evading responsibility. These non-state actors range from ‘thugs-for-hire’, to profit-seeking brokers and even commercial enterprises.

Issue: The accepted wisdom in the Travel and Tourism (T&T) industry –with very few exceptions– has so far placed the emphasis on disintermediation or the disappearance of traditional intermediaries like travel agents, tour operators or even the Global Distribution Systems (GDSs).
Relevance: There is evidence on which to base an alternative scenario of development of the T&T channel which has far reaching implications for policies relating to electronic commerce.

We analyze the role of intermediaries in electronic markets using detailed data of more than 14,000 originated loans on an electronic P2P (peer-to-peer) lending platform. In such an electronic credit market, lenders bid to supply a private loan. Screening of potential borrowers and the monitoring of loan repayment can be delegated to designated group leaders. We find that these market participants act as financial intermediaries and significantly improve borrowers' credit conditions by reducing iriformation asymmetries, predominantly for borrowers with less attractive risk characteristics. Our findings may be surprising given the replacement of a bank by an electronic marketplace.

In this paper, we present the project denominated Efficient and Transparent Municipalities -MuNet, developed by the Organization of American States -OAS, with the sponsorship of the Canadian for International Development Agency -CIDA. The aim of this project was to help Latin-American municipalities to use ICT tools to improve efficiency and transparency in its activities. The project was developed between 2005 and 2006 in 22 municipalities distributed in 11 countries, with the support of 5 experts of 5 different nationalities. The first phase followed a diagnostic of the general situation of the municipality, including technological aspects, and also transparency perceptions. Then a proposal of strategy to apply electronic government was developed with the collaboration of a Consultancy Team and the Task Force defined by the Major in each municipality. Furthermore, all the participants in the project received a virtual course about fundamentals in electronic government strategies. With the document approved by the society and the political ambit the Consultancy Team accompanied the Task Force in the implementation process, using in some cases the technological support of the project, specifically with software applications to develop the WEB page of the municipality -MuniPortal -, another software -MuniCompra -to improve the buying process and a last one to support the creation of a one stop window for the municipality services -MuniServi -. Additionally, this paper also presents evidence of the implementation process and the general data about the diagnostics developed.

This paper analyzes the effect of leverage financing on corporate performance using debt-equity, coverage ratios and earnings per share as proxies. The study is motivated by need to assess the extent to which leverage affects optimizes financing risk as well as maximize returns to shareholders in the Nigerian banking industry. The study made use of F-ratios, Durbin-Watson, Akaikeand Schwarz Information Criteria as well as to log likelihood parameters in arriving at conclusions. Though the results across banks studied shows mixed outcome, leverage financing was established as critical strategy for maximization of shareholders returns. The conclusion therefore is that in order to ensure that leverage financing leads to desired outcome business organisations must established their optimum level as well as strike a strategic balance with associated financing risk and returns to owners of the firm.

he paper questions the extent to which financial structure development theoretically and empirically drives economic performance in Nigeria. It adopts mixed methodological framework to tease out the relationship between financial structure development and economic performance. In terms of theoretical exploration, the paper recognizes the critical nature of the financial system and outlines it role in driving economic growth. This paper integrates and Ajadi Adegbite and Ajadi (2008) models to develop an alternative model that fits into the reality of Nigerian financial and economic environment. The study relies on secondary data and ordinary least square method to analyze the relationship between financial structure development and economic performance. The paper discovers that financial system is necessary for economic performance but outline some policy issues which distorted the potency and significant posture of the financial system in accelerating economic performance in Nigeria. The main contribution of this paper to knowledge lies on its robust engagement with debates on financial structure development and the link between finance and economic growth. This knowledge enhances our understanding about diverse models which shape financial development in theory and practice. In conclusion, the paper highlights pragmatic policy implications which will facilitate better relationship between financial systems and economic performance in Nigeria.

The accepted wisdom in the Travel and Tourism (T&T) industry-with very few exceptions-has so far placed the emphasis on disintermediation or the disappearance of traditional intermediaries like travel agents, tour operators or even the Global Distribution Systems (GDSs). Relevance: There is evidence on which to base an alternative scenario of development of the T&T channel which has far reaching implications for policies relating to electronic commerce.

