Indian Writings in English

Sakharam Binder challenges the marriage of institution, societal norms and an individual role of a male and a female in society. It emphasizes on a highly pathetic situation of the abandoned women like Laxmi, Champa and many other outcasted women who have the terrible, harsh and complex relationship with Sakharam Binder. He gives shelter to them at his home shows his kind and helping nature but on the other hand his actions reveals his new side that to satisfy his sexual and domestic needs he invites them to his house where they are bound to live according to terms and conditions of Sakharam binder. Sakharam treats them in his own way without following any societal norms.

Shashi Deshpande's literary oeuvre offers a profound exploration of the complex emotional and psychological landscapes of Indian women, making her a significant voice in contemporary Indian English literature. This study delves into Deshpande's portrayal of women's inner worlds, their familial roles, and their battles with societal expectations, highlighting her mastery of emotional realism. Through close examination of novels such as Roots and Shadows, The Dark Holds No Terrors, That Long Silence, and The Binding Vine, this paper uncovers how Deshpande intricately weaves the personal struggles, fears, and aspirations of her female protagonists with larger social issues like patriarchal constraints and domestic violence. Her work serves as a platform for amplifying marginalized women's voices, offering a nuanced depiction of their journey toward self-identity and agency. By analyzing her narrative strategies and thematic concerns, this paper contributes to the discourse on gender dynamics in Indian literature and underscores Deshpande's role in fostering social awareness through her storytelling.

Women of Asian heritage are usually gentle, sensitive and service-oriented. The Indian woman is especially reliant on customs and norms and is actively liable for the dignity and reputation of the family. Indian women do not typically care about their own personal wellbeing or pleasure as often as they treat themselves to keep other people comfortable and honor rituals and conferences. Five chapters of the thesis were created. Introducing the first chapter is one that devotes again and again to the history of the Indo-English book. The extraordinary achievement of triumvirate and its socialistic and nationalist ideologies, which led to the quest for confrontations and rootlessness between the East and the West, etc. With were taken into consideration. The latest trend of recent days, feminism, is illustrated in current days. The inner voice of their hearts was that women were oppressed across the ages; several novelists, like

This paper explores the journey of the literary evolution of Arunachal Pradesh from oral to text, tracing its development through significant socio-cultural and political changes from the mid-20th century to the present. Using a combination of historical analysis, personal interviews with prominent writers, and literary theories, particularly postcolonial theory, this paper chronicles the literary history of Arunachal Pradesh into three phases, providing a comprehensive understanding of its origin and development. This paper also examines the contributions of notable writers such as Lummer Dai, Yeshi Dorjee Thongchi, Mamang Dai, and Taro Sindik in shaping the literary landscape of Arunachal Pradesh. Therefore, this study highlights the unique literary expression of Arunachal Pradesh and the journey of its literary evolution.

Sinclair Ross’s The Painted Door explores themes of loneliness, desire, and emotional isolation through the story of a woman struggling with temptation during a harsh Canadian winter. The protagonist, trapped in a loveless marriage on an isolated farm, feels neglected by her husband and drawn to his friend, Steven. As a snowstorm rages outside, her internal conflict intensifies, mirroring the cold and desolation of her surroundings. The story echoes themes found in Kate Chopin’s A Respectable Woman, highlighting the emotional needs of women in relationships. The ambiguous ending leaves readers questioning whether she acted on her desires, but her overwhelming guilt remains. This review argues that the story challenges traditional gender roles, emphasizing the need for emotional fulfillment in marriage and advocating for women’s autonomy in their personal lives.

