Impact

Final years design students, both undergraduate and postgraduate, are often presented with a pool of topics that they can select from to work on their major/final course project. Some students struggle first with making this choice and then, after the work is submitted, marked and the degree is completed, with the frustration of leaving such projects behind and totally inconsequential. This may happen because the student is not oriented towards reflecting on how each of the possible topics to choose from can become a more or less impactful project during the remainder of their studies, for their professional development and future employability, and in terms of supporting/helping a wider community, by solving a problem common to many. After analysing 35 generative boards/canvases retrieved from a diversity of professional sources, a taxonomy for the design of this kind of visual tools was optimised and a visual board-the Impact Plan-is proposed. It aims at obviating the lack of refl...

Reflection-on-action is necessary to derive meaning from one’s experiences. This article revisits research data from an elongated study on the impact of a distance education programme on the professional practice of graduates. The study focused on 300 graduates and 128 principals, selected through multi-stage and purposive sampling. The researcher used a mixed-methods research design with specific focus on Kirkpatrick’s (1996) and Baldwin and Ford’s (1988) training evaluation models. The researcher’s curiosity was triggered by the need to understand possible reasons for the participants’ views, as these are contrary to the norm. This account indicates a clear institutional policy on quality assurance, practices guided by the policy, an ongoing monitoring of the distance education students’ profiles, improved programme design, student support structures, programme design and research focused on programmes as possible reasons. The author argues that higher education practitioners, irr...

The impact energy absorption by helmets is of vital importance to the safety of motorcyclists during accidents. The paper is concerned with the study of damage and delamination, which are the principal modes of failure and energy absorption, in a composite shell and their influence on the impact performance of a helmet. Numerical simulations were conducted with different composite shells made of cross-ply laminate, woven fabric, and glass mat. The effectiveness of the numerical model is established using available experimental results from the literature. Hashin failure criteria and cohesive zone model (CZM) were used for predicting the in-plane damage and delamination in composite plies, respectively. An interface layer having a bilinear relationship between traction and relative displacement was placed between the plies of the composite shell to predict the delamination. The influence of damage and delamination in shells made of composite materials on impact-induced forces is evaluated and their performance is compared with helmet shells made of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS).

This paper proposes a scheme for scheduling disk requests that takes advantage of the ability of high-level functions to operate directly at individual disk drives. We show that such a scheme makes it possible to support a Data Mining workload on an OLTP system almost for free: there is only a small impact on the throughput and response time of the existing workload. Specifically, we show that an OLTP system has the disk resources to provide a consistent one third of its sequential bandwidth to a background Data Mining task with close to zero impact on OLTP throughput and response time at high transaction loads. At low transaction loads, we show much lower impact than observed in previous work. This means that a production OLTP system can be used for Data Mining tasks without the expense of a second dedicated system. Our scheme takes advantage of close interaction with the on-disk scheduler by reading blocks for the Data Mining workload as the disk head "passes over" them while satisfying demand blocks from the OLTP request stream. We show that this scheme provides a consistent level of throughput for the background workload even at very high foreground loads. Such a scheme is of most benefit in combination with an Active Disk environment that allows the background Data Mining application to also take advantage of the processing power and memory available directly on the disk drives.

... DISCLOSURE: Fidaa Shaib, No Financial Disclosure Information; No Product/Research Disclosure Information ... WITH SE-VERE SEPSIS REGARDLESS OF THE SITE OF INFECTION Joe G. Zein MD George Nassif MD* Mohammad-Ali El-Harakeh MD Gary T. Kinasewitz MD ...

ABSTRACT India has emerged as a global hub for IT industry with the segment having undergone rapid transformation and a phase of accelerated growth. Despite the recent downturn, the IT sector in India has managed to secure a double digit growth rate. With intense global competition, the companies are operating in an environment encompassed by technological innovation and change. Empowering and retaining employees are major challenge for an IT company because when opportunities and challenges are numerous, flow of employees between one company and another becomes commonplace. Therefore, attrition continues to plague the industry making it one of the foremost concerns of the sector today. Studies have shown that empowering employees not only makes a significant difference in their performance and outlook towards work but is also a means of creating greater effectiveness. Although, there have been studies analysing the impact of various factors (including empowerment) on turnover intention, studies of such nature are few in the Indian context. This study, therefore, aims to explore the influence of psychological empowerment on turnover intent of software professionals in IT product and services companies in India.

