Insect Ecology

#LINK: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232990708 - Nest‐building behaviour was studied in Xylocopa violacea, with particular attention to that exhibited in the construction of each cell, from the formation of the pollen paste to the construction of the diaphragm. Seven inside characteristics of 28 nests excavated in dried Arundo donax canes were determined. The cell length ranged from 14 to 20 mm. The diaphragms separating the cells were 2 mm thick in the middle, and 4–5 mm at the edge. In 37 additional nests, only data on some characteristics were taken: (a) colour of the pollen paste; (b) cane internode used for nesting. X. violacea is univoltine and solitary, and as in all the other Xylocopa species, female average fecundity is very low (7.43 eggs per nest), despite considerable maternal investment. Univoltine Xylocopa species are less fertile than multivoltine Xylocopa species because of the one to three sup plementary generations per year.
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In the Andes of Central Chile, flowering commences 1–2 months earlier on equatorial-(north-) facing than on polar-(south-) facing slopes, and pollinator assemblages also differ between these habitats. In order to understand the potential influence of these differences on gene flow, we monitored flowering periods and insect visitation rates to flowers of 60 individuals of Anarthrophyllum cumingii (Papilionaceae) on two equatorial-and two polar-facing slopes in the Andes of central Chile (33 35 0 S;70 32 0 W). Flowering began about 30 days earlier on equatorial-facing slopes. Flowering periods of individuals on slopes with the same aspect had a mean overlap of 0.52, while those on opposite slopes had a mean overlap of 0.15. On equatorial-facing slopes Yramea lathionoides (Lepidoptera) accounted for 60% of the visits to flowers of A. cumingii, while on polar-facing slopes Centris cineraria (Hymenoptera) was responsible for more than 80% of flower visits. Average similarities of visitor assemblages among individual plants on slopes with the same aspect was 0.83, while the mean similarity between individuals on opposite slopes was only 0.23. Within slopes fluorescent dyes were dispersed up to 40 m from the donor plants, but there was no movements of dyes between individuals growing on opposite slopes, even when they were separated by less than 10 m. Synchronous blooming and a common pollen vector are necessary conditions for pollen exchange between individuals. The overall probability of pollen exchange estimated by multiplying the inter-individual overlap for both factors, was nearly 0.5 for individuals growing on slopes with the same aspect, and less than 0.04 for individuals growing on opposite slopes. Consequently, at equivalent distances, the probability of pollen exchange between individuals growing on slopes of opposite aspect is more than 10-times lower than between those growing on the same slopes. Seed dispersal cannot compensate for restricted gene flow through pollination, because seeds of A. cumingii were dispersed less than 2 m away from a parent plant. Presumably, restricted gene flow could enhance genetic divergence between populations on slopes of contrasting aspects. This factor could be important in contributing to the high diversity and endemism in the Chilean Andes.

The annual occurrence and distribution of the predatory bugs Anthocoris nemorum and Anthocoris nemoralis between apple, pear and herbal vegetation, was assessed in three apple orchards in 2001, and in two apple and two pear orchards in 2002. In the laboratory anthocorid prey preference was assessed in twochoice experiments with key pests of apple and pear including pear psyllid, apple psyllid, green apple aphid, rosy apple aphid and red spider mites. Anthocorid predation behavior towards pear psyllids was assessed. Anthocorids were the dominant early season predatory bugs. A. nemorum dominated in apple, while A. nemoralis dominated in pear. A. nemorum was also common in herbal vegetation, especially in mid-summer. Anthocorid numbers were correlated with numbers of collembola, psyllids and aphids in apple, and with numbers of psyllids in pear. A. nemoralis preferred pear psyllid to green apple aphid, while A. nemorum preferred green apple aphid. Both species preferred psyllids to spider mites. The success rate of A. nemoralis in attacking pear psyllids was higher than that of A. nemorum. A. nemorum had two generations in both 2001 and 2002 proving that it can be bivoltine under Danish climate conditions. The mid-summer move by A. nemorum from trees to herbal vegetation suggests that herbal vegetation may maintain A. nemorum in orchards at times of low prey numbers in the trees. Habitat and prey preference trials both identify A. nemorum as a biological control agent of special importance in apple, whereas A. nemoralis is of importance in pear.

Tài liệu nghiên cứu về mối gây hại | Công ty Hoa Lâm Ngày nay tại các thành phố lớn tại việt nam, mối là một loài gây hại lớn và gây thiệt hại khá nghiêm trọng đến công trình xây dựng, nhà ở, xí nghiệp….. vì thế trong tài liệu này, Công ty TNHH TMDV diệt mối Hoa Lâm xin được đưa ra các nghiên cứu về loài mối và tác hại của chúng đối với chúng ta từ đó đưa ra biện pháp xử lý, phòng trừ, diệt mối hợp lý Loài mối là nhóm côn trùng đã và đang được rất nhiều nhà khoa học trên thê giới nghiên cứu bởi những thiệt hại do chúng gây ra cho các công trình rất đáng quan ngai, gây ảnh hưởng lớn đến chất lượng công trình xây dựng. Mối được gọi là một nhóm côn trùng xã hội Nhờ vào sự phân hóa chức năng, loài mối phân hóa thành nhiều chủng loại khác nhau về hình dạn và cấu tạo của cơ thể. Mỗi một tổ mối được xem là một đơn vị sống hoặc một xã hội riêng biệt. Tùy vào mỗi loài mà một tổ mối có thể có vài trăm con, có khi lên đến vài chục triệu con mối. Theo khoa học giám định, trên thế giới có đến 27.000 loài mối, và riêng tại Việt Nam có khoảng 80 loài mối. Mỗi loài mối có sự khác nhau về hình thái, số lượng cá thể, cấu trúc xây dựng tổ,…nhưng đều có điểm chung là tất cả các loài mối đều sống theo bầy đàn và có phân chia nhiệm vụ rõ ràng.

