Industry Structure

Résumé : L'objet de cet article est d'évaluer l'impact de la présence étrangère sur la productivité des entreprises tunisiennes. Cette analyse sera effectuée sur la base d'un panel d'entreprises manufacturières tunisiennes couvrant la période 1998-2004 issu de l'enquête annuelle des entreprises réalisée par l'Institut National de la Statistique en Tunisie. La méthode d'estimation des paramètres de la fonction de production retenue dans cette étude relève de l'approche proposée par en réponse au biais de simultanéité du à la corrélation instantanée qui existe entre les chocs de productivités inobservables et les facteurs de production. Nos résultats montrent que la présence étrangère a un effet négatif sur la productivité des entreprises tunisiennes. Certains auteurs attribuent cet effet négatif à une faible capacité d'absorption technologique des firmes locales . Nous avons cherché à tester cette hypothèse. Ainsi, l'effet spillover devient-il fonction de la capacité d'absorption. Selon nos estimations, l'effet spillover devient de plus en plus important au fur et à mesure que la firme se rapproche de la courbe d'efficience et devient positif lorsque sa capacité d'adaptation dépasse un certain seuil. Ce résultat implique que la présence étrangère dans un secteur peut s'avérer bénéfique pour les entreprises dotées de fortes capacités d'absorption.

This paper examines factors driving ICT adoption at firm level. We use a novel data set including information on ICT and e-commerce in Irish manufacturing firms over the period 2001-2004 and estimate a model derived from the new technology adoption literature that relates ICT adoption indicators to two sets of factors: characteristics of firms and characteristics of the environment in which firms operate. Our research results indicate that the adoption of ICT in Irish manufacturing has been uneven across firms, industries and space. On average, other things equal, firms with more skilled workers, operating in ICT producing and ICT using industries, located in the capital city region have been relatively more successful in adopting and using ICT. To a certain extent, patterns of ICT adoption have been different for domestic and foreign-owned firms, in particular with respect to the effects of international competitive pressure and firm size.

The purpose of this study is to examine the market's reaction to the announcement foreign direct investment in Eastern Europe for firms from various Western European countries and from Japan during the first merge wave after the Berlin Wall removal. The results indicated that there is either an insignificant negative reaction, or no consistent significant reaction to the announcements of joint ventures or direct foreign investment. U.S.S.R. seem s to be the most risky of the target countries. The present conditions of uncertainty and high political economic risk appear to offset any favourable effects. The results may be period specific since there was an unusually high level of uncertainty surrounding the removal of the Wall.

Developments in statistical methodology, such as those based on the Frascati and Oslo Manuals (OECD, 1997;, have facilitated international innovation comparisons. For Europe in particular, the Community Innovation Surveys (CISs) have allowed international comparisons of various dimensions of innovation activity. For example, the European Innovation Scoreboard uses a range of twenty national indicators to develop a summary innovation performance measure for EU countries, and a set of twelve comparable indicators to compare innovation performance in the EU, USA, and Japan (EU Commission, 2004, page 4). This leads to statements such as ``Sweden and Finland confirm their leadership in terms of innovation performance'' and ``EU innovation performance ... has been relatively constant since 1996, whereas the innovation performance of the US and Japan has further improved, widening the gap'' (EU Commission, 2004, page 4). Similarly, in UK policy documents, aggregate national comparisons are regularly used to compare UK research and development (R&D) and innovation-performance levels with those of other countries. In ``Competing in the global economy: the innovation challenge'', for example, we find ``the latest international comparisons of data on business R&D show the UK well behind the US and roughly equal to the EU average. ... UK patenting lies well behind that of Japan and the US, and slightly behind the EU average'' (DTI, 2003, page 10). Simple national comparisons such as these may be helpful in reflecting the overall relative performance of nations' innovation systems and clearly find some currency in policy debate. What is often less clear, however, is the interpretation of these relativities in innovation performance, and the implications for policy and business strategy. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), for example, summarises recent innovation performance in the United Kingdom, and interprets its implications for firms thus: ``Overall UK

Industrial partisan preference may be formally modeled as the joint consequence of pressures from labor and the differential impact of the world economy on particular businesses. This “basic” and static model, when extended to cover the money market, can be used to examine questions of political development, including the effects of fluctuations in national income on political coalitions. American institutions and public policy during the New Deal are used to test the theory against empirical evidence, much of it from new primary sources. The rise of the New Deal coalition is traced to changes in the American industrial structure deriving from the boom of the 1920s and the reversal of the U.S. financial position that resulted from World War I, in addition to the well-known labor militancy of the 1930s. The effect of these changes was the rise of a (Democratic) political coalition dominated by capital-intensive, multinationally dominant firms and industries with a strong interest in ...

