Imagined Interactions

A partir de dos escritos histórico-literarios de José Victorino Lastarria, el presente artículo estudia la forma en que la élite chilena fue construyendo, en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, discursos sobre el pasado colonial que lo instalaban como un suceso nefasto dentro de la historia latinoamericana. Articulando metáforas que hablan de la oscuridad de este período, se nos presenta como una etapa a superar mediante la creación de una historia nacional y de un tiempo fundacional. El discurso de la emergente nación, transformado en hegemónico y oficial ya a fines de la centuria, tenía por objeto narrar y naturalizar el sentido de comunidad nacional.

Dimensions of stereotypes, warmth and competence, may respond differentially to perceivers' emotional involvement. Two studies tested the effect of being emotionally involved with a fictional immigrant target on stereotypic warmth but not competence dimension. Emotional involvement with a target affects the target's perceived trustworthiness, warmth-related attributes, but not competence. Emotional involvement was operationalized as a personal variable, fantasizing tendency (tendency to empathically engage with fictitious characters) and a situational variable (emotion-focused instructions to adopt the target's perspective). After reading an immigrant's blog, Study 1 participants with a strong tendency to become involved with characters, if also instructed to focus on targets' emotional reactions, rated an immigrant as warmer than did all other combinations, but perceived competence did not change. In Study 2, priming the perceived competitive intent of the immigrant's group (an anti-warmth predictor) impeded involvement with the target and decreased perceived warmth. Priming perceived cooperative intent (a warmth predictor) replicated Study 1's results. Together, the studies show preliminary support for a specific emotional involvement-warmth link.

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between rumination and emotional reactions to infidelity. The sample of the study consisted of 72 participants who reported to being cheated on. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule was used to measure the reactions to infidelity and the Ruminative Response Scale was used to measure rumination. Canonical correlation analyses were utilized to determine the relationships between rumination with the canonical variables of Brooding and Reflection and emotional reactions to infidelity with the canonical variables of Positive Affect and Negative Affect of participants from Turkey. Results indicated that brooding and reflection, and negative and positive affect are interrelated. In other words, rumination is positively related with negative affect and negatively related with positive affect as reactions to infidelity.

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between rumination and emotional reactions to infidelity. The sample of the study consisted of 72 participants who reported to being cheated on. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) was used to measure the reactions to infidelity and the Ruminative Response Scale (Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003) was used to measure rumination. Canonical correlation analyses were utilized to determine the relationships between rumination with the canonical variables of Brooding and Reflection and emotional reactions to infidelity with the canonical variables of Positive Affect and Negative Affect of participants from Turkey. Results indicated that brooding and reflection, and negative and positive affect are interrelated. In other words, rumination is positively related with negative affect and negatively related with positive affect as reactions to infidelity.

In this article, we extend Benedict Anderson’s notion of imagined communities to examine the idea of an “imagined engagement” between or among people and groups that have not met. These imagined engagements include a blurring of temporal lines, as one group “interacts” with another’s past, present, or future. Imagined engagements are a form of failed interaction, and, as such, have their place in Goffman’s interaction order. We argue that musical language can comprise a meeting point of these engagements. We then demonstrate how two composers—one historic and one contemporary—have used the musical cultures of an Othered people, with a focus on Indigenous America, in an attempt to create a sense of community and common ties between the West and these Others—a sense of community in which the Othered have no part.

In this article, we extend Benedict Anderson’s notion of imagined communities to examine the idea of an “imagined engagement” between or among people and groups that have not met. These imagined engagements include a blurring of temporal lines, as one group “interacts” with another’s past, present, or future. Imagined engagements are a form of failed interaction, and, as such, have their place in Goffman’s interaction order. We argue that musical language can comprise a meeting point of these engagements. We then demonstrate how two composers—one historic and one contemporary—have used the musical cultures of an Othered people, with a focus on Indigenous America, in an attempt to create a sense of community and common ties between the West and these Others—a sense of community in which the Othered have no part.