This PhD thesis, with the Portuguese legal system as background, consists in a legal study of a contractual model, designated as contrato de mediação (a kind of brokerage agreement), by which a person promises a fee to another person if this one indicates a third party suitable and willing to contract with the first one and if this future contract really comes into force due to the broker’s intervention, among other factors.
As working hypothesis, I assume the social frequency and the structural autonomy of the model, which I understand to have an array of unique characteristics sufficient to differentiate it from other contracts governed by law. The demonstration of the hypothesis is structured in three sections.
The main purpose of the first section is to delineate and contextualize the object of study. Delimitation within the set of contracts that pursue an intermediation aim, contracts in which the agent has a role of helping in the conclusion of other agreements where he is not a party or where he only is so on behalf of a third party. Historical contextualization, identifying the allusions (inserted in different documents) to contractual relationships, possibly corresponding to the aforementioned contractual model, and trying to establish the moment in time of its autonomy before the Law.
The second section offers an in-depth study of the contract, focusing on the parties’ main acts. To do so, I have studied similar agreements in six countries close to the Portuguese (Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and England), three of which govern this kind of brokerage agreement by statutory law. The detailed analysis of the contract in Portugal is then followed by a comparative analysis of the several studied legal systems. Afterwards, I confront the object of study and the contracts with which it bears largest resemblances: commission contract, commercial agency and service agreement.
The third section is especially dedicated to the estate agency agreement, as a more frequent subspecies and the only that was targeted by the Portuguese legislator with a set of norms enough to identify it as governed by statute. The regulation given it by the law is paradigmatic of the general and socially customary contrato de mediação.
Finally, I accomplish by presenting the general conclusions where I validate the previous propositions.
Available online at https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/13121/1/Castelo_2013.pdf
With minor improvements, it was published by Almedina, 2014.

This chapter focuses on the role of the Caballeros Templarios cartel in
local governance from 2011 to 2013. I conducted thirteen months of fieldwork in Michoacán, spread out over five visits between 2013 and 2017. My hypothesis is that drug cartels in Michoacán transformed patronage relations and brokerage practices by displacing, replacing, or mirroring brokers that lie at the center of political and social mediation. In so doing,
they were able to impose a new moral and political economy in the territories they socially and geographically control.
This territorial control is not merely an occupation of land. It lies at the base
of their ability to transform social relationships and hierarchies, to impose
alternative social orders, and to build governance models that extract resources from the drug trade, as well as the public and private sectors.

Banks are most probably the most important type of financial institutions in Bangladesh. Although there are two fully operating stock exchanges in Bangladesh still the majority portion of demand for financial services are addressed by commercial banks. Banks traditionally, contributes the economy through intermediation. Though intermediation is the most important task of commercial banks, in recent years in some developed countries it experienced a declining trend. In this paper, we tried get an overview of different trends of commercial banks in Bangladesh. We also looked into the dynamic relationship between banks and Non-bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs). We have found that different reform projects carried through last two decades have a beneficial effect on banking. We also found that NBFIs, although still relatively less significant compared to banks are growing and they are taking away shares from banks in both loan and deposit market. The paper, however, has not taken into consideration the effect of thrifts, which operate among less privileged section of the economy.

Muhtars, the lowest level elected political position in Turkey, hold an ambiguously defined place within the administrative hierarchy. They are public officials, but local citizens do not always associate them with the central government. Street-Level Governing is the first book to investigate how muhtars carry out their role—not only what they are supposed to do, but how they actually operate—to provide an ethnographic study of the state as viewed from its margins. It starts from the premise that the seeming "margin" of state administration is not peripheral at all, but instructive as to how it functions.
Muhtars exist at the intersection of everyday life and the exercise of power. Their position offers a personalized point of contact between citizens and state institutions, enabling close oversight of the citizenry, yet simultaneously projecting the sense of an accessible state to individuals. Challenging common theories of the state, Massicard outlines how the position of the muhtar throws into question an assumed dichotomy between domination and social resistance, and suggests that considerations of circumvention and accommodation are normal attributes of state-society functioning.

Financial intermediation is an exciting field in the demand and supply of funds for investment, liquidity and consumption purposes. Through financial intermediation economic growth occurs and the improvement of the welfare improves: Funds are routed from the savers to borrowers who use the funds in most profitable economic activities (King and Levine 1993).The cooperative movement has been in existence since pre-independence times, they have been touted as the major ways of economic empowerment and poverty reduction. The growth of Saccos has been tremendous and thus they are now in the vision 2030 blueprint as one of the mobilizes of savings and investments.