Given increasing concern over global climate change and national security there is a burgeoning interest in examining the relationship between economic growth and energy use in developed and developing countries. More specifically, delinking energy use per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) has fast come to be seen as in the interests of national economies and the world as a whole. Recent attention has been paid to the dramatic decreases in the energy intensity of the Chinese economy, which fell by 55 percent between 1975 and 1995. Do other developing economies follow similar trajectories? This paper examines the energy intensity of the Mexican economy for the period 1988 to 1998. Although the long-term trend in Mexican energy intensity is rising, the energy intensity of the Mexican economy began to decline in 1988. This paper delineates the factors that have contributed to these reductions. Diminishing Mexican energy use per unit of GDP has been driven by significant decreases in industrial energy intensity. We show that these changes are due to changes in the composition of Mexican industrial structure, and technological change.

An Analysis of the Impacts of British Transport Reforms on Transit Integration in the Metropolitan Areas by Charles R. Rivasplata Sperling (UC-Davis), for their ongoing guidance and assistance throughout my time at Davis. In particular, Professor Wachs, a brilliant teacher, researcher, mentor and friend, was central to my development and focus. Thanks also go to Professor Robert Johnston (UC-Davis) for his refreshing insights, as well as to Professors Pat Mokhtarian (UC-Davis) and David Dowall (UC-Berkeley) of my Exam Committee, from whom I had the opportunity to take courses. In addition, I wish to thank the University of California and in particular, ITS-Davis, IGERT and UCTC for their financial support. I also thank ITS-Berkeley and the ITS Library. Next, I wish to thank the individuals that generously assisted and supported me in my research. In particular, I wish to recognize the contributions of David Bayliss, Claire Haigh,

The main objective of the LIVE program at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is to study the core melt phenomena both experimentally in large-scale 2D and 3D geometry and in supporting separate-effects tests in order to provide a reasonable estimate of the remaining uncertainty band under the aspect of safety assessment. Within the LIVE experimental program several tests have been performed with water and with non-eutectic melts (mixture of KNO3 and NaNO3) as simulant fluids to study the heat flux distribution in the conditions when the melt pool is covered by water from the top. The tests were performed in LIVE-3D and LIVE-2D facilities using different simulant materials and under different external cooling condition. The upward and downward heat transfer was compared between the 2D and 3D geometries. Although similar heat flux distribution through the vessel wall is observed for LIVE-3D and LIVE-2D tests, LIVE-2D test results have shown higher heat transfer from the top of th...

In some communities, we observe a single vertically integrated FTTP network owner and service provider that can either be profit maximizing or welfare maximizing. In other cases, either out of choice or regulation, we observe the network owner (the wholesaler) leasing facilities to competing service providers (retailers), who then provide voice, video and data service over the shared network (wholesale-retail split). The network owner can either wholesale dark fiber or "lit" transport (and can be profit maximizing or welfare maximizing). In this paper, using a simplified model where subscribers always buy voice service and choose between either broadband data service or video service or the video and data bundle, we show that such a wholesale-retail split interferes with the ability of the network owner to price discriminate. We conclude that for a bivariate correlated normal distribution of willingness to pay for data and video services, the supply side economics of FTTP (i.e., the fact that the marginal cost of provisioning the bundle is less than the sum of the marginal costs of provisioning the individual services) ensures that the bulk of the extractable economic surplus resides in the bundle and not in the individual services. Since the wholesale-retail split interferes with wholesaler's ability to extract economic surplus only from an individual service (video service) and not from the bundle, the implications (the difference between the profits of a profit maximizing wholesaler and a profit maximizing vertically integrated entity) are modest, at best. Our analysis also shows that municipalities or communities that build out FTTP and choose to be wholesalers (i) can realize sustainable prices, (ii) are likely to create greater welfare and (iii) are just as likely to recover costs (vis-à-vis vertically integrated entities). I.

