Integrated Project Delivery

Forensic odontology is the branch of forensics that deals with human identification based on dental features. In this paper, we present a system for automating that process by identifying people from dental X-ray images. Given a dental image of a postmortem (PM), the ...

During the 1990s, integrative (interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary) approaches gained increasing importance for rural landscape studies and numbers of such projects rose. However, it is not clear, what funding agencies expect from integrative projects, how researchers make them operational and what their outputs are. To identify policy expectations and research practice, we did a literature review and conducted standardised interviews with funding agencies, researchers, and project leaders. Results revealed that funding agencies have varying understandings of interdisciplinarity. They set up interdisciplinary programs not primarily to achieve scientific progress but to solve societal and environmental problems. Regarding publication output, peer-reviewed papers are preferred before research reports. Funding agencies seldom give practical advice to projects on how to meet their demands. Researchers frame project objectives in terms of their problem solving capacity. Although perceiving lack of common operational understanding of interdisciplinarity as a problem, researchers do not arrive at a common terminology. As barriers to integration we identified the spatial distance between researchers, project meetings, and management problems. Researchers perceive a tension between the applied character of the projects and the scientific expectations placed on them. Funding-agencies' expectations are hardly known to researchers. We recommend greater dialogue between funding agencies and researchers especially regarding interdisciplinary objectives, problems and solutions. We suggest paying greater attention to the organisation and management of research to assure the necessary support for integrative research teams.

/ Integrative (interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary) landscape research projects are becoming increasingly common. As a result, researchers are spending a larger proportion of their professional careers doing integrative work, participating in shifting interdisciplinary teams, and cooperating directly with non-academic participants. Despite the growing importance of integrative research, few studies have investigated researchersÕ experiences in these projects. How do researchers perceive the outcomes of integrative projects, or career effects? Do they view the projects generally as successes or failures? This study

This study was part of a 6-year integrated project designed to build a databank of students' science conceptions in Taiwan. The main purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of students' mental models regarding acids/bases, understand their changes in mental models, and explore sources that might influence students in constructing models. The study involved 38 ninth-grade students, focusing on three high-achieving students as well as three low-achieving students who were interviewed thoroughly. The results show that students mainly adhered to the Phenomenon Model, the Character-Symbol Model, the Inference Model, and the Scientific Model. Also, it is possible to draw a parallel between the characteristics of some models and various models of acidity in the history of science. The results also show differences in mental models and the weights of sources influencing high-achieving and low-achieving students. Evidence for the weight of sources is not consistent with the findings reported in other studies. We also discuss the implications for teaching and curriculum design.

This research is focused on realizing productivity benefits for the delivery of
transport infrastructure in the Australian construction industry through the use of building
information modeling (BIM), virtual design and construction (VDC) and integrated project
delivery (IPD). Specific objectives include: (I) building an understanding of the institutional
environment, business systems and support mechanisms (e.g., training and skilling) which
impact on the uptake of BIM/VDC; (II) gathering data to undertake a cross-country
analysis of these environments; and (III) providing strategic and practical outcomes to guide
the uptake of such processes in Australia. Activities which will inform this research include
a review of academic literature and industry documentation, semi-formal interviews in
Australia and Sweden, and a cross-country comparative analysis to determine factors
affecting uptake and associated productivity improvements. These activities will seek to
highlight the gaps between current-practice and best-practice which are impacting on
widespread adoption of BIM/VDC and IPD. Early findings will be discussed with intended
outcomes of this research being used to: inform a national public procurement strategy;
provide guidelines for new contractual frameworks; and contribute to closing skill gaps.

The growing demand for integrative (interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary) approaches in the field of environmental and landscape change has increased the number of PhD students working in this area. Yet, the motivations to join integrative projects and the challenges for PhD students have so far not been investigated. The aims of this paper were to identify the understanding of PhD students with regard to integrative research, their motivations to join integrative projects, their expectations in terms of integration and results, and to reveal the challenges they face in integrative projects. We collected data by a questionnaire survey of 104 PhD students attending five PhD Master Classes held from 2003 to 2006. We used manual content analysis to analyse the free-text answers. The results revealed that students lack a differentiated understanding of integrative approaches. The main motivations to join integrative projects were the dissertation subject, the practical relevance of the project, the intellectual stimulation of working with different disciplines, and the belief that integrative research is more innovative. Expectations in terms of integration were high. Core challenges for integration included intellectual and external challenges such as lack of knowledge of other disciplines, knowledge transfer, reaching depth, supervision, lack of exchange with other students and time demands. To improve the situation for PhD students, we suggest improving knowledge on integrative approaches, balancing practical applicability with theoretical advancement, providing formal introductions to other fields of research, and enhancing institutional support for integrative PhD projects.

