Industrial wastes

Received ZZZ, revised ZZZ, accepted ZZZ Published online ZZZ (Dates will be provided by the publisher.) Keywords end-of-life liquid crystal displays (LCDs), Critical Raw Materials (CRMs), Indium recovery, low cost applications, concrete, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) According to the WEEE European directives, efforts must be undertaken to reuse or safely dispose LCD waste, however no practical process was reported yet, although it is possible to recover glass, plastic and precious metals, in particular Indium. Indium is one of the element included by the European Commission in the list of 20 raw materials critical for economic importance and high supply risk [1]. The work aims to valorize LCD scraps after Indium recovery with low cost applications both economically and environmentally speaking. Applications have been explored by many researchers, although most focused only on the use of glass powder waste LCD to design concrete. This work deals the use of LCD scraps as it is after cross-current leaching of Indium with H2SO4. The experimental work consists of scraps characterization, washing procedure optimization to remove residual acid, mortar production, performance testing, and LCA. The results show that LCD scraps exhibit little or no pozzolanic activity. This delay on reactivity can be ascribed to organic residues that prevent the pozzolanic reaction and/or to a lower fineness than that typical of binders or fillers. For this reason the actual investigation focuses to exploit the waste as partial replacement of traditional aggregates. Copyright line will be provided by the publisher Copyright line will be provided by the publisher R2 1 Introduction In the near future, a large amount of LCD waste will be generated and this will require the development of procedures for the properly use and safely disposal of those LCD waste, according to the WEEE of the EU[2]. If improperly disposed LCD waste would have significant adverse impacts on human health and the environment. On the other hand it is possible to recover from LCD waste many reusable materials, such as glass, plastic and precious metals, in particular Indium. Indeed Indium is one of the element included by the European Commission in the list of Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) [3] Actually most of the end-of-life LCDs has been treated by incineration or landed. There have been several studies investigating how to recycle LCD panels waste but there has been no practical recycling measure or process reported yet. Most researchers focused on the recovery, of Indium and waste LCD glass, but few are involved in the recycling of polarizing film and none of them considered the possibility of recycling the whole LCD scrap, without the separation of glass and plastic. According to Kae-Long Lin [4], it is possible to separate the polarizing film from the LCD glass by thermal shock and remove the Liquid Crystals through ultrasonic washing after crushing. However, these types of processes needs large energy consumption, such as those required to achieve high temperatures or high pressures. It is therefore important to develop a simpler process, that after the recovery of Indium, enables to valorize the LCD residue scrap with minimal treatments, reducing costs in a eco-friendly way. Use of recycled materials in construction is among the most attractive options because the sector allows the recycling of large quantities. Moreover the construction sites are widespread. In the last few years, many studies have focused on the uses of wasted glass as aggregates for cement concrete or as cement replacements [5]. The finer is the glass powder , the higher is its pozzolanic reactivity. For this reason, Wang [6, 7] replaced a portion of the usual river sand into concrete by sand prepared from discarded LCD glass. The compressive strengths of the concrete with glass sand replacement were higher than the design strengths. The test results indicate that the addition of 20% LCD glass sand to concrete satisfies the slump requirements and improves the strength and durability of concrete. Other analysis have explained the pozzolanic behaviour in cement paste of waste glass from thin film transistor liquid crystal displays. [8]. Accordingly to literature [9] among the waste liquid crystal glasses, the SiO2 rate was the highest, at about 62%, and it can act as a high Si material, followed by Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, and K2O. Another study with X-ray fluorescence analysis reported a 64% SiO2 ratio and a 0,3% NaO2 ratio [10]. The chemical composition of the glass is subject to variability but the concentration of SiO2 is still high. The main problem in the use of glass in concrete is that glass is unstable in the

As the current global trend towards more stringent environmental standards, technical applicability and cost-effectiveness became key factors in the selection of adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment. Recently, various low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, industrial by-products or natural materials, have been intensively investigated. In this respect, the eggshells from egg-breaking operations constitute significant waste disposal problems for the food industry, so the development of value-added by-products from this waste is to be welcomed. The egg processing industry is very competitive, with low profit margins due to global competition and cheap imports. Additionally, the costs associated with the egg shell disposal (mainly on landfill sites) are significant, and expected to continue increasing as landfill taxes increase. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview on the development of low-cost adsorbents derived from eggshell by-products.

