Indian Energy Security

The roots of India-Myanmar (Myanmar is known as Burma and Syam) has been very deep going back to thousands year-long ethnic, cultural and commercial links. In the post IInd world war period, a number of factors like political, economic, strategic, ideological and ethnic came out to address their respective responses towards each other. The relations between the two neighbours over the seven decades of independent foreign policy making has seen many ups and downs though never going down to a state of complete breakdown. The post-Cold War period identified with the advent of globalization has witnessed a sea change in India's approach to bilateral, regional and global issues which manifested in a new realistic and pragmatic orientation over the kind of ideals and principles carried over in the past. A new Factors like China's footprints, Myanmar's energy reserves and insurgency in the northeast have particularly been instrumental during the last three decades in according a new orientation to India's priorities in her relations with her eastern neighbour. The insurgent groups in the India's north eastern states of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh have umbilical cord with the tribal people of the Myanmar on the other side of the border. Myanmar is only country that sits at the intersection of India's "Neighbourhood First" and "Look East/Act East" policy and serves as the "Gateway to the SouthEast Asia". The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse the issues from a power and security centered strategic perspective with focus on increasing pragmatism in India's orientation towards her eastern neighbour earlier known as Syam and Burma.

National security is main goal of a nation. It means freedom from care. As we know national security is ability of a nation to protect its internal values from external threats. But broadly speaking, the prevention of core values critical to the nation state from external and internal threats 1 .

The writers of this article examine concerns around the 9/11 attacks and their effects on Afghanistan and the countries of Central Asia. Afghanistan and all the countries in Central Asia have seen the direct effects of the 9/11 attack, which has had a profound impact on global politics and structures. The US and its allies left Afghanistan in the hands of those who fought with them for 20 years, and the US, NATO, and UN labelled them terrorists after the old Taliban rule came to power after 20 years of war in the country and 20 years after the 9/11 attacks.. The United States and its allies deliver the nation back to so-called terrorists and Islamic fundamentalists. For two decades, the US and its allies have backed warlords and the mafia without making any genuine efforts to stabilize the country. Instead, they have pretended to be stabilizing Afghanistan and have expressed a desire to establish nation-building there. They are Western Allies and the US after 20 years of continuous Taliban combat, many dreams have been dashed. They have now given the Taliban control over Afghanistan, brought poverty, and established DAESH (ISIS KHURARASAN) there, with several indications that the US supports DAESH there, both locals and observers claim that the terrorist organization Daesh/ISIS-Khorasan is hiring impoverished individuals to bolster its numbers in the war-torn nation, taking advantage of Afghanistan's economic problems. In the long run, they aim to pose a threat to Central Asian nations. In order to turn northern Afghanistan into a combat zone and cause further problems for the countries of central Asia, the US is obliquely helping commanders in the northern alliance to launch a few little battles there. The security situation in the world, particularly in Central Asia, is greatly impacted by the circumstances in Afghanistan.Since the Taliban would increase religious intolerance and extremism throughout the region, the world's superpowers will have yet another justification for invading the countries in the region. A new, major plot is underway to undermine the security of the Central Asian nations, provide a pretext for invasion, establish supremacy over the region, and ultimately end the influence of China and Russia on the Central Asian nations.

ENG. The author describes the cooperation of China, Russia and India in the field of energy (oil and gas). It describes the main energy companies in these countries and their international cooperation. The subject of the work is the extraction and processing of hydrocarbons, the construction of pipelines and joint foreign investment of Asian companies from BRICS group.

POL. Autor opisuje współpracę Chin, Rosji i Indii w dziedzinie surowców energetycznych (ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego). Opisuje główne koncerny energetyczne w tych państwach oraz ich współpracę międzynarodową. Przedmiotem pracy jest wydobycie i przetwarzanie węglowodorów, budowa rurociągów i wspólne inwestycje zagraniczne firm z azjatyckich państw BRICS.

