Industrial Strategy

Since the early 2000s, member states of the European Union (EU) have tried to revive its shipbuilding industry by implementing various policies. Yet, many of these policies have not been effective. Based on Parc and Normand (2016), who analysed the reasons for their ineffectiveness, this article suggests alternatives for the European shipbuilding industry. For it to be competitive in the global market, this paper comes up with four key implications. First, European shipbuilders should pursue a differentiation strategy by optimising their production value chain. Second, by turning to automation (or robotisation), coupled with R&D, European shipbuilders can overcome limits to the size and quality of the labour force, as well as improve their ability to meet deadlines and lower costs. Third, in order to reach out to international markets, European shipyards should be more open to mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Last, they should improve access to financing by vertically integrating their production chains and making better avail of shipbuilding clusters.

Published a year on from the government’s industrial strategy white paper, and with Brexit now less than six months away, What We Really Mean When We Talk About Industrial Strategy features expert authors on a wide range of subjects connected to industrial policy.

Edited by Craig Berry, key issues covered include:
--The sources of the UK’s ‘productivity puzzle’. The book suggests that larger firms – not the ‘long tail’ of small firms – have greatest responsibility for the productivity slowdown, and that this is connected to corporate governance practices.
--The difficult balance between nurturing 4.0 and sustaining employment. The book suggests that holding back the tide of automation is probably futile, and would further damage the UK economy, but much more must be done to prepare the UK workforce for new forms of employment.
--The importance of low-value or foundational industries. The book suggests that many of the UK’s economic problems are located in the less glamorous industries such as retail and hospitality, and those dependent on public expenditure.
--The prospects of local industrial strategy. The book suggests that the British state is structurally biased against supporting local economic development. The move to city-led industrial policy may be a step in the right direction, but a decentralisation of economic powers and resources is necessary.
--The gendered nature of the UK’s economic problems. The book suggests that industrial strategy should focus far more on female-dominated industries such as care. Craig Berry’s concluding chapter argues that a chronic gender pay gap indicates the UK’s failure to capitalise on the economy’s inherent strengths.

The book is published by Manchester Metropolitan University with the support of the British Academy. It builds upon Craig Berry’s work as part of the Industrial Strategy Commission.

The lack of industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SS A) is a significant challenge that needs to be addressed in order to achieve long-term sustainable growth and development in the region. Few countries in the world have made significant progress in social and economic development without implementing an effective industrial strategy. Many countries in SSA have created Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in an attempt to address the challenge of industrialization and foster an export oriented manufacturing sector. The Kenyan government's stated objectives of EPZs are to create jobs, diversify and expand exports, increase productive investments, foster technology transfer and create backward linkages between the zones and the domestic economy. This thesis uses the case of EPZs in Kenya to determine if they are meeting these objectives. The thesis argues that in its current form the EPZ program in Kenya is failing to achieve the objectives that it was intended to achieve. Data from the Kenyan EPZs from 2002-2009 shows that there are significant shortcomings in expansion and diversification of exports, linkages between domestic and EPZ firms, and stable full-time job creation. The thesis concludes by offering some recommendations for a more effective industrial strategy that places more emphasis on domestic industry and allows for greater state-led policies to meet economic development objectives.

"The Industrial Development of Bengal, 1900-1939. By A. Z. M. IFTIKHAR-UL-AWWAL. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982. pp. 256 (Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Advent Books, New York.) "

PREFACE:

The present work examines the industrial experience of Bengal during the period 1900 to 1939 with particular emphasis on the role of the government as the main instrument for growth. For this work, available statistical material has been utilized for the sake of precision as well as to strengthen the qualitative evidence. The book contains eight chapters. While Chapter I builds up the case for industrial development, Chapter II examines in detail the industrial policy of the Bengal government in the light of its own limitations as a subordinate authority to the Government of India and that of Whitehall. Chapter III is an investigation of the labour market in Bengal with emphasis on the supply of labour to jute, tea and coal industries in relation to wages and conditions of work. In Chapter IV, I have examined the rates of profitability and security of industrial investments. In this chapter, I have also examined the financial institutions of the time and their role in the industrial development of the province. Chapter V points to some of the difficulties experienced by Indian entrepreneurs, and in the above light looks at their contribution to the larger industrial establishments of Bengal. The next two Chapters VI and VII examine the growth and development of the two biggest manufacturing industries of our period--jute and handloom cotton weaving industries. The concluding chapter is an estimate of the industrial progress made in the province during the period under review.

This book is a slightly revised version of my Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of London in 1978. In the preparation of this thesis, I have accumulated an enormous debt of gratitude to my Supervisor, Dr. K. N. Chaudhuri whose careful vigilance and timely intervention saved me from many factual errors and infelicities of style. My thanks are also due to Mr. I. B. Harrison, who went through some of my preliminary chapters during the absence of Dr Chaudhuri in 1975-76 and made many useful observations. I am also indebted to Dr. Sirajul Islam of Dacca University for helping me with some necessary corrections.