Tendo por base o estudo de Imbs e Wacziarg (2003), que encontrou uma curva em formato de "U" para a relação entre a especialização da estrutura produtiva e a renda per capita de um grupo de países, este artigo busca determinar a trajetória de mudança estrutural que vem sendo percorrida pela indústria brasileira nas últimas décadas, a fim de compará-la com o padrão encontrado pelos autores e com a trajetória de alguns países selecionados. Para uma melhor determinação desta trajetória, realizou-se primeiramente um estudo da evolução da composição setorial da indústria brasileira, levando à conclusão de que apesar de esta indústria estar enfrentando uma certa rigidez estrutural, está havendo em algum grau uma especialização em setores de menor conteúdo tecnológico. Por fim, após verificar que a fase de diversificação da estrutura industrial brasileira termina mais cedo em termos de seu processo de desenvolvimento do que em outros países, a análise dos resultados procurou determinar porque esta volta do processo de especialização está sendo prematura, e se é prejudicial para o desenvolvimento econômico do país.

We examine whether discretionary government grants influence the location of new plants, and how effective these incentives are in the presence of agglomeration and urbanisation externalities. We find evidence that regional industrial structure affects the location of new entrants. Firms in more agglomerated industries locate new plants near to others in the same industry. Firms are also attracted to industrially diversified locations. Foreign multinationals locate new plants near to other foreign-owned plants in the same industry. Fiscal incentives in the form of grants are found to have some effect in attracting plants to specific geographic areas eligible for such aid.

We provide an in-depth analysis of biotechnology patents filed in the European Patent Office (EPO) and US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), building a comprehensive dataset of more than 7,000 patents for the period 2002 through 2009. Results show a larger number of patents filed with the USPTO than the EPO. The private sector is more market oriented and owns the majority of the intellectual property (IP) rights, while public research is mainly focused on innovations useful in specific agricultural landscapes. European research centers are more interested in obtaining IP protection in the United States. In the EPO, the public sector specializes in the categories of 'bioprocesses DNA scale,' 'pharmaceutical,' 'male sterility,' and 'yield.' Our results provide a basis for broader questions of science policy in agriculture, public-sector IP policies, and the design of more effective IP management strategies to maximize the exploitation of patented tech...

If one firm buys inputs from a competitor, the input price may be used to internalize the competition between the firms. Thus, positive pricing pressure may arise if one firm starts to buy inputs from a competitor. Conversely, pricing pressure may be significantly reduced if two firms with vertical restraints merge, as pre-merger competition already was internalised through the input price. We present a method for adjusting the formula of Hausman et al. (2011), in order to predict correct pricing pressures not only for horizontal mergers, but also for other structural market changes. Short phrases: Merger analysis, Upward Pricing Pressure, Vertical restrictions JEL Classification: L44, L42

The general policy of applying different regulatory constraints to firms competing within the same market is known as "asymmetric regulation" and has been the subject of some criticism. See, e.g., FCC, OPP WORKING PAPER 14, IMPLICATIONS OF ASYMMETRIC REGULATION

This paper analyses the electricity supply industry in Germany, which was liberalized in April 1998. Noticeable aspects are the eligibility of all end-users, the lack of constraints on the vertical industry structure and the option for negotiated third party access. There is no sector-specific regulation. This paper argues that the vertically integrated firms concentrate on excessive network access charges, whereas the stages generation and retail appear to be relatively competitive. Empirical evidence suggests that in Germany network access charges make up a significantly higher share of end-user prices than in the UK, which is used as regulationbenchmark.

This paper analyses the electricity supply industry in Germany, which was liberalized in April 1998. Noticeable aspects are the eligibility of all end-users, the lack of constraints on the vertical industry structure and the option for negotiated third party access. There is no sector-specific regulation. This paper argues that the vertically integrated firms concentrate on excessive network access charges, whereas the stages generation and retail appear to be relatively competitive. Empirical evidence suggests that in Germany network access charges make up a significantly higher share of end-user prices than in the UK, which is used as regulationbenchmark.

