Information Retrieval

- Result of “the Onlife Initiative,” a one-year project funded by the European Commission to study the deployment of ICTs and its effects on the human condition
- Inspires reflection on the ways in which a hyperconnected world forces the rethinking of the conceptual frameworks on which policies are built
- Draws upon the work of a group of scholars from a wide range of disciplines including, anthropology, cognitive science, computer science, law, philosophy, political science

What is the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the human condition? In order to address this question, in 2012 the European Commission organized a research project entitled The Onlife Initiative: concept reengineering for rethinking societal concerns in the digital transition. This volume collects the work of the Onlife Initiative. It explores how the development and widespread use of ICTs have a radical impact on the human condition.

ICTs are not mere tools but rather social forces that are increasingly affecting our self-conception (who we are), our mutual interactions (how we socialise); our conception of reality (our metaphysics); and our interactions with reality (our agency). In each case, ICTs have a huge ethical, legal, and political significance, yet one with which we have begun to come to terms only recently.

The impact exercised by ICTs is due to at least four major transformations: the blurring of the distinction between reality and virtuality; the blurring of the distinction between human, machine and nature; the reversal from information scarcity to information abundance; and the shift from the primacy of stand-alone things, properties, and binary relations, to the primacy of interactions, processes and networks.

Such transformations are testing the foundations of our conceptual frameworks. Our current conceptual toolbox is no longer fitted to address new ICT-related challenges. This is not only a problem in itself. It is also a risk, because the lack of a clear understanding of our present time may easily lead to negative projections about the future. The goal of The Manifesto, and of the whole book that contextualises, is therefore that of contributing to the update of our philosophy. It is a constructive goal. The book is meant to be a positive contribution to rethinking the philosophy on which policies are built in a hyperconnected world, so that we may have a better chance of understanding our ICT-related problems and solving them satisfactorily.

The Manifesto launches an open debate on the impacts of ICTs on public spaces, politics and societal expectations toward policymaking in the Digital Agenda for Europe’s remit. More broadly, it helps start a reflection on the way in which a hyperconnected world calls for rethinking the referential frameworks on which policies are built.

Purpose: Apart from information retrieval there is virtually no other area of information science that has occasioned as much research effort and writing as "user studies". Within user studies the investigation of "information needs" has been the subject of much debate and no little confusion.

This study examined the relationship between curricula in secondary-level science classrooms, which support development of information literacy skills, and actual student skills. A vast body of research reflects deep concern with the level of information literacy skill development among secondary and post-secondary students. But even when educational curricula mandate skill development, many students are unable to demonstrate sophisticated information searching and critical evaluation skills. The findings of this study, which we based on analyzing information seeking tasks and conducting interviews with students in three biology classes in a large urban high school, demonstrated a similar lack of skills. Pressure on teachers to "teach to examinations"-that is, to focus on substantive content rather than on information literacy skills and information literacy skills deficits among teachers themselves-is a possible explanation for these results. The study is of particular interest to teachers of the curriculum applicable in the study context, but the broader implications of repeated indications of gaps in students' information literacy skills are a significant indicator that schools must assume a larger responsibility for information literacy instruction. Leaving skill development to the post-secondary environment will not ensure that citizens are sufficiently skilled to participate fully in 21st century life, in workplaces or in their personal life contexts.

Abstrak Perkembangan Internet di Indonesia cukup pesat, hal ini ditandai dengan meningkatnya penggunaan jejaring sosial, khususnya Twitter. Untuk mengetahui pandangan masyarakat terhadap suatu pemerintahan dapat digunakan analisis sentimen menggunakan data Twitter. Penelitian ini melakukan analisis sentimen terhadap pemerintahan Jokowi dalam bidang politik, ekonomi dan hukum. Metode untuk mengklasifikasikan sentimen pada tweet berdasarkan kamus leksikon. Data twitter dikumpulkan selama satu bulan dari tanggal 1 sampai 31 Oktober 2015 berjumlah 6489, 3967 dan 8018 untuk bidang politik, ekonomi dan hukum. Pengklasifikasian twitter menjadi tiga kelompok, positif, negatif dan netral. Secara umum hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar data twitter diklasifikasikan sebagai netral. Jika dilihat hanya sentimen positif dan sentimen negatif maka untuk bidang politik dan ekonomi sentimen positif lebih tinggi, sedangkan untuk bidang hukum sentimen negatif lebih tinggi.