Insect pests are among the most important constraints limiting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) production in Africa. However, there is inadequate information about farmers' knowledge, perceptions and practices in the management of key insect pests. This has hindered development of effective pest management approaches for smallholder farmers. A standard questionnaire was used to interview individual sweetpotato farmers (n = 192) about their perception and management practices regarding insect pests in six major sweetpotato producing districts of Uganda. The majority (93%) of farmers perceived insect pests to be a very serious problem. With the exception of Masindi and Wakiso districts where the sweetpotato butterfly (Acraea acerata) was the number one constraint, sweetpotato weevils (Cylas puncticollis and C. brunneus) were ranked as the most important insect pests. Insecticide use in sweetpotato fields was very low being highest (28-38% of households) in districts where A. acerata infestation is the biggest problem. On average, 65% and 87% of the farmers took no action to control A. acerata and Cylas spp., respectively. Farmers were more conversant with the presence of and damage by A. acerata than of Cylas spp. as they thought that Cylas spp. root damage was brought about by a prolonged dry season. Different levels of field resistance (ability of a variety to tolerate damage) of sweetpotato landraces to A. acerata (eight landraces) and Cylas spp. (six landraces) were reported by farmers in all the six districts. This perceived level of resistance to insect damage by landraces needs to be investigated. To improve farmers' capabilities for sweetpotato insect pest management, it is crucial to train them in the basic knowledge of insect pest biology and control.

Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) populations are maintained in wild host plants such as trees that act as pest reservoirs from where beetle infestation of maize granaries take place. In this study, we assessed the suitability of plant species sold and transported as firewood as well as other plant species in Mozambique as hosts for P. truncatus. Prostephanus truncatus was only recorded from three tree species, which are sold as firewood, i.e., Brachystegia spiciformis, Strychnos spinosa, and Colophospermum mopane. The pest survived and bred in 13 tree and 7 grass species. Dry wood of several tree species and the grasses Acroceras macrum and Hyparrhenia hirta were suitable hosts for pest development. Sale and transport of certain firewood species may be an important driver of the spread of this pest. The importance of dry maize stalks and several grass species in sustaining pest populations is described for the first time. Several grass species are used as thatch or fencing material and, together with maize crop residues close to small-scale granaries, may provide significant sources of beetle infestation.

Although ecological succession is one of the principal focuses of recent restoration ecology research, it is still unclear which factors drive this process and positively influence species richness and functional diversity. In this study we sought to elucidate how species traits and functional diversity change during forest succession, and to identify important factors that determine the species in the observed assemblages. We analyzed species richness and functional diversity of ground beetle assemblages in relation to succession on post-industrial localities after habitat deterioration caused by spoil de-position. We selected ground beetles as they are known to be sensitive to landscape changes (with a large range of responses), and their taxonomy and ecology are generally well-known. Ground beetles were sampled on the spoil heaps during the last 30 years when spontaneous succession occurred. To calculate functional diversity, we used traits related to habitat and trophic niche, i.e. food specialization, wing morphology , trophic level, and bio-indication value. Ground beetle species were found to be distributed non-randomly in the assemblages in the late phase of succession. Ordination analyses revealed that the ground beetle assemblage was significantly associated with the proportion of forested area. Environmental heterogeneity generated assemblages that contained over-dispersed species traits. Our findings indicated that environmental conditions at late successional stages supported less mobile carnivorous species. Overall, we conclude that the decline in species richness and functional diversity in the middle of the studied succession gradient indicated that the assemblages of open habitats had been replaced by species typical of forest ecosystems.

The spoil heaps in Ostrava were created during mining of black coal in the first half of the 20th century. Later, there were efforts to “heal” the landscape by technical recla­mations, which are rather expensive. Our studies showed that spontaneous succession on non-reclaimed spoil heaps is faster then succession on their reclaimed counterparts. The communities of invertebrates on non-reclaimed spoil heaps are also more mature and contain rare species in compa­rison with the reclaimed ones.

Maize was artificially infested with either 10 or 25 individual Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) or a mixture of both, and stored in a hermetic grain bag (HGB) or a woven polypropylene bag (WPB) for 150 days. Population growth of P. truncatus and S. zeamais during storage was low in HGB, while in WPB, the insect population increased significantly with storage duration. Mortality rate during storage was significantly higher in HGB than in WPB. After 60 days of storage, the average mortality rate of 99.50% was observed in HGB infested with 25 P. truncatus, and 100% for S. zeamais at the same infestation density after 90 days of storage. Grain losses were significantly lower in HGB compared with WPB. Less than 0.5 and 6.0% losses were obtained, respectively, for S. zeamais and P. truncatus in HGB infested with 25 individual insects after 150 days of storage, whereas losses of 19.2% (infestation with S. zeamais) and 27.1% (infestation with P. truncatus) were observed in WPB. HGB seems to be resistant to the perforation of S. zeamais, but not to P. truncatus. The moisture content of maize grains stored in HGB remained practically the same during storage, compared with the levels in WPB, which reduced with storage time. WPB could be used for maize storage, protecting it against insect infestation without the need for insecticide use.

To document the relative distribution and abundance of the mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi and the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Colorado River in Middle Park, Colorado in 2010 and compare the results with historical data and records compiled over the past 25-40 years, prior to the construction and operation of Windy Gap Dam in 1983. Document the relative abundance and distribution of the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the upper Colorado River between the confluence with the Blue River and Windy Gap Dam west of Granby, Colorado.

Odonates play crucial role in ecosystem functioning and can be used as biological indicators of environmental quality. Although much work have been carried out regarding the abundance and distribution of insect orders in Meghalaya, no sufficient effort has been made to study the diversity and distribution of Odonates. Thus, in the present study an attempt has been taken to study the diversity and abundance of Odonates in ICAR, RC for NEH Region campus, Meghalaya, India. A total of 33 species of Odonates were recorded from the study area from March to August, 2014. The family Libellulidae with 21 species was the most dominant among the Anisoptera (dragonflies) followed by Gomphidae (2 sp.) and Aeshnidae (1 sp.). Among the Zygoptera (damselflies), the 9 species recorded belong to the family Coenagrionidae. As the area houses 33 species of Odonates including 24 species of Anisoptera and 9 species of Zygoptera, it can be presumed to have a good diversity which may be attributed to the g...