Shashi Despandeis a creative post-colonial writer.She has wonderfully presented the problems,issues,and challenges of a middle-class married woman of modern India. In her novel ‘That Long Silence’ she has portrayed educated middle-class Indian women who get entangled in marriage and traditions.  Jaya is the name of the main character presented by Shashi Despande. Jaya gets married to Mohan who is an educated man working as an engineer in a company. Jaya and Mohan are married for seventeen years and have two children Rahul and Rati. Jaya is not happy in her married life due to the patriarchial role of her husband Mohan. But in these seventeen years,they do not grow close to one another in married life, rather a long silence grew between them.Jaya is in despair in a male-dominated family. Mohan is a man who plays a dominant and leading role in the family. Jaya is dependent on him as a married lady, wife, and mother.Mohan controls her personal and professional life decisions. He limits her freedom of writing and expression as a writer and wants Jaya to write according to his choice. This paper discusses the dilemmas of a married woman living in anguish and hopelessness. In her loneliness, Jaya goes through a self-evaluation of her life. It’s in this fragmented state of the trauma she realizes that her silence can not solve her marriage.So she decides to break her silence and speak with her husband Mohan with the hope to find a solution and restore their marriage.

Contact with the colonial regime had unleashed havoc changes in the psychological, social and cultural realm of modern Indian sensibilities, apart from the economic exploitation, political domination and loss of cultural selfrespect. However, Indians reacted to the colonial parameters with open eyes, often emulating the West but critiquing simultaneously. If imitation of the Western forms had been a part of literary modernity, then being selectively assimilative of the Western influences and being critical to one's culture and customs have been another facet of the modern Indian psyche. The paper "Colonial Ambivalence and Indian English Literature: Probing the Psyche of Indian Modernity" critically engages with early Indian English writing to map Indian sensibilities of the Nineteenth century Renaissance.

Singh was born, brought up and educated in Varanasi. He is a university professor whose main fields of interest consist of Indian English writing, especially poetry, and English for Specific Purposes like science and technology. He has authored more than 150 research articles, 160 book reviews and 36 books, including Sexless Solitude and Other Poems (2009) and Sense and Silence: Collected Poems (2010). His haiku, tanka and other poems have been translated into many languages.

Mahesh Dattani's Final Solutions gives us the realism of contemporary India steeped in communalism and violence. It is one of the masterpieces of Dattani that won him the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award. Written and commissioned just after the Babri Masjid Demolition, the play portrays the extremist tendencies in religious communities that get infuriated when politicians use religion as a medium to propagate violence against each other. We are reminded of Bhisham Sahni's novel Tamas where he depicts the extremists attitude present in religious communities that gets infuriated being provoked towards a massive violence. The realism of characters and situations allures the audiences on a journey of introspection. Dattani uses modern stage techniques such as multilevel set, flashback techniques, interior and exterior stage designs, flashback techniques, split screens, innovative usage of spotlight, usage of masks to portray different faces of the Mob/Chorus.

Hariom Singh and Pramod Kumar Gond review the poetry book 'Knocking Vistas And Other Poems' in Ars Artium, January 2025. They seek to explore the possibility of  a short poem or even a collection of short poems  can be  in its scope  as vast and diverse as a novel. They appreciate the poet's new and experimental poetry on the Indian English writing scene.

Prisoner by Romen Basu Among the new signatures, new voices, Romen has a place of own even though he is not a new entrant into the realms of Indo-Anglican poetry which we never came to notice it as has been writing for quite a long time. Had it been, we would have into the syllabuses of ours. Had we considered, he would have been one of the major poets. Instead of that some very good poems have come from the poetic pen of Romen Basu which can never be kept on the margins.