Citizen Sentiment Analysis To Indonesian Government Using Data Twitter Abstract The development of the Internet in Indonesia is quite rapid, it is marked by the increasing use of social networks, especially Twitter. To find out the public's view of a government may use sentiment analysis using Twitter data. This research analyzes citizen sentiment to Indonesian government in the fields of politics, economics and law. The method to classify sentiment in a tweet based on lexicon of those fields. We collect data Twitter during one month in October 2015, the number of data are 6489, 3967 and 8018 for the fields of politics, economics and law, respectively. We classify the data into three groups: positive, negative and neutral. In general, results of experiments showed that most of the data twitter classified as neutral. When only include positive and negative sentiment, there is higher positive sentiment on politics and economic fields, while negative sentiment higher for the laws field.

Information retrieval (IR) systems essentially execute indexation, search, and classification of (textual) documents. Their purpose is to satisfy user information needs, expressed through queries. However, to find the relevant information is a difficult task. Natural language processing (NLP) is present in different levels of the many approaches that researchers have been trying to solve that problem. The linguistic knowledge can

This paper highlights two of the ways in which an abundance of frequent and high-quality information can nonetheless lead an economic agent to failure. I begin with the problem of frequent information, continue with the problem of abundant high-quality information, and end with a general reflection about the lesson these two problems may offer for economic geographical scholarship.

This article presents a socio-cognitive perspective in relation to information science (IS) and information retrieval (IR). The differences between traditional cognitive views and the socio-cognitive or domain-analytic view are outlined. It is claimed that, given elementary skills in computer-based retrieval, people are basically interacting with representations of subject literatures in IR. The kind of knowledge needed to interact with representations of subject literatures is discussed. It is shown how different approaches or "paradigms" in the represented literature imply different information needs and relevance criteria (which users typically cannot express very well, which is why IS cannot primarily rely on user studies). These principles are exemplified by comparing behaviorism, cognitivism, psychoanalysis, and neuroscience as approaches in psychology. The relevance criteria implicit in each position are outlined, and empirical data are provided to prove the theoretical claims. It is further shown that the most general level of relevance criteria is implied by epistemological theories. The article concludes that the fundamental problems of IS and IR are based in epistemology, which therefore becomes the most important allied field for IS.

In the current world, sports produce considerable statistical information about each p layer, team, games, and seasons. Traditional sports science believed science to be o wned by experts, coaches, team managers, and analyzers. However, sports organizations have recently realized the abundant science available in their data and sought to take advantage of that science through the use of data mining techniques. Sports data mining assists coaches and managers in result prediction, player performance assessment, player in ju ry prediction, sports talent identification, and game strategy evaluation. The present study reviews previous research on data mining systems to predict sports results and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of each system.

The objective of this work is to automatically recognize faces from video sequences in a realistic, unconstrained setup in which illumination conditions are extreme and greatly changing, viewpoint and user motion pattern have a wide variability, and video input is of low quality. At the centre of focus are face appearance manifolds: this thesis presents a significant advance of their understanding and application in the sphere of face recognition. The two main contributions are the Generic Shape-Illumination Manifold recognition algorithm and the Anisotropic Manifold Space clustering.

The Generic Shape-Illumination Manifold algorithm shows how video sequences of unconstrained head motion can be reliably compared in the presence of greatly changing imaging conditions. Our approach consists of combining a priori domain-specific knowledge in the form of a photometric model of image formation, with a statistical model of generic face appearance variation. One of the key ideas is the reillumination algorithm which takes two sequences of faces and produces a third, synthetic one, that contains the same poses as the first in the illumination of the second.

The Anisotropic Manifold Space clustering algorithm is proposed to automatically determine the cast of a feature-length film, without any dataset-specific training information. The method is based on modelling coherence of dissimilarities between appearance manifolds: it is shown how inter- and intra-personal similarities can be exploited by mapping each manifold into a single point in the manifold space. This concept allows for a useful interpretation of classical clustering approaches, which highlights their limitations. A superior method is proposed that uses a mixture-based generative model to hierarchically grow class boundaries corresponding to different individuals.

The Generic Shape-Illumination Manifold is evaluated on a large data corpus acquired in real-world conditions and its performance is shown to greatly exceed that of state-of-the-art methods in the literature and the best performing commercial software. Empirical evaluation of the Anisotropic Manifold Space clustering on a popular situation comedy is also described with excellent preliminary results.