The restoration of endangered relict populations is challenging in conservation biology because they require specific environmental conditions within an inhospitable regional climate. Urothemis edwardsii Selys is the most endangered dragonfly in the Mediterranean with only one known relict small population (Lac Bleu) left in Northeast Algeria. With the absence of successful (re-)colonization over the last two decades, the restoration of the species became a top priority. To improve the status of the species in Northeast Algeria, we carried out a reintroduction and translocation scheme during 2011–2015 and assessed the changes in distribution and population size. Our restoration plan led to the emergence of three populations of which one was restored (Lac Noir), one resulted from successful translocation (Lac Tonga Northeast), and one established after successful colonization (Lac Tonga Southwest). In three localities (Lac Noir, Lac Tonga Northeast, and Lac Tonga Southwest), signs of population growth were observed, whereas no significant trend in the source population (Lac Bleu) was detected. A new population (El Graeate) was also recorded in 2015, but its origin is uncertain. Capture-mark-recapture on adults conducted in 2015 in two sites (Lac Bleu and Lac Noir) showed low recapture rates and no sign of dispersal between the two sites. Dispersal capacity of the species and conservation implications of adult distribution are discussed. This study highlights the importance of using biological indicators in selecting host habitats for the restoration of critically threatened populations.

The common housefly with the scientific name Musca domestica is a common pest of man known to cause nuisance, annoyance and has also been discovered to mechanically transport pathogenic microorganisms to man. Housefly is able to transmit disease to man because of its close association with man. Houseflies feed on liquid or semi-liquid food and therefore when they land on human solid food, they regurgitate liquid containing saliva and digestive juices which may contain pathogens accumulated in their esophagus from their previous feast on rotting and decaying matter such as human and animal feces. Structurally, the housefly is well suited in picking up pathogens. Housefly possesses wings therefore the continuous movement of house flies from filthy substances, such as human feces, animal excreta, carcasses, and garbage, to food makes them perfect candidate vectors for disease transmission. Several studies have shown that eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, Enterobious vermicularis, Taenia species, Hymenolepis nana, Toxocara canis, and Strongyloides stercoralis are transmitted by houseflies. Protozoan cysts and trophozoites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and bacteria such as Shigella species are also transmitted by houseflies. Houseflies can be controlled by various mechanisms which can be cultural, biological or by chemical means.

La mosca soldado negra Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Hermetiinae) se encuentra ampliamente distribuida a nivel mundial, y posee relevancia económica (entomofagia), ecológica (descomponedor, entomoremediación), sanitaria (miiasis) y forense. En el presente trabajo, se reporta la presencia por primera vez de H. illucens en localidades de cuatro entidades federales de Venezuela, incluyendo Distrito Capital (Caracas) y los estados Falcón (Coro), La Guaira (La Guaira) y Lara (Tarabana).

Over half of all described species are insects, but until recently our understanding of the reasons for this diversity was based on very little macroevolutionary evidence. Here I summarize the hypotheses that have been posed, tests of these hypotheses and their results, and hence identify gaps in knowledge for future researchers to pursue. I focus on inferences from the following sources: (i) the fossil record, normally at family level, and (ii) insect phylogenies, sometimes combined with: (iii) the species richness of insect higher taxa, and (iv) current extinction risks.

s of all papers as well as instructions to authors are available on the Internet at: http://www.horta.uac.pt/editions/arquipelago.html SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE FOR THIS SUPPLEMENT Professor Ivo Hodek Professor Anthony F. G. Dixon Professor Manfred Mackauer Professor Pavel Kindlmann Professor Edward W. Evans Professor Daniel Coderre Professor Jean-Louis Hemptinne Professor Hironori Yasuda EDITORIAL SECRETARIAT Helen Rost Martins, João M. Gonçalves, Rogério R. Ferraz, Horta. Indexed in: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), BIOSIS, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences (CABS), Marine Science Content Tables (MSCT), Zoological Record Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects For purpose of citation, this supplement should be cited as follows: A.O. SOARES, M.A. VENTURA, V. GARCIA & J.-L. HEMPTINNE (Eds) 2003. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Ecology of Aphidophaga: Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects. Arquipélago. Life and Mari...

The present paper deals with the study of species richness and diversity of butterfly fauna in the Experimental Botanic Garden of Botanical Survey of India (BSI), ERC, Umiam, Meghalaya, India. The study was conducted from June 2013 to May 2014 in the experimental garden. The population trends of butterflies were monitored for one year using transects counting method. A total of 66 species of butterflies belonging to five families and 47 genera were recorded during the study period. The family Nymphalidae showed the maximum species richness, comprising of 15 genera and 23 species, followed by Lycaenidae (14 genera, 14 species), Pieridae (8 genera, 12 species), Hesperiidae (8 genera, 9 species) and Papilionidae (2 genera, 8 species). A total of 1164 individuals were recorded of which Eurema hecabe (Linn.) was the most dominant species of butterfly in terms of number of individuals (38) followed by Junonia atlites (36). From the conservation point of view, the study area is undisturbed...

Nearly 5,000 mayfly (Ephemeroptera), stonefly (Plecoptera), and
caddisfly (Trichoptera) (EPT) species records collected from the South Platte River Basin (SPRB) were compiled from literature, field surveys, and institutional and personal collections. From this effort, a total of 291 species (69 mayflies, 66 stoneflies, 156 caddisflies) representing 35 families and 134 genera are reported from 1,208 unique collection locations. The EPT fauna of the foothills transition zone appears to be the most diverse and best characterized physiographic province of the SPRB. Four caddisflies are reported from Colorado for the first time; Asynarchus circopa (Ross & Merkley), Orthotrichia cristata Morton, leptocerus americanus Banks, and Helicopsyche n. sp. The mayflies Ephemera compar (Hagen) and Ephemerella apopsis McCafferty are apparently endemic to the South Platte River Basin; however, both Species have not been reported since their original collections in 1873 and 1974, respectively. The microcaddisfly Ochrotrichia susanae Flint & Herrmann and the winter stonefly, Arsapnia (Capnia) arapahoe Nelson and Kondratieff are currently under emergency petition in Colorado under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Many other species were represented by few records and require further
investigation to better understand their distributions.

The aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera represent a group of insects with a multitude of shapes, being the result of adaptations to a broad niche variety. Heteroptera were collected in five streams (from 1st to 4th order) in the Pindaíba River Basin, in order to, with different in the habitat integrity: (1) correlate the species richness with the Habitat Integrity Index and water physical-chemical parameters; and (2) to determine which species are capable to serve as bioindicators. In each stream, linear transects of 100m were demarcated. 1,425 specimens from 10 families, 30 genera and 67 morphospecies were collected. Nitrate negatively affected Nepomorpha and temperature with Gerromorpha species richness. The matrix of environmental variables showed no influence on the distribution of species. Three species (Rhagovelia trailli (White, 1879), Rhagovelia sp.4 and Tenagobia incerta Lundblad, 1928) were considered to be indicators of pristine sites. The results indicate that Gerromorpha can be an important tool to assess environmental habitat integrity and enhance conservation actions of riparian forests.

Question: How is variation in offspring size (between broods) related to brood size? Hypotheses: Variance in offspring size (between broods) should decrease with increasing brood size as predicted by Charnov and colleagues’ (Charnov and Downhower, 1995; Charnov et al., 1995) small brood invariant. The range in resources put towards reproduction (for mothers producing a certain brood size) should be invariant over brood size (Downhower and Charnov, 1998). We also test assumptions underlying these predictions. Data studied: We use previously collected data on six parasitoid wasp species. Conclusions: As predicted, variance in offspring size among broods decreased with increasing brood size. However, this decrease did not follow closely the quantitative predictions of Charnov and colleagues (Charnov and Downhower, 1995; Charnov et al., 1995). We found some support for the prediction that the range in resources invested in reproduction is invariant over brood size. The assumption that m...

Bibliographies are lists which convey idenfication information of different publications like books,
papers and articles on specific subjects in a certain order. They are prepared with the intention to provide
those who conduct studies in a certain field with the related source material in its entirety. They make it
possible to quickly review previous work on the subject being studied. They also provide an opportunity to
make more realistic, effective and less time consuming plans in reaching the target.
The first comprehensive bibliography on entomology and agricultural zoology in Turkey was
prepared by Prof. Dr. Feyzi Önder, Prof. Dr. Yusuf Karsavuran, Dr. E. Pervin Önder, Dr. Aynur Önuçar and
Dr. Ertaç Tutkun within the study framework of Turkish Entomology Association. It was printed in 1982 by the
General Directorate of Plant Protection and Quarantine under the name of “Bibliography of Entomology
and Agricultural Zoology of Turkey (Fauna, Pest Control, Pests of Plants, Methods) (1595-1978)”. The
second bibliography in this field was prepared by Prof. Dr. Feyzi Önder, Prof. Dr. Yusuf Karsavuran, Dr. E.
Pervin Önder, Dr. Ertaç Tutkun and Prof. Dr. Serdar Tezcan and was published by TURDOK, Tübitak-
Turkish Scientific and Technical Documentation Center in 1986 under the name of “Bibliography of
Entomology and Agricultural Zoology of Turkey (1979-1983)”. Bibliographical information of 4416
publications are available in the first of these bibliographies and there are 1361 of them in the second
bibliography. Bibliographical information of a total of 5777 publications are classified by topics and can be
found in these two volumes.
In the 30 years since 1983 there are numerous new research institutes and universities opened in
Turkey. As a consequence, new researchers were bred and have conducted and finished projects in the
fields of entomology and agricultural zoology. Additionally, technical developments in printing techniques
resulted with many new journals and periodicals. And, also, the number and frequency of scientific meetings
increased. All these have played a role in the considerably increased number of publications. Advancements
in the areas of communication and information technologies had marked influence on, especially, the second
half of the last 30-year period. They effected the production speed of information as well as the speed of
reaching this information. While some of the produced information was instantaneously attainable, some was
harder to be reached due to the huge amount of information output.
In the preparation phase of the book called “650 Entomologists, Acarologists and Nematologists from
Turkey with Their Brief Life Histories” written by Prof. Dr. Serdar Tezcan and Dr. Füsun Tezcan which was
published by the Entomological Society of Turkey, scientists who conducted studies in these topics were
contacted. Along with their biographical information, information concerning their publications as of
December 31, 2011 was also tried to be gathered.
Within the scope of the studies which lasted approximately seven months, authors were requested to
send in their work from their publication lists which were in line with the concept of this publication. Those
which were present in previous bibliographies were sorted out and the remaining which belonged to the 28-
year period between 1984-2011 were compiled. They were standardized to the best that it could and have
been listed alphabetically by the author last names. Those publications which belonged to a period before
1984 but not found in previous bibliographies were also included in this compilation. It should be noted that
X
this study which features 10823 publications does not contain all literature published between 1984-2011.
Some works of our colleagues could not be included in this study because they did not tend to share their
publication lists despite they were accessed. Furthermore, the publications which belonged to foreign
researchers could only be included if they were co-produced with a local colleague. Unfortunately, their other
studies could not be included. It should also be noted that, differing from previous ones, the entries in this
book are not classified according to their topics.
The contents of this study is subject to become out of date quickly due to the rapid output rate of
information today. For this reason, this book has been printed in a limited number and has been distributed
to libraries and documentation centers. In order to facilitate and spread the utilization of the book, an e-book
format of it is posted in the electronic library in the website of the Entomological Society of Turkey
(http://www.entomoloji.org.tr/). This will make it available free of charge for those local and foreign
people who wish to make use of it. The e-book can be scanned or bibliographical information can be
extracted by writing either the author of the publication, title or name of the journal after clicking on the
related file.
The pdf files of the two volumes of Bibliography of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology of
Turkey, within the scope of a graduation thesis written in 2013 in the Department of Plant Protection of Ege
University, Faculty of Agriculture, has been posted in the abovementioned website with the intention to
facilitate the scanning of publications prior to 1984. We would like to point out that this will enable the user to
make use of the old publications by using the same method.
It is technologically easy to access information today; however, it may be harder to find it in a short
period of time due to the increased speed of output of information. We are wishing that this bibliographical
reference we have prepared will further contribute to the production of new knowledge today. We are
thinking that the target audience who would make use of this reference book is comprised of researchers in
the fields of biology, agriculture, forestry, veterinary, medicine, environmental sciences and standing on the
top of the list are our young colleagues who will study in the fields of entomology, acarology and nematology.
We would like to extend our gratitutes to the President of the Entomological Society of Turkey, Prof.
Dr. Enver Durmuşoğlu and to the members of the Board of Directors for their support by assuming the
printing of this study and posting its e-book form in their website which will make it possible to reach the
target audience. We would like to thank to all our colleagues, dear families and colleagues of our deceased
colleagues who have made this book possible by sending in information. We also would like to extend our
cordial thanks to Mr. Olcay Sütüven and his valued colleagues for their dedicated and meticulous work in
materializing the printing of this book.
March 2013, Bornova
Serdar TEZCAN-Füsun TEZCAN-Nilay GÜLPERÇİN