Women are considered as soft-natured and innocent creatures in human kind, as we taught so far in Indian society. So, our society offers complete freedom and protection to them. In ancient India, women are treated as superiors. So, they have been given all sorts of sophistications such as education, warships, arts, etc. When the wars started to emerge for the sake of women, it had become adequacy to protect women. So, women are hidden into their houses. Time rolled on. But, the practice remained as the same with metamorphosis reasons that, women were inferior to men and so they had to be controlled and ruled by men. After few centuries, due to the British colonization, Indian revolutionist like Bharathiyar, had taken women out from their slavery. In contemporary society, women are completely away from their suppressions; in some extremes cases women suppress men. Though, men have dominating mind outwardly, they are actually soft-natured and innocent inwardly. Men tend to protect women economically, sociologically and all kinds. Women are enjoying all kinds of sophistications and liberation from men but women attack men's innocent inner-self. Each and every man, in the contemporary Indian society, fell into unexpressed suppressions into their heart. These unexpressed and suppressed emotions cause for frustration and stress. These suppressions created not only by women but the entire society which has deviated from the ancient way of living, detachment from nature, society cultivation in unreasonable rituals which were deviated from the ancient reasons along with women's hurting attitude. I do not indicate all women are wrong but insisting that not all women are correct. These problems mostly occur in the marriage bonding. Women can achieve in all fields which have been proved transparently without any doubt. My interrogation is where women's tolerance has flown away amidst all kinds of sophistications and liberty. This paper is focusing on, the protagonist, Billy Biswas and his variable marriage concepts, due to his innocent side of his inner mind in Arun Joshi's The Strange Case of Billy Biswas. Though Billy is born with silver spoon and receiving red-carpet welcome at everywhere, his mind thirsts for other missing element. He could stand neither his outward world nor his inner self. Respectively, it is resembled in the lives of Billy with Meena and Rima. Finally, his masculine innocency is discovered, when he started to live together with Bilasia, the daughter of mother-nature. His archetypal and anthropological mind finds comfortable, with aesthetic pleasure and feels the satisfaction, from unexpected love that attracts his innocent inner self. It tends him to give up all kind of worldly sophistications and his fame.

Re-defining ‘Home’: A Study of Manju Kapur’s The Immigrant

Abstract

Displacement of man—forced or voluntary—has remained a perennial feature in the history of humanity. The onset of liberalization with the advancement in the field of technology and communication has reduced the spatial gap between man and man belonging to different nationalities, and this has transformed the world into a global village literally. In present times, the dislocation of human being has become an underlining feature and this has found expression in the literary works of many modern writers, predominantly Indian, the world over. The galaxy of such writers include Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh, VS Naipaul, Anita Desai, Kiran Desai, Jhumpa Lahiri, Arundhati Roy, Manju Kapur  etc. who are quite liberal and sensitive to give space to the feelings of the displaced people who are passionate about their motherland and despite their dislocation remain very much possessed about their native cultural mores or identity. The search for ‘home’ for a displaced individual remains one of the most important issues of the writers of Indian Diaspora, because displacement or migration of individual is an eternal feature, as Edward Said observes: ‘…culture comes to be associated, often aggressively, with the nation or the nation or the state, this differentiates ‘us from them’ almost always with some degree of identity, and a rather combative one at that…” (Said, xii) The displaced individual the remains divided in his loyalties—pulls of the roots on the one hand and attractions of the adopted on the other. Manju Kapur, the Indian novelist, sandwiched between two different cultures—home and host—tries to re-define the metamorphosing concept of ‘Home’ in her novel The Immigrant.

Key words: Home, Displacement, Culture, Diaspora, Migration

The impetus for most adaptations rests with the relationship between characters rather than the overarching themes of the novel in question, and that those characters, taken from their original context, may to some extent carve out a separate identity.

Amitav Ghosh‟s novel River of Smoke belongs to the genere of the historical novel. With the help of different narrative strategies, Amitav Ghosh in this novel has re-written history that covers the period of opium trade in Canton, in 1838. The story is about the struggle of Manchu Empire against the British Empire who made war on China in the name of free trade. Ghosh has re-inventing past through using different narratological devices while presenting the personal history with nation‟s history. He uses memory, interior monologue, stream of consciousness, authentic and official voices of historical personals , original documentation ,edicts, Canton journals, Hukamnamas , proclamations, translators, letters, painting and drawings etc. to present opium war period in Canton . The novel moves in flash back in non- chronological order. There are analeptic movements, embedded stories, characterized by fragmented sequences, ellipsis, digression and jumbled chronology. The narrative is pres...