It is nowadays generally agreed that a person's information seeking depends on his or her tasks and the problems encountered in performing them. The relationships of broad job types and information-seeking characteristics have been analyzed both conceptually and empirically, mostly through questionnaires after task performance rather than during task performance. In this article, the relationships of task complexity, necessary information types, information channels, and sources are analyzed at the task level on the basis of a qualitative investigation.

The role of individual characteristics, parental behaviours and peers for occupational exploration was examined in a sample of 192 German ninth graders (80 girls, 112 boys) from middle-track schools. The adolescents completed questionnaires at two points of measurement which were 6 months apart. The results showed that individual characteristics which reflected an active and constructive approach to developmental demands were correlated with more intense occupational exploration. Child-centred parental behaviours were also correlated positively with information-seeking behaviours. Moreover, parental behaviours predicted change in exploration over the observed time period. Concerning the role of peers which was often neglected in career development theory, the results showed that frequent talks with peers about careerrelated issues were significantly associated with the intensity of information-seeking behaviours and, at the same time, predicted an intensification of occupational exploration during the following 6-month period. The findings suggest that it would be fruitful to consider more thoroughly the role of peers in future research on adolescents' career development.

The proposed survey discusses the topic of community detection in the context of Social Media. Community detection constitutes a significant tool for the analysis of complex networks by enabling the study of mesoscopic structures that are often associated with ...

journals in 2005. It also examines the development of LIS from 1965 to 2005 in light of comparable data sets for 1965, 1985, and 2005. In both cases, the authors report (a) how the research articles are distributed by topic and (b) what approaches, research strategies, and methods were applied in the articles. In 2005, the largest research areas in LIS by this measure were information storage and retrieval, scientific communication, library and information-service activities, and information seeking. The same research areas constituted the quantitative core of LIS in the previous years since 1965. Information retrieval has been the most popular area of research over the years. The proportion of research on library and information-service activities decreased after 1985, but the popularity of information seeking and of scientific communication grew during the period studied. The viewpoint of research has shifted from library and information organizations to end users and development of systems for the latter. The proportion of empirical research strategies was high and rose over time, with the survey method being the single most important method. However, attention to evaluation and experiments increased considerably after 1985. Conceptual research strategies and system analysis, description, and design were quite popular, but declining. The most significant changes from 1965 to 2005 are the decreasing interest in library and information-service activities and the growth of research into information seeking and scientific communication.

La tesi si concentra sul processo di descrizione dei beni culturali, con particolare riferimento al materiale archivistico e storico artistico, e sulla restituzione di queste informazioni attraverso le tecnologie dell’informazione. Nel primo capitolo viene introdotto il concetto di descrizione dei beni culturali, ossia il processo con il quale le caratteristiche distintive di un bene vengono reperite, confluendo all’interno degli strumenti di ricerca – siano essi degli inventari o delle schede di catalogo. Successivamente si elencano i principali strumenti attraverso i quali, queste informazioni, vengono registrate e restituite all’utente, focalizzando la trattazione principalmente sull’ambiente digitale. Nella tesi si propongono degli esempi di alcuni strumenti di ricerca che risultano poco efficaci in fase di restituzione e che quindi necessitano di essere migliorati, anche nel rispetto dei dettami della valorizzazione, che impongono l’utilizzo di tutte quelle tecniche che facilitino l’incontro tra utente e bene culturale. Nel terzo ed ultimo capitolo si propongono delle riflessioni sulle nuove tecnologie, come il web 3.0. Queste possono essere utili non solo per migliorare quegli strumenti che ad oggi non funzionano come dovrebbero, ma anche per pensare standard e modelli nuovi per i processi di descrizione dei beni. Un ottimo punto di partenza sono le nuove linee guida Resource Description and Access, per le loro caratteristiche duttili ed adattabili all’ambiente digitale. Questi spunti teorici potranno essere, in futuro, davvero costruttivi solo se gli ambiti disciplinari che ruotano attorno ai beni culturali seguiranno strade parallele ma con un’unica destinazione: migliorare la comunicazione tra i professionisti del settore, gli istituti culturali e gli utenti, attraverso forme narrative nuove, senza abbandonare quei principi scientifici che rendono le informazioni culturali valide al momento della restituzione. Inoltre, nella trattazione vengono inserite delle riflessioni sugli utenti e su come l’organizzazione della conoscenza sia fondamentale per renderli partecipi del processo di descrizione, nonché agevolare la loro esperienza d’uso degli strumenti di ricerca.