India and the Changing Geopolitics of Oil The global energy scenario has transformed in the past 20 years. Oil demand, earlier driven by the West, is now shifting to the East, more specifically to Asia. New oil supplies from North America have challenged the hegemony of the traditional oil exporters from West Asia and Africa. India, once a marginal player in the world oil market, is now a valued customer providing demand security to oil exporters. This book systematically examines India's oil and gas trade, which makes it the world's third largest importer of oil after China and the US. It explores the changing patterns of oil demand and supply, and the growing market for natural gas, renewable energy, biofuel, and alternative sources of energy. Further, the volume discusses a range of issues that affects India's position in the global energy economy, such as Amit Bhandari is the Fellow for Energy and Environment Studies at Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations, India. His research encompasses India's energy security priorities and the role of financial markets, geopolitics, technology, and policy in achieving those goals. Amit has also studied China's Belt and Road Initiative and has authored papers studying Chinese Investments in South Asia and Chinese Investments in India. Amit has nearly two decades of experience in covering financial and energy markets. He started his career with the Economic Times, where he tracked the energy sector. He was a part of the startup team of ET Now, the business news channel. Amit was responsible for setting up India Reality Research, a new research outfit within CLSA India, a stockbroking firm. He has also worked with the Deccan Chronicle Group as the business editor of their general dailies. He holds a Masters in Business Administration from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India and a Bachelors degree in Technology from the

The oil and gas companies often claim as highly complex and structured through the supply chain system that requires dynamic practices. Oil and gas companies may encounter capabilities problems related to the dynamic supply chain practices in attainment and reassessment of their associates in the supply chains. Motivated by the complication in the oil and gas companies and its typical characteristic of the supply chain, this study intends to understand the real situation problem that needs to be known about how the supply chain practices as seen by oil and gas industry players. Resource-based view and organizational learning theory are used to support for developing the framework to the study. In order to gain an in-depth understanding dynamic supply chain practices the contractors registered with PETRONAS licensing companies have been chosen. Due to the subjectivity of the study that requires understanding of dynamic supply chain practices; this study uses the interpretive paradigm where it would guide towards qualitative methodology. This study will provide deep and wide description of the dynamic of supply chain practices where the outcome will contribute to the managerial and theoretical perspective of supply chain management in oil and gas players.

The King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) is a non-profit global institution dedicated to independent research into energy economics, policy, technology and the environment across all types of energy. KAPSARC's mandate is to advance the understanding of energy challenges and opportunities facing the world today and tomorrow, through unbiased, independent, and high-caliber research for the benefit of society. KAPSARC is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

This paper presents the challenges in oil and gas development in Indonesia, especially in technical aspects. In upstream, this country faces the fact that the production as well as the proven reserves of oil is continuing to decline. The challenges are therefore on how to find new resources, how to develop frontier area and how to produce more oil from the remaining oil in place in the existing fields. The oil deposit and traps are small, but also complexes. Very limited primary data makes it difficult to have a discovery. More accurate, intensive and comprehensive exploration data are therefore needed which, in turn, will need the use of the most sophisticated exploration technology. On the other hand it isrecommend that Government of Indonesia should generate primary exploration data prior to oil and gas prospecting. Regarding production, there is still hope to maintain the production level by exploiting further the remaining oil in place, the effort of which will need the use of ...

The world’s demand for energy grew by 95 percent in the last 30 years. It is projected to grow by 33 percent during the next 15 years and by 45 percent in the next 20 years.1 Most of that growth will be accounted for by huge increases in demand from India and China. Much has been written about the future energy needs of China, the world’s second largest energy market after the United States. This article looks into India’s energy resources and needs, particularly in terms of oil and gas. It explores the measures that India is taking to meet the looming energy crisis and to assure security of supply by diversification. It then examines India’s current approach to renewable energy, including nuclear, and concludes with some policy suggestions.

The G20, a leading multilateral forum for global cooperation and decisionmaking, is taking the lead to foster dialogue and deliberation on green energy transition through energy collaboration and action agenda. The G20 countries are accountable for more than three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions collectively. Individually, all the members have net-zero emissions domestic pledges and action plans to gear up their transition towards green energy regimes. Although most countries have submitted stronger NDC targets over time, their overall implementation is still insufficient to meet 1.5°C goal. India, as the current President of the group, strived to build consensus on decarbonisation, rationalisation of energy mix, and financing the transition to green energy. The article, while examining G20’s attempts in this direction, examines India’s constraints on the way to building consensus on green energy transition for net-zero emissions.