Sinaloa tiene la mayor superficie agrícola de riego en el país, por lo que las actividades agropecuarias son importantes, no sólo por su aportación económica, sino también por el deterioro ambiental que presentan. El efecto principal es sobre el uso del agua, donde se estima sobreexplotación de los acuíferos por percolación de plaguicidas y otros desechos, lo que ocasiona daños en los ecosistemas y a la salud. Por otro lado, la agricultura consume 80% del agua dulce disponible en la región, razón por la cual la región del Golfo de California se encuentra sobreexplotada. Se destaca la importancia de implementar estrategias de conservación para revertir y remediar repercusiones futuras sobre los mantos freáticos y evitar escenarios de contaminación por intrusión salina.

Despite the call for a better understanding of macro-level factors that affect population health, social epidemiological research has tended to focus almost exclusively on national-level factors, such as Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP/c) or levels of social cohesion. Using a world-systems framework to examine cross-national variations in infant mortality, this paper seeks to emphasize the effects of global trade on national-level population health. Rather than viewing national-level health indicators as autonomous from broader global contexts, the study uses network analysis methods to examine the effects of international trade on infant mortality rates. Network data for countries were derived from international data on the trade of capital-intensive commodities in 2000. Using automorphic equivalence to measure the degree to which actors in a network perform similar roles, countries were assigned into one of six world-system blocks, each with its own pattern of trade. These blocks were dummy-coded and tested using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. A key finding from this analysis is that after controlling for national-level factors, the two blocks with the lowest density in capital-intensive exchange, i.e., the periphery, are significantly and positively associated with nationallevel infant mortality rates. Results show the effects of peripherality and stratification on population health, and highlight the influence of broader macro-level factors such as trade and globalization on national health.

Kerala has a coastline of 589.5 kilometres, which forms 10% of India’s total coastline. Although, Kerala boasts of the highest quality of life in India as measured by human development indicators, the state's fishing community has largely been left out of the general development experience. For example, the literacy level, educational attainment of fisher folk is much lower than that of the general population (Department of Fisheries, 2005). Other development related indicators like lack of income- earning opportunities, poverty and deprivation, lack of access to basic services, poor health conditions amongst men and women, lack of access to health facilities, also show evidence of this neglect and marginalisation. The annual income, land ownership and housing facilities are also very low along with a very high level of indebtedness among the fishing community. Fisher folk always face a shortage of money and live on a day to day basis. They have a high rate of dependence on moneylenders and traders. They spend all their lives managing the burden of debts. In Kerala they lack a habit of saving and investing a part of their income. They spent whatever they get on their daily life. This contributes to the issue of poverty they face in their life irrespective of the income they earn. This quantitative research paper makes an attempt to identify the saving and investment patterns of fisher folk and its impact on poverty they suffer with a special focus on the fishermen communities living in Vadanappilli coastal area, Thrissur district, Kerala.

The impact that volcanic eruptions may have upon environments far from the volcanic source is conventionally assumed to depend on climatic modification by emitted gases. However, recent research has suggested that the damage caused by the direct impact of volcanic gases, mainly H 2SO 4, may be profound. This paper highlights the severity of this mechanism by reference to human sickness and death in France and contiguous with the eruption of the Laki fissure in Iceland in 1783. This work demonstrates the gains which may be made by interdisciplinary teams of researchers and illustrates the valuable knowledge that remains to be revealed by further research in the French historical record. To cite this article: J. Grattan et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).