Ceramic waste is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of
disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. Ceramic waste powder is settled by sedimentation and then dumped away which results in environmental pollution, in addition to forming dust in summer and threatening both agriculture and public health. Therefore, utilization of the ceramic waste powder
in various industrial sectors especially the construction, agriculture, glass and paper
industries would help to protect the environment. It is most essential to develop eco-friendly concrete from ceramic waste. In this research study, the (OPC) cement has been replaced by ceramic waste powder accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40%, & 50% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strength to the conventional concrete.
These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for 7, 14 and 28 days. As a result, the compressive strength achieved up to 30% replacing cement with ceramic waste. This research work is concerned with the experimental investigation on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement by replacing cement via 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of ceramic waste. Keeping all this view, the aim of the investigation is to study the behaviour of concrete while replacing the ceramic waste with different proportions in concrete.

In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, over 500 million tons of copper rich rock were removed from mines and treated in chemical baths to extract copper. Toxic substances have been seeping into the watersheds from the resultant waste stamp sands. Recent work on developing a circular economy using recycled plastic for distributed manufacturing technologies has proven promising, and this study investigates the potential to use this approach to form stamp sand and acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) composites. Specifically, this study found the maximum amount of stamp sand that was able to be added to waste ASA by mass with a single auger recyclebot system for compounding was below 40%. The mechanical properties of the composite were evaluated up to 40%, and the addition of stamp sand reduced the material's ultimate tensile strength by about half compared to the strength of raw recycled ASA, regardless of the percent stamp sand in the composite. However, this strength reduction plateaus and the tensile strength of the ASA and stamp sand composites can be compared favorably with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) at any level. This makes waste ASA-stamp sand composites potential replacements for outdoor applications of ABS as well as some current ASA applications. These results are promising and call for future work to evaluate the technical, economic and environmental potential for waste ASA-stamp sand composites.

Παρουσίαση για την υποστήριξη της εισήγησης "Σχέδια Διαχείρισης Αποβλήτων" στο πλαίσιο του εκπαιδευτικού προγράμματος "Διαχείριση Βιομηχανικών Αποβλήτων" του Ινστιτούτου Επιμόρφωσης του Εθνικού Κέντρου Δημόσιας Διοίκησης και Αυτοδιοίκησης.
Καλύπτονται κυρίως τα εξής θέματα:
(1) Το πλαίσιο για τη διαχείριση αποβλήτων και η αναγκαιότητα των Σχεδίων Διαχείρισης Αποβλήτων.
(2) Η ιεραρχική συνάρθρωση των Σχεδίων Διαχείρισης Αποβλήτων.
(3) Το Εθνικό Στρατηγικό Σχέδιο Πρόληψης Αποβλήτων.
(4) Το Εθνικό Σχέδιο Διαχείρισης Αποβλήτων.
(5) Εθνικό Σχέδιο Διαχείρισης Επικίνδυνων Αποβλήτων.
(6) Το Περιφερειακό Σχέδιο Διαχείρισης Αποβλήτων Αττικής, ως μελέτη περίπτωσης ΠΕΣΔΑ.
(7) Τα Σχέδια Διαχείρισης Αποβλήτων τοπικής εμβέλειας.

Utilizing various wastes in ceramic production has been growing worldwide. This work provides an extensive literature review on the utilization of food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents (PFAs) in porous ceramic production. The literature conducted since 2010 indicates that waste-based porous ceramics has versatile properties with excellent performances. Determination of waste material and clay properties as well as processing conditions such as material composition, sintering temperature, and compaction pressure, which influence pore formation in ceramics, has been comprehensively provided. These factors significantly influence the properties of the resulting porous ceramics, including physical, mechanical, and toxicity properties. Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes for increased energy saving and green ceramic production can be realized as an economical and practical approach to sustainable waste management, which aligns well with achieving sustainability in a circular economy and the UNESCO’s Sustainability Development Goals (SDG). Achieving zero food, agricultural, and industrial wastes can eliminate environmental burdens and pave the way for closed-loop production. In overall, the waste-based porous ceramics can pave the way for sustainable environments, expanding the economic sector, particularly alternative building materials.

With increase in the population day by day, consumption of the resources also increases. With this, the waste material production also increases. Manufacturing process of copper production produces enormous amount of the copper slag which contains required chemical properties, so it can be used as construction material. This paper contains information regarding survey of copper slag manufacturing process and different uses of copper slag. This paper reviews the use of industrial waste material 'copper slag' in the construction work as a replacement of cement, sand and aggregate to reduce the cost of construction and simultaneously to reduce environmental effect due to the landfilling of copper slag. As well as construction is the only industry where the waste materials can be utilized successfully.