Exploration for oil in Indonesia started in 1850 when systematic mapping of oils seeps was carried out by the Dutch East Indies Government. This, with geological investigation, resulted in discoveries of the first Indonesia's oilfields during 1870s to 1890s in

India is globally renowned as a burgeoning solar energy superpower. Solar park development is occurring in the Indian context of an ascendant Hindu nationalism (Hindutva) that is violent and oppressive to minority populations, particularly against Muslims and Dalits. Yet it remains unclear how Hindutva influences solar-related land politics and resource access. Utilizing original data from extensive mixed methods fieldwork to examine the case studies of the Bhadla Solar Park and the Fatehgarh Solar Park in Rajasthan, we document a clear pattern of dispossessionary forces driving solar development, compounding the harms of climate coloniality. Drawing on literature from political ecology and racial capitalism, we ask the following research questions: 1) How do distribution conflicts arising from uneven solar development vary between projects?; 2) To what extent does solar park development perpetuate colonial production relations and the racialized dispossession of local populations? Solar park development in Rajasthan has not translated into the upliftment or empowerment of marginalized peasants struggling with energy poverty. On the contrary, solar coloniality is perpetuating and compounding the harms of climate coloniality, mitigating carbon emissions through the landed extraction of photons and the erasure of racialized peasants. Hindutva influences solar development in ways that reproduce marginality and vulnerability of racialized groups burdened by the dispossession of land and resources for solar park development for the benefit of domestic and international firms. Emancipatory and redistributive solar interventions are vital for ensuring the survival of those left in the dark within sustainable sacrifice zones by dispossessionary and destructive energy transitions.

Indian companies continue to purchase mammoth amounts of Russian crude. At the same time, the exports of oil products from India
to the EU have grown at an exponential rate till March 2023. After this period, however, they have decreased equally rapidly.
The EU has found itself in a tight spot with regard to this issue, as some  European diplomats have criticised New Delhi for
purchasing Russian crude but the EU's imports of oil products from India seem to be one of the factors that have added to the
Indian demand for this Russian resource.
Our new Brief, authored by Krzysztof Iwanek, deals with this very issue.

US's sharp criticism of Syria echoed loudly in Damascus as US forces entered Baghdad with unexpected ease in April 2003. It is no surprise then that Damascus somewhat nervously fears the possibility of US action against Syria, irrespective of denials from Washington. After all, the similarities between the regimes of Bashar Assad and Saddam Hussein are not insignificant-both Baathist, pan-Arab, anti-Israeli and autocratic. The Syrian President will have duly noted US neo-conservative ambitions to spread democracy in the Middle East by undefined means. Beneath its recent rhetoric the Bush administration has sent a clear warning to Damascus to behave. Washington fears Syrian spoiling tactics, and wants cooperation, or at least no mischief making in Iraq, and over the Arab/Israeli Road Map, and Lebanon, where the US would like to see Hizbollah restrained.

In recent years, the concept of the 'Anthropocene' and its theoretical and practical implications have permeated International Relations Theory, and especially studies focused on international security. Still scarce, most of the reflections are limited to theoretically-oriented works. However, more and more are exploring its potential to understand specific cases, challenges and conflicts. This work offers an eco-critical approach to the environmental dimension of conflicts in the South China Sea based on two main assumptions: first, the acceptance that human activity has a profound and varied impact on the planet's ecology and geology; second, the profound conviction that understanding contemporary international security requires a fresh and reflective analysis of conflict. The analysis yields two main conclusions. The first is that nature is not only not being protected in the South China Sea, but is often being sacrificed for the sake of different actions: actions dir...