Universitas Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman fauna yang cukup tinggi. Kampus UI Depok juga memiliki 6 danau yang berfungsi untuk daerah resapan air. Danau yang berada di wilayah Kampus UI Depok, antara lain Danau Kenanga, Danau Aghatis, Danau Mahoni, Danau Puspa, Danau Ulin, dan Danau Salam. Ekosistem Kampus UI dapat mendukung kehidupan capung. Capung merupakan serangga yang memiliki peranan penting dalam ekosistem. Berperan sebagai predator pengontrol populasi dan indikator perubahan dan serta pencemaran lingkungan. Capung lebih banyak menghabiskan hidupnya di perairan, sehingga apabila perairan mulai tercemar, dapat mengakibatkan populasi capung berkurang. Oleh karena itu, capung dapat dijadikan indikator perubahan lingkungan yang terjadi di Kawasan Universitas Indonesia.
Inventarisasi mengenai keberadaan capung, khususnya di area Hutan Kota UI pernah dilakukan pada akhir tahun 90-an dan 2010. Saat ini, ada kemungkinan terjadi perubahan pada komunitas capung di UI karena beberapa tipe habitat mengalami perubahan. Informasi tersebut penting adanya, termasuk untuk penelitian dan indikator kondisi lingkungan di Kampus UI. Daerah yang banyak ditemukan capung dapat menunjukkan tingkat pencemaran daerah tersebut masih rendah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian keanekaragaman spesies dan aktivitas capung di area Kampus UI Depok. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai keanekaragaman dan distribusi capung di Kampus UI Depok, menghitung indeks keanekaragaman capung di Kampus UI Depok, serta mengetahui peranan ekologis capung.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu dengan metode jelajah bebas. Metode tersebut dilakukan dengan cara menangkap capung yang terdapat di sepanjang jalur pengamatan dengan menggunakan insect net. Kemudian, capung yang sudah ditangkap diidentifikasi spesiesnya berdasarkan ciri morfologi dan dicatat. Pengamatan lapangan dilakukan di enam spot utama, yaitu keenam danau yang ada di Universitas Indonesia. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan perhitungan indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener dan dicari status IUCN-nya. Selanjutnya akan dibuat peta distribusi persebaran capung yang ada di wilayah Kampus Universitas Indonesia yang menyajikan informasi tersebut.