The style of a bit of writing or speech refers to the procedure and training of developing a English language. It is primarily a branch of applied linguistics, however can be assumed as interdisciplinary field. The problems faced in teaching English languages urged the teachers to find out and develop some innovative methods and techniques. The so-called "Professional Communication &Communicative English", which is very common now-a-days, earn credit to the use of the "authentic language" as it is used in a real life context whenever possible. The same old drilling method, which are widely used in especially audio-lingual method, make the process ordinary and these typical activities direct the students to search for new learning method, other than the textbook, to make the learning fascinating and interesting. In order to teach English language through literature, the texts should be chosen carefully, because it should teach something which is interesting and create interest to learn the second language through different aspect. Literary texts should include the basic grammar and language. There should not be difficult and vague structures in the texts. One more method for reading and listening technique is the popular 'Kindle e-reader'. It has revolutionized the way we read books. Easy to use and lighter than paper tomes, the devices allow users to carry a virtual library of texts with them. Within this general framework, the texts and their accompanying exercises are directed at improving reading, listening, writing & speaking skills. Some of the texts discussed below definitely help the students to learn not only the literature and also the basic usage of English.

Madness has had numerous expressions in literature and culture traversing the miles and centuries. While the Baul tradition (of Bengal) is internationally esteemed a legacy of the ‗mad minstrels'; the totems, relics and rites of various other parts of the

Since there is rarity and non-availabilty of book compiling the works of contemporary Indian writers on the theme of homosexuality, the book, Homosexuality in Contemporary Indian Literaure: Issues and Challenges is prepared in such a way as to meet this paucity. Authors are hopeful that the book with its diversity of topics will instill knowledge into the critical minds and explore many unexplored areas of gender and sexuality.

The Ramayana, one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient Indian literature, profoundly influences Indian culture, shaping the formation of self and social values throughout history. This study explores the multifaceted impact of the Ramayana on contemporary Indian society, examining how its narratives and characters contribute to the moral and ethical frameworks that guide individual behaviour and community interactions. Through a qualitative analysis of literary texts, cultural practices, and social behaviours, this research identifies two primary objectives: to understand the Ramayana's role in shaping individual identity and to evaluate the impact of the Ramayana on the development of social values. The findings reveal that the Ramayana not only serves as a source of inspiration for personal conduct but also reinforces communal values and shared cultural heritage. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating Ramayana teachings into modern educational frameworks to promote ethical living and social responsibility.

The hegemonic discourse of partition has relegated the narratives of Bengali Dalit refugees to the periphery. Their suppressed accounts are increasingly being found to be worthy of representation and an integral aspect of history. Jatin Bala, a Bengali Dalit Refugee writer's autobiography Shikor Chhera Jibon skillfully translated by Mandakini Bhattacherya and Jaydeep Sarangi as A Life Uprooted: A Bengali Dalit Refugee Remembers brings to light the plight of the doubly oppressed section of depressed classes that bore the brunt of partition and caste hierarchy together. Jatin Bala was born in 1949 in Jessore, now in Bangladesh, at a time when the country was beset by communal turmoil. Raised by his eldest brother, who was older than him by 25 years, Bala lost his mother when he was a little over a year old and his father died when he was barely four. The family crossed the border and reached the Indian side. In 1954 his

This paper explores how Sita is portrayed in The Forest of Enchantments by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, providing a postcolonial analysis that questions conventional interpretations of Sita's submissiveness and obedience. In this narrative, Sita-often seen as the embodiment of virtue and obedient wifehood-is recast as a strong, self-aware woman whose journey exemplifies the fortitude and autonomy of colonised people. By examining how Divakaruni's narrative reclaims her voice, wants, and conflicts as essential components of her story, this research dismantles the myth of Sita's obedience. The study shows how Sita's tale symbolises the complexity of female agency under repressive frameworks, the reclaiming of identity, and the resistance of suppressed voices through the prism of postcolonial philosophy. Presenting Sita's decisions as deliberate acts of autonomy. In her search for identity and independence, The Forest of Enchantments redefines obedience as a form of agency and challenges readers to reevaluate her as a postcolonial figure of resistance. Introduction: Sita from the Ramayana is typically considered the epitome of obedience, loyalty, and purity in Indian mythology. However, Sita is reimagined in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's The Forest of Enchantments in a contemporary, feminist manner, showing her as a woman with agency and personal values. Divakaruni challenges readers to reimagine Sita's path as one characterised by inner power and autonomy rather than passive submission by revealing layers of resistance behind her seeming compliance through her perspective. This essay uses postcolonial critique to examine how Sita's tale undermines the idea of obedience and demonstrates how resilient she is in the face of social norms and patriarchal expectations. Obedience Reimagined: Subversion of Traditional Narratives Sita has always been portrayed in the popular account of her life as an example of an idealised lady who complies with social norms of submission and devotion to her husband, Ram. However, by portraying Sita's decisions as displays of self-assertion, The Forest of Enchantments casts doubt on this idea. Divakaruni gives her choices depth rather than presenting them as mindless acquiescence, implying that Sita's obedience is a sophisticated reaction to her situation rather than a straightforward act of surrender. For example, Sita's decision to go into exile with Ram has frequently been seen as an obedient act. But in Divakaruni's version, Sita deliberately chooses to do this in order to maintain her identity and marriage while also wanting to see life outside the royal gates. Thus, her behaviour is reframed