Here I take this opportunity also to express my deep gratitude to the UK Commonwealth Commission which offered me a scholarship for three years which enabled me to undertake this research work. Needless to say, without their financial help it would have been virtually impossible to pursue this course of studies. I also wish to thank the University of Dacca for granting me the necessary study leave.

There remains also a special group of people - without whose co-operation, patience and tolerance, this work would not have seen the light of day. In this group belong the library staff of the British Library (including the Newspaper Section at Colindale), Senate House Library, the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, and particularly, the India Office Library and Records (including their Newspaper Section at the Bush House). I take this opportunity to thank Mr. J. Sims of the India Office Library and Records for being so helpful in tracking down apparently untraceable official documents. I wish to thank the staff of the Bangladesh Secretariat Record Room and of the Secretariat Library, Dacca for extending me all possible facilities in carrying out my research work. Finally, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my wife, Lilly whose support and constant encouragement over these years was invaluable in completing this work.

The fashion industry is experiencing rapid structural change as new manufacturing and distribution technologies emerge. Simultaneously, the environmental impact of garment production and the sector’s record on workers’ rights provokes increasing disquiet. This article explores how new technologies for distributing and making clothes interact with a shifting industrial policy agenda as neoclassical and neoliberal economic paradigms lose their dominance, and state intervention becomes fashionable again.

Contemporary ready-to-wear production, which relies on manufacturing goods speculatively in hope that they will meet consumers’ needs, is massively wasteful, and the sector has experienced a series of shocks as established brands fail to correctly anticipate demand. Online-bespoke ¬– in which garments are made to the specifications of the customer ¬– has emerged as a promising sector. In changing how we buy and produce garments, can we transform how we value our clothes, the resources from which they are composed, and how we value the people who make them?

This article argues that in order to reap the benefits of new and disruptive technologies, national governments and multilateral organizations must develop industrial strategies to shift current market incentives. Protections for fledgling sustainable and technologically innovative fashion brands, along with Pigovian taxation (taxation targeting negative externalities like pollution), are required to transform the industry.

W POSZUKIWANIU DYNAMIKI I SKALI STRATEGIE WZROSTU I TRANSFORMACJI pOlSkICh PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW PRZEMYSŁOWYCH www.wise-institute.org.pl W POSZUKIWANIU DYNAMIKI I SKALI STRATEGIE WZROSTU I TRANSFORMACJI pOlSkICh PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW PRZEMYSŁOWYCH www.wise-institute.org.pl 9

This paper argues that a high wage, high productivity economy cannot be created through the market mechanism but instead requires an industrial strategy. To trust the ‘natural’ properties of the market is to believe that economic growth is in some way a spontaneous process. Economic growth is not spontaneous but ‘artificial’ and has to be created and sustained by continuously improving the capacity of the economy to innovate and upgrade. Only in this way can a competitive advantage be gained and retained (Porter 1990:73/4). Thus, through deliberate policy decisions, the Japanese economy was moved into more sophisticated products and technologies, even whilst it still possessed a labour cost advantage upon which to compete. Such upgrading is certainly ‘unnatural’ (Porter 1990:76) and has to be created and sustained as a matter of deliberate policy buttressed by developmental institutions. This policy is thus formulated at government level and implemented through a range of quasi-public institutions.
The fact that development is a matter of conscious policy exposes the flaw in the argument that deindustrialisation is a ‘natural’ process. It is more accurate to argue that an unfettered market mechanism possesses an inherent tendency to a low wage, low productivity economy that fails to upgrade and serves to block the necessary developmental strategy. This contains within itself a powerful tendency to deindustrialisation.

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The concept of Smart Specialisation (S3) introduced first by a high level group of economists working for the European Commission (Foray et al. 2009) has already made a significant impact in the ways EU Cohesion policy actions on innovation are conceived, orchestrated and implemented. Having been integrated in the current regulations governing the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) for the programming period (2014-20) as an ex-ante conditionality, it became widely known as a guiding analytical and planning framework across Europe’s local communities.  Smart specialisation is nowadays understood as a place-based approach characterised by the identification of strategic areas for intervention, based both on the analysis of  strengths and potential of local or national economies powered by the so-called Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP) which involves wide stakeholder involvement. 
While S3, marks a significant departure from the past bringing back to the fore the ambiguous concept of specialisation, it provides a new opening for (re) considering a ‘smarter’ industrial strategy for the European Union. Through a more ‘intelligent’ Entrepreneurial Discovery Process involving integration of clusters and development of subsequent skills we argue that it is actually possible to proceed to a more genuine identification of future industrial growth drivers for Europe and reach consensus on future co-investment strategies for a more competitive presence in the context of Global Value Chains (GVC). We also argue that S3 should be de-coupled from its single-use within Cohesion policy and proceed through a new configuration of place-based innovation ecosystems to support a broad new industrial strategy .