Indonesia’s oil and gas industry is the huge contributor to government export revenues and foreign exchange and contributes a substantial amount to state revenue. However, the total of oil production declined around 4,41% per year since 2007, and the sharpest decline was in 2013. This situation gives impact to the performance of oil and gas industry, especially government revenues. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the financial performance of Oil and Gas Industry and to examine the significance differences between the financial performance before and after the decline in oil and gas production. The data were collected from financial report and the period was divided into two periods, before the decline in production (2011 – 2012) and after the decline in production (2014 – 2015). Paired sample t-test and financial ratio analysis (FRA) were used to analyzed the data. The finding shows that the largest oil and gas company in Indonesia is still in good financial condi...

Endowed with over 40,000 MW of economic hydropower potential relative to its nascent domestic demand, Nepal can export electricity to its power-deficit neighbours in the BBIN (Bhutan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal) region as a strategic economic opportunity. The untapped hydro potential in Nepal, coupled with BBIN's complementary seasonal demand patterns, difference in peak load timing, and rapidly growing growth of electricity demand in Bangladesh and India, are favourable for regional electricity cooperation, especially for Nepal. This study uses the SWOT-AHP-TOWS approach to identify the key barriers and opportunities for cross-border electricity trade and to provide insights on possible strategies for Nepal.

Natuna sea is Indonesia’s energy storage. East Natuna field, located on Indonesia's continental shelf in the Natuna sea, is believed to be the largest gas field in Asia-Pacific. Deposits a tremendous amount of hydrocarbon reserve potential numbered 46 TCF. The reserve is highly potential to meet Indonesia's future energy demand and is also an asset for national development. On the other hand, there could be a possibility that others also seek these natural resources. Part of the Natuna sea, which holds an extraordinary amount of hydrocarbon, is included in China's nine-dashed line claim of the South China Sea, an area with prolonged conflict. Indonesia's interest in maintaining our sovereignty over resources management on our continental shelf in the Natuna sea, particularly in managing energy resources. To achieve this interest, support for excellent defense capabilities is necessary. This research puts the synergy of energy and defense under scrutiny, exercising th...

In 2022, Russia became one of the major suppliers of petroleum crude to India. Our new Brief, admittedly less brief this time, makes use of New Delhi government's freshly-released data to summarise whatever we know about Indian imports of Russian oil in 2022. The commentary, authored by Krzysztof Iwanek, also seeks to offer a few thoughts on what this means for India's relations with Russia and the West.

Cross-border power trading through grid interconnection has gained significant attention in South Asia to support energy deficit states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. Nonetheless, cross border grid interconnection requires technical standardization and grid code synchronization to ensure technically feasible, reliable, safe and economical power exchange among the SAARC states. Importantly, grid code harmonization necessitates the uniformity of technical data and codes among the member states. In this paper, we investigate the relevant factors such as regional barriers, trade potential, a gap in the grid codes, standardization of technical data, energy pricing, load profile, the load factor of different states, and regulatory framework of different states. All these factors are found to be helpful in formulating a set of recommendations for seamless power grid interconnections and power trading. We have developed a power pool model for the SAARC region with an objective to effectively realize the objectives of cross-border power trade in the region. The presented model takes account of transparency in market-clearing price, bidding of data, season-wise load profile, market volume, best case practices, institutional setup and rigorous case studies to ensure seamless grid interconnection and reliable power trading within the region. INDEX TERMS Cross-border power trade, standardization of technical data, grid code harmonization, power pool model.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