Arthropoda
© Oktober 2017
Eklektikus: Sonja Verra Tinneke Lumowa
Editor: Jantje Ngangi
Master Desain Tata Letak: Krisna Budi Restanto
Pertama-tama penulis ucapkan puji dan syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan kasih sayang-Nya sehingga buku berjudul ”Arthropoda” ini dapat selesai dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Perlu diakui bahwa dalam banyak hal penulisan buku ini menemui berbagai kendala, namun atas dukungan berbagai pihak kendala tersebut dapat diatasi dan oleh karenanya penulis perlu untuk mengucapkan terima kasih kepada berbagai pihak yang telah membantu dalam proses pembuatan buku ini, suami, anak-anak, teman-teman dosen FKIP UNMUL dan berbagai pihak yang karena keterbatasan yang ada tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu.
Tujuan dari penyusunan buku mengenai Arthropoda ini adalah tentu untuk mempermudah pembaca yang ingin memperdalam wawasan mengenai Arthropoda sebagai salah satu filum yang paling sukses, dalam hal ini tentu materi yang akan dibahas adalah mengenai klasifikasi dan karakteristik Arthropoda serta mengapa dan bagaimana Arthropoda dapat menjadi filum yang begitu sukses. Buku ini disusun berdasarkan kurikulum yang ada diperguruan tinggi sehingga secara khusus ditujukan untuk mahasiswa yang berada di jurusan MIPA, terutama mahasiswa Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi. Namun, secara umum buku ini dapat pula dijadikan acuan bagai kalangan pelajar atau umum yang tertarik dengan topik yang dibahas dalam buku ini. Buku ini terdiri dari 14 BAB, dimana BAB I menjelaskan hal-hal yang umum pada Arthropoda, BAB II mengenai evolusi yang dilalui Arhropoda, BAB III mengenai mengapa dan bagaimana Arthropoda menjadi filum yang sukses di bumi, BAB IV menjelaskan mengenai rancangan tubuh arthropoda yang dibahas lebih dalam, dimana secara ringkas hal ini juga terdapat pada BAB I, BAB V membahas mengenai subfilum Trilobita, dimana pada BAB VI dijelaskan kelompok paling mendominasi dari Trilobita, yaitu Agnostoid, pada BAB VII dibahas mengenai Chelicerate, dimana pada BAB VIII dijelaskan mengenai kelompok paling mendominasi dari Chelicerate, yaitu Arachnida, pada BAB IX dibahas mengenai Crustacea, dimana pada BAB X dibahas mengenai Malacostraca sebagai kelompok yang paling mendominasi dari crustacea, pada BAB XI dibahas mengenai Uniramia, dimana pada BAB XII dijelaskan mengenai kelompok yang paling mendominasi dari Uniramia, yaitu Insekta, kemudian pada dua BAB terakhir dibahas mengenai Arthropoda sebagai vector penyakit, yaitu pada BAB XIII dan pada BAB XIV dibahas mengenai Arthroposa sebagai OPT (Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman).
Dalam rangka memahami dunia, manusia berusaha sedemikian rupa untuk mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam beberapa kurun waktu terakhir ini, salah satu ilmu pengetahuan yang mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat adalah Biologi, yang sepintas pun dapat diketahui bahwa Biologi ini adalah ilmu yang mempelajari makhluk hidup, namun, sejujurnya bukan hanya sebatas
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mahkluk hidup, perkembangannya kini juga mengarah pada lingkungan yang ada disekitar makhluk hidup. Hingga saat ini, makhluk hidup merujuk pada tiga, yaitu manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan. Tidak seperti kelihatannya, ”Biologi” yang sederhana dan hanya merujuk pada tiga hal utama, manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan, ternyata dari hari-kehari merupakan wawasan keilmuan yang begitu luas dan lagi pesat perkembangannya, tentunya diketahui bahwa pada saat ini Biologi tidak hanya tentang manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan, tapi ternyata juga terdapat mahkluk-makhluk mikroskopis yang menjadi objek kajiannya. Keluasan objek kajian inilah yang mau tidak mau membuat para ilmuan yang jika ingin memahami suatu objek kajian Biologi secara mendalam perlu mendalaminya secara terfokus sehingga jadilah Biologi dibagi kedalam berbagai cabang ilmu, seperti misalnya Zoologi.
Zoologi adalah cabang biologi yang mempelajari struktur, fungsi, perilaku, serta evolusi hewan. Ilmu ini antara lain meliputi anatomi perbandingan, psikologi hewan, biologi molekular, etologi, ekologi perilaku, biologi evolusioner, taksonomi, dan paleontologi. Kajian ilmiah zoologi dimulai sejak sekitar abad ke-16. Manusia telah terpesona oleh anggota lain dari kerajaan hewan sepanjang sejarah. Awalnya, di bumi Eropa, mereka berkumpul dan katalog deskripsi hewan aneh dari tanah jauh atau laut dalam, seperti dicatat dalam Physiologus dalam karya Albertus Magnus. Karyanya sebagian besar didasarkan pada tulisan-tulisan Aristoteles (384-322 SM). Magnus ‘De animalibus libri XXVI bukan hanya edisi yang berkomentar tentang sejarah alam, tetapi tetap salah satu studi yang paling luas pengamatannya terhadap zoologi yang diterbitkan sebelum zaman modern. Ditemukan pada perkembangan ilmu di Arab dan Cina . Sarjana Al-Jahizz (781-868) menulis Kitab Hewan. Dua penulis besar Cina di bidang ini adalah Su Song (1020-1101) dan Shen Kuo (1031-1095) masa Dinasti Song, namun ada banyak lainnya. Pada zaman Romawi, penulis utama tentang sejarah alam adalah Pliny the Elder.
Zoologi ilmiah benar-benar dimulai pada abad ke 16 dengan kebangkitan semangat baru observasi dan eksplorasi, tetapi untuk waktu yang lama berlari kursus terpisah tidak dipengaruhi oleh kemajuan penelitian medis anatomi dan fisiologi. Semangat penyelidikan yang sekarang untuk pertama kalinya menjadi umum menunjukkan diri di sekolah-sekolah anatomi universitas Di Italia abad ke-16 dan lima puluh tahun kemudian menyebar ke Universitas Oxford yang pertama didirikan untuk menghidupkan akademi Eropa, Akademisi Naturae Curiosorum (1651) membatasi diri dengan deskripsi dan ilustrasi struktur tanaman dan hewan, sebelas tahun kemudian, Royal Society of London didirikan oleh piagam kerajaan.
Tak lama kemudian kemudian Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Paris didirikan oleh Louis XIV. Kolektor dan systematisers jatuh tempo pada paruh kedua abad ke-18, Linnaeus, ahli anatomi lainnya seperti John Hunter juga mulai
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bekerja untuk memeriksa anatomi kerajaan hewan keseluruhan dan untuk mengtaksonomikan anggotanya dengan bantuan dari hasil studi yang cermat. Leeuwenhoek, seorang naturalis asal Belanda, memperkenalkan revolusi lain dengan adanya konstruksi tentang mikroskop yang pertama.
Tidak sampai abad ke-19 mikroskop diperbaiki dan diselesaikan untuk mendalami zoologi apa yang dianggap sebagai layanan yang paling penting. Menyempurnakan mikroskop mengarah ke peningkatan pemahaman struktur sel dan pembentukan Teori Sel: Bahwa semua organisme baik uniseluler ataupun multiseluler dibangun oleh sel. Semua organisme memulai keberadaan mereka sebagai satu sel, yang kemudian ada yang berkembang menjadi banyak sel dan bahwa kehidupan organisme multiseluler adalah jumlah kegiatan sel-sel yang terdiri dan bahwa proses kehidupan harus dipelajari dalam dan penjelasan yang diperoleh dari pemahaman tentang kimia dan perubahan fisik yang masuk di dalam setiap materi hidup sel individu atau protoplasma. Kontribusi individu seperti William Harvey (sirkulasi darah), Carolus Linnaeus (sistem tata nama), Georges Buffon (sejarah alam), Georges Cuvier (anatomi perbandingan), dan Claude Bernard (homeostasis) sangat memajukan Zoologi. Charles Darwin, karyanya “On the Origin of Species”, diterbitkan pada 24 November 1859, adalah sebuah karya sastra ilmiah, dianggap sebagai dasar dari biologi evolusioner.
Kemudian, dalam perkembangannya, tidaklah juga mudah untuk memahami Zoologi karena objek kajian yang masih sangat luas, oleh karena itulah kemudian Zoologi terbagi lagi menjadi Zoologi Invertebrata dan Zoologi Vertebrata. Zoologi Invertebrata adalah ilmu yang mempelajari dan mengkaji mengenai hewan-hewan yang masuk dalam anggota kelompok hewan tidak bertulang belakang, sementara Zoologi Vertebrata adalah ilmu yang mempelajari dan mengkaji mengenai hewan-hewan yang masuk dalam anggota kelompok hewan yang bertulang belakang. Dalam hal ini, buku ini berusaha untuk menyampaikan informasi yang lebih dalam dari salah satu anggota kerajaan hewan yang paling sukses, filum Arthropoda, sebagai bagian dari upaya memetakan Zoologi Invertebrata pada topik-topik yang dibahas lebih rinci dan fokus, mengingat luasnya kajian dari Zoologi Invertebrata.
Pada akhirnya, ilmu terus dinamis berkembang dan penulis menydari benar bahwa hal-hal yang disampaikan dalam buku ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, oleh karenanya penulis terbuka terhadap berbagai kritik dan saran dari pembaca sekalian demi terwujudnya wawasan keilmuan yang lebih baik untuk kedepannya.
Samarinda, Oktober 2017
Penulis