We assessed the impact of domestic cats on population persistence of native and exotic urban bird populations using a model adjusted for habitat-specific catch rates, cat ownership and hunting activity data. GPS-derived home ranges of 32 cats and resource selection indices demonstrated the degree of penetration and preference for native vegetation fragments. Owners reported on prey brought back by 144 domestic cats in Dunedin, New Zealand, during 12 months. One third of cats never brought back prey, and 21% returned more than one item/month. Cats brought back a mean of 13.4 prey items/year (median = 4), with cats aged <1 year returning more prey than older cats. Birds were the most common prey, followed by rodents. Although cats penetrated adjacent vegetation fragments they did not catch more birds and preferred garden habitat, suggesting that predation pressure may be reduced in fragments. Cat home range size appears to be constrained by cat density while the number of birds caught depends on the density of available prey. Estimates of city-wide catch for six bird species were either more than total urban population size estimates or close to lower confidence intervals. Modelling of three species indicated low likelihood of population persistence with cat predation. The observed persistence of these prey species suggests a meta-population structure with urban populations acting as sinks with source populations located on the city fringe.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an evaluation of the impact of the Young Enterprise Wales (YEW) programme on its participants. YEW represents the Wales region of the programme which is an annual competition to assist 15-19-year-old secondary school pupils acquire entrepreneurial skills through running a business. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilises a semi-structured data collection method within which attitudes, impacts and perceptions of the YEW programme are assessed. In total, 44 participants in a YEW regional final were interviewed and a questionnaire completed. Findings – The results indicated a positive participant reaction to the YEW programme with an affirmative response to all questions regarding the impact and experience of the course. The post final results suggested that the programme has improved entrepreneurial competencies and the future potential for business start-up. Research limitations/implications – The paper recognises that the re...

African animal trypanosomiasis constrains agricultural production in areas of Africa that hold the continent’s greatest potential for expanded agricultural production. Compared to animals kept in trypanosomiasis free areas, animals kept in areas of moderate risk of trypanosomiasis have lower calving rates, lower milk yields, higher rates of calf mortality, and require more frequent treatment with preventive and curative doses of trypanocidal drugs. At the herd level, trypanosomiasis reduces milk offtake, live animal offtake and the work efficiency of oxen used for cultivation. Herds of trypanosusceptible livestock can be devastated by sudden exposure to high levels of trypanosomiasis risk. Trypanosomiasis also affects where people live, the way they manage their livestock and the number of animals that they keep. In the tsetse-infested areas as a whole, trypanosomiasis reduces the offtake of meat and milk by at least 50%. And by generally constraining farmers from the overall benefi...

Este trabajo muestra parte de los resultados que se han obtenido en el desarrollo de un Proyecto de Investigación aprobado por la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Andalucía, cuyo objetivo principal ha sido estudiar la influencia del género en las estrategias para implementar los proyectos de centros TIC desde la figura de los coordinadores TIC. Los primeros resultados muestran una clara mayoría de coordinadores, siendo el número de coordinadoras menor. Sin embargo, no se revelan grandes diferencias entre los centros educativos en los que los proyectos están liderados por coordinadoras y los que lo están por coordinadores.
This work shows some of the results have been obtained in the development of a research project approved by the Ministry of Education of Andalusia whose main objective was to study the influence of gender on the strategies to implement projects ICT centers from the figure of ICT coordinators. The first results show a clear majority of men in such coordination, and less number of female. However, do not reveal great differences between schools where the projects are led by women and those who lead men.

Global warming, greenhouse effect, and the climate change problems are long-term anthropogenic consequences that are expected to threaten water related demand and supply patterns in the near future. These problems may be identified linguistically on a logical basis to take the necessary precautions, and implement mitigation strategies after vulnerability possibilities are assessed using fuzzy logic. Climate change effects are the focus of many scientific, engineering, economic, social, cultural, and global nuisances, and these effects awaits cost-effective remedial solutions. Extreme events such as floods and droughts and modified groundwater recharge may be influenced by climate change.

This chapter examines partnerships and their peculiarities, based on recent research from various disciplines, in the context of the large problems faced by global society. These problems are very complex, usually cross national boundaries, and cannot easily be 'solved' by one single actor. Previous 'unilateral' attempts to address them have not been particularly successful, and there are limits to what a single actor can do. Cooperation also

Au-delà des discours du gouvernement et des stratégies de marketing de certaines compagnies, ce texte a pour but de faire le point sur ce qu’en disent les recherches. Pour ce faire, nous présentons une brève synthèse de l’analyse d’un ensemble d’études récentes portant sur les impacts des TBI en éducation, et ce, afin d’apporter un éclairage scientifique à la communauté éducative du Québec et de permettre ainsi à ses principaux acteurs d’envisager des pistes d’action appropriées.