The generation of hazardous waste is a necessary side effect of modern industrial production. Factories must cope daily with large accumulations of unrecyclable chemical byproducts generated by normal production techniques. Until recently, industrial hazardous waste was not legally distinguished from municipal garbage and other solid wastes. It was disposed of with ordinary garbage, at very low cost to the generator, mostly in coastal waters or in landfills unfit to adequately contain it. Modern methods of disposal such as incineration and development of sanitary landfills etc., are used to solve the problem. Dumping and burning waste is not acceptable practice from environment and health perspective. This paper will throw some light on the causes and effects of bad habits in terms of industrial waste disposal. It will also state some measures of how can solid waste pollution can be reduced or controlled.

Industrial development is hand-to-hand with economic growth. It has a positive impact on many economic sectors and human living, but also produces hazardous waste which giving a negative impact on the environment and human health. Industrial wastes have a high contribution to climate changes, many human diseases, a mutation on animals and plants. Recently, there are many methods to overcome industrial waste include physical, chemical, and biological treatment. Moreover, waste management also is developed to optimize the treatment using 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) and WTE (Waste to Energy). Therefore, this paper tried to discuss many technologies for industrial waste treatment and management includes recent research, benefit, and drawback.

Production of residues from industries and construction sectors has increased during last few years. Much of this waste has been thrown to landfill, without considering its potential for reuse, recycling or valuation. The aim of this research is to study the physical and mechanical properties of different laboratory-mixed concretes, using various proportions of supplementary materials generated from industrial waste. The added materials are included either as admixtures or in partial substitution of cement. The laboratory tests have followed the standard IS protocols. The result varies according to the proportion of supplementary material added to the mix. The substitution of cement with ceramic wastes produces a significant increase in compressive strength, making them suitable for the manufacture of concrete. Ceramic waste is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. Ceramic waste powder is settled by sedimentation and then dumped away which results in environmental pollution, in addition to forming dust in hot season and threatening both agriculture and public health. Therefore, utilization of the ceramic waste powder in various industrial sectors especially the construction, agriculture, glass and paper industries would help to preserve the environment. In this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by ceramic waste in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40%, & 50% by weight for M-30 grade concrete. Concrete samples tested and compared in terms of compressive strength to the conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the compressive strength for 7, 14 and 28 days. Test results have reflected, the compressive strength achieved up to 30% replacement of cement with ceramic waste will be optimum without effecting properties of fresh and hardened concrete.

In India about 960 Million Tons of solid wastes are being generated. Out of this, 4.5 MT of hazardous wastes are generated due to various industrial processes. The disposal of industrial wastes is a problem of increasing importance throughout the world due to the toxic components present in it. The improper management of sludge and its dumping on the ground leads to many adverse effects on environment and people directly or indirectly. The recent trend in waste management is the conversion of waste into useful products thus avoiding the problem of treatment, disposal and associated cost. In this context, the recycling potential of sludge generated from the wastewater treatment facilities of various industries is discussed in detail.

The study analyzed the effect of heavy metals discharge, from industrial effluents, on River Challawa in Kano, Nigeria. The Challawa River is used for many purposes including irrigation, fishing and water supply. Sampling was conducted during wet (September) and dry (May) season. Wastewater samples at the point of discharge into the river were collected and analyzed. The mean level of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn discharged into the river, during dry season, were 2.297, 1.290, 1.051, 2.986, 9.408 and 2.054 mg L -1 respectively. Similarly, the mean discharge of these metals, during wet season, was 1. 634, 0.727, 1.252, 22.230, 8.911, and 2.013mg L -1 respectively. The discharge Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn into the river, for both seasons, has exceeded the maximum permissible limit given by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency of Nigeria (FEPA) and WHO. The Challawa River is also sampled at points along its length and the presence of some of these pollutants was evident at the various points. Level of Cr, Pb, Mn and Fe in the river, for both seasons, were found to be higher than the maximum limits given by FEPA and WHO, and this calls for a caution. The need to bring to an end the indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent into the river through the enforcement of FEPA guidelines is also highlighted.

Heavy metal pollution, which causes adverse health effects besides environmental problems, has been of great concern and should be eliminated. In the present study, borax production sludge was used to remove trivalent chromium (Cr (III)) by different stirring methods of magnetic and ultrasonic mixing. The adsorption of Cr (III) in aqueous solution was investigated for various experimental parameters. The adsorption temperature were kept constant as 40°C. The residual Cr (III) concentration in aqueous solution was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The experimental data were fitted to the many isotherm and kinetic models. According to results, it was clearly determined that ultrasonic mixing accelerated the removal of Cr (III).