Despite the high abundance of arthropods in many terrestrial environments, our understanding of their ecological diversity and abundance remain unknown in some habitats. The aim of this study is to assess the abundance, diversity and species richness of some arthropods found in grassland and woodland habitats at Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Tanzania. A total of 1719 arthropods belonging to 63 species under 12 orders and 46 families were collected. Parameters such as Shannon index, Simpson index, Margalef index, Evenness index and Sorenson similarity index were used to analyse the diversity of arthropods. Result showed that, Hymenoptera (33.101%), Coleoptera (28.098%) and Orthoptera (17.510%) were the most dominant orders, whereas the least abundant order were Diptera (0.814%) and Scolopendromorpha (0.291%). The grassland showed high species richness, Margalef index (D = 6.930), abundance (n = 1177), Evenness (E = 0.854) and Shannon diversity (H = 3.339) of arthropods. The abundance of arthropod groups between grassland and woodland differed significantly (p<0.05). Sorensen similarity index in both habitats showed 53.5% similarity. Therefore, result indicates that the grassland habitat has the potential to support arthropod diversity and act as effective refugia for some arthropods from woodland.

I am still on the first stretch of this nomadic exploration, but I think I can begin to answer the question that is guiding this exploration—'how can the Natural-Indigenous Worldview support our understandings of the potential for an anarchist society (i.e. for social order without hierarchical domination)?' The key of Natural-Indigenous Worldview that opens the lock of an anarchist society, of a society without hierarchical domination, comes in the Natural-Indigenous Worldview's spiritual ecology. When we develop the four R's (responsibility, reciprocity, respect, relationships [Young 2015]) through relating to the world in a manner that is facilitated by the spiritual ecology that rises from the Natural-Indigenous Worldview and thus ascribes spirit to all things without regard for the Colonial Modernist Worldview's distinction between 'animate' and 'inanimate', we come to see the world as a single, living, conscious being. The illusion of a discrete distinction between self and other breaks down and we come to see the self (and other selves) as strands in the unified, conscious web of creation. We come to care for all of creation as we would care for our children, for our partners, for our parents and for our self. Transcending the illusion of discrete individuality we develop a lovingly reciprocal, responsible, respectful and relational orientation to the world that begets virtuous thought, feeling, behavior and being without recourse to hierarchical authority (to punishment and fear of punishment). Engaging with the world through the spiritual ecology that rises from the Natural-Indigenous Worldview allows the sprouts of human nature to grow to fruition without recourse to hierarchical domination (i.e. without recourse to attempts to 'help sprouts grow' by pulling on them and the death of the sprouts of human nature portended by such hierarchical folly [Meng Zi 2016, 2A2]).

This review paper is aimed to find out the role of plant based water treatment and its insecticides effects on the use of Moringa seeds powder, based on the previous research attempts and in comparison with some trials that are summed up in this review article. Consequently, the objective of the paper is to show different experiences and to understand how to access the activity of Moringa oleifera on the removal of physio chemical and biological impurities, present in turbid waters of tropical countries like India, and to expose their ideonity to help in the fight against diarrhea and other diseases, provoked by biotic and abiotic elements of waste waters.

One of the most frequent cases in which vermin appear in Ottoman official correspondence is when they "attack" or "invade" human settlements, consuming or destroying food produced specifically for human consumption. Until effective ways and tools to manage them emerged in the late nineteenth century, communities withstood flies, locusts, and rats. Indeed, specific categories of animals subsumed within the category of vermin/haşarat seem to have become among the biggest troublemakers in rural Anatolia and Mesopotamia. These vermin caused not only short-term scarcity of food, especially concerning during famines, but also writ-large settlement abandonment, resulting in the temporary and even long-term problems of rural/ regional economic systems. Yet very few Ottoman historians have reconstructed these stories within a critical animal history perspective. While it is true that these attacks and invasions of vermin created great burdens on human (and other animal) communities throughout history globally, the ways we historians have handled such cases tend to be anthropocentric. Here I argue for an ontological turn towards spatial aspects of vermin lives within human settlements and thus position my line of thinking about interaction from the ground-up, both literally and figuratively. From early-modern Ottoman discourses about vermin and the strategies used to cope with them from dictionaries/lexicons, literary and scientific texts, legal codices, and archival material, I develop a new analytical tool to understand interaction between humans and vermin as competition over perceived and actual space. I argue that we approach vermin behavior from the perspective of a spatial consciousness that constructed extended liminal configurations of space, which I call animalscapes. Human communities in Anatolia and Mesopotamia on the other hand, acknowledged the vermin perception of animalscapes and negotiated their place within, until the invention of chemical weapons against vermin at the end of the nineteenth century.