This feature issue focuses on strategies to support parents who have cognitive limitations to be successful in raising their children. Articles include: (1) "Encounters with Entropy: Marge's Journey from System to System" (John Franz and Pat Miles) that tells a fictional story of a mother with disabilities to illustrate the tendency of human service systems to operate independently of one another, to stay locked into rigidly structured responses, and to avoid collaborative responses; (2) "Helping Parents Be Parents" (Howard Mandeville and Polly Snodgrass); (3) "Mothers with Developmental Disabilities: Common Issues and Needs" (Bette Keltner); (4) "Parents with Cognitive Limitations: What Do We Know about Providing Support?" (Lynda Anderson and K. Charlie Lakin); (5) "Perpetuating the Sprit of Kako'o" (Stacy Kong); (6) "Supporting Parenting Rights: Arc Hennepin" (Lori Gildersleeve); (7) "Two Decades of Parent Support: Reuben Lindh Parenting Program" (Audrey Kvist); (8) "Supporting Fathers with Cognitive Limitations" (Mark D. Simpson and others); (9) "Parents with Cognitive Limitations: Challenging Myths, Changing Perceptions" (Alexander J. Tymchuk); (10) "Supporting Parents and Children during Termination of Parental Rights" (Deborah Muenzer-Doy and Lynda Anderson); (11) "Strengthening Families of Older Children" (Gwynnyth Llewellyn); (12) "The Adult Children of Parents with Learning Difficulties" (Tim Booth and Wendy Booth); (13) "Welfare Reform and Parents with Disabilities" (Caroline Hoffman and Howard Mandeville); (14) "System Abuse and the Power of Advocacy" (Tim Booth and Wendy Booth); and (15) "How Small Initiatives Make a Difference" (Rick Brooks). The issue closes with a list of supported parenting resources. (CR)

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This study on the impact of overpopulation on the biological diversity of Boki Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria is aimed at establishing the extent overpopulation has impacted on the conservation of biological diversity in the study area. The Ex-post facto research design was adopted. To achieve the purpose of this study, two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The simple random sampling technique was adopted in selecting four (4) communities, while the multi-stage stratified random sampling technique and accidental sampling technique was used to select the two hundred and twenty (120) community dwellers used for the study. A fifteen (15) items four point&#39;slikert scale which span from Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD) questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. To test the hypotheses, Pearson product moment correlation statistical analysis technique was used for data an...

ALLOY-90 refers to a family of austenitic nickel-based super alloys. Nimonic alloys typically consist of roughly 80% nickel and 20% chromium with additives such as titanium and aluminium. Nickel-based superalloys, among several high temperature structural alloys, are the prime materials for numerous advanced high temperature structural components. Several advanced processing technologies, such as isothermal forging, equiangle extrusion, investment casting, directional solidification and single crystal technologies, similar and dissimilar metal joining, destructive and non-destructive testing too have also evolved.

BACKGROUND The move from discipline-based to problem-based learning (PBL) at Adelaide University in 2000 offered exciting opportunities to integrate the teaching and learning of the basic and clinical sciences for medical undergraduates. However, several cohorts of students still needed to progress through the first 3 years of the more traditional curriculum. Paradoxically, their readiness to function in the integrated learning and assessment environment of the last 3 years was assessed in 7 separate disciplinebased examinations at the end of third year. When considerable examination-related stress was noted in the 1997 cohort and students petitioned formally for a reduced examination load, it was considered to be time for assessment to lead the way in integrating the disciplines.

This paper deals with the study of mechanical properties of the composite sandwich plates made up of coir industry waste, the pith / the timber industry waste the saw dust as the fillers in the form of core and the Palmyra fiber as skin. Coir pith being a waste disposed from the coir factories, pose the danger of pollution and health hazard. This can be used as filler material in polymer composites. Sandwich plates were prepared with general polyester resin matrix by varying the coir pith /saw dust content keeping the palmyra fiber content constant. Specimen were cut as per ASTM standard and tested in Instron machine. The mechanical properties such as tensile, bending, shear and impact strength were studied. 10%, increase in tensile strength, 14% in shear strength and 40% increase in impact strength were observed due to the addition of 10g coir pith / saw dust as core material. 