Anaerobic digestion is an attractive waste treatment practice in which both pollution control and energy recovery can be achieved. Many agricultural and industrial wastes are ideal candidates for anaerobic digestion because they contain high levels of easily biodegradable materials. Problems such as low methane yield and process instability are often encountered in anaerobic digestion, preventing this technique from being widely applied. A wide variety of inhibitory substances are the primary cause of anaerobic digester upset or failure since they are present in substantial concentrations in wastes. Considerable research efforts have been made to identify the mechanism and the controlling factors of inhibition. This review provides a detailed summary of the research conducted on the inhibition of anaerobic processes. The inhibitors commonly present in anaerobic digesters include ammonia, sulfide, light metal ions, heavy metals, and organics. Due to the difference in anaerobic inocula, waste composition, and experimental methods and conditions, literature results on inhibition caused by specific toxicants vary widely. Co-digestion with other waste, adaptation of microorganisms to inhibitory substances, and incorporation of methods to remove or counteract toxicants before anaerobic digestion can significantly improve the waste treatment efficiency.

Civilization is the part of human life, and technology which is advancing rapidly from centuries. Many efforts are made so far in developing of new construction materials. In the construction industry, concrete technology is plays a vital role. The usage of supplementarya cementitious materials, (SCM),such as Silica fume, Fly ash, Metakaolin, Hypo sludge, Rice husk ash etc. in concrete is a new innovative usage in the technology. The increasing amount of waste is a concerning reality that has across the sustainability issues of the environment. "The production of cement also reasons for the global warming by releasing carbon-dioxide in the environment. Therefore, formulation of concrete with different type of industrial waste can help in minimizing the environmental problems".The utilization of pozzolanic materials like metakaolin (MK) in concrete is growing in construction industry all around the world to reduce the CO 2. release into the environment and reduce energy consumption. In this review paper pervious concrete and different industrial waste materials are reviewed and recommendations are suggested at the outcome of the study. The reviewed approach for utilization of industrial waste in pervious concrete to provide a potential sustainable source.

Chemical stabilization involves the use of chemical agents for initiating reactions within the soil for modification of its geotechnical properties. Cement and lime stabilization have been the most common stabilization methods adopted for soil treatment. Cement stabilization results in good compressive strengths and is preferred for cohesionless to moderately cohesive soil but loses effectiveness when the soil is highly plastic. Lime stabilization is the most preferred method for plastic clays; however, it proves to be ineffective in sulphate rich clays and performs poorly under extreme conditions. With such drawbacks, lots of researches have been undertaken to address the issues faced with each stabilization method, in particular, the use of solid wastes for soil stabilization. Solid waste reuse has gained high momentum for achieving sustainable waste management in recent times. Research has shown that the use of solid wastes as additives with and replacement for conventional stabilizers has resulted in better results than the performance of either individually. This review provides insight into some of the works done by earlier researchers on lime/cement stabilization with industrial wastes as additives and helps to form a sound platform for further research on industrial wastes as additives to conventional stabilizers.

As the current global trend towards more stringent environmental standards, technical applicability and cost-effectiveness became key factors in the selection of adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment. Recently, various low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, industrial by-products or natural materials, have been intensively investigated. In this respect, the eggshells from egg-breaking operations constitute significant waste disposal problems for the food industry, so the development of value-added by-products from this waste is to be welcomed. The egg processing industry is very competitive, with low profit margins due to global competition and cheap imports. Additionally, the costs associated with the egg shell disposal (mainly on landfill sites) are significant, and expected to continue increasing as landfill taxes increase. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview on the development of low-cost adsorbents derived from eggshell by-products.

The revitalisation of the global economy after the Covid-19 era presents environmental geotechnics with the opportunity to reinforce the need for a change in paradigm towards a green, circular economy and to promote aggressively the use and development of sustainable technologies and management practices. This paper aims to assist in this effort by concentrating on several thematic areas where sustainability solutions and future improvements are sought. These include the re-entry of construction and demolition of wastes, excavated materials, industrial wastes and marine sediments into the production cycle and the reuse of existing foundations. Despite the recent trend in advanced countries towards recycling and waste-to-energy thermal treatment, landfills still constitute the most common municipal solid waste management practice, especially in low-and-middle-income countries, and technological solutions to improve their environmental footprint are hereby presented. At the same time, remediation solutions are required to address the multitude of contaminated sites worldwide. Advanced developments that incorporate environmental, economic and social dimensions are expounded by the authors, together with sustainable ground improvement solutions for infrastructure projects conducted in soft and weak soils. The topic of thermo-active geostructures concludes this paper, where, apart from their infrastructure utility, these structures have the potential to contribute to the renewable energy source.