Resumo Tendo por base o estudo de Imbs e Wacziarg (2003), que encontrou uma curva em formato de "U" para a relação entre a especialização da estrutura produtiva e a renda per capita de um grupo de países, este artigo busca determinar a trajetória de mudança estrutural que vem sendo percorrida pela indústria brasileira nas últimas décadas, a fim de compará-la com o padrão encontrado pelos autores e com a trajetória de alguns países selecionados. Para uma melhor determinação desta trajetória, realizou-se primeiramente um estudo da evolução da composição setorial da indústria brasileira, levando à conclusão de que apesar de esta indústria estar enfrentando uma certa rigidez estrutural, está havendo em algum grau uma especialização em setores de menor conteúdo tecnológico. Por fim, após verificar que a fase de diversificação da estrutura industrial brasileira termina mais cedo em termos de seu processo de desenvolvimento do que em outros países, a análise dos resultados procurou determinar porque esta volta do processo de especialização está sendo prematura, e se é prejudicial para o desenvolvimento econômico do país.

A computational model of pricing and profitability in the Queensland sugar industry is applied to a comparative analysis of likely alternative industry structures that may arise in the wake of industry fefonn. Implementation of proposals suggested by the sugar industry review working party and in some of the submissions to it are also examined. The model is a simple static optimisation model of the trade in sugarcane in a local mill area. Numerical results are presented to compare prices and profitability for both a representative mill and growers in a monopsony situation. a contestable market. and under the current institutional arrangement. The results indicate that although deregulation has the potential to lead to improved welfare for both growers and the mills. this will only be the case if mills price competitively, i.e. in the contestable market case where the threat of competition from neighbouring and competing mills is sufficient to force the incumbent mill to pay for cane at a competitive price to prevent the entry of potential competitors.

This paper introduces a model to analyze the role of the cost of information dissemination in large markets where firms have varying degrees of intrinsic efficiency reflected in their marginal costs. Firms enter a market and discover how efficient they are. Those firms with high enough efficiency stay, others exit. Remaining firms then compete to attract consumers by disseminating information about their existence and their prices using a common advertising technology. The properties of the model's equilibrium are analyzed. The model is then used to study the effect of the cost of information dissemination on the competitiveness of the market and key industry aggregates, such as price distribution and the distribution of firm value.

I simulate an increase in the unemployment rate to assess the impact of an income shock on the financial vulnerability of households in ten countries of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE). A household is defined as being financially vulnerable when its debt service-to-income (DSTI) ratio is 40% or more. Using microdata from the 2019 fall wave of the OeNB Euro Survey allows me to calculate the share of vulnerable households in a consistent manner across countries. This indicator is used to analyse the response to various shock scenarios to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households’ debt service capacity across the ten examined CESEE countries. The results suggest that the share of vulnerable households increases almost linearly with a rise in the unemployment rate but to a quite different extent across countries. Several factors are identified that drive the observed variability, one being the amount of wage replacement rates. In countries where unemploym...

This paper is an attempt to document the evolution of India’s aggregate productivity, decomposed into the contributions of detailed industrial sectors and structural change during 1980-2011. Using the India KLEMS (K = capital, L = labor, E = energy, M = materials, and S = services) database version 2015, which provides comprehensive and consistent industry-level data on Indian economy, we decompose both labor productivity and total factor productivity growth (TFPG) into industry productivity contributions and resource reallocation effects. In general, the impact of static structural change on labor productivity has been positive, as workers moved to sectors of relatively higher labor productivity level. However, no positive dynamic reallocation effects—worker movement to fast growing sectors— have been observed. The industrial pattern of TFPG is not broad based, as several industries have contributed negatively to aggregate productivity growth. While the manufacturing sector did not...