This article reports lessons learned from the case of an international post-merger integration project in the private banking sector. It raises the challenges that were met, describes the methodology and the tools used to manage the process, and highlights the factors that led to success. This experience suggests that successful integration management mainly rests upon capabilities in communication, organization and

The objective of this paper is to underline the factors influencing the implementation of integrated project delivery (IPD) in public sector construction projects. These factors are broadly classified under legal, organizational and technological categories. Further the role of information modeling to foster the integration in project delivery is discussed. Focus is placed on the aspects/characteristics of information modeling that can contribute to implementation of integrated project delivery. Traditional project delivery methods have been found by researchers as inefficient and litigious. As a result, the construction industry is in a critical need of alternative delivery methods.IPD has emerged as a solution, although its implementation is not without challenges. Therefore factors influencing its implementation should be identified as a step towards its probable use in the future for public-sector construction projects. Owners, particularly the public ones, are apprehensive due to various factors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these factors and suggest an information modeling approach to overcome the impediments.

This paper summarizes recent advances of the NeuroProbes project, a 4-year Integrated Project funded by the European Commission under the Information Society Technologies (IST) topic of the 6 th Framework Program. NeuroProbes aims at the development of multifunctional probe arrays comprising a 3-dimensional (3D) arrangement of recording and stimulation electrodes in conjunction with microfluidic functionality and integrated biosensors. The silicon based probes with planar electrodes are available as single shafts, in a comb-like arrangement and as 3D arrays for both, acute and chronic applications. The modular system concept and respective fabrication technology allows for a slim design of the 3D array conducive to its floating application. Initial recording and stimulation experiments demonstrated the feasibility of the concept and showed stable recordings of single and multiple unit activity as well as local field potential measurements over a time frame of one week.

Purpose: This research aims to clarify that while integrated project delivery (IPD) methods can be momenta for restructuring architectural practice, they do not predetermine specific patterns of restructuration for the roles, responsibilities, and services of architects.

Design/methodology/approach: This paper is based on a multiple case-study design; two IPD projects were theoretically sampled and studied. The data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and observations. An inductive data analysis approach was applied to frame the phenomena, conduct cross-case comparisons, and develop propositions.

Findings: While IPD implementations set expectations for new structures for practices, it is the project participants’ situated decisions that lead to the restructuration of some dimensions of architectural practice. The dimensions in this study included (1) team formation, (2) design leadership and collaboration, and (3) architectural services. IPD project participants locally changed and redefined conventional roles, responsibilities, and project artifacts (e.g. drawings, models) that concerned design development and coordination.

Practical implications: IPD context, by itself, does not pre-determine a fixed pattern of change in establishing designers’ roles, responsibilities, and services because restructuration is highly negotiated amongst the IPD parties and can lead to different responses to this contractual setting. Contracts set expectations for collaborative behavior, but the fulfillment of these expectations is situated and emerging as project participants negotiate to develop practices.

Originality/value: While IPD research and guidelines aim to provide recipes for IPD implementation, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by clarifying that IPD is a context in which unprecedented ways of practice restructuration could emerge.

This paper aims to present the interdisciplinary interactions between design students (Master in Product and Industrial Design-MDIP) and engineering students (Integrated Master in Environmental Engineering-MIEA) at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, through the development of an academic project based on the environmental sustainability pillar. The experience reported here includes a description of the project methodology, shared information, tools used in the analysis, and results obtained in quantifying and assessing the environmental impacts of the product. The outcome was an extra motivation to learn and incorporate environmental concerns in design. With this experience, students could understand the importance of the interdisciplinary methodology to develop rigorous projects to more environmental sound products.

Integrated Project Delivery is an emerging delivery system in which participants' success is dependent on collaboration among key parties. Developing and maintaining such a collaborative environment is not easy and requires continuous team assessment and improvement. Although much research highlighted that collaboration is a critical requirement in IPD, only few research has focused on collaboration assessment and improvement. A proactive and real-time collaboration assessment helps to make sure a project is healthy from the standpoint of collaboration and also reflect bottlenecks and required actions to improve collaboration. To fill this gap in research, this paper comprehensively reviews the literature in construction and nonconstruction research to collect indicators, and develop a framework of metrics for assessing collaboration within IPD. This study investigates traits of collaboration within IPD and links them with respective metrics to shape the framework. Development of this framework is the first step for more comprehensive research on aspects of proactive collaboration assessment within IPD. It can also be used in professional practice to interpret collaboration level and effectiveness in IPD projects.