Clay was the first binding material in the world. Then day by day research lime comes in the picture after that cement and concrete is widely used in construction. Now a days requirement of various material are increase because of more consumption of concrete.so there is need for researches to obtain alternate materials with good properties, environmental friendly and economic. Another way is to use waste material in cement concrete so that conventional material can be saved. During the production of cement huge amount of carbon dioxide gas release in atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas it lead to global warming. Silica fume is the industrial waste.by using of silica fume into the normal concrete desirable properties can be achieved. This paper review use of silica fume as replacement material of cement for manufacturing sustainable concrete.

Chip formation in metal cutting is inevitable and has a remarkable effect on tool state and therefore on the tool life. The work presented here introduces a new technique to independently monitor the chip formation effect on the tool state. This has been done by separating the chip formation events from the rest of the frequencies of occurrences. A customized tool holder and sensor setup are designed and integrated with the conventional tool holder to capture the signals from chip formation independently during turning. The signals taken by acoustic emission (AE) sensor represent the effect of chip formation on the tool state. The frequencies remaining below the transient offset signal are mostly coming from the tool wear and plastic deformation of the workmaterial. It has been observed that the acoustic emission is more susceptible to entire occurrences in turning. The time domain signal and corresponding frequency response can predict the tool state effectively. From raw AE signals and their RMS values, the tool wear and plastic deformation are observed to increase with the increase of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. However, the tool wear has been found to decrease with chip breakage even at higher cutting speed and feed rate, and this has been verified by measuring the tool wear. The chip formation frequency has been found to vary between 68.3 kHz and 634.83 kHz while the maximum intensity was observed at 97.7 kHz.

Water as the most important requirement for survival. Although water is a natural resource that can be renewed by itself, in reality the availability of water in the ground has not increased. In Indonesia, access to clean water is still an obstacle. Most of the fresh water used comes from wells, lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Indonesia's rapid industrial development and high population growth rates require large amounts of water which is often not available to the population. One of the problems in West Java Province to date is pollution of the river water environment. The results of research and monitoring of various universities, related agencies and environmental concerns (NGOs) show that pollution in 25 rivers and creeks has exceeded the threshold with higher waste content, one of which is the Citarum river due to industrial waste from foreign state-owned textile companies. Pollution and river water pollution are not only detrimental to the people living along the riverbanks, but also like river water flowing from upstream to downstream, pollution also has other impacts on other communities.

The paper aims to disseminate to the scientific community, decision makers and stakeholders the revised national waste management plan (NWMP) that is under adoption in Greece, highlighting key aspects in regards to Greece's strategy, goals, and foreseen actions on industrial waste management till 2020. In Greece, there is a considerable potential for improving industrial waste management to minimise significant adverse effects on human health and the environment. On the other hand, Greek industry can deliver the objective for a resource efficient and green economy, contributing thus to the implementation of national waste agenda and reducing costs for industry in the longer term. Taking into account existing knowledge and progress made in Greece, the revised NWMP builds upon the recourse efficiency flagship initiative in the Europe 2020 Strategy, the Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe and the 7 th Environment Action Programme to 2020. Major interventions focus on improvements in industrial waste data collection system and monitoring mechanism, synergies and actions for maximising recycling and recovery options, and the establishment of adequate network of industrial waste disposal installations, including investigation and compliance procedures for stored industrial waste.

Industri farmasi adalah industri yang bergerak di bidang kesehatan dan memiliki izin dari MenKes untuk melakukan kegiatan pembuatan obat atau bahan obat. Namun, jika industri tersebut tidak memperhatikan standar-standar yang ada, industri farmasi tersebut akan berdampak negatif bagi lingkungan yang biasa disebut dengan limbah farmasi. Limbah farmasi termasuk dengan limbah B3 karena limbah farmasi termasuk dengan limbah jenis bahan berbahaya dan beracun. Jenis-jenis limbah yang dihasilkan dari limbah industry farmasi yaitu limbah padat, limbah cair, limbah gas. Namun, terdapat cara penanggulangannyaa yaitu dengan cara mengelola dengan jumlah besar dan mengelola dengan jumlah kecil.