The Great Depression was a moment of rupture and dispossession in the history of the plantation economy and colonial Indian migration in the Bay of Bengal. The developments of this period provide important insights into the shifting patterns of Indian migration, labor regimes, (im)migrant-native relations, and the rise of xenophobic politics in the region. Given the historical importance of migration and the persistence of xenophobia in Burma, a study of migrant labor within the emerging nationalist politics of the interwar period is crucial. This period witnessed provocative but well-established questions concerning Indian migration: whether Indian migrants were supplementary or surplus, whether they were filling a void or generating local competition, whether colonial policies regarding Indian migration and their work and life in the colony were exclusionist or assimilatory, whether Indians shared a harmonious relationship of peaceful co-existence with the ‘indigenous’ community, and whether they were they ‘well off’ in Burma. This article focuses on the interwar interactions between empires, colonies, and capital in the Bay of Bengal rim and transatlantic economies, as well as the intersections between the reordering of the global economy, ethnocentric nationalism, migrants’ changing lives and the patterns and system of Indian migration. The intersections between emerging nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiments reflected in the many ethnic riots of this period provide historical precedents to the persisting alt-right politics, xenophobia, ethnic injustice, and racial-religious bigotry perpetrated against minorities and migrants in Burma - the Rohingyas being a major target of this xenophobic nationalism.

This essay explores the Taiwanese anthropologist Tai-Li Hu’s three ethnographic films focusing on Taiwanese indigenous rituals in the 1980s—The Return of Gods and Ancestors: Paiwan Five-year Ceremony (1984), Songs of Pasta’ay (1988), and Returning Souls (2012). On the one hand, how Hu intermediates spiritual tradition by documenting the traditional rituals of indigenous tribes embodies contemporary changes. On the other hand, Hu stimulates incipient discussions about new spaces, new perspectives, and new discourses on traditional cultural revival and tribal building of the indigenous intellectuals, who return to tribes to act on “cultural activism” in her recent work, Returning Souls. Hu transforms the cultural context of tribe through tracing the origin of spiritual tradition accordingly. Furthermore, she presents the difficulties of negotiation with different dynamics engaging in reviving tribal cultures in light of cultural interventions in the contemporary society. The three documentaries represent a binary opposition between “the traditional” and “the modern” in the culture of Taiwan indigenous people with cinematic features and critical discourses in perspective. Spiritual tradition, which has shown an affinity for the vicissitudes of extrinsic surrounding of the society and cultural background, gives us a vision of creative transformation step by step. Bringing up an in-depth examination of spiritual tradition, these documentaries provide the leavening in a transcultural situation.

Recently, increasing attention has been paid to intermediaries, actors connecting multiple other actors, in transition processes. Research has highlighted that intermediary actors (e.g. innovation funders, energy agencies, NGOs, membership organisations, or internet discussion forums) operate in many levels to advance transitions. We argue that intermediation, and the need for it, varies during the course of transition. Yet, little explicit insight exists on intermediation in different transition phases. We integrate existing conceptual models on transition dynamics and phases and a typology of transition intermediaries to examine how intermediaries advance transitions in different phases. We illustrate our conceptual insights through examples from car clubs, heat pumps and low-energy housing. We conclude that intermediation is paramount from predevelopment to stabilisation of a transition. Intermediary functions change from supporting experimentation and articulation of needs in pre-development, to the aggregation of knowledge, pooling resources, network building and stronger institutional support and capacity building in acceleration.

As an agro-based country, Bangladesh has the competitive advantage on vegetable industry since long and due to this fact, many researches has been done on this industry focusing on competitiveness, production & process, trade facilitation, value addition ET el. Being one of the largest producers of vegetable, some bottlenecks on the supply chain are dragging Bangladesh out of the race from global competition. Now, the paper is focused on finding and thus, emancipating the supply chain bottlenecks of this industry. Here, the paper shows, an unnatural price gap between the upstream and downstream parties on the chain. Explains the reasons behind this-which is the present SC model. Also finds the cure to fix the problem by proposing a cross-dock based agent led model to minimize the exploitation of intermediaries toward growers and end consumers. Finally, shows a case study to validate the authenticity of the proposed model.