The article is a critical review essay that contextualises, discusses, and theorises anti-caste poetics in the context of discussions on Dalit aesthetics and experience vis à vis postcolonialism and subaltern studies, foregrounding an English poetry collection by a/nil, aka, Anilkumar Payyappilly Vijayan titled The Absent Color (New Delhi: Navayana, 2023). I propose that a/nil’s poetry, in comparison to discussions on world literatures, demands a specific labor in reading; his writing produces an annihilation of a given sensibility in reading poetry. I suggest that his poetry works like an inverse jigsaw puzzle, offering an anti-caste critique of a varna-centered world which is in place. The Absent Color, I argue, un-colors this world of deceptions, using discoloration (like annihilation) as a conceptual framework, to critique the world colored by caste.

Sightlines: View Points on Susheel Kumar Sharma's The Door is Half Open edited by Danielle Hanson anthologises 24 insightful academic commentaries on various thematic aspects of the poetry of Susheel Kumar Sharma. This book is divided into two sections, the first section, Section A: Articles, comprises of 20 remarkable reviews exploring myriad thematic representations of Susheel Kumar Sharma's second anthology of poetry, The Door is Half Open published in 2012, and the second section, Section B: Interviews, comprises of four insightful interviews with Sharma on his life, perspectives and poetry.

Sightlines: View Points on Susheel Kumar Sharma's The Door is Half Open edited by Danielle Hanson anthologises 24 insightful academic commentaries on various thematic aspects of the poetry of Susheel Kumar Sharma. This book is divided into two sections, the first section, Section A: Articles, comprises of 20 remarkable reviews exploring myriad thematic representations of Susheel Kumar Sharma's second anthology of poetry, The Door is Half Open published in 2012, and the second section, Section B: Interviews, comprises of four insightful interviews with Sharma on his life, perspectives and poetry.

This Paper endeavours to study the Role of Women in the selected Novels of Manju Kapur. This study proposes to attempt a detailed study and draw inferences which might offer a fresh perspective to this topic. Indian writing in English has undergone a lot of changes since its beginning. From being a foreign language, English over the time has been adapted and modified. It is no longer the administrative language but has become almost like a mother tongue for many Indians. Through theses authors, it has been proven time and time again that English is no longer an alien language it used to be once upon a time. Manju Kapur’s novels focus on female protagonists struggling to break the shackles of patriarchy and are in quest of identity against the dogmas of social and cultural critical thinking. A major preoccupation in recent Indian women’s preoccupation writing has been portrayal of inner life and subtle interpersonal relationship. They have to exist subjected to patriarchy. Manju Kapur is a postcolonial writer who intuitively perceives the situation of women in male dominated society Key Words: culture, female, identity, patriarchy, human relationship, society, women

Women have been alienated as a result of being disadvantaged in patriarchal societies. Alienation is described as "a term used with various meanings in philosophy, theology, psychology, and the social sciences, usually with an emphasis on personal powerlessness, meaninglessness, cultural estrangement, social isolation, or self-estrangement" in the Encyclopedia Britannica. An individual's sense or state of separation from himself, others, and the outside world is implied by the term "alienation." "Anomic" and "anomia" are two of the Greek terms meaning estrangement. "Anomie" relates to social alienation, whereas "anomia" stands for self-alienation. The two most fundamental types of alienation are, in fact, alienation from oneself and alienation from society. A situation of alienation from oneself or is said to exist when a person's spontaneous individual self has been stunted or suppressed. An alienated individual is a stranger to both himself and to other people. Both anomie and anomia affect the major character of Shashi Deshpande's That Long Silence.