The Canadian Fuel Cell Cluster began its integration in the eighties in response to military intelligence policy recommendations, but its particular configuration and dynamics have been changing over time. This paper presents a longitudinal analysis of its development. Fieldwork was done through interviews conducted in 2005 and 2007-8. Results show some ways in which the role of the main actors, linkages and processes responsible for the cluster formation and evolution change over time. We provide a brief history of the fuel cell cluster and a description of its current characteristics and dynamics. We make particular reference to factors that they respond to, such as policies, market expectations, industry structure, and government economic support, for example, in order to explain the current cluster configuration as an open international innovation network, rather than as a local or regional one, a fact that challenges previous knowledge in this field.

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Dil quruculuğu anlayışı dilçilikdə hələ tam izah edilməmişdir. Bir çox hallarda bu barədə danışarkən dilçilər "dil planlaması" və "dil siyasətiı" ter minlərindən də istifadə edirlər. "Dil siyasəti" termini ilə adətən dilə düşü nülmüş və sistemli təsir nəzərdə tutulur. Cəmiyyətin dilə məqsədyönlü təsi ri müxtəlif xarakterli ola bilər və buna dil siyasəti deyilir. Bununla yanaşı dilçilikdə dil quruculuğu terminindən də istifadə edilir. Dil siyasəti və dil quruculuğu dövlət siyasətinin bir qolu kimi nəzərdən keçirilir. Azərbaycanda da dil siyasəti dövlət siyasətinin bir hissəsi olaraq mühüm yer tutur. Dil siyasəti və dil quruculuğu məsələləri Azərbaycan xal qının ümummilli lideri Heydər Əliyevin Azərbaycanın siyasi hakimiyyətinə qayıdışından sonra yürütdüyü məqsədyönlü siyasətinin bir hissəsi oldu. Bu siyasətin bir hissəsi isə dil quruculuğudur. Dil quruculuğu dil siyasətinə nis bətən dar anlayış olsa da heç də az əhəmiyyətə malik deyil. Dil siyasəti" anlayışını "dil quruculuğu" anlayışından fərqləndirmək la zımdır. "Dil quruculuğu" termini daha çox mövcud dillərin fəaliyyət göstər məsinə və inkişafına cəmiyyətin şüurlu, məqsədyönlü və elmi təsiri haqqın da nəzəriyyə və praktikanı nəzərdə tutur. Bu məfhum dilçilikdə dil siyasəti nin praktik surətdə həyata keçirilməsin uyğun gəlir. Deməli, dil siyasəti bü tövü, dil quruculuğu isə onun hissəsini bildirir.

Liquid storage tanks are vulnerable to a wide variety of failures under severe seismic excitation. Among all failure modes shell buckling and anchor bolt failures are the most critical forms of damage. Sometimes combination of different modes intensifies or accelerates liquid storage tank's damage. Although the effect of each different failure modes has been studied separately by a number of researchers, few studies may have considered combination of main failure modes concurrently. Hence, in this paper, a cylindrical steel tank has been selected in order to study multiple damages due to dynamic loadings on the tank. All anchor bolts and steel thin wall and reinforced concrete pedestal have been modeled counting material and geometric non-linearity. The methodology for finite element modeling of fluid-structure interaction has included applying the added-mass strategy, followed by performing the numerical analyses. A suite of ground motions has been selected and matched to the target spectrum. Afterwards, incremental dynamic analyses have been conducted to obtain fragility curve according to simultaneous modes of failure. The results have indicated that anchor bolt failures along with shell buckling significantly have contributed to more flexible behavior of the thin-walled steel tank and distribution of buckling to uppermiddle part of tank which might increase seismic effects on the tank. Also, the design of steel tanks needs more considerations beyond current codes in major earthquake prone zones.

The object of this paper is to survey and synthesize the literature on the regulation of financial intermediaries, including the theoretical framework and also the applied literature on specific regulations such as deposit insurance, capital controls, line of business restrictions, etc.

O objetivo central deste artigo é o de analisar os aspectos políticos de teoria econômica de John Maynard Keynes e de como estes se relacionam com seus princípios tanto políticos como ideológicos. Mostraremos como sua visão do capitalismo individualista baseado no laissez-faire e no amor ao dinheiro se relaciona com sua interpretação teórica ancorada nas instabilidades intrínsecas no nível de emprego e renda. Ademais, é também a partir da sua utopia de acabar com o problema econômicoescassez material-que o autor propõe uma intervenção instrumental do Estado em diversos setores para apoiar e complementar a iniciativa privada, com o objetivo de estimular a ampliação efetiva do estoque de capital, condição sine qua non para alcançar o reino da abundância e da liberdade.