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the extent to which registered nurses’ practice was affected by emergency department overcrowding. Participants were recruited from a tertiary hospital by using the purpose sampling method. Data collection was done using a semi-structured interview guide. Individual interviews were conducted with eight registered nurses working in the paediatric emergency department. Data analysis was conducted using thematic content analysis and Yin’s (2003:178) five-phase cycle. The study findings revealed that the lack of professional nurse leadership and the difficult existing relationship with the physicians were obstacles that had to be obviated if the paediatric ED were to function optimally and best practice were to be achieved. It was revealed that a problematic issue in the setting was that the most critical decisions on allocating where patients should be treated were made by physicians who have more authority than nurses. ...

Accidents are the deadliest among the current death rates of India. Inappropriate safety guidelines in a vehicle, rash driving, improperly maintained and lit roads, drug and alcohol abuse are the reasons for accidents. Adding on to the above, delay in the reporting time, delay of the rescue team to reach the site, increasing road to hospital time are the other factors. AID finds a solution to the above two. Accident Indication Device (A.I.D) is a post collision warning device installed in the vehicles. It concentrates on head on collision. It consists of an impact sensing unit and control unit and a GPS/GPRS system. Impact sensing unit consist of a piston-cylinder and relief valve arrangement. When the vehicle meets with an accident, impact sensing unit contracts. The electrical signals thus produced from the impact sensing unit is sensed by a control unit and the control unit sends emergency signals to nearby hospitals through GPS/GPRS module. The impact sensing unit will undergo deformation only beyond a particular stress value. Thus A.I.D will inform nearby hospitals about the accidents.

AIDS stigmas interfere with HIV prevention, diagnosis and treatment and can become internalized by people living with HIV/AIDS. However, the effects of internalized AIDS stigmas have not been investigated in Africa, home to two-thirds of the more than 40 million people living with AIDS in the world. The current study examined the prevalence of discrimination experiences and internalized stigmas among 420 HIV positive men and 643 HIV positive women recruited from AIDS services in Cape Town, South Africa. The anonymous surveys found that 40% of persons with HIV/AIDS had experienced discrimination resulting from having HIV infection and one in five had lost a place to stay or a job because of their HIV status. More than one in three participants indicated feeling dirty, ashamed, or guilty because of their HIV status. A hierarchical regression model that included demographic characteristics, health and treatment status, social support, substance use, and internalized stigma significantly predicted cognitive-affective depression. Internalized stigma accounted for 4.8% of the variance in cognitive-affective depression scores over and above the other variables. These results indicate an urgent need for social reform to reduce AIDS stigmas and the design of interventions to assist people living with HIV/AIDS to adjust and adapt to the social conditions of AIDS in South Africa.

Supermarkets have become important in food retail in both developed and developing countries. Supermarkets in developed countries are expanding to developing countries such as Latin America and Asia resulting in transformation of the agro-food systems. As elsewhere in the world, supermarkets are also expanding rapidly in Africa. The growth and expansion of supermarkets is mainly spearheaded by South African supermarkets and has been facilitated by trade liberalization, increased economic growth, positive political changes, regional integration arrangements, increased urbanisation, increased per capita income and middle class population groups and liberalization of foreign direct investment. The increased foreign direct investment (FDI) by South African supermarkets into SADC and the rest of Africa may be impacting on firms, households and the economy in the host nations in various ways. As much as the FDI by South African firms bring the much-needed capital for development, the impa...

Abstract: The term Washback or Backwash has come to the prominence in the literature of English language teaching due to the contributions of Applied Linguistics in the field of ELT. It denotes to the influence which brims from the ongoing testing process on teaching and learning concerns. This term nowadays plays a critical role inside and outside the educational institutions in terms of positive or negative outcomes. Hence, the mismatch among the context, format, examination, and the instructional management would lead into derailing to achieve curriculum objectives, effectively. Such scenario will daunt English language learners to further their communicative competence to learn and affect on the stakeholders perspectives, forwardly. It is worth of note that, researchers in the field of ELT like Wall (1997) made a clear distinction between the micro-washback (the effects on learners and teachers inside the school) and the macro-washback (the impacts on individuals, practices, and...