With the advent of globalisation, both government and private sector seek professionalism among their employees. For individuals who practice professionalism in their career, they understand that it encompasses soft skills in it. A complete mastery over soft skills enables an individual to shine in his/her career. There are people who mistake professionalism for the manner in which an individual performs in his/her profession. Likewise, communication skills are mistaken for employability skills. In as nutshell, professionalism cannot be identified with the position held by an individual. It includes attributes like what an individual does, in his/her character, how an individual is perceived by others and the way they conduct themselves. This paper tries to explain about the intricacies of the term professionalism and soft skills and the need to inculcate them to the learners.

Literature in varied genres explicates infinite meanings in a text thereby opening numerous possibilities for their rewriting , re-visioning, reinterpretation, and retellings. This attempt is then "a process of recovery and reformation" to revitalize old myths by a new interpretation. Derrida's notion of opening up the w eave of writing to enable other meanings to come to the fore offers feminists a "looking back"

This article examines the pervasive themes of isolation and loneliness in Anita Nair's novels The Better Man and Mistress. Through her nuanced portrayals of characters struggling with these emotions, Nair delves into the complexities of the human condition within the socio-cultural context of Indian society. The central thesis argues that isolation and loneliness are not only central to the characters’ experiences but also serve as a lens through which Nair critiques societal expectations and the pressures that contribute to the characters' sense of alienation. This article will analyze both the physical and emotional aspects of isolation and loneliness, how these themes shape the characters' interactions, and their impact on personal growth and identity formation.

Blood and fog are over half the town and curfew stamps across the empty street.-Keki N. Daruwalla in the poem, Curfew in a Riot-torn City (Under Orion, Indus, Delhi,1991, Revised Edition, p.13) And every year the Ghaghra changes course turning over and over in her sleep.

Mahesh Dattani as a dramatist of modern India has shown his concern for the fringe issues, the issues of hijras who were either avoided as a non-issue or a taboo for they were not the subject of the mainstream society.The present paper deals with Seven Steps Around the Fire that focusses on the plight and predicament ofthe class. The methodologies used are critical analyses under extant literary theories on the subject, analytical study, comparative study of other dramas of the author and myth to establish the fact as to how the community of eunuchs are subjugated and pushed to a virtual world of margins in which they find no space for themselves as human beings. Life seems to be a drudgery and disrespect, yet none speaks for them. It also highlights Dattani's social concern whileshowing a heightened consciousness of existential pain that these people endure as a result of prejudice in their daily lives. One distinct tool of Dattani's use of indigenous English that creates a distinction between the educated and semi-literate and marginalized class is taken support of that gives way of acceptance, graduallythough. A straightjacketed classes and groups are shown on its path of change and mobility heralding a new India.

Manju Kapur, in her novels, has brought out the awesome concepts of love to each other in the family. Unfortunately, this is strained, when woman is treated as 'Other'. This word only implies subjugation of woman. As a result, the protagonist of Manju Kapur becomes nervous nellie. The study of her novels also proves that patriarchal dominance makes the protagonist skin crawling. Probably, Manju Kapur's men get swollen head. So, she blows the whistle to woman that they have every right to express their feelings by dishing it out in order to be a real dish.

Manju Kapur, in her novels, has brought out the awesome concepts of love to each other in the family. Unfortunately, this is strained, when woman is treated as 'Other'. This word only implies subjugation of woman. As a result, the protagonist of Manju Kapur becomes nervous nellie. The study of her novels also proves that patriarchal dominance makes the protagonist skin crawling. Probably, Manju Kapur's men get swollen head. So, she blows the whistle to woman that they have every right to express their feelings by dishing it out in order to be a real dish.