Walter Korpi argues in a previous issue of Challenge (March/April 2000) that Swedish economists' claim that Sweden's growth performance has been inferior to that of other industrialized countries is at odds with the facts. Since Sweden has not grown slowly relative to other countries, there is no basis for the claim that "the Swedish model", characterized by a large public sector and comprehensive redistributive policies, could be growth impeding. Moreover, Korpi maintains that the discussion reveals a lack of objectivity among Swedish academic economists. In this article Magnus Henrekson argues that Korpi is wrong regarding Sweden's relative growth performance. Available data indicate that Sweden was lagging behind during the 1970s and 80s, and this tendency is further strengthened when the time period is extended. Then it is clear that the lagging behind began in the mid 1960s and continued through the mid 1990s. As a corollary, examining the factors behind Sweden's slow growth must be considered an important research issue. Finally, Henrekson maintains that the available evidence, if anything, demonstrates that Walter Korpi is the one who has been lacking in scholarly objectivity.-(/ Classification: O1, O47 and O50.

The revolution in ICTs has profound implications for economic and social development. It has pervaded every aspect of human life whether it is health, education, economics, governance, entertainment etc. Dissemination, propagation and accessibility of these ...

The recovery under way in numerous developed economies following the Great Recession is proving to be weak and slow, held back partly by sluggish gross fixed capital formation. This is a worrying development, insofar as investment plays a crucial role in determining the accumulation of physical capital and, consequently, the possibility for future growth in an economy. Moreover, the weakness of investment in the most advanced economies is not a recent phenomenon, as shown by the decreasing share of this aggregate in gross domestic product over recent decades, even when the progressive reduction in the relative prices of capital goods associated with technological innovation is taken into account. This article analyses the behaviour of business investment in some of the main advanced economies for two purposes. First, it aims to identify the structural factors that may have been responsible for the tendency for investment to decline progressively as a proportion of GDP over the last three decades; and second, it seeks to determine the extent to which business investment during the Great Recession and the subsequent recovery has been in line with its usual determinants, or whether it is necessary to appeal to other factors to explain its behaviour. The structure of this article is as follows. The next section contains a descriptive analysis of gross fixed capital formation for a broad range of advanced economies, with particular emphasis on business investment, since this is the component that has the most direct impact on capital accumulation and on medium and long-term GDP growth. The third section considers those structural or longer-term elements which may help to explain the tendency for weakness that was already apparent prior to the crisis and that, therefore, has implications for the prospects for recovery of investment in the advanced economies. Of these elements, the following are worth highlighting: the shift in global production and investment towards emerging countries, the changes in the productive structure of the developed economies and the technological progress that drives investment in intangible assets. The fourth section presents the results obtained from estimating econometric models (an accelerator model, an error correction model and an autoregressive vector model) for business investment in the United States, the euro area and the United Kingdom, in order to analyse the impact of various real and financial factors on business investment in recent years, with particular emphasis on the recovery following the Great Recession. The fifth section concludes with a discussion of the possible relevance of these factors for the prospects for recovery of investment in the advanced economies. Non-residential private investment (i.e. business investment) is the most important component of gross fixed capital formation, on account of its size and of its relevance to capital accumulation and, thus, medium and long-term economic growth. However, as background to its behaviour, there follows a brief discussion of developments in total investment and in its other components (apart from business investment), in both the developed and emerging countries.

This study analyses the foundations and closures of the total population of Swedish commercial banks, 1831-1990. With reference to the comparatively rigid control of entries and exits in banking, four hypotheses are formulated: (1) acquisitions constitute the principal method of closure in banking; (2) the early years are less hazardous for members of the banking industry than for members of other industries; (3) the survival rates of banks are negatively related to the freedom of bank operations; and (4) the survival rates of banks are negatively related to the degree to which customer relationships already exist. The analysis provides evidence supporting the four hypotheses. *For a further discussion of the development of the modern Swedish financial system, cf. Larsson and Lindgren (1992).