The Russia-Ukraine war has significantly impacted the nature of international politics. As we know, the outcome of the interaction of different countries' foreign policies shapes the nature of international politics at a given time. After this war, the foreign policies of different countries would be based more on a nationalistic trajectory which had already moved towards it when the Coronavirus pandemic hit the world. They would be based on more self-reliance, specifically in the defence sphere. The impact is already visible from Europe to Asia. The Russia-Ukraine war made European countries realise that they would have to strengthen their security apparatus and be self-reliant on their security rather than dependent on the UN or US. Germany is taking the lead in this resurgence of Europe. (Happymon Jacob, The Hindu July 16 2022). In Asia, Japan, too, is in the middle of a massive domestic debate about its security. Japan's new strategy to manage Chinese power involves three broad elementsreorienting Japan's diplomacy, boosting national capabilities to deter aggression and deepening defence partnerships. (C. Raja Mohan, Indian Express, September 6, 2022) I hypothesise that India's foreign policies toward US, Russia and China will witness some change soon. India's approach towards the US may change; there is the possibility that India would relook at its strategic relations with the US because, after 9/11, when the US entered Afghanistan to eliminate Taliban and al-Qaeda, it also coincided with the emergence of a US strategic partnership with India. Since then, India has signed vital agreements with the US, like nuclear deals, defence agreements, etc. But when the US left Afghanistan, the Taliban returned to power. India wanted the US should not leave Afghanistan because of the fear of the return of the Taliban and terrorism. Still, the US disregarded it due to its economic compulsions. There is also the possibility that India would again improve its relations with Russia which would further help India to balance its relations with China. The proposed paper will analyse India's foreign policy in its relations with the US, Russia and China in the context of the aftermath of the Ukraine-Russia war.

Seeking recognition for India as a power of consequence on the global stage has been a persistent feature of Indian foreign policy over the years. Ever since the time of India gaining independence from British colonial rule, India's foreign policy makers have always yearned and aspired to seeing India being counted as a major power in the global community of nations. This paper looks at the efforts of India's foreign policy makers in this direction and also attempts to shed a light on the obstacles faced by India in realising its dream of becoming a major global power.

The number of LNG vessels on European waters has doubled in the past two months (September & October). According to shipping analytics firm Vortexa, the ships are idling or moving slowly across northwest Europe and the Iberian Peninsula while carrying $2 billion worth of LNG in total. When temperatures drop throughout the winter and the surplus of natural gas in Europe's storage starts to be used up, the merchants who control the tankers are holding out for higher prices. According to statistics from Vortexa, 30 more ships are on their way, now travelling across the Atlantic, and are anticipated to join the line before winter.

In 2007, during research on ways to abate greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, 1 we encountered the puzzle of energy efficiency: How is it that so many energysaving opportunities worth more than $130 billion annually to the U.S. economy can go unrealized, despite decades of public awareness campaigns, federal and state programs, and targeted action by individual companies, non-governmental organizations, and private individuals? Greater energy efficiency will almost certainly be an important component in comprehensive national-and global-strategies for managing energy resources and climate change in the future. For this reason, we launched an effort in 2008 to investigate opportunities for greater efficiency in the stationary (non-transportation) uses of energy in the U.S. economy. This research confirms what many others have found-that the opportunity is significant. The focus of our effort, however, has been to identify what has prevented attractive efficiency opportunities from being captured in the past and evaluate potential measures to overcome these barriers. Our goal is to identify ways to unlock the efficiency potential for more productive uses in the future. This report is the product of that work.

This Legal Scholarship Symposia Articles is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Law Review by an authorized editor of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Dennis Stickley, Hunting Elephants in Asia: Are Strategic Alliances the Answer for Independents, 27 Tulsa L. J. 607 (2013).

Cross-border power trading through grid interconnection has gained significant attention in South Asia to support energy deficit states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. Nonetheless, cross border grid interconnection requires technical standardization and grid code synchronization to ensure technically feasible, reliable, safe and economical power exchange among the SAARC states. Importantly, grid code harmonization necessitates the uniformity of technical data and codes among the member states. In this paper, we investigate the relevant factors such as regional barriers, trade potential, a gap in the grid codes, standardization of technical data, energy pricing, load profile, the load factor of different states, and regulatory framework of different states. All these factors are found to be helpful in formulating a set of recommendations for seamless power grid interconnections and power trading. We have developed a power pool model for the SAARC region with an objective to effectively realize the objectives of cross-border power trade in the region. The presented model takes account of transparency in market-clearing price, bidding of data, season-wise load profile, market volume, best case practices, institutional setup and rigorous case studies to ensure seamless grid interconnection and reliable power trading within the region. INDEX TERMS Cross-border power trade, standardization of technical data, grid code harmonization, power pool model.