The International Journal of Software Engineering & Applications (IJSEA) is a bi-monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Software Engineering & Applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern software engineering concepts & establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of software engineering & applications.

KNN and SVM are two machine learning approaches to Text Categorization (TC) based on the Vector Space Model. In this model, borrowed from Information Retrieval, documents are represented as a vector where each component is associated with a particular word from the vocabulary. Traditionally, each component value is assigned using the information retrieval TFIDF measure. While this weighting method seems

In numerous everyday domains, it has been demonstrated that increasing the number of options beyond a handful can lead to paralysis and poor choice and decrease satisfaction with the choice. Were this so-called paradox of choice to hold in search engine use, it would mean that increasing recall can actually work counter to user satisfaction if it implies choice from a more extensive set of result items. The existence of this effect was demonstrated in an experiment where users (N=24) were shown a search scenario and a query and were required to choose the best result item within 30 seconds. Having to choose from six results yielded both higher subjective satisfaction with the choice and greater confidence in its correctness than when there were 24 items on the results page. We discuss this finding in the wider context of "choice architecture"-that is, how result presentation affects choice and satisfaction.

In spite of great efforts that have been made to present systems that support the user's need of the answers from the Holy Quran, the current systems of English translation of Quran still need to do more investigation in order to develop the process of retrieving the accurate verse based on user's question. The Islamic terms are different from one document to another and might be undefined for the user. Thus, the need emerged for a Question Answering System (QAS) that retrieves the exact verse based on a semantic search of the Holy Quran. The main objective of this research is to develop the efficiency of the information retrieval from the Holy Quran based on QAS and retrieving an accurate answer to the user's question through classifying the verses using the Neural Network (NN) technique depending on the purpose of the verses' contents, in order to match between questions and verses. This research has used the most popular English translation of the Quran of Abdullah Yusuf Ali as the data set. In that respect, the QAS will tackle these problems by expanding the question, using WordNet and benefitting from the collection of Islamic terms in order to avoid differences in the terms of translations and question. In addition, this QAS classifies the Al-Baqarah surah into two classes, which are Fasting and Pilgrimage based on the NN classifier, to reduce the retrieval of irrelevant verses since the user's questions are asking for Fasting and Pilgrimage.  Hence, this QAS retrieves the relevant verses to the question based on the N-gram technique, then ranking the retrieved verses based on the highest score of similarity to satisfy the desire of the user. According to F-measure, the evaluation of classification by using NN has shown an approximately 90% level and the evaluation of the proposed approach of this research based on the entire QAS has shown an approximately 87% level. This demonstrates that the QAS succeeded in providing a promising outcome in this critical field.

Genetic  algorithms  are  usually  used  in  information
retrieval  systems  (IRs)  to  enhance  the  information
retrieval  process,  and  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  optimal  information  retrieval  in  order  to  meet  the
users’  needs  and  help  them  find  what  they  want  exactly  among  the  growing  numbers  of  available
information.  The  improvement  of adaptive genetic  algorithms helps  to retrieve the information  needed  by
the  user  accurately,  reduces  the  retrieved  relevant  files  and  excludes  irrelevant  files.  In  this  study,  the researcher explored the problems embedded in this process, attempted to find solutions such as the way of choosing mutation probability and fitness function, and chose Cranfield English Corpus test collection on mathematics. Such collection was conducted by Cyrial Cleverdon and used at the University of Cranfield in 1960  containing  1400  documents,  and  225  queries  for  simulation  purposes.  The  researcher  also  used cosine  similarity  and  jaccards to  compute  similarity  between  the  query  and documents,  and  used  two proposed adaptive fitness function, mutation operators as well as adaptive crossover. The process aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of results according to the measures of precision and recall. Finally, the study concluded that we might have several improvements when using adaptive genetic algorithms.

All types of machine automated systems are generating large amount of data in different forms like statistical, text, audio, video, sensor, and bio-metric data that emerges the term Big Data. In this paper we are discussing issues, challenges, and application of these types of Big Data with the consideration of big data dimensions. Here we are discussing social media data analytics, content based analytics, text data analytics, audio, and video data analytics their issues and expected application areas. It will motivate researchers to address these issues of storage, management, and retrieval of data known as Big Data. As well as the usages of Big Data analytics in India is also highlighted.