Foundry waste is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. They can stand close to the concept of green concrete which is in compatible with the environment. Foundry sand from casting industries is a waste material which is dumped extensively
and in this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the usage of this waste material in concrete. The constant depletion of sand beds at all major sources of availability is a major concern and thus efforts are taken in order to replace sand in construction activities. In this study, effect of foundry sand as a fine aggregate replacement on the compressive strength of concrete with an M20 mix proportion investigated at different limited curing periods (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). The percentage of foundry sand used for replacement were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of fine aggregate. The test showed impressive results, showing the capability of foundry sand for being a component in concrete for imparting strength. Making concrete from recycled materials saves energy and conserves resources which lead to a safe sustainable environment.

Chemical stabilization involves the use of chemical agents for initiating reactions within the soil for modification of its geotechnical properties. Cement and lime stabilization have been the most common stabilization methods adopted for soil treatment. Cement stabilization results in good compressive strengths and is preferred for cohesionless to moderately cohesive soil but loses effectiveness when the soil is highly plastic. Lime stabilization is the most preferred method for plastic clays; however, it proves to be ineffective in sulphate rich clays and performs poorly under extreme conditions. With such drawbacks, lots of researches have been undertaken to address the issues faced with each stabilization method, in particular, the use of solid wastes for soil stabilization. Solid waste reuse has gained high momentum for achieving sustainable waste management in recent times. Research has shown that the use of solid wastes as additives with and replacement for conventional stabi...

With increase in the population day by day, consumption of the resources also increases. With this, the waste material production also increases. Manufacturing process of copper production produces enormous amount of the copper slag which contains required chemical properties, so it can be used as construction material. This paper contains information regarding survey of copper slag manufacturing process and different uses of copper slag. This paper reviews the use of industrial waste material 'copper slag' in the construction work as a replacement of cement, sand and aggregate to reduce the cost of construction and simultaneously to reduce environmental effect due to the landfilling of copper slag. As well as construction is the only industry where the waste materials can be utilized successfully.

In this work vegetable oil based polyol adhesive has been synthesized and characterized by using varied composition of castor oil and palm oil with polyol. Different compositions of castor oil and palm oil are reacted with polyglycol (PG) accompanied with Triethanolamine (TEA) as catalyst and Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) for synthesizing water resistant polyurethane adhesive. Mixture of biodegradable oil sources was used for developing environmental friendly adhesives. Lap shear test was performed for the evaluation of bio-based polyol adhesive by determining the bond strength with wood. The optimum NCO/OH. ratio of the polyol adhesive was also observed. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the polyol was tested at various temperature conditions and mechanical properties as well as degree of swelling were also studied. The chemical resistance of developed adhesive is good both in hot and cold water and in acidic and alkaline medium slight lap shear strength deterioration was observed. The hydrophobic nature of polyol adhesive to water uptake resistance provided comparable results to other synthetic sources. Petrochemical based adhesive are toxic, environmentally damaging and expensive may become the reason for development of polyurethane adhesive which was low in cost as compared to other sources obtained from petrochemical industries.

The paper considers the influence of β-hemihydrate and phosphogypsum binder on the properties of dry pack mortars for self-levelling floors. As preliminary research demonstrated that adding to phosphogypsum (PG) admixtures of lime and PA or PC superplasticizer permits to obtain binder with high compressive (up to 24 MPa) and bending strength (up to 12 MPa). The manufacturing of dry pack mortars for self-levelling floor underlayment was determined as one of the areas of PG application. There has been investigated composite binder consisted of PG, Portland cement and metakaolin. There have been determined linear deformations of PG/ based binder comparing to β-hemihydrate calcium sulphate binder and bending to compressive strength ratio. The method of planned experiment was applied for determination the optimal proportion of the components of the mortar. There were considered the sand / binder ratio, cement and metakaolin portions in binder, water-binder ratio and content of Tylose (water-retaining admixture). There was tested composite binder consisted of PG (or β-hemihydrate), PC and metakaolin. There were tested flow spread on Suttard's viscometer, time of application, and compressive strength at the age of 1, 3 and 28 days. The flow spread diameter of the mixtures was within the range of 180-200 mm, and time of application was between 30 and 45 min. The compressive strength of mortar specimens is up to 4 MPa, at the age of 3 days is 10 MPa and at the age of 28 days reaches 17 MPa. The increasing of Portland cement dosage and metakaolin makes the most positive effect on strength parameters. The mortar based on PG is applicable for underlayment of different flooring compounds types.