Research in the INTELS project has revealed that many integrative (= interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary) landscape projects frequently face similar challenges. There are, however, few guidelines available to help projects avoid common problems. In this chapter, we present what we consider the ten most important steps towards successful integrative research projects. We define successful projects as those that reach integration and project goals, produce tangible outcomes, contribute to progress in integrative research and provide positive experiences for their participants. In order to reach success, we recommend that projects are specifically organized to reach integration through the development of an Integration Implementation Plan. Projects should identify a common research question and clear project goals; these will identify the relevant disciplinary expertise needed. Because

Appropriate training is a major factor in the success or failure of any government publications integration into the general reference collection. In August 1992 the government publications reference collection at the University of Arizona Main Library was integrated into the central reference collection. This paper will discuss the integration process, the training methods, the survey used to determine the success of the training program, and the perceptions of competence in providing government documents reference, the results of a focus group (consisting of both Central Reference Department and Government Documents Department staff) that explored the question of training, and an assessment of government documents training and recommendations for future training programs. In addition, the University of Arizona Library System is in the process of restructuring its functions and services. This article will discuss the relationship of this process to the integration project.

In this paper, a method for reconstructing ellipsoids from three projection contours is described. Line integral projection of an ellipsoid with uniform density is developed to obtain the equation of the projection contour for any projection view. The reconstruction method starts from the estimation of parameters of a projection contour that has elliptic shape. Then an error function utilizing three

Projects in the US and UK that used Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) with Target Value Design (TVD) were brought in as much as 19 percent below market cost and expected costs actually fell as design and construction progressed. Here Alan Mossman, Glenn Ballard and Christine Pasquire describe some of these projects, outline why the underlying ideas are applicable more widely and suggest further research

Graphical abstract Abstract The Malaysian government has taken the initiative of implementing Industrialised Building System (IBS) in which components are manufactured in mass production under a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. It is hope that IBS can improve the performance of construction industry. However, the main barriers in IBS implementation is project delivery process. In order to overcome this barrier, 'Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)' as a project delivery system using a multi-party contract (more than two parties selected) was introduced. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is defined as a project delivery approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all project participants to optimise the results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. Although, many researchers have argue the importance of IPD in project delivery process, but the readiness of construction industries must be established. This research will use a quantitative study. This quantitative research process will involve a few phases including literature review stage, data collection stage, framework development stage, validation and recommendation stage. As the aim of this research is to obtain data based on multidisciplinary IBS stakeholders' perspectives, respondent include project managers, resident engineers, and architects, contractors etc. are among the potential candidates. At the end of the process, this research will develops the readiness assessment model to implement IPD in IBS construction projects.

The Indian construction industry is in need for a change; a change that can help its people and organizations discard the conventional project management approach of 'Command and control'; a change that can create better collaboration between project teams and reduce blame games. Lean construction and the Last Planner System™ is a potent and proven solution that offers the change. This paper suggests/proposes an approach for an organizational lean transformation. The approach is based on real life experience of the authors working with both Owner and Contractor organizations. The approach is based on building experience in lean tools at the site level that can be scaled across projects as a bottoms-up model. This is complemented with a top down approach that builds awareness, empathy, and knowledge at the leadership level. Together, the goal is to build capability and confidence in the organization to adopt and adapt lean into the organization. This paper explains in detail about the program and evolution of it from Indian experience. The authors will share their experience and their learning making the change in organizations. They will share the successes and the limitations of the approach.

The productivity of the construction sector in Spain is very low, as compared to other economic sectors, as with other countries in our environment. It takes us to a deep reflection on whether we are doing things right and what improvements can we introduce to increase production. These improvements must necessarily be technological and methodological, since there is a good training of the equipment both at the managerial level, as well as at the technical and in most of the labour levels, it is to exploit the full potential of new IT tools, especially Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the new methodologies that, from the industry, look for greater efficiency of the process and the elimination of all type of losses, like Lean Construction. A change of mentality, necessary to rethink the way of work in which we have been working for so many centuries, as the only possible paradigm, to replace confrontation as a way of producing construction through collaboration between all the agents involved in the work. We will speak in this article about Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), as one of the Lean methodologies that enable a profound improvement, we will see its definition, its essential components, and how it application can positively influence the construction process in Spain as it has already demonstrated in others.