Durante los últimos quince años las industrias audiovisuales de todo el mundo han registrado profundas transformaciones (Birkinbine et al., 2017; Hesmondhalgh, 2018; Miège, 2016). Más específicamente, en el ámbito digital hemos asistido a la aparición y expansión internacional de servicios audiovisuales de compañías de matriz estadounidense, cuyas pulsiones de conquista mundial las han llevado a desarrollar estrategias transnacionales de penetración de mercados, aprovechándose de la arquitectura global de la red de redes. A excepción de China, que prohíbe su entrada y ha desarrollado sus propios servicios, el resto del mundo ha visto cómo operadores estadounidenses han comenzado a actuar en sus mercados y a captar clientes. Los servicios audiovisuales que se ofrecen bajo demanda, mediados por suscripción (svod), lideran este proceso en la actualidad. El número de suscriptores de svod en todo el mundo ascendió a 642 millones en 2019-en comparación con los 508.44 millones registrados un año

Durante los últimos quince años las industrias audiovisuales de todo el mundo han registrado profundas transformaciones (Birkinbine et al., 2017; Hesmondhalgh, 2018; Miège, 2016). Más específicamente, en el ámbito digital hemos asistido a la aparición y expansión internacional de servicios audiovisuales de compañías de matriz estadounidense, cuyas pulsiones de conquista mundial las han llevado a desarrollar estrategias transnacionales de penetración de mercados, aprovechándose de la arquitectura global de la red de redes. A excepción de China, que prohíbe su entrada y ha desarrollado sus propios servicios, el resto del mundo ha visto cómo operadores estadounidenses han comenzado a actuar en sus mercados y a captar clientes. Los servicios audiovisuales que se ofrecen bajo demanda, mediados por suscripción (svod), lideran este proceso en la actualidad. El número de suscriptores de svod en todo el mundo ascendió a 642 millones en 2019 -en comparación con los 508.44 millones registrados un año

Achieving the targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions set out in the UK Climate Change Act will require a significant transformation in the UK's energy system. At the same time, the government is pursuing a new UK Industrial Strategy, which aims to improve labour productivity, create high-quality jobs and boost exports across the UK. The economic and the energy systems in the UK are tightly linked and so policies adopted in one area will produce spillover effects to the other. To achieve the objectives set out in the two strategies it is therefore vital to understand how the policies in the energy system will affect economic development and vice versa. This study seeks to contribute to this by investigating how an increase in exports (a key pillar in the UK Industrial Strategy) could impact energy- and industrial policy. We address this question by systematically comparing the results of two types of energy-economy models of the UK, a computable general equilibrium model a...

The article deals with the factors that ensure the sustainability of the reproduction of the British socio-economic model in the long term. Some features of the conceptual role of the UK in the formation of the global world order were studied. The impact of the COVID-19 on the economy of the United Kingdom was shown and the reasons for the deepest decline in production in the history of the country were summarized. The factors of chronic decline in productivity on the British labor market and strategic approaches to solving this problem were presented. Some provisions of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the UK and the European Union are discussed. The concept of sovereign money is analyzed as a possible response of British economic experts to the challenges of modern crises.
This article is a translation of: Кузнецов А. В. Антикризисная альтернатива в Великобритании // Общественные науки и современность. 2021. № 1. C. 105—116. DOI: 10.31857/S086904990013421-5

This short presentation deals with the geopolitical aspects of an emerging information society as that of Canada and the implications for its industrial policy. Is based on a model correlating information, technology, geography and politics, both in structure and interactive terms.

The Industrial Strategy: Creative Industries Sector Deal aims to increase UK creative industry exports by 50% within 5 years, claiming there is a "great deal of untapped potential in the sector." It also identifies small company size as a particular challenge to creative industry exports. Our research, however, shows that this is not true for at least one cluster of creative industries based at Baltic Creative in Liverpool where 69 per cent of tenants export. The mean company size of exporters is 3.2 FTE, in line with the national UK creative company average size of 3.3 FTE. The turnover of these firms is highly dependent on overseas income. Over one-third of exporters earn more than 50 per cent of their annual income from exports. Company owners report that their main concern around trade is Brexit. Europe is their main trade partner with 90 percent of exporting companies trading with the EU.

Uma multinacional do setor automotivo anunciou oficialmente que se instalará no estado da Bahia. O empreendimento, que prevê investimentos de aproximadamente R$20 milhões, tem potencial para atrair cerca de quatrocentas novas indústrias de autopeças. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar a metodologia Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) como suporte a um modelo de decisão de escolha de localização de fábricas de autopeças no estado da Bahia, com a chegada de uma nova montadora de veículos na região de Camaçari, valendo considerar que cada cidade apresenta características que modificam a importância relativa de cada fator de localização no tempo. A análise por especialistas envolve considerar um grande número de fatores, sendo o método AHP eficiente para determinar a importância de cada aspecto e reduzir a subjetividade neste processo. A localização ótima deste conjunto de E&G-REVISTA ECONOMIA E GESTÃO

REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use. This Regulation is a hybrid that combines hierarchy and heterarchy from a both a legal and an organisational perspective. Such hybridism is, however, not a feature that is particular to REACH. Rather the EU itself must be understood as a hybrid, thereby making REACH a hybrid operating within a hybrid. The hybrid structure of REACH reflects its societal function, which is to simultaneously separate and combine politics, science, economy, health and the environment within a single legal framework. The legitimacy of REACH reflects its hybrid structure in the sense that it is based on a combination of democratic, procedural and deliberative components.