This study looks at partisan voting in light of imagined interactions (IIs). Imagined interactions are a form of daydreaming that allows us to build scripts for use in our interpersonal relationships. II research has generally come from a functionalist perspective, and continues to prove its value in counseling and therapy, as well as to help us to understand intrapersonal communication in general. It has recently been extended into media effects research (i.e., Madison & Porter, 2012, 2014) and with the present study, voting intentions. We ask how respondents who claim to vote for candidates from certain political parties differ from those who do not in terms of the functions of their IIs. We surveyed college students at a prominent southern university ( N = 227) and collected data on voting intentions and functions of the respondent IIs. We found that both Republicans and Democrats tend to have fewer self-understanding and rehearsal IIs than those who indicated preference for inde...

Based on the tenets of the social context model of second language acquisition, the present paper examined the combined effect of online and face-to-face contact in developing multilingual skills and identities among young Swedish-speaking Finns (N = 304). The hypotheses were tested for Finnish as a second language, and English as a third language using parallel models. The results were largely identical for both languages. Specifically, online contact enhanced language confidence, which, in turn, contributed to language identity. However, online contact had a more substantial effect on confidence as well as identity among those who had little face-to-face contact with speakers of the given language. Findings and their implications are discussed.

This article proposes that WhatsApp can offer insights into couples' relationships. Based on Gottman's therapy model, which mathematically analyzes marital conflicts, this study focuses on couples' WhatsApp correspondence and asks to what extent it reflects the offline relationships of Generation X. The research was conducted over a year using semi-structured interviews with 18 couples who have been in a relationship for at least 5 years. The couples described their discourse on WhatsApp and the dynamics of their relationship offline. The findings indicate that WhatsApp use mirrors offline relationships. The following four types of interaction were identified: (1) technical, (2) practical, (3) casual, and (4) emotional. In addition, the following three patterns of conflictual behavior that correspond with Gottman's distinctions were identified: (1) logical, (2) emotional, and (3) avoidant. The article cites WhatsApp's potential for behavioral observation and the possibility of using it to change relationship dynamics. Keywords Couples relationship, digital interaction, gen x, mobile communication, offline and online dynamics, online intimacy, WhatsApp Couples' communication via WhatsApp This article reviews the use that Generation Xers, 1 who are digital immigrants, 2 make of WhatsApp technology in their relationship. The study was held in Israel and conducted on *Contributed equally to this article.

This qualitative study investigated the factors that affected the motivation and receptivity of English as a second language of female students who enrolled in the English Language center of the Foundation Program in the Community College of Qatar in the academic year 2015/2016. Besides, the study attempted to identify the mechanisms that are used by families, teachers, college administrators, and classmates that motivate or demotivate the students. Finally, the study tried to identify how the classroom environment impacted students’ motivation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 students in different ESL levels in which the participants were asked different questions related to the impact of five dimensions on the respondents’ motivation to learn English. These dimensions are concerned about family impact, teachers’ impact, administrators’ impact, classmates’ impact, and impact of the respondents’ willingness and goals to learn the target language. The questions were ...

Forgiveness is viewed as a major factor in maintaining healthy romantic relationships. But couples involved in long-distance relationships experience a different set of challenges than geographically-close couples when it comes to maintaining and enjoying satisfying and stable relationships. Many long-distance couples rely on increased empathy and intrapersonal communication-in the form of imagined interactions-to release tension, rehearse conversations, and review and analyze conflicts. While forgiveness has been studied extensively in a variety of interpersonal settings, it has not been explicitly studied in relation to the usage of imagined interactions or in maintaining long-distance relationships. Moreover, even though a correlation between empathy and forgiveness has long been established, the interplay between these two constructs and intrapersonal communication and relational satisfaction has not been explored. The overarching goal of this study is to bridge the theoretical and conceptual gaps between forgiveness theory, empathy, imagined interactions (Symbolic Interactionism/schema, script or cognitive theory), relational satisfaction and relational maintenance strategies (Dialectical Theory). This study sampled participants in either a long-distance or geographically close romantic relationship (n=181). Although proximity did not discriminate for forgiveness, imagined interactions (IIs), empathy, conflict management as a relational maintenance strategy or relational satisfaction, use of IIs did significantly predict forgiveness and relational satisfaction. Additionally, forgiveness and use of imagined interactions together significantly predicted relational satisfaction. Finally, IIs were shown to be positively correlated with empathy, a significant finding considering the lack of research into that area of the otherwise well developed field of IIs.