Recent studies on commonplacing have shown that it flourished as an important information management tool and, in some cases, it functioned as a method (methodus) that facilitated the ordering of natural history systems. In what follows in this essay, I wish to extend this point by examining the role played by heads in the work of Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). I address two core questions. First, what were the economies of attention that guided his commonplacing techniques? Second, what type of impact did his note-taking skills have upon the way that he spatially arranged information in texts? Whereas intellectual historians sometimes tend to focus on the role that he played as the unique originator of modern botanical and zoological classification systems, I approach his work merely as one example in a long tradition of commonplacing and graphic design that originated in the Renaissance, but which had become an indispensable organisational tool used to create knowledge systems in the leading research centres of Enlightenment Europe.

In 1766, Thomas Cochran entered the Edinburgh classroom of Joseph Black (1728-1799) to learn chemistry for the first time.  Cochran was studying medicine and, like so many of Black’s students, he dutifully recorded several diagrams in his notebooks.  These visualisations were not complex.  They were, in fact, simple.  One of them was a single ‘X’, a chiasm, and Black used it to illustrate ratios of chemical attraction [Figure 1].  This diagram is often held to be the first chemical formula and, as such, historians have endeavoured to explain why it was unique and how Black invented it. 

In this essay, I wish to turn the forgoing premise on its head by arguing that Black’s chiasm was neither visually unique nor invented by him.  I do this by approaching the diagrams via a visual anthropology that allows me to examine how students learned to attach meaning to patterns that were already familiar to them.  In the end, we will see that Black’s diagrams were successful because their visual simplicity and familiarity made them ideally suited to carry the chemical theories that he so skilfully attached to them.

Academic Reference:

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Monaghan, Paul (2012). "Revival linguistics and the new media: Talknology in the service of the Barngarla language reclamation", pp. 119-126 of Foundation for Endangered Languages XVI Conference: Language Endangerment in the 21st Century:Globalisation, Technology & New Media. Auckland, New Zealand.

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Revival Linguistics and the New Media:
Talknology in the service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation


Ghil‘ad Zuckermann

Chair of Linguistics and Endangered Languages
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[[email protected]]


Paul Monaghan

Mobile Language Team
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[[email protected]]


Abstract

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (see Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

The study: The Barngarla language (spelled Parnkalla by Schürmann 1844) is a no-longer spoken Thura-Yura Pama-Nyungan Aboriginal language of the Lakes Cultural Region of South Australia. Most recently Zuckermann, Monaghan and the Barngarla community have launched a reclamation of this sleeping beauty in three major rural/urban centres on the Eyre Peninsula, namely Port Lincoln, Whyalla, and Port Augusta. The presence of three Barngarla populations several hours drive apart presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving ‘talknological’ innovations, such as online chatting, newsgroups, photo and resource sharing through a Barngarla wiki. This paper also examines the tensions accompanying the creation of a Barngarla ‘community of practice’ (cf. Wenger 1998) in a post-traditional Aboriginal context. In important ways, the new talknology poses a direct challenge to existing authority structures relating to the everyday management of knowledge, collaboration and participation. We predict that how the broader Barngarla community negotiates these issues will have an important bearing on the ultimate results of the reclamation project.




Revival Linguistics

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

Revival Linguistics complements the established field of documentary linguistics, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep. Revival Linguistics ought to revise the fields of grammaticography (writing grammars) and lexicography (writing dictionaries): Grammars and dictionaries ought to be written for language reclamation, i.e. in a user-friendly way, for communities, not only for linguists. For example, juxtapose Lutheran missionary Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann’s 1844 spelling of the Barngarla word nunyara ‘recovery’, which ignores the English environment, thus resulting in the pronunciation nanYAra rather than NOONyara.

Closely related to contact linguistics, Revival Linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics, e.g. by weakening the Family Tree model, which implies that a language ought to have only one parent. Assisting Aboriginal communities in a realistic, non-purisitic way, without selling them myths, Revival Linguistics promotes efficiency and efficacy in language reclamation.

Certainly Australia has been made the ‘Unlucky Country’ through the historical processes of linguicide (language killing) and glottophagy (language eating). These twin forces were in operation from the early colonial period. In her detailed study of the role missionary language practices in the early years of the South Australian colony, Scrimgeour quotes the following colonial language ideology: ‘Mr Forster afterwards adverted to the present mode of teaching the children in their own language. He, with all respect to the Missionaries, would say, on several grounds, that this was wrong. The natives would be sooner civilized if their language was extinct. The children taught would afterwards mix only with whites, where their own language would be of no use – the use of their language would preserve their prejudices and debasement, and their language was not sufficient to express the ideas of civilized life.  He gave the Missionaries full credit for their talents and zeal, but he thought it would be better to teach the children in English’ (from Report on a public meeting of the South Australian Missionary Society in aid of the German Mission to the Aborigines, Southern Australian, 8 September 1843; Scrimgeour, 2007: 116, italics added).