The purpose of this study is to assess climate change policies with a newly developed model which is capable of dealing with the changes in the energy systems and the industrial structure up to the middle of this century. Most of the assessments based on multi-sector economic models have mainly focused on the near future around 2020 while existing energy system models mainly address the long term up to 2100 and beyond. In addition, most of the economic models have mainly discussed country level while global climate policy models have the world disaggregated into 10-15 regions. In the past studies, intensive discussion was not made on globalization, industrial structure changes etc., which are important in the global environmental context. It is necessary to incorporate the industry structure changes for multi-regions to assess the longer term and global issue of carbon emission reduction potentials. The GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) model, which has a comprehensive and consis...

The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts of changes in the industrial structures and the rapid IT (Information Technology) penetration on economic activities and energy systems under the CO2 emission constraints by using a dynamic world energy-economic model, namely, DEARS (Dynamic Energy-economic model with multi-Regions and multi-Sectors). This model deals with 18 divided regions and 18 non-energy sectors by integrating top-down economy and bottom-up energy system modules to assess global warming mitigation policies. The energy module of DEARS comprises seven types of primary energy sources and four types of secondary energy with CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) in consideration. Simulation studies under the carbon emission policies with the technical structure scenarios are conducted: the input-output scenarios consist of a fixed coefficient case and two variable coefficients cases which correspond to changes in industrial structures and rapid IT (information te...

The basic premise of this study is that suppliers, in order to compete successfully in the marketplace, have to develop certain innovative capabilities that, in turn, depend on the type of relationship that is established with customers (in other words, the strategic role assumed by the supplier in the supply chain). Based on a study of 198 suppliers operating in the food packaging machinery industry, structural equation modelling has revealed that customers actually assign suppliers different roles and give them varying levels of responsibility in the product development and manufacturing stages. These roles are correlated to the supplier's distinctive innovation capabilities. Clustering analysis is used to divide the suppliers into homogeneous groups. Innovative capabilities are not only associated with traditional competencies in R&D and product/process innovation but also in supportive capabilities in the form of absorptive capacity, technological scanning, innovation-oriented culture, skills and know-how of individuals and managerial practices. The impact of different innovative capabilities (both technological and managerial) on critical performance factors such as price, quality, time and flexibility is measured for each type of supplier in turn. The research findings lend support to the hypothesis that the level of investment in technology and the acquisition of specific managerial capabilities are, to a large extent, a determinant of supplier-customer interdependence.

The basic premise of this study is that suppliers, in order to compete successfully in the marketplace, have to develop certain innovative capabilities that, in turn, depend on the type of relationship that is established with customers (in other words, the strategic role assumed by the supplier in the supply chain). Based on a study of 198 suppliers operating in the food packaging machinery industry, structural equation modelling has revealed that customers actually assign suppliers different roles and give them varying levels of responsibility in the product development and manufacturing stages. These roles are correlated to the supplier's distinctive innovation capabilities. Clustering analysis is used to divide the suppliers into homogeneous groups. Innovative capabilities are not only associated with traditional competencies in R&D and product/process innovation but also in supportive capabilities in the form of absorptive capacity, technological scanning, innovation-oriented culture, skills and know-how of individuals and managerial practices. The impact of different innovative capabilities (both technological and managerial) on critical performance factors such as price, quality, time and flexibility is measured for each type of supplier in turn. The research findings lend support to the hypothesis that the level of investment in technology and the acquisition of specific managerial capabilities are, to a large extent, a determinant of supplier-customer interdependence.

This Discussion Paper is issued under the auspices of the Centre's research programme in INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the Centre for Economic Policy Research. Research disseminated by CEPR may include views on policy, but the Centre itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Centre for Economic Policy Research was established in 1983 as a private educational charity, to promote independent analysis and public discussion of open economies and the relations among them. It is pluralist and non-partisan, bringing economic research to bear on the analysis of medium-and long-run policy questions. Institutional (core) finance for the Centre has been provided through major grants from the Economic and Social Research Council, under which an ESRC Resource Centre operates within CEPR; the Esmée Fairbairn Charitable Trust; and the Bank of England. These organizations do not give prior review to the Centre's publications, nor do they necessarily endorse the views expressed therein. These Discussion Papers often represent preliminary or incomplete work, circulated to encourage discussion and comment. Citation and use of such a paper should take account of its provisional character.