The Emergence of the South African Metropolis: Cities and Identities in the Twentieth Century Vivian Bickford-Smith Excerpt More information town halls, broad streets, trams, harbours and department stores were soon forgotten as he devoted the more than three hundred pages of Black and White in South East Africa to pondering South Africa's race 'problem'. By 1910, most White opinion makers called this the 'Native Question', whose conundrum has been neatly summarised as follows: how to organize society to provide for the mutual access of black labourers and white employers in the coming industrial age without having to pay the heavy social costs of urbanization or losing the dominance of white over black. 3 Matters of race have dominated writing about South African cities ever since, not least within the historical academy. The resulting literature has numerous strengths, especially the thorough way in which it has explored and explained the history of urban racial segregation, 'Native' administration, popular culture, consciousness and resistance. Such work has greatly aided the task of writing this book. 4 A lacuna, though, is that there is seldom any direct discussion of what people thought about urbanisation, cities or urban life beyond the racial matter of how mine owners and municipalities of White municipal ratepayers saw segregation as solving urban 'problems' or serving their material self-interests, or both. 5 Much of this historiography is also confined to a focus on only one racial or ethnic group within a single city. Consequently two historical geographers have said that writing about South African cities has displayed 'racial fetishism'; studying 'urban society does not begin with racerather it reflects the creation of race as part of the intricate development of modern society'. 6 Their argument

This qualitative study investigated the factors that affected the motivation and receptivity of English as a second language of female students who enrolled in the English Language center of the Foundation Program in the Community College of Qatar in the academic year 2015/2016. Besides, the study attempted to identify the mechanisms that are used by families, teachers, college administrators, and classmates that motivate or demotivate the students. Finally, the study tried to identify how the classroom environment impacted students’ motivation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 students in different ESL levels in which the participants were asked different questions related to the impact of five dimensions on the respondents’ motivation to learn English. These dimensions are concerned about family impact, teachers’ impact, administrators’ impact, classmates’ impact, and impact of the respondents’ willingness and goals to learn the target language. The questions were ...

Imagined interactions are covert dialogues that occur with significant others and are a part of the social cognition process. Imagined interactions may call up plans for anticipated encounters. Using a multidimensional instrument known as the “Survey of Imagined Interaction” (SII), the multivariate relationship between general characteristics of imagined interactions and various measures of self-awareness and emotional intensity were examined. Measures reflecting loneliness, locus of control, being dominant in an imagined interaction as well as feeling satisfied and pleasant with an imagined interaction were regressed on the general dimensions of the SII. Results from the regression models are discussed in terms of imagined interactions being associated with and possibly creating more self-awareness.

Empirical research has revealed a variety of differences in the communication behavior of males and females. This study addresses whether males and females think differently about communication. Imagined interactions are cognitive representations of interactive behavior in which the actor experiences the self to be engaged in communication with another. Results of a study reveal that females have more frequent and pleasant imagined interactions, they imagine more self-words, and they are more likely to imagine and recall the scene of imagined interactions than males. Much research concerning sex differences and communication activity has taken a behavioral orientation. Some of these studies have examined the quantity of talk in mixed-and same-sex interactions. Ickes and his associates (Ickes, 1981; Ickes & Barnes, 1977; Ickes, Schermer & Steeno, 1979; Ickes, Patterson, Rajecki, & Tanford, 1982), for example, revealed that during initial interactions women talk more in same-sex encounters than men, while other research has shown that men talk more in mixed-sex dyads (Argyle, Lalljee, & Cook, 1968; Crosby, Jose, & Wong-McCarthy, 1981). On the other hand, Shimanoff (1983) found no gender differences in the amount of talk, and Norton and Montgomery (1981) reported that males did not interrupt or talk more than females in a variety of communicative situations. Other studies, however, have found that males do interrupt more than females (Eakins & Eakins, 1978). Sex differences are also reflected in the different ways that males and females interpret communication behavior. Henley (1977), for instance, suggested that women are more accurate in decoding nonverbal expressions of emotion and determining the emotional content of dialogue. Indvik and Fitzpatrick (1982) have concluded that males have a more "instrumental" view of communication while females have a more "expressive" view. The in-263