Unlike other aspects of non-traditional security, energy security has been very closely linked with military security. Very often, it is the powerful state-consumers seeking to preserve an uninterrupted supply of energy at an affordable price, who threaten and use military force. At times, it is individuals and groups within the energy-producing countries seeking to resist energy-driven foreign interventions, who disrupt the supplies. The energy-military security nexus is at its peak in the present circumstances-mainly in Iraq, but also in the energy-rich West Asia. The paper proposes to examine the global security/insecurity of energy and its likely implications for India. Without giving up diversification and self-reliance as options, we need to accept the fact that West Asia would remain the source of an overwhelming proportion of India's oil and gas imports. India's energy policy, in the circumstances, will have to proceed from this basic given.-*-Military/Non-Military Security Security has been the central issue in international affairs. Traditionally, it meant security of a state under attack from another state, which could result in war in which case threat, actual use and management of military force would be considered. With a greater diffusion of conventional weapons and a wider proliferation of the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) since the end of the Cold War, security has acquired an even larger profile. It has, additionally, become a contested concept. Security for whom: states, groups or individuals? Security from whom: states, non-state actors or nature itself? As the debate continues, there is an increasing acceptance of a broad, holistic understanding of the term that incorporates what is variously called comprehensive security, human security, non-military security, nontraditional security and so on. It is, thus, perfectly legitimate to speak of gender

Since 1994 Indonesia has not built any new refineries due to the economic crisis in1998, which was followed by political reform. Last year Indonesia had imported more than400 thousand bpd (barrel per day) of petroleum products. On the supply side, Pertamina’srefinery capacity of 1,050 thousand bpd produces only up to 750 thousand bpd of petroleumfuels or 68 % of domestic consumption.A study has been conducted on the refining development in Indonesia up to year 2030.According to a projection based on reference scenario, in year 2030 Indonesia will consume2.60 million bpd of petroleum fuels. If security of supply approach is taken intoconsideration, Indonesia will require 3 million bpd of total refinery capacity. New refineriesproducing additional 2 million bpd have to be constructed in order to fulfill domesticdemand for petroleum fuels. The additional new refineries would then be on-stream one byone with 300 thousand bpd of capacity starting from year 2015, and would be built nearco...

This paper made an attempt to analyze India's bilateral trend of trade with member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. The time period for the analysis is from 1996 to 2021. The study starts with the Asian financial crisis and ends with recently available data. Most of the data were collected from the ministry of commerce and industry on various issues. For the analysis, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method has been applied to derive the result. The study found that Bangladesh is the largest trading partner among all SAARC nations and Pakistan has got the lowest position on the list. I.

Malaysia has initiated a range of pre-project activities in preparation for its planned nuclear power programme. Clearly one of the first steps is the selection of sites that are deemed suitable for the construction and operation of a nuclear power plant. Here we outline the Malaysian regulatory requirements for nuclear power plant site selection, emphasizing details of the selection procedures and site characteristics needed, with a clear focus on radiation safety and radiation protection in respect of the site surroundings. The Malaysia Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) site selection guidelines are in accord with those provided in International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and United Stated Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) documents. To enhance the suitability criteria during selection, as well as to assist in the final decision making process, possible assessments using the site selection characteristics and information are proposed.

Cross-border power trading through grid interconnection has gained significant attention in South Asia to support energy deficit states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. Nonetheless, cross border grid interconnection requires technical standardization and grid code synchronization to ensure technically feasible, reliable, safe and economical power exchange among the SAARC states. Importantly, grid code harmonization necessitates the uniformity of technical data and codes among the member states. In this paper, we investigate the relevant factors such as regional barriers, trade potential, a gap in the grid codes, standardization of technical data, energy pricing, load profile, the load factor of different states, and regulatory framework of different states. All these factors are found to be helpful in formulating a set of recommendations for seamless power grid interconnections and power trading. We have developed a power pool model for the SAARC region with an objective to effectively realize the objectives of cross-border power trade in the region. The presented model takes account of transparency in market-clearing price, bidding of data, season-wise load profile, market volume, best case practices, institutional setup and rigorous case studies to ensure seamless grid interconnection and reliable power trading within the region. INDEX TERMS Cross-border power trade, standardization of technical data, grid code harmonization, power pool model.