In the case of glottophagy, Governor George Grey noted: ‘The merchant in London who lays on a vessel for a certain port, regards the affair as a mere mercantile speculation, but could he trace out the results he effects in their remotest ramifications, he would stand astonished at the changes he produces.  With the wizard wand of commerce, he touches a lone and trackless forest, and at his bidding, cities arise, and the hum and dust of trade collect – away are swept ancient races; antique laws and customs moulder into oblivion.  The strong-holds of murder and superstition are cleansed, and the Gospel is preached amongst ignorant and savage men. The ruder languages disappear successively, and the tongue of England alone is heard around’ (Grey 1841: 200-201, italics added). Grey was a strong supporter of Aboriginal languages, encouraging Schürmann’s work documenting the Adelaide language (Kaurna) and Barngarla at Port Lincoln (see below).

With globalization, homogenization and Coca-colonization there will be more and more groups all over the world added to the forlorn club of the lost-heritage peoples. Language reclamation will become increasingly relevant as people seek to recover their cultural autonomy, empower their spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and improve their wellbeing. There are various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival: for example, social justice, diversity and employability, respectively.

Zuckermann (2012) has enthusiastically called for Native Tongue Title and linguistic human rights, suggesting that the Australian government ought to compensate Indigenous people not only for the loss of land but equally importantly for the loss of language. Zuckermann has suggested to the Australian government to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages.

Furthermore, it is predicted that in the future the very insights offered by Revival Linguistics will themselves become part of Indigenous Intellectual Property, when Slovenes and Estonians come to Australia and New Zealand to ask Aboriginal Australians and Maori to assist them in their own European language resurrection.

There is an urgent need to produce perspicacious LINGUISTIC and socio-linguistic insights relevant to language reclamation. Otherwise, linguists or language workers would not be able to offer, if asked by Indigenous people, efficient and efficacious advice. There are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and First Nations leaders to work more efficiently; for example, to focus more on basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than on sounds and word order – see Zuckermann (2009: http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf.

Revival linguistics would assist revivalists to be more realistic and to abandon discouraging slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!" The following are among the basic principles that the revival linguist encourages in Aboriginal communities:

i. If your language falls asleep: stop, revive, survive!
ii. If you revive a language, embrace the hybridity of the emerging tongue; and
iii. If your language is healthy, assist others in linguistic need.

One day we may invent devices to “inject” a language into our brains. But until then, any attempt to reclaim a hibernating language will result in a hybrid that combines components from the revivalists' and documenters' mother tongues and, of course, the target language. In the immortal words of Jerry Seinfeld: "Not that there's anything wrong with that!"

The Study


Figure 1: Map of Traditional Aboriginal Country after Norman Tindale (adapted from Hercus 1999)

The Barngarla language reclamation project has arisen through partnerships between the University of Adelaide (Linguistics and the Mobile Language Team) and the Barngarla people. Although still in its infancy, consultations began in September 2011, a number of very significant steps have been made towards reclaiming this ‘sleeping beauty’. Without doubt, the key challenge has been to develop a strategy for the reclamation of the language simultaneously and without favour in three major regional centres. In ways that will be elaborated below, this multi-sited, regional or peripheral reclamation makes demands that are very different to those often found in metropolitan reclamation contexts (e.g. Kaurna, cf. Amery...

Purpose -This article is an edited version of a report commissioned by the British Library and JISC to identify how the specialist researchers of the future (those born after 1993) are likely to access and interact with digital resources in five to ten years' time. The purpose is to investigate the impact of digital transition on the information behaviour of the Google Generation and to guide library and information services to anticipate and react to any new or emerging behaviours in the most effective way. Design/methodology/approach -The study was virtually longitudinal and is based on a number of extensive reviews of related literature, survey data mining and a deep log analysis of a British Library and a JISC web site intended for younger people. Findings -The study shows that much of the impact of ICTs on the young has been overestimated. The study claims that although young people demonstrate an apparent ease and familiarity with computers, they rely heavily on search engines, view rather than read and do not possess the critical and analytical skills to assess the information that they find on the web. Originality/value -The paper reports on a study that overturns the common assumption that the "Google generation" is the most web-literate.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the use of ICT by cataloguers at a private university library in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach – A description of the procedures and processes undertaken is given.