This chapter analyzes interpersonal conflicts by means of Lewin's field theory, which requires a commitment to studying the actor's life space, or perceptions of his or her environment. A particular focus here is on taking conflict personally (TCP), the feeling that interpersonal conflicts are antagonistic, punishing interactions in which an individual believes the other person is trying to hurt him or her on purpose. After two introductory sections on TCP and field theory, the author moves on to a roughly chronological investigation of conflict as seen by people high in TCP. The preconflict, conflict, and postconflict life spaces are all examined. This includes attention to people's affective and cognitive orientations to conflicts, their arguing behaviors (particularly their aggressive actions), and their feelings immediately after an argument is finished. The long-term consequences of personalized conflicts include reduced relational satisfaction and the prospect of violence. Key elements of personalization are thought to begin with the individual's family of origin and to survive into his or her close adult relationships. A personalized conflict is one that is taken personally. That is, the participant feels that opposition is intended to attack self, and not particularly self's position on the substantive topic. Even issuedirected criticisms can be taken personally if the participant is so inclined. This chapter is centrally about what happens when people take on that inclination and why the predisposition may appear. Scholars have commonly differentiated between conflict actions that are directed at the issues on the table and those that are not. Coser's (1956) classic distinction between realistic and unrealistic conflict is perhaps the best known of these discussions, but related conceptualizations appear in most surveys of conflict management behaviors, with authors usually distinguishing most forcibly between productive and destructive conflicts (e.g.

Positive intergroup contact with peers at school is a crucial factor in the successful integration of migrant and ethnic minority children and adolescents into the local community. Yet, in most cases it is seldom achievable due to prejudice expressed towards ethnic outgroups, which constitutes an important risk factor for social isolation, academic failure, emotional distress, and behavioural problems of children with a migrant or refugee background. Interventions involving intergroup contact have been proven to be the most effective among prejudice-reducing interventions. This article provides a review of the literature on contact-based interventions aimed at reducing ethnic prejudice against migrants, refugees and ethnic minorities in primary and secondary schools. It describes different types of intergroup contact-based interventions-direct, extended, vicarious and imagined-and provides the newest findings on their efficacy. Results are provided for the general factors that influence the effectiveness of interventions for reducing ethnic prejudice in the school context: the age of participants, their ethnic status, the administrator of interventions, the length of interventions, the number of interventions and type of outcome (affective, cognitive, behavioural). At the end, practical implications for performing a successful intervention to lower ethnic prejudice using direct or indirect contact in primary and secondary schools are provided.

Taking conflict personally (TCP), the degree to which people experience negative consequences from conflict, is typically conceived as a state or trait. This investigation went beyond TCP as an individual characteristic in identifying differences in TCP based on the type of relationship in which conflict is situated. Participants were surveyed about their experience of conflict within a relationship of their choosing. The results showed that TCP differed by relationship type. Relationships higher in satisfaction had decreased personalization, whereas relationships higher in importance had increased personalization. These findings extend TCP research by showing that relationships themselves are characterized by conflict personalization.