As regard to the relative consumption of various sources of energy as percent of the world total, India among the emerging Asian economies, occupies third place immediately after China and Japan. This raises the question whether India's energy consumption levels commensurate with levels of economic growth similar to other high as well as low energy consuming nations of the Asian region. In this context, this paper attempts to explore the possible impact of various forms of energy consumption sources and consumption pattern. And this study considers the annual data from 1990-91 to 2013-14 to using simple statistical methods for analysing data. Energy is needed for economic growth, for improving the quality of life and for increasing opportunities for development. The direct impact of energy consumption on influence the economic growth of our country, besides it also examined the influence of various forms of energy consumption growth on growth of private consumption and private i...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

This paper presents the challenges in oil and gas development in Indonesia, especially in technical aspects. In upstream, this country faces the fact that the production as well as the proven reserves of oil is continuing to decline. The challenges are therefore on how to find new resources, how to develop frontier area and how to produce more oil from the remaining oil in place in the existing fields. The oil deposit and traps are small, but also complexes. Very limited primary data makes it difficult to have a discovery. More accurate, intensive and comprehensive exploration data are therefore needed which, in turn, will need the use of the most sophisticated exploration technology. On the other hand it isrecommend that Government of Indonesia should generate primary exploration data prior to oil and gas prospecting. Regarding production, there is still hope to maintain the production level by exploiting further the remaining oil in place, the effort of which will need the use of ...

Since 1994 Indonesia has not built any new refineries due to the economic crisis in1998, which was followed by political reform. Last year Indonesia had imported more than400 thousand bpd (barrel per day) of petroleum products. On the supply side, Pertamina’srefinery capacity of 1,050 thousand bpd produces only up to 750 thousand bpd of petroleumfuels or 68 % of domestic consumption.A study has been conducted on the refining development in Indonesia up to year 2030.According to a projection based on reference scenario, in year 2030 Indonesia will consume2.60 million bpd of petroleum fuels. If security of supply approach is taken intoconsideration, Indonesia will require 3 million bpd of total refinery capacity. New refineriesproducing additional 2 million bpd have to be constructed in order to fulfill domesticdemand for petroleum fuels. The additional new refineries would then be on-stream one byone with 300 thousand bpd of capacity starting from year 2015, and would be built nearco...

There is a wide gap between India’s energy production and energy through conventional sources of energy. After the two oil shocks in 1970s, which caused energy crisis, the drive for renewable energy started in 1980s with setting up of institutions ranging from research and technology development to human resource development. Over world and in line to establish its strong hold in solar and biomass. This paper seeking to understand India’s growth in renewable sector examines the institutional setup and the policy initiatives. It calls for the need to take steps to motivate the people towards renewable energy.

The issue of national security has ever been an issue of top priority for the nations in human history and all the efforts to secure its national interests have been made as the core of national policy. India after its independence in 1947 faced very severe challenges and hostile surroundings to its security and stability. Not only external threats but the country had been facing various challenges from inside many of them still exists. It was really a very hard work to save guard our comprehensive national interest with limited national resources and enormous international pressure of cold war politics. The present work investigates various problems and prospects of our national security issues including constant efforts of our country to meet the challenges successfully

The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s), and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides to any supporter is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment and the analysis and recommendations are not determined by any donation.