The study involved utilization of an industrial waste, Phosphogypsum (PG), as an additive to lime stabilization of an expansive soil. Three lime dosages, namely, initial consumption of lime (ICL), optimum lime content (OLC), and less than ICL (LICL), were identified for the soil under study for stabilizing the soil. Along with lime, varying doses of PG were added to the soil for stabilization. The effect of stabilization was studied by performing index tests, namely, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, and free swell test, on pulverized remains of failed unconfined compression test specimens. The samples were also subjected to a microstructural study by means of scanning electron microscope. Addition of PG to lime resulted in improvement in the plasticity and swell-shrink characteristics. The microstructural study revealed the formation of a dense compact mass of stabilized soil.

In the past two decades, the industry has developed remarkably in most Arab countries. Unfortunately, pollution control in these countries is still not functioning well. Many water resources have become polluted and the excessive consumption of water becomes a major problem in Arab countries. Saving water is very important in the world in general and in the Arab world especially because of the limited water resources in the Arab world and its location in the arid and semi-arid regions which constitute about 85-92% of the Arab world. Industrial wastewater treatment science is considered one of modern science, which began in Arab countries. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, Arab countries' governments started the interest in this serious issue. As the subject of industrial wastewater treatment is one of the most important issues in the Arab world, Dr. Eng. Abdullah Saghir wrote a book on "Industrial Wastewater Treatment in the Arab World". He presents his scientific, professional, and academic experience in this field by focusing on practical examples and international experiences. The lack of Arab sources in this field and the lack of the Arab library of such books prompted him to write this book. The book consists of ten chapters: theoretical, applied, and global experiences. The book starts with a general introduction to the sources of industrial wastewater and its characteristics, the advanced biological treatment of wastewater and pollutants in the wastewater of some industries, and methods of treatment. The introduction also highlights the most important industries in the Arab countries and the methods for treating it, strategic management to reduce and prevent pollution of effluents by introducing the methodology used by the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA to reduce and prevent pollution from industrial effluents and international experiences and case studies for recycling treated wastewater. The decision-makers, specialists, environmental activists, researchers, engineers, university students, and other scientific and stakeholders can benefit from the book. The importance of this book and its benefits Arab decision-makers, specialists, technicians, and researchers in the field of the environment and water treatment suffer from the scarcity of Arab books in this field, which makes them spend a lot of time in translation and research and may not find their purpose, so the presence of this book in the Arab library can help them a lot to find what they are looking for, especially that the book has benefited many of the modern references and reflected them in reality in the Arab countries. The book is considered one of the few distinct Arab books that combined the theoretical, practical, applied, and professional foundations for the treatment of industrial wastewater. The book addresses the issue of environmental issues and Arab water security, which are closely linked to food security and health. A lot of economic and sustainable solutions for industrial wastewater treatment in the Arab world have been presented in this book to achieve sustainable use of water in industry, decrease consumption, and achieve sustainability. The author used international references published by the European Union, which describe the best practices in Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). The book is comprehensive and integrated, where it covered most of the existing industries in the Arab world. The book focuses on the anaerobic treatment methods of industrial wastewater, which are suitable for the climate in the Arab world and lead to the provision of energy and the production of alternative energy (biogas), that can be used in generating power and lighting, thus achieving sustainable development. The book is considered one of few books in the Arab world about the use of the reactor UASB, which is considered a scientific revolution in sewage and industrial water treatment.

Foundry waste is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. They can stand close to the concept of green concrete which is incompatible with the environment. Foundry sand from casting industries is a waste material which is dumped extensively and in this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the usage of this waste material in concrete. The constant depletion of sand beds at all major sources of availability is a major concern and thus efforts are taken in order to replace sand
in construction activities. In this study, the effect of foundry sand as a fine aggregate replacement on the compressive strength of concrete with an M25mix proportion investigated at different limited curing periods (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). The percentage of foundry sand used for replacement were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of fine aggregate. The test showed impressive results, showing the capability of foundry sand for being a component in concrete for imparting strength. Making concrete from recycled materials saves energy and conserves resources which lead to a safe sustainable environment.