Semut api merah (Solenopsis invicta) merupakan jenis semut yang berasal dari daerah amerika selatan. Semut ini termasuk serangga yang berasal dari keluarga formicidae, ordo hymenoptera. Semut ini memiliki wilayah asli di hutan – hutan hujan tropis di amerika selatan, namun semut ini telah mampu menginvasi wilayah amerika utara, Australia, kepulauan karibean, hongkong, dan cina bagian selatan (Marina et al,2015). Semut api merah telah dianggap sebagai hama karena gigitan mereka yang mampu menyebabkan rasa sakit yang luar biasa bagi manusia, selain itu semut ini juga mampu menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman pertanian karena struktur sarangnya yang mampu merusak perakaran tanaman yang akan menyebabkan kematian bagi tanaman, kemampuan bertahan hidup yang tinggi serta kemampuan untuk menginvasi daerah baru juga merupakan faktor pendukung kenapa semut api merah disebut sebagai hama oleh manusia. Secara morfologi semut api merah memiliki 2 segmen diantara kepala dan bagian abdomen (perut), yang disebut dengan pedicel dan postpetiole. Pada bagian thorax (kepala) berbentuk mirip hati. Semut ini memiliki warna tubuh merah. Semut ini memiliiki saudara segenus yaitu semut api hitam (Solenopsis richteri), kedua spesies ini secara morfologi sangat mirip terlebih pada semut pekerjanya. Perbedaan di antara kedua spesies yang jelas adalah tingkat agresifitas semut api merah lebih tinggi dari semut api hitam. Biasanya kedua spesies ini dibedakan dengan cara molekuler, dengan menganalisa kandungan hidrokarbon di jaringan kutikular(Buren, 1972). Semut api merah memiliki kemampuan invasi yang sangat tinggi, hal ini lah yang menyebabkan semut api merah yang semula hanya berada di wilayah amerika selatan bisa tersebar hingga ke negara amerika serikat bagian selatan, Australia, bahkan hingga hongkong dan kepulauan karibean. Semut api merah memiliki kemampuan kerjasama dalam koloni yang tinggi. Semut ini terkenal dengan kemampuannya untuk membuat tangga, jembatan untuk melewati air bahkan hinggaa rakit untuk menyeberang aliran air. Semua struktur tersebut dibuat dengan menyatukan tubuh tiap semut dalam suatu koloni, setiap semut menghubungkan kaki – kakinya untuk membuat suatu struktur yg akan mampu mempertahankan kehidupan koloninya (Foster et al, 2014). Selain kemampuan membuat struktur, kemampuan membuat sarang semut api merah juga sangat luar biasa. Semut api merah mampu membuat sarang pada berbagai tipe tanah dan pada berbagai kelembaban. Kemampuan ini didasari dari kemampuan koordinasi antar semut dalam koloni yang baik, serta semut api merah juga mampu menghasilkan " pellet " bahan yang mampu berperan seperti semen untuk melekatkan partikel – partikel tanah di sepanjang terowongan sarang (Monaenkova et al, 2015). Kemampuan semut api merah dalam membuat sarang di berbagai kondisi sayangnya mampu membawa dampak buruk bagi tanaman baik tanaman liar maupun tanaman budidaya, banyak tanaman yang sistem perakarannya menjadi rusak akibat pembuatan sarang semut api merah di area perakaran tersebut berada.

Here we build on the manifesto 'World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, issued by the Alliance of World Scientists. As a group of conservation biologists deeply concerned about the decline of insect populations, we here review what we know about the drivers of insect extinctions, their consequences, and how extinctions can negatively impact humanity. We are causing insect extinctions by driving habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, use of polluting and harmful substances, the spread of invasive species, global climate change, direct overexploitation, and co-extinction of species dependent on other species. With insect extinctions, we lose much more than species. We lose abundance and biomass of insects, diversity across space and time with consequent homogenization, large parts of the tree of life, unique ecological functions and traits, and fundamental parts of extensive networks of biotic interactions. Such losses lead to the decline of key ecosystem services on which humanity depends. From pollination and decomposition, to being resources for new medicines, habitat quality indication and many others, insects provide essential and irreplaceable services. We appeal for urgent action to close key knowledge gaps and curb insect extinctions. An investment in research programs that generate local, regional and global strategies that counter this trend is essential. Solutions are available and implementable, but urgent action is needed now to match our intentions.

Ekologia w krótkim czasie zyskała rzesze zwolenników na całym świecie, stała się nie tylko nieodłącznym składnikiem intelektualnego krajobrazu i elementem codziennej praktyki, ale również doskonałym produktem marketingowym. Jednak podejrzliwi myśliciele postanowili nie szczędzić słów krytyki kierowanych pod jej adresem, jednocześnie próbując nadać teoretyczny kształt zjawisku przybierającemu charakter masowy.

The present paper deals with the study of species richness and diversity of butterfly fauna in the in the experimental garden. The population trends of butterflies were monitored for one year using transects counting method. A total of 66 species of butterflies belonging to five families and 47 genera were recorded during the study period. The family Nymphalidae showed the maximum species richness, comprising of 15 genera and 23 species, followed by Lycaenidae (14 genera, 14 species), Pieridae (8 genera, 12 species), Hesperiidae (8 genera, 9 species) and Papilionidae (2 genera, 8 species). A total of 1164 individuals were recorded of which Eurema hecabe (Linn.) was the most dominant species of butterfly in terms of number of individuals (38) followed by Junonia atlites (36). From the conservation point of view, the study area is undisturbed and rich in butterfly fauna.