AIDS stigmas interfere with HIV prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and can become internalized by people living with HIV/AIDS. However, the effects of internalized AIDS stigmas have not been investigated in Africa, home to twothirds of the more than 40 million people living with AIDS in the world. The current study examined the prevalence of discrimination experiences and internalized stigmas among 420 HIV-positive men and 643 HIV-positive women recruited from AIDS services in Cape Town, South Africa. The anonymous surveys found that 40% of persons with HIV/AIDS had experienced discrimination resulting from having HIV infection and one in five had lost a place to stay or a job because of their HIV status. More than one in three participants indicated feeling dirty, ashamed, or guilty because of their HIV status. A hierarchical regression model that included demographic characteristics, health and treatment status, social support, substance use, and internalized stigma significantly predicted cognitive-affective depression. Internalized stigma accounted for 4.8% of the variance in cognitive-affective depression scores over and above the other variables. These results indicate an urgent need for social reform to reduce AIDS stigmas and the design of interventions to assist people living with HIV/AIDS to adjust and adapt to the social conditions of AIDS in South Africa. r

We gratefully acknowledge the help of the Commission's staff, Sarah Gotbaum and Ellen Wernick, in formulating and finalizing the substance of the report. Brigid O'Farrell, Center for Women Policy Studies, was very generous with her time and expertise in offering suggestions and critical feedback on drafts of the report. We also thank Judith Saidel, executive director, and Pamela Robert, senior research associate, Center for Women in Government, for thoughtful and helpful comments. Judith's discussions with Joyce Miller, former executive director of the Glass Ceiling Commission, paved the way for support of this research.

The problem of piracy in Sundarbans has been shown as one of the main problems hindering development work therein. In relation to development work of the forest most of the total respondents assigned at various important management positions of the Forest Department (57.14 % of the officials) mentioned that improving the development work should include measures to protect of Sundarbans from any sort of piracy or robbery. Another problem that chokes the development work of Sundarbans is the inability of the management to forecast properly the weather or other radical environmental phenomenon causing disaster of Sundarbans. After a long survey and study, some logical suggestions have also been made. To protect Sundarbans, all management work should be taken for development and preservation. To do this first of all we need to protect the management staffs that are engaged in the protection of Sundarbans. Then it is expected that the condition of the forest will be improved. Proper community involvement should be made in order to eradicate piracy and other activities detrimental to the Sundarbans, such as indiscriminate felling of trees, and killing of tigers, deer's, and other animals including water resources.

A nation’s socio economic development is implanted by human development goals. United Nations put forward millennium development goals in 2000 where infant mortality is an indicator to observe progress towards the fourth goal by the year 2015 that is to reduce child mortality. Infant mortality rate is considered as an indicator of the health status not only for infants but also for the socio economic status of a country. The prevailing high infant mortality has been a matter of concern from the pre independence period. Female literacy is regarded as a key instrument for the empowerment of women. A wide regional variation in female literacy and infant mortality rate is a common feature in India. There has been a strong relationship between female literacy and infant mortality. Various studies suggest that economic growth, improvement in income, mother’s education and medical infrastructure have contributed successfully in declining infant mortality rate. The present paper attempts to understand the statewide variation of infant mortality rate in India and determines the factors af ecting decline in infant mortality rate. The study examines that female literacy rate is significant at 1% level with expected negative sign. i.e. infant mortality rate is negatively related with female literacy. Higher the female literacy rate lower will be the infant mortality rate.

Between 2008 and 2011, Rwanda introduced iCCM of childhood illness nationwide. One year after iCCM rollout, community-based treatment for diarrhea and pneumonia had increased significantly, and under-5 mortality and overall health facility use had declined significantly.

The fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V samples that have undergone foreign object damage (FOD) was investigated. A unique test specimen configuration that replicates the leading edge of a typical fan blade was ballistically shot with 1.0 mm diameter glass spheres to simulate actual FOD. Samples were shot at various incident angles to investigate the influence of impact angle on fatigue strength. Two stress ratios were examined: R=0.1 and 0.5. Attempts were made to correlate the measured damage (macro-/microscopic) to the debit in fatigue strength. The FOD impact sites of fatigue samples were examined prior to testing via a scanning electron microscope (SEM); post-test examinations of the fatigue initiation sites were also performed on selected test samples. Subsurface or internal damage resulting from the FOD was also investigated from precision micro-sectioning of selected samples. Off-angle impacts were found to be more detrimental than head-on (0°) impacts. Fatigue strength losses, some as high as 50%, showed little or no correlation with leading edge thickness or depth of notch.