Centralized wage-setting institutions compress relative wages. Motivated by this fact, we investigate the effects of centralized wage setting on the industry distribution of em-ployment. We examine Sweden's industry distribution from 1960 to 1994 and compare it to the U.S. distribution over the same period. We relate U.S.-Swedish differences in the industry distribution and their evolution over time to the structure of relative wages between and within industries. The empirical results identify the rise and fall of centralized wage-setting arrangements as a major factor in the evolution of Sweden' industry distribution. The compression associated with centralized wagesetting shifted the industry distribution of Swedish employment in three respects: away from industries with high wage dispersion among workers, away from industries with a high mean wage, and, most powerfully, away from industries with a low mean wage. By the middle 1980s, these wage structure effects accounted for about 40 percent of U.S.-Swedish differences in the industry distribution. The dissolution of Sweden's centralized wage-setting arrangements beginning in 1983 led to widening wage differentials and a reversal in the evolution of U.S.-Swedish differences in industry structure.

Internationally considerable policy attention is being paid to increasing the employment participation of disabled working age people. Like other OECD countries, Australia has experienced growth in the number of Disability Support Pension (DSP) recipients due to changes in industry structure and increases in precarious employment. This history is well-rehearsed in policy debates. However, little research attention has been given to the housing circumstances of DSP recipients. This is important, particularly when we note the increasing incidence of working age DSP recipients in the private rental market and public housing. For public renters the incidence has more than tripled to 27% over the period 1982-2002. This paper addresses two questions 'What are the housing circumstances of DSP recipients?' and 'What are the likely consequences of program changes aimed at increasing employment participation of DSP recipients?' Using Australia as an example this article considers interactions between the new disability payment system being implemented through Welfare to Work, housing costs and employment income.

Imran Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan, came to power on the back of the most vociferous anti-corruption campaign seen in Pakistan's political history. During his previous 22 years of political struggle in the opposition, Imran Khan fervently and consistently attacked the country's ruling elites. He accused the political class of using elected offices for personal financial gain, being complicit in perpetuating systematic state corruption, and holding the nation hostage to political family dynasties that perpetuated an elite-dominated, clientelist state-citizen relationship. After assuming power two years ago in July 2018, the Imran Khan-led government attempted to deliver on their promise of exposing corruption scandals and using the full might of the state to punish powerful elites purportedly acting with impunity. With this mandate in mind, on May 22, 2020, a high-powered commission sanctioned by Prime Minister Imran Khan completed its investigation against powerful and politically connected sugar mill owners in Pakistan. The public report affirmed much of what we already knew: the industry operates like a cartel, duping stakeholdersgovernment, farmers, taxpayers, and consumers-without any accountability or transparency. Farmers were cheated, taxes were evaded, unjustifiable subsidies were granted, and political influence was abused.

The economic performance of micro-states and those sub-national regions enjoying a high degree of autonomy is a generally under-researched area. This paper builds on earlier research (Armstrong and Read, 1995) by employing quantitative techniques to test: (a) the extent to which the economic performance of micro-states differs, by comparing their GNP per capita with that of the region in which they are located and with the countries to which they are adjacent; (b) whether some micro-states perform better than others as a result of differences in their economic structure; and (c) whether the rates of growth of micro-states have been faster or slower than those of larger countries. Considerable diversity among micro-states is revealed, although most exhibit strong economic performance.

Exhibit 2: In the course of the evaluation, the panel interviewed and heard over one hundred key actors and experts. The panel would like to thank them all-without their help, it could not have completed its work. Exhibit 51: A strong presence of public innovation support units in peripheral regions. Geographical distribution of public R&D units. The Finnish public R&D activities are highly dispersed indicating a strong regional dimension of broad-based innovation policy.