Despite sharing a common culture and heritage, South Asia is one of the least integrated regions of the world. There are numerous persistent problems creating continuous hurdles for regional integration in South Asia. In this paper an effort is made to present the case for the regional integration of South Asia from the perspective of functional theory. Interestingly, some countries in South Asia are energy deficit and some have vast unexplored potential to meet these shortfalls. The pertinent issue is how to link demand and supply of energy in South Asia so that it subsequently becomes a functional area for cooperation. This paper considers prevalent models of cooperation in energy security of other regions and argues how it can be relevant to the context of South Asia. The role of various actors essential for promoting cooperation in energy security in South Asia is discussed in this paper. Also, in order to substantiate the application of functional theory, the example of the European Union's policy is briefly outlined. Introduction: Understanding the Functionalist Approach As understood by the functionalist school of thought, "politics need not be envisaged as a crude clash of interest, each rationally conceived and defended but may yield to problem solving. Interest need not be 'reconciled' if they can be 'integrated' at a higher level of perception by engaging the actors in a working effort." 1 No doubt this statement appears to be positive, giving hope to those who want to bridge the division between people. The other pertinent point linked with the above statement is how to identify such "interest." Scholars working on regional integration/cooperation always try to focus on such "interest" which can later be used as a cementing element that will ultimately constrict national boundaries. The success of regional organizations depends on how well the national interest of different countries coincides in some functional area. This has been the case with the European Union, which now is regarded as a single nation state by numerous scholars of international relations. According to Stephanie Lawson, a prominent international relations scholar there is little doubt that the European Union (EU) is the most successful exercise in regionalisation to date and a

Energy is a common thread that connects multiple areas of sustainable development of countries and sub-regions in Asia. In the drive to trigger and consolidate inclusive development, the North Eastern Region (NER) of India offers great potential as an electricity trading hub. This book analyses the multiple benefits of connecting the NER with neighbouring economies through cross-border energy trade. Supply and demand analysis under different connectivity scenarios shows that not only would NER–India be able to fully utilise the economic benefits of energy connectivity, but neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar could also keep carbon emissions in check by importing reliable and cost-effective renewable energy sources. In addition, those countries can reduce the energy security risks of serious supply gaps arising in the dry seasons. To harness the untapped energy potentials and make NER a robust economic growth pole, this report recommends initiating multi-layer...

India has experienced a peak power deficit of more than 12% in the last decade. In order to reduce the deficit, policymakers initiated a new energy planning policy through the introduction of Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP). However, since the introduction of UMPP Policy in 2006, a number of instances have exhibited the limitations in its implementation and its inability to adapt to changes in the external factors. These limitations have ranged from a change in the bidding guidelines post awarding of project; to external threats such as regulatory changes in a foreign country. This paper attempts to draw learning from issues in the implementation of UMPP policy through short case discussions. The authors subsequently illustrate the issues faced during implementation and actions taken by the Government; and suggest possible measures to resolve these issues.

Uninterrupted electricity supply is the precondition of economic development of a country. Bangladesh has huge electrical power deficiency and to minimize this lagging, Government is importing 250 MW electrical power from India. India is itself an electricity deficiency country and has already relationship of trading with two south Asian countries, but the policies of those trading are not beneficial for those respective countries. On the other hand Bangladesh is richer than many other south Asian countries in respect to primary energy reserve. Proper management of this primary energy and electricity sector, to produce and use electricity properly could be a good solution of running electricity scarcity problem of Bangladesh. In some context inter-countries trading is important in south Asia to have a sustainable economic growth when it is beneficial and preserve the right for both countries. Purchasing power from India cannot be a fruitful solution because it will increase our dependency on them. By this trading we may reduce the electricity crisis instantly but could be a cause of long term negative effect on our overall economy. Moreover most of the energy specialists and learned people have negative opinion about this electricity trading. This trading cannot be the good and permanent solution to solve power scarcity problem of this country. Bangladesh should try to be self sufficient in electrical power by proper management and utilization of its own resources instead of spending money for purchasing power from India.

(Raj) It is important to bear in mind that since India-China, and US-China relations are becoming extremely tense over bilateral, regional and international issues, India and the United States have enormous opportunities to come much closer to each other to deal with China's increasingly threatening posture, be it in the South China Sea or in the Ladakh region where India and China are locked in a military stand off for last more than six months. This warranted Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump to cooperate with each other to halt China's expansionist designs. For this, both Washington and New Delhi have undertaken a series of measures on several fronts such as putting restrictions on imports from China, the closure of China's internet sources and telecommunication links.