A consequential unscripted interaction (CUI) is a conversation that a person understands to be important but does not know how to do. CUIs might be widespread within a population, but are perhaps more likely to be individual or localized within a discrete group (e.g., young women or rural boys). This paper introduces this idea, distinguishes CUIs from "difficult conversations," and then proceeds to report data that describe CUIs and people's experience of them. Two samples were collected, one of undergraduates (N = 257) and another from Amazon's mTurk system (N = 230). Some differences between the samples (probably due to different life stages) were observed, but most of the topics, consequences, and personal experiences were similar. The paper reports the topics, settings, participants, subjective perceptions, and emotional reactions to CUIs. The goal of this project is eventually to develop interventions for specific CUIs, but this paper is theoretical and generally descriptive.

BackgroundThere are different theories and models of personality. In the antisocial area, the model used is the Dark Triad, a model of personality composed of the traits of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. The links between the Dark Triad and other general models have been widely studied; however, there is little research connecting it with the traditional, but still used, model of personality described by Eysenck (psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism). Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the connections between the Dark Triad of personality and Eysenck’s personality model. Addi-tionally, we interpret the connections between the sincerity scale of Eysenck’s model and the Dark Triad.Participants and procedureOur final sample was composed of 2385 participants who completed different personality questionnaires measuring the Dark Triad and Eysenck’s model. Bivariate analyses and structural equation modelling were performed.ResultsNarcissism and Machiavel...

Using Latent Semantic Analysis, we quantified the semantic representations of Facebook status updates of 304 individuals in order to predict self-reported personality. We focused on, besides Neuroticism and Extraversion, the Dark Triad of personality: Psychopathy, Narcissism, and Machiavellianism. The semantic content of Facebook updates predicted Psychopathy and Narcissism. These updates had a more ''odd'' and negatively valanced content. Furthermore, Neuroticism, number of Facebook friends, and frequency of status updates were predictable from the status updates. Given that Facebook allows individuals to have major control in how they present themselves and draw benefits from these interactions, we conclude that the Dark Triad, involving socially malevolent behavior such as self-promotion, emotional coldness, duplicity, and aggressiveness, is manifested in Facebook status updates. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ''Evelyn, I'm sorry. I just, uh... you're not terribly important to me'' [American Psycho] ''.. .there is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about'' [The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde] ''It is double pleasure to deceive the deceiver'' [Niccolò Machiavelli] ''By giving people the power to share, we're making the world more transparent'' [Mark Zuckerberg]

Two studies investigated the connection between narcissism and sensitivity to criticism. In study 1, participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Sensitivity to Criticism Scale (SCS) and were asked to construct and deliver speeches to be rated by performance judges. They were then asked whether they would like to receive evaluative feedback. Narcissism and sensitivity to criticism were mildly, but not significantly, negatively correlated and had contrasting relationships with choices regarding feedback. Highly narcissistic participants tended to seek (rather than avoid) feedback, whereas highly sensitive participants tended to reject feedback opportunities. Study 2 examined the relationship between sensitivity to criticism and both overt and covert narcissism. Those scoring high on the trait narcissism, as measured by the NPI, tended to be less sensitive to criticism, sought (rather than avoided) feedback opportunities, experienced little internalized negative emotions in response to "extreme" feedback conditions, and did not expect to ruminate over their performance. By contrast, participants scoring high on a measure of "covert narcissism" were high in sensitivity to criticism, tended to avoid feedback opportunities, experienced high levels of internalized negative emotions, and showed high levels of expected rumination. These findings suggest that the relationship between narcissism and sensitivity to criticism is highly dependent upon the definition or "form" of narcissism considered.

Four studies examined whether verbal behavior is mindful (cognitive) or mindless (automatic). All used Langer, Blank, and Chanowitz's (1978) experimental paradigm. Experimenters approached subjects at copying machines and asked to use it first. Their requests varied in the amount and kind of information given. Study 1 found less compliance when experimenters gave a controllable reason (".. . because I don't want to wait") than an uncontrollable reason (".. . because I feel really sick"). In Studies 2 and 3, requests for controllable reasons elicited less compliance than requests used in the Langer et al. study. Neither study replicated Langer ct al.'s results. Furthermore, the controllable condition's lower compliance supports a cognitive approach to social interaction. In the fourth study subjects were given instructions intended to increase cognitive processing of the requests and the pattern of compliance indicated in-depth processing of the request. Results of the four studies provide evidence for cognitive processing rather than mindlessness in social interaction.