"One is not born a woman, but rather becomes one. Gender is not a stable identity but a performative act constituted by repeated societal norms" Butler (1990). The paper under analysis pertains to the two fresh and groundbreaking plays Naga-Mandala and Kala Meda Bhes by Indian and Pakistani playwrights who are quite successful and prolific writers in the arena of South Asian Literature. The aim of this study is to discover the shushed and quietened voices of women in the both plays in one way of the other. The paper is based on a qualitative research with the use of textual method and discourse analysis particularly on both the plays with the help of websites, poems, dictionaries and papers to support this research. The paper will trigger the feminist elements and identity of the Indo-Pakistani women with comparative analysis. Researchers may comprehensively draw two conclusions from this paper i.e. The suppression of the female genders due to male patriarchy in Indo-Pakistani Society and the lack of logical reasoning, supernatural elements and superstitions in both the society as represented in both the plays under-discussion.

Yayati has been obsessed with sensual pleasures, shuns responsibility as ruler to his subjects, as husband to his wife and as father to his son. He searches his identity in evanescent worldly pleasures and does not learn from his errors. He ultimately suffers. His wife Devayani also shirks responsibility and comes to grief. Sharmishtha and her son realize their responsibilities and sincerely perform their duties. Yayati is an existential play on the theme of responsibility and human relationship. It is also a reflection on the condition of modern man, whose mind, disturbed
by many worldly and sensuous passions, has turned into a veritable zoo inhabited by wild desires, sensual pleasures, and irresponsible exercise of power and utter forgetfulness of the imperishable values of life. The modern man is in no way better than Yayati. Karnad's famous play The Fire and the Rain is based on a popular myth from the Mahabharat.

Sitting pretty as the third largest system in the world in terms of its sheer size and diversity, Indian Higher Education follows China and the US, making it one of the most complex, varied and highly pursued entity by the insiders and outsiders alike. It is poised to be the largest

The literature from Northeast India can be read as an archive of history, art, society, culture, and politics. It provides a perspective from the within as it is written by individuals, who hail from this region. The women writers in English from the different Northeastern states, whose works are the primary focus both public and personal purview of the state they belong to and in doing so, they have captured the essence of the multi-lingual and multi-cultural existence of the region as a whole. Their engagement with the personal, political, cultural, and social aspects of human existence in their works presents an insightful overview of the region in which they are the representatives of their own narrative rather than depending on an external narrative.

Novel in India has not only received its masters like R.K. Narayan and Mulk Raj Anand, but also its mistress like Anita Desai. Europe blinked in her novels more substantially than anybody else. The tradition of European psychological novel is baptised with more innovative technical apparatus like doubles and doublings which anticipate the things like creating parallel-event situations, parallel character entreaties, and reproducing analogous moments in the lives of the characters and ensuring the corresponding stylistic and technical adaptation. When doubles are progeny doublings function as parenting agency. Desai’s novels are always in search of human mind and its half-remembered truth. The fictional world of her is in the endless quest for exploring better with the novelistic weapons that may reveal human mind with penetrating insight. She preferred to present parallel life situation that can present life’s truth in a more convenient manner. This article will endeavour to outline...

The Stars Are Fire by Anita Shreve is a story of a woman who represents the evolution of American women after World War II. Grace Holland is a living portrait of the predicament of the postwar American women. The life of Grace is set against the backdrop of 47's fire in Maine. 'In a Spring of no spring' Grace, 'never been Gracie' finds herself trapped in a loveless marriage with two toddlers and one yet to come to this dry world where the 'last beautiful afternoon' has been long gone. This is a rainy spring that never brings bliss rather logs the flow of Grace's life. Grace feels waterlogged and groans to get back the happy life she once had before her marriage. Gene, the machine husband, treats her only to be an instrument of child-breeding and makes a sexual relation with her from which she never gets 'the God-awful-joy' that Rosie, her next-door neighbor, speaks of as her marriage bed has turned to be a field of child-production. The Stars Are Fire is the journey of a 23-year-old young mother in quest of independence which she gets eventually. The journey is a perilous one but the gain is a good bargain. Shreve sanctifies Grace by the wildfire from which she emerges like a Phoenix from its own ashes. During the wildfire Gene, 'deeply troubled', is reported to walk into a wall of flames. The question of his fate remains open for much of the book which says little of his wife's desire to find him back. Grace is left homeless, as are other 25,000 Mainers after October, 1947 but gains the freedom to pursue a career and a future romantic prospect which was absent earlier in her life. That's how Shreve upholds the freedom of a lone woman against this androgenic world where she is caught into things with a little hope to come out. But Grace does away with her barriers hardly taking any help from a man's heel-unless a better man shows up, first to help than to woo. In The Pilot's Wife by the same author, a woman comes to know the death of her adulterous husband from a man who latterly becomes her lover. As well in The Stars Are Fire, Grace is greatly helped by a doctor. Later on she meets a pianist, Aiden, who, post-fire, roves about her recently deceased mother-in-law's house. She invites him to be a renter at that house and eventually seeks happiness in his arms which she fails to get from Gene. She finds freedom in the closet of her deceased mother-in-law. Grace buys a Buick selling a jewelry from her casket which is a physical symbol of her newfound freedom in the wake of the fire. Gene shows up suddenly when the reader along with Grace has already lost hope of his coming home back. His step into the life of Grace for the second time is, to her, like a thunderbolt out of nowhere as she loses all interest in him