In our day to day life, we use many items and each and every item which we use generates waste in some manner or other. The drastic increase in human population has resulted in the increase of the amounts of waste generated. Hence there is a need to manage the amount of waste that has been disposed by the people. Waste is defined as those materials which has been discarded by someone. But the waste which has been discarded shall be useful for somebody else in some other manner. Thus, with the help of this statement we can come to a conclusion that waste can be changed into something which can be useful for some other useful purposes. The main purpose of writing this research paper is to find out the different strategies used in Kerala to reduce the amount of waste and study the different methods by which biodegradable wastes are converted into manure and how solid wastes are converted into something useful. This paper also deals with the different legislations (union as well as state legislations) which regulate the actions of the people (littering biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes) by compensations, fines and punishments.

Resumo Nesta apresentação abordar-se-á a problemática da gestão de resíduos industriais da indústria metalúrgica e de processamento de materiais, por via da sua inertização durante o processo de fabricação de materiais para a construção civil. Referir-se-á, em particular, a experiência de valorização de resíduos da indústria metalúrgica no processo de fabricação de cerâmicos, de clinquer, de misturas cimentosas e de agregados betuminosos. Todos estes materiais, largamente utilizados pela indústria de construção civil, constituem boas opções para o escoamento de resíduos industriais, de forma ambientalmente correcta. Cada um dos materiais de construção civil testados apresenta características físicas, químicas e de processamento distintas. Esta especificidade implica diferentes aptidões para a inertização de resíduos, o que, globalmente, se apresenta como vantajoso. Os resultados obtidos até ao presente apontam genericamente para a elevada capacidade de valorização de resíduos das indústrias metalúrgicas e de processamento de materiais, por via da sua incorporação na produção de materiais para construção civil. Abstract In this presentation, the management of metal and materials processing industrial wastes, by its incorporation in civil construction products will be reviewed. In particular, the incorporation of metallurgical wastes in the fabrication of red ceramics, clincker, cement mortars and bituminous aggregates will be presented. All these materials are commonly used by construction industry and are hence good options for the management of industrial wastes, in a environmentally correct way. Each of the construction materials shows different and specific physical characteristics and properties. This is an important factor for wastes management, taking into account the variability of physical properties of the wastes themselves. Results obtained in research, both at laboratory and industrial environment, show that this is a very promising way of giving value to wastes from metallurgical and materials processing activities.

Ceramic waste is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. Ceramic waste powder is settled by sedimentation and then dumped away which results in environmental pollution, in addition to forming dust in summer and threatening both agriculture and public health. Therefore, utilization of the ceramic waste powder in various industrial sectors especially the construction, agriculture, glass and paper industries would help to protect the environment. It is most essential to develop eco-friendly concrete from ceramic waste. In this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by ceramic waste powder accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40%, & 50% by weight of M-20 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strength to the conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for 7, 14 and 28 days. As a result, the compressive strength achieved up to 30% replacing cement with ceramic waste.This research work is concerned with the experimental investigation on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement by replacing cement via 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of ceramic waste. Keeping all this view, the aim of the investigation is to study the behavior of concrete while replacing theceramic waste with different proportions in concrete.

Clay bricks and mortar are the oldest walling material of construction industries of buildings. Due to preferable mechanical properties bricks are considered as prime source of masonry units that is used as walling material. On the other hand for pointing and plastering, cement mortar is the best material used in construction industries. Conventional clay bricks required burning process known as kiln firing which emits huge amount of CO 2 into the atmosphere. World is facing same problem with the production of cement also. The major reasons behind pollution and environment depletion are unremitting decay in natural resources caused form deriving of raw materials such as sand, clay and dirt and also from huge amount of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes produced by the industries. Reuse of these industrial wastes such as quarry dust, fly ash, granite dust, sludge lime, bagasse ash, marble sludge powder, sawdust, plastic waste, paper mill sludge and rubber waste etc., instead of naturally occurring raw material leads to contribute towards green environment. To reduce the construction cost and to achieve environmental benefits, this study uses industrial waste for manufacturing walling materials.

The use of phosphogypsum as an additive to lime, to enhance its performance in soil stabilization, is analyzed in this paper. Phosphogypsum is a by-product of the phosphate rock processing during production of phosphoric acid. Expansive soil samples used in this paper were stabilized using three different lime proportions: initial lime consumption, optimum lime content, and less than initial lime consumption. The results reveal that the addition of phosphogypsum to lime led to improvement of both the early and late strength of stabilized soil.

Key words: expansive soil, lime stabilization, initial consumption of lime, optimum lime content, phosphogypsum, uniaxial compressive strength