Stella Ghervas,
"Le réseau épistolaire d’Alexandre et Roxandre Stourdza : une médiation triangulaire entre Occident, Russie et Sud-Est européen"
[The Correspondence Network of Alexander and Roxandra Sturdza: a Triangular Intermediation between Russia, Western and South-Eastern Europe], "Revue des études sud-est européennes", vol. LI, no. 1-4, 2013, pp. 291-320.

Abstract:

This paper examines the reconfiguration of social relations across Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century, through the correspondence of Alexander and Roxandra Sturdza, which is kept for the most part at the Manuscript Section of the Institute of Russian Literature (the Pushkin House) in Saint Petersburg and at the Regional Archives of Odessa. Spanning half a century (1805-1854) and involving over 200 correspondents, these letters reveal a triangular network of exchanges that embraced Russia, Western and South-Eastern Europe. From the diplomatic subjects of the Congress of Vienna to the pleas for help when the Greeks revolted against the Sultan (1821-1823), to the later exchanges of Alexander Sturdza with Western and Russian scholars on religious matters, this correspondence is a testament of a “continent without borders”, which was to largely disappear in the political upheaval of the Crimean War.

Keywords:  Epistolary network, European margins, Russia, South-Eastern Europe, circulation, 19th Century.

The Uber case, decided by the Grand Chamber of the CJEU on 20 December 2017, has the potential to reshape the regulation of contracting in the digital economy. More precisely, it specifies the rules applicable to online platforms serving as intermediaries between parties demanding and offering services. The criteria the CJEU uses to reach its conclusion are likely to have repercussions far beyond the area of transportation applications.
This Case Note starts by presenting the facts of the case and the legal background of those EU law provisions potentially governing digital intermediaries. It then explores the criteria the Court uses to distinguish Uber from simple intermediation services, followed by a discussion and critique of these criteria. In the last two sections, it maps out the implications of the judgment for the platform economy, and suggests that one decisive impetus of the judgment should be a thorough review of regulations governing the provision of services in the EU.

International alliance negotiations are now a pervasive feature of the contemporary global economy. As the alliancing firms cross national boundaries to forge cooperative partnerships they face the inevitable necessity of bridging the cultural divide to ensure successful negotiation. Existing research has focused primarily on the impact of national cultural differences in shaping negotiating strategies and ensuing outcomes. Less attention has been paid to how negotiators from different cultures understand and manage the ambiguity of international alliance negotiations. We employ the theoretical lens of sensemaking to understand how negotiators embedded in different cultures manage simultaneously the task and cultural related ambiguity that they are confronted with. This perspective suggests the critical role that 'tertius iungens' (the 'third who joins') plays in facilitating the negotiation process. The 'tertius iungens' represents a form of intermediation that acts as a catalyst in the negotiation process. We propose three alternative types of intermediation, namely, cognitive, affective, and holistic and provide illustrative examples of these types of intermediation. We conclude by highlighting the theoretical and managerial significance of our framework and by suggesting future directions for research.

Platform urbanism has emerged in recent years as an area of research into the ways in which digital platforms are increasingly central to the governance, economy, experience, and understanding of the city. In the paper, we argue that platform urbanism is an evolution of the smart city, constituted by novel, digitally-enabled socio-technical assemblages that enable new forms of social, economic and political intermediation. We offer a typological framework for a better conceptualization of platform urbanism and its complex socio-economic relationships. We further outline several directions for future research on platform urbanism, specifically: a.) the need to critically investigate new power geometries of corporate, legal and regulatory alignments; b.) how platform urbanism may be expressed in, and affect, cities in the Global South; c.) how it may need to be critically engaged with in regard to its development in response to emergent events such as the Covid-19 pandemic; and d.) ho...

The value gains that alleged to accrue to the large and growing wave of merger and acquisition activity have not been verified. Thus leading the research community in quandary on whether the industry has followed a path of massive restructuring on a misguided belief of value gains or whether the financial regulators and operators are lying to the public and shareholders about the effects of their activity on shareholders value and banking performance. It is important to address this issue by reconciling data with empirical reality of continued merger and acquisition activity. This paper fills the gap by investigating the effects of mergers and acquisitions on the efficiency of financial intermediation in the Nigerian banking industry. This is carried out by estimating a model that incorporates some key financial variables in a model that regress interest rates on these financial variables. Two models are estimated: one for the lending activity and the other is for the deposit activities. The model for lending activity has interest rate on loan as the dependent variable and deposit rate represents the dependent variable in the deposit model. The study found evidence to support the thesis that the consolidation programme-induced mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry had improved competitiveness and efficiency of the borrowing and lending operations of the Nigerian banking industry.