The 2014 update of this note is now available at http://bit.ly/LPS-5cc — 

On the basis of research they did to improve construction productivity in the 1980s, Glenn Ballard and Greg Howell created The Last Planner  System (LPS) to improve the predictability and reliability of construction production.
Last Planner manages the relationships, conversations and commitments that together enable program & production planning decisions to be made collaboratively at the lowest possible level in a whole range of one-off production settings — software development, ship-building, yacht fit-out, construction and other examples of one-off production. With adaptations, LPS works in new product development and design too. 
Last Planner is a short-term project planning system first used in engineering construction 20 years ago.  It continues to create significant improvements in project & program safety, predictability, productivity, speed of delivery, profit and feelings of wellbeing among project staff.  LPS offers a realistic way to collaboratively manage project-based production, enables issues to be identified and resolved before they become problems on-site and increases the chances that work will flow and projects be completed on time.  It is a vital link between logistics and building assembly teams.  That’s why more and more companies are making it part of their standard procedure for project delivery.
In construction, for example, Last Planner promotes conversations between trade foremen and site-management at appropriate levels of detail, and before issues become critical.  These conversations increase the chances that work flows and recognises that personal relationships and peer pressure are critical to that process.
Over the last two decades Last Planner has evolved. It has become associated with new theory, some details have changed and others clarified.  This process will and should continue.  As when making any supposed improvement, the change should be benchmarked against pre-change performance so as to be able to answer the question “is this change an improvement”. ""

I am researching equitable and socially just teaching practices when using technology for the mathematical learning of disadvantaged and marginalised students in junior secondary school. Using data gathered from teacher interviews and a meeting of teachers, I present a case study of one teachers ’ practice. The case suggests that there are some equity considerations for the use of an integrated project approach to teaching mathematics and that whole class problem solving with technology can provide access to mathematical ideas when students have limited access or skills with technology. Introduction and Background In this paper I report on the first stage of a project to document equitable and socially just teaching practices when using digital technologies for the learning of mathematics in the junior secondary years. Research on the use of digital technologies in mathematics teaching and learning

The knowledge and deepening of the Lean Construction methodology, as well as its practical application in the construction industry in Spain, can produce great benefits and the general improvement of a process that continues to be anchored in anachronistic procedures for too long. It is necessary to divulge this methodology with greater intensity, so that once known, and with its positive effects in the matter of the Triple Constraint: Cost, time and quality, proven in other countries, will be applied in a generalized way in ours. We look at this article in a technique belonging to Lean Construction: Target Value Design. Like many other techniques Lean parts from its application in Toyota, in this case of Target Cost, and was used in the 70s by Taiichi Ohno with the name of Genka Kikaku, producing very good results for the Company in the matter of productivity and profitability. As with other Toyota Production System techniques, it was later incorporated to Lean Construction as Target Value Design to bring greater Value to the customer within a fixed Cost. We will see how the Target Cost can become the center of the project and the construction of the building to reach the values required by the client.

LATERAL SAFE is a subproject of the PREVENT Integrated Project cofunded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme. LATERAL SAFE introduces a cluster of safety applications of the future vehicles in order to prevent lateral/rear related accidents and assist the driver in adverse or low visibility conditions and blind spot areas. LATERAL SAFE applications include a lateral and rear monitoring system (LRM), a lane change assistance (LCA) and a lateral collision warning (LCW). An effective Human Machine Interface (HMI) is foreseen in each case to support these applications. For this reason, pilots have been organised in three sites (one in Greece and two in Sweden) to evaluate alternative HMI mock-ups towards the determination of the most adequate one for each LATERAL SAFE application. The Greek HMI Pilots were conducted at a semi-dynamic driving simulator and targeted at the evaluation of the HMI for the LCA and the LCW applications. A mixed factorial design 3x3 of within and between subjects was used and all subjects run a set of 5 traffic scenarios, firstly without receiving any warning, and then another set of 5 traffic situations, by receiving a particular type of warning(s) depending on the experimental condition. In this paper, the experimental plan designed for the Greek HMI Pilots, the specific HMI alternatives evaluated as well as the main results arisen will be presented.