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important physiological trait for assessment of biomass production in drought conditions. The present research was designed to investigate the relationship of WUE, biomass production and selected root traits using hundred wheat genotypes cultivated in Pakistan in replication of three. The result showed that WUE is positively correlated (r= 0.982) to biomass production and negatively correlated to selected root traits (No. of saminal root (NSR) r = -.030, root diameter (RD) r = -.030 and Maximum root length (MRL) r = -.068). In drought conditions thirteen out of hundred genotypes viz. Kiran (2.155 gg/Kg) and Bakhtawar-94 (1.505 g/Kg) were showed the highest WUE while in Sonalika lowest WUE (0.376g/ Kg) and biomass production (0.197/g) was recorded. The present study reveals that it is needed to improve the root system function rather than a strong root growth for wheat high WUE and biomass production in drought conditions.

The recent introduction of mobile phone-based money transfer (MMT) services in developing countries has generated a lot of interest among development partners. It facilitates transfer of money in a quick and cost effective way. It also offers an easy and secure platform for small savings to majority of rural populations with no access to formal financial services. However, the impact of MMT services on smallholder agriculture has not been documented. This study therefore contributes to pioneering literature on the impact of MMT, especially in agriculture. It provides information regarding financial intermediation to the excluded through the use of new generation Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools especially the mobile phone. The study employs propensity score matching technique to examine the impact of MMT services on household agricultural input use, agricultural commercialization and farm incomes among farm households in Kenya. It uses crosssectional data collected from 379 multi-stage randomly selected households in Central, Western and Nyanza provinces of Kenya. The study found that use of MMT services significantly increased level of annual household input use by $42, household agricultural commercialization by 37% and household annual income by $224. We conclude that MMT services in rural areas help to resolve an idiosyncratic market failure that farmers face; access to financial services. We therefore recommend that other developing countries should follow the Kenyan model and provide an enabling environment that would facilitate entry and survival of MMT initiatives.

European Space Policy (ESP) in May 2007  put as priority the need to improve coordination and synergies between defence and civilian space programmes and technologies, in a user-driven approach and to set up a structured dialogue with all actors involved.Has the  responsible for the ESDP body the necessary means to address these challenges?

Life cycle assessment (LCA) program developments were intended for the construction of life cycle inventory (LCI) database for refrigerators, computers, and general consumer products. But buildings are different from general consumer products for their long life span, and possess different characteristics from consumer goods. Examples of the various programs developed or commercialized for the performance of LCA are Be Cost,ECO, and LCAiT each of them special country-specific, the paper introduce a brief on each program. From aforementioned, Egypt do not have tool to estimate carbon emissions from building LCA, thus the paper sheds light on Be Cost tool to take advantage from it, furthermore to be a guide in creating ECE-LCA Tool. Thus, the main aim of this paper is to develop a tool to estimate the life cycle carbon emissions (Global Warming Potential (GWP)) of the residential building materials in Egypt.

cannabis is mostly smoked because this is the easiest way to achieve the desired psychoactive effects. A typical joint contains between 0·5 g and 1·0 g of cannabis. The THC delivered varies between 20% and 70%, 2 its bioavailability ranging from 5% to 24%. 3 As little as 2-3 mg of available THC will produce a "high" in occasional users, but regular users may smoke five or more joints a day.

A social rules perspective was employed to identify the elements of socially appropriate responses to unfair criticism in the workplace. Women generally endorsed for themselves response strategies based on stronger obligation and softer rights components, while men endorsed responses based on stronger personal rights expression and weaker obligation components. In support of the utility of a social rules approach to operationalizing context-specific expectations, behavioral responses based on gender and status-specific rules were evaluated as more effective on task, relationship, and self-respect dimensions than were rights-only, rights-plus-empathy, or submissive strategies. Results are discussed in terms of the development of a context-specific model of interpersonal competence and implications for interpersonal skills and assertion training.