El Gobierno Electrónico es un poderoso instrumento para la transformación del tradicional modelo de Estado burocrático hacia el de un moderno Estado proveedor de bienes y servicios.

La consolidación de un modelo de gestión digitalizado para un Estado moderno demanda replantear las formas y estructuras tecno-burocráticas existentes a fin de proveer a la solución de las demandas de la sociedad y dar respuestas sus funciones primarias.

Así, la interacción del Gobierno con los ciudadanos y el sector privado en forma electrónica fortalece una alianza orientada al cumplimiento de los objetivos esenciales del primero y beneficiando a los segundos mediante la obtención pronta, transparente y económica de más y mejores servicios.

Las evidencias internacionales muestran que los países de la región efectivamente han encontrado en el gobierno electrónico una oportunidad para acelerar los procesos de introducir y asegurar transparencia, estimular la búsqueda de la eficiencia y promover una mayor calidad de la gestión en las instituciones públicas. Estas misiones se alcanzan a través de estrategias basadas en proveer de amplio acceso a la información, la integración del comercio (a través de medios tradicionales al principio y luego los electrónicos), y brindando la oportunidad de aprender y educar aprovechando las economías de escala que ofrecen las redes de información.

Contemporary financial markets have recently witnessed a sea change with the ‘algorithmic revolution’, as trading automats are used to ease the execution sequences and reduce market impact. Being constantly monitored, they take an active part in the shaping of markets, and sometimes generate crises when ‘they mess up’ or when they entail situations where traders cannot go backwards. Algorithms are software codes coding practices in an IT significant ‘textual’ device, designed to replicate trading patterns. To be accepted, however, they need to comply with regulatory texts, which are nothing else but codes of conduct coding accepted practices in the markets. In this article, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork in order to open these black boxes, while trying to describe their existence as devices encapsulating several points of views. I address the question of a possible misalignment between those visions, and more specifically try to draw the consequences raised by such discrepancies as regards the future of financial regulation.

Prior to the 2004 reform in the Nigerian banking sector, banks neglected the small and medium class saver and concentrated more on big corporate savers. Many banks abandoned their essential intermediation role of mobilizing savings and inculcating banking habit at the household and micro enterprise levels. This paper presents empirical findings on the effects of the 2005 bank consolidation on small business finance in Nigeria. The main objective of this paper is to assess the response of flow of credit from the banking sector to small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. Data for the study were sourced from the list of the 25 post consolidation banks in Nigeria. Panel data covering a period from 2004 to 2011 were analysed using the Levin, Lin and Chu panel unit root test analysis to ascertain the authenticity and accuracy of the data series as well as its reliability on policy issues. The study adopts panel regression approach comprising of fixed and random effect models and used Hausman Taylor option in selection of a more efficient estimator for the model equation. The study shows a percentage increase in post consolidation asset base by over 9 percent for the banks and profit maximization increases by 72 percent which could translate to increased bank propensity and readiness to lend. There is also a significant increase in SME credit supply accessible by firms resulting to increase investment and consolidated effort to encourage the development of more SME driving enterprise. The study therefore recommends that credit policy effect should ensure that banks reorganize their asset portfolios so as to create more provision for lending to small firms rather than implementing policies that allow for more stringent conditions and requirements that discourage future development of SME investments in the economy.

ABSTRACT Previous studies (such as Fung et al., 2007) have revealed that in industries characterized by high degrees of agility, fragmentation and globalization, such as the fashion sector, trade intermediaries play a significant role in integrating geographically dispersed value-chain activities. The typical tasks of an intermediary include sourcing, supplier quality control, shipping management and distribution. However, their ability to reduce costs and compress time along these activities andenhance the level of agility that fashion retailers are ultimately able to exhibit has received little attention in the literature. As a result, this paper explores the role of intermediaries as sourcing agents in agile fashion supply networks in a global context. The methodology employed involves two primary, exploratory case studies of UK based high street fashion retailers. The paper provides empirical evidence to highlight the role of trade intermediaries in increasing supply chain performance along twodimensions: total supply chain lead time and total supply chain costs.