Concerns on the efficiency of design-bid-build have promoted the development and use of alternative project
delivery methods and other techniques that have improved performance in other industries. Despite the significance of
relationships for the delivery of projects, there still remains a lot to be done in this area. The objective of this research is
to identify the core values of relationship management and investigate how they are affected by design-bid-build and designbuild
project delivery methods. Based on four cases studied, the research finds that relationships between project parties are
dynamic and may change from project to project and that design-build projects have better relationships compared to designbid-
build projects. Relationships between parties can be improved by employing the core values of relationship management
throughout the project supply chain.

While for the moment in Spain the theory regarding IPD is in the initial knowledge phase and is little formalized in practice, as passes with all Lean Construction techniques, it is important to deepen it to achieve greater applicability in the Spanish construction industry. Collaborative Methods (IPD) are developed around a team. The objective of this article is to analyze how this team should be created and managed to achieve success by applying the methodology.
Without team, IPD would not work, communication, clarity and consistency is necessary. In the Collaborative Methodology, the management of the team is not a work of supervision but of leadership, and in that sense, it is very important to know how to implement it and exercise it without impositions. We will develop in this article the way to carry out a collaborative leadership that motivates the team and contributes to achieve its objectives.
According to the latest IPD definition of the American Institute of Architects (AIA, 2014) a collaborative team must be composed at least by: The property, the technicians and the builder, however, as the work develops and grows, other stakeholders are going to be part of it, as we see represented in Figure 1, and therefore the management of its components will be more complicated.
We will study in this article how a good preparation is necessary to make an effective team management, and how it is something that does not happen by magic but requires specific techniques.
To keep the team motivated and aligned with the objectives of the project, communication and information are essential, all the components must know the achievements and failures which occur in the development of the assigned tasks, as well as act proactively based on them. The use of BIM tools will be an important support to achieve it. How to deliver that information and how to implement an effective communication will be another objective to contemplate in our article.
Finally, another aspect of vital importance for the good development of the IPD team is the contract that binds all the parties, something essential for it to be a true IPD methodology, sharing responsibilities, losses and profits, the contract  is a point of support so that all the team feels united, feels that it has a single shared objective, that all its members are aligned, and that achieving the objectives of the project depends on the participation of each and every one of them. This vital aspect will also be analyzed in the article which we propose, based on the experiences that have already been applied in the United States and the results obtained.

The Malaysian construction industry is a significant contributor to the nation’s economy, due to rapid development of infrastructures in Malaysia. However, there are still issues with the aspects of procurement and management within the construction industry in Malaysia, that can be improved to be more efficient and more cost saving. At present, the wastage from construction industry is drowning billions of Ringgit into
nothing. This paper will look into the physical and non physical wastage from construction projects. The waste that can be avoided with a good management system such as value management (VM), concurrent engineering (CE) and integrated project delivery (IPD) will also be discussed in this paper. Accordingly, this paper highlights how IPD can be a platform for cost saving and reducing the waste in the construction industry, by considering each the characteristic of IPD as a system within the construction process. This paper concludes with highlighting how IPD principles can be adapted in current construction processes to reduce waste and improve the project team efficiency.

Building on research from the past two academic years and papers presented as a result of that research this paper is based on additional research and added variables to test the viability of collaborative studios between Architecture (ARC), Building Construction Science (BCS) and Interior Design (ID) students.  The studios explored are based on three different collaborative methods.  The first method is a three-week charette teaming students from ARC, BCS, and ID.  The second method is a semester-long studio where collaboration was limited to ARC and BCS students who were physically separated and then came together for set assignments determined by the faculty.  The third method pairs the first two methods to co-habitate the ARC and BCS students to encourage better collaboration in addition to modified assignments based on lessons learned from past collaborations.

The variables between each studio include number of studio iterations, collaboration time, co-habitation of each collaboration, varying faculty for each iteration, and year-level/experience level of the students.  Consistencies on pedagogy from each studio were both preconceived and also developed over the length of the studio exploration and will be discussed in more depth and detail in the following paper.

The collaborations will be analyzed based on data collected from all prior collaborative studios.  The three-week charette studio collected data via a variety of surveys conducted over the three weeks of the studio, which included both quantitative and qualitative data.  The semester long studio will use data from two surveys conducted during the semester to gauge student perceptions and information learned.  This data will then be consolidated to garner successes and failures to move forward into the third iteration of both studios to improve the collaboration for the upcoming studios, as well as future iterations.