Findings – The description of the processes involved in the use of ICT by cataloguers reveals the effectiveness and efficiency of online searches for the purpose of cataloguing and classification. A few were identified. The study shows the potential offered by the use of ICT, which libraries in developing nations – and indeed Nigeria – have not fully embraced. The paper reveals the low level of ICT literacy in libraries in Nigeria and concludes that this is a result of the deficiency in the practical training of librarians in the use of ICT in Nigerian library schools.

Practical implications – The conclusion is that there is an urgent need for librarians in developing nations to gain proficiency in the use of ICT as a tool in libraries.

Originality/value – The paper provides information on the level of ICT use for cataloguing and classification in a private university library in Nigeria. This experience shows the importance of why libraries in developing countries should address the desired level of ICT literacy among their librarians.

With the advancement of web technology and its growth, there is a huge volume of data present in the web for internet users and a lot of data is generated too. Internet has become a platform for online learning, exchanging ideas and sharing opinions. Social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, Google+ are rapidly gaining popularity as they allow people to share and express their views about topics, have discussion with different communities, or post messages across the world. There has been lot of work in the field of sentiment analysis of twitter data. This survey focuses mainly on sentiment analysis of twitter data which is helpful to analyze the information in the tweets where opinions are highly unstructured, heterogeneous and are either positive or negative, or neutral in some cases. In this paper, we provide a survey and a comparative analyses of existing techniques for opinion mining like machine learning and lexicon-based approaches, together with evaluation metrics. Using various machine learning algorithms like Naive Bayes, Max Entropy, and Support Vector Machine, we provide research on twitter data streams.We have also discussed general challenges and applications of Sentiment Analysis on Twitter.

The volumes of information created, generated and stored are immense that without adequate knowledge of information retrieval methods, the retrieval process for an information user would be cumbersome and frustrating. Studies have further revealed that information retrieval methods are essential in information centers for storage and retrieval of information. The paper discusses the concept of Information retrieval, the various information retrieval methods. It examines the users of these information methods and their information behavior. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a continuous evaluation of the information retrieval methods to make for and effective and efficient information retrieval system

incorporating them into a conceptual model. Finally, 2 promising approaches for examining the effects and effectiveness of social information seeking in CMC are described, with an emphasis on how the proposed conceptual model can aid in the development of each.

This article surveys the use of eye tracking in investigations of online search. Three eye tracking experiments that we undertook are discussed and compared to additional work in this area, revealing recurring behaviors and trends. The first two studies are described in greater detail in Granka, Joachims, & Gay (2004), Lorigo et al. (2006), and Pan et al. (2007)

Theory constructs its evidence, and values and faith construct what constitute theory. [Maines, D. R. & Molseed, M. J. (1986). The obsessive discoverer's complex and thè discovery' of growth in sociological theory. American Journal of Sociology, 92(1), 158±163.] To admit that knowledge is intrinsically erroneous is not to imply that we should forego it. . A perspectivist looks at contextualism and the future of behavioral science. In R. L. Rosnow & M. Georgoudi (Eds.), Contextualism and understanding in behavioral science: implications for research and theory. New York: Praeger, 271±301.] It is not enough for theory to describe and analyze, it must itself be an event in the universe it describes. In order to do this theory mustF F F tear itself from all referents and take pride in the future. Theory must operate on time at the cost of a deliberate distortion of present reality. [Baudrillard, J. (1988). The ecstasy of communication. New York: Semiotext(e).]

It is well known that executive information systems (EIS) are high risk systems to implement and maintain. Factor research is the most commonly used framework for studying the causes of EIS failure yet there is no conclusive evidence that the factors suggested in the information systems (IS) research literature ensure system success. This paper reports on a case study of a failed EIS in a large New Zealand organization and compares this case with the success factors found in the research literature. One of the ® ndings is that the broader issues surrounding the failure were more signi® cant than the more narrowly focused factors suggested by the factor research approach. These broader issues include the social, cultural, political and economic context of the system as a whole. Another ® nding was that many of these broader contextual issues were not directly controllable by the EIS project team. This paper will have implications for all those who have to develop or are involved with the development of EIS.