[This is a pre-print draft of a book chapter for the forthcoming Routledge volume entitled Poetry in Pedagogy: Intersections Across & Between the Disciplines. Eds. D. Gui and J. Polley. Due March 2021; now available online at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/poetry-pedagogy-dean-gui-jason-polley/e/10.4324/9781003089377]

This concluding chapter reviews the volume’s many contributing methodologies and charts potential developments in pedagogical practices in light of Covid-19 and the anticipated revival of the MOOC. The author argues that hybrid poetry’s compositional flexibility between material and digital forms, de-centering of writerly and readerly processes, rhizomatous formations, and utilization across multiple curricula, can help teachers expand participatory culture online and inside/outside the classroom. By negotiating the slippage between different media processes and its crisscrossing of cultural and aesthetic norms, the author also argues for a techno-cultural mobility paradigm that uses hybrid poetry to highlight ongoing and relational cultural processes across variously shifting and technologically mediated contact zones, allowing teachers to measure the full range of diverse student engagement using creative, immersive and multimodal assessment frameworks across the disciplines.

In un primo momento Redacted genera nello spettatore la percezione di realtà completamente sorvegliata e riprodotta in tutti i suoi aspetti da un enorme numero di dispositivi che permettono una visibilità totale del mondo. In realtà, invece, la narrazione sembra frantumarsi in prospettive contraddittorie, in cui è impossibile immedesimarsi e che sembrano compromettere la rappresentazione di qualsiasi evento. L'articolo, però vuole mostrare come Redacted non sancisca la vittoria di questo flusso mediale dereificante, ma al contrario voglia mostrarne le crepe e indicare una possibile forma di resistenza ad esso. Le immagini referenziali con cui il film si conclude, infatti, spingono lo spettatore a interrogarsi sullo statuto di ciò che vede sulle retoriche utilizzate e riescono a fargli percepire l'irriducibilità del reale alle categorie interpretative e culturali umane e alle sue rappresentazioni mediali.

The first impression made by Redacted is of a reality completely kept under surveillance and reproduced by an enormous number of devices. The narration of the events, however, seems to shatter into many contradictory perspective and it becomes impossible for the audience to empathise with the narration. This article aims to show that Redacted does not represent this phenomenon as if it was impossible to contrast: the film shows the limits of the action of the media on the reality and a possible way to resist to it. Indeed, the last images of the film, that are referential, persuade the spectator to think about what those images are and how they are linked to reality and used for a rhetorical purpose. This forces the audience to perceive the irreducibility of the reality, that still exists and has its importance, to human interpretative and cultural categories and to its media representations.

En el presente artículo exponemos la función del concepto de conatus a partir del De Antiquissima. En primer lugar, revisamos la relación que tiene con el movimiento y, a su vez, con los puntos metafísicos. Luego, exhibimos la posibilidad de pensar la conexión entre Dios y los humanos a través del ánimo y la mente. Por último, se esclarece el papel del Sumo Hacedor con la correspondiente Fortuna en la red conceptual de G. Vico para proponer una lectura de la obra a partir de la intermediación que realiza el conatus, produciendo el vínculo entre lo divino y lo humano en el De Antiquissima.

The intermediary function of the conatus in De Antiquissima of G. Vico

In this article we expose the function about the concept of conatus as of De Antiquissima. In the first place, we check the relationship it has with the movement and, at the same time, with the metaphysical points. Then, we exhibit the possibility of thinking the connection between God and the humans through the soul and the mind. Ultimately, it becomes clear the role of the Supreme Creator with the corresponding Fortune in G. Vico’s conceptual network to propose a review of his work from the intermediation performed by the conatus, which produces a link between the divine and the human in De Antiquissima.

Cohen, 2010) qui sont venues s'ajouter à l'histoire comparée, jusqu'alors la seule façon d'étudier plusieurs objets ou phénomènes historiques, le rôle des intermédiaires dans la mise en place de connexions à l'échelle mondiale fait l'objet d'une attention croissante de la part des chercheurs

Für elektronische Geschäftstransaktionen von und zwischen Behörden wird ein Kennzeichen benötigt, ein so genannter Behördenidentifikator, der die beteiligten Behörden eindeutig identifiziert. Dieser Behördenidentifikator wird in einem Behördenverzeichnis mit weiteren Behördendaten geführt. Im Sinne von grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftstransaktionen müssen die eingesetzten Behördenidentifikatoren weltweit eindeutig sein. Die geforderte Interoperabilität legt die Verwendung eines Behördenidentifikators nahe, welcher auf internationalen Standards basiert. […]