The aim of literature is to move forward, being dynamic keeping parallel with the progress of a country, society and time. No literature can ever be great unless it reflects the real picture of the society. Society has been witnessing its culture, traditions, values and many age old beliefs. It changes from time to time reflecting all social norms as per the need of the time. The social change that has brought  dynamism of thought processes and sets a new base creating values in society. There is inevitable concern for a literary artiste with issues uplifted by the current and cross-current of this social change. So the concern for social change as depicted by Maya Angelou, Kamala Das and Arundhati Roy has similar expressions of their thought with implications as evidenced in their writings. There is depiction of gender consciousness with feminist attitude which is strictly adhered in their writings. Life of a women engrossed in fear consciousness, general awareness of physiogamy, existing fantasies of age old customs, memories of unforgettable, indelible happenings mixed with dreams of genuine aspirations clubbed with ambitious thoughts of empowerment are refluxed in the writings of these chosen women, identical to the expressionist theory of literary writings.

Janice Pariat is a vibrant story teller and exotic writer from Shillong and is the recipient of the Sahitya Akademy's Yuva Puraskar Award in 2013 for her historically significant collection of short stories titled Boats on Land: A Collection of Short Stories. Janice Pariat, in this collection, brilliantly brings forth the pre-and post-independent North East India, particularly her homeland, Shillong, its myriad customs, scintillating culture, political struggles and deep-rooted mythical beliefs. Each of the fifteen short stories in the collection excellently illustrate the oftenundisclosed history and the alluring culture of the unexplored North East India. Pariat coherently sets the mood, style, spirit, pace and feel of the stories by employing striking images of the land. The culture, traditions, customs, beliefs and way of life in India's Northeast is at once relatable as well as alien.

This paper discusses the diachronic continuities of psychological turmoil and existential angst in Anita Desai's seminal novel Cry, the Peacock and its reception history and critical relevance over the last 15 years. Ever since its publication in 1963, a good deal of scholarship has been placed into Desai's work about her heroine,
Maya, the lead woman, representing a complex psychological landscape. Hence, the paper's thrust is to critically analyze these themes and look at their impact on recent scholarship. The scope is a comprehensive literature review of the criticism done so far on the novel, with works primarily from the last 15 years cutting across several current critical perspectives and methodologies. The methodology for the research is based on a systematic literature review of scholarly articles, books, and critical essays that concern qualitative analysis of themes, comparative studies vis-à-vis other works of literature, and interdisciplinary approaches. Involving chronology, this work follows the thread of chronology in critical perspectives. It follows closely how earlier analyses usually focused on Maya's acute psychological suffering and existential fear. It goes right up to more recent research situating the novel within broader post-colonial and mental health discourses. Recent scholarship underlines the lasting interest in the novel and firmly places Cry, the Peacock as one of the core texts for realizing both psychological themes relevant to contemporary scholarship on existentialism. Hence, this paper reinstates Desai's text as a central work that retains its profundity of appeal and insight for modern readers and scholars into the human psyche and the challenge of being.