Purpose-The purpose of this commentary is discuss how musical intervention and imagined interactions can be used to deal with conflict. Music has been called the universal language because of its tonality and rhythm. It affects conflict and aggression and helps people to deal with stress. Research is reviewed showing physiological arousal with background music. The effects of music on aggression are summarized in terms of emotional regulation, catharsis and empathy, and the use of mental imagery in the form of imagined interactions, including relational maintenance catharsis and conflict linkage, is discussed. The incremental sound organizer (ISO) principle of music therapy is discussed as a mechanism to affect emotions while listening to music. Finally, a tool to measure the emotional effect of music on listeners is discussed in terms of the musical mood wheel. Design/methodology/approach-This is a commentary on the effects of background music on reducing aggression. Findings-Music can reduce aggression, depending on how it is used. Music affects how we manage our emotions, reduces stress, provides catharsis and can be a distracting element. Music can enhance empathic feeling; induce positive moods, social bonding, physiological changes and neurobiological changes; and affect our arousal. Research limitations/implications-Music therapy and musical intervention can be applied to conflict resolution. Practical implications-The ISO principle of music therapy is designed to deal with changing a person's emotions as they listen to a medley of music. The mood of the person is measured using a series of scales reflecting a continuum of sadness to happiness, and the music is designed to match the mood of the patient to the music being played and/or listened to, which in turn fosters the achievement of an altered state of consciousness. For example, if you are angry, start with music that is loud and gradually switch to a more tranquil piece of music. ''The vectoring power of music is that we change the mood or emotion of persons from one affective pole (joy) to its opposite (anger) through small incremental changes in the rhythm and intensity of the music'' (Honeycutt, 2003, p. 82). Social implications-Background music in music psychology literature is often referred to as musical intervention. Background music can help us recall positive and negative scenes as the music triggers endorphins in the brain (Salimpoor et al., 2011). Background music is intended to enhance the surrounding context without drawing significant attention. It is often played in spaces such as restaurants, stores, offices or public places to create a certain mood or ambiance. Originality/value-It is important to note that the effectiveness of musical intervention in reducing aggression can vary based on individual preferences, the specific type of music used, and the context in which it is applied. Additionally, while music intervention can play a role in aggression reduction, it is often most effective when used as part of a comprehensive therapeutic approach.

The present study examines the usage of imagined interactions (IIs) among bullying perpetrators and those who are bullied. In reviewing the literature on IIs, an earlier study investigated the motivations by aggressive teasers for using IIs. This study laid the foundation for the present study. We were interested in the similarities and differences between aggressive teasers usage of IIs and the usage of IIs for bullying. Based on a survey of 319 participants, we found that bullying was predicted by the II attributes of retroactivity and positive valence. The regression analysis revealed a positive association between being bullied and the II attribute of retroactivity and the function of conflict-linkage. The findings and implications of these results are discussed in terms of rumination.

Empirical research has revealed a variety of differences in the communication behavior of males and females. This study addresses whether males and females think differently about communication. Imagined interactions are cognitive representations of interactive behavior in which the actor experiences the self to be engaged in communication with another. Results of a study reveal that females have more frequent and pleasant imagined interactions, they imagine more self-words, and they are more likely to imagine and recall the scene of imagined interactions than males. Much research concerning sex differences and communication activity has taken a behavioral orientation. Some of these studies have examined the quantity of talk in mixed-and same-sex interactions. Ickes and his associates (Ickes, 1981; Ickes & Barnes, 1977; Ickes, Schermer & Steeno, 1979; Ickes, Patterson, Rajecki, & Tanford, 1982), for example, revealed that during initial interactions women talk more in same-sex encounters than men, while other research has shown that men talk more in mixed-sex dyads (Argyle, Lalljee, & Cook, 1968; Crosby, Jose, & Wong-McCarthy, 1981). On the other hand, Shimanoff (1983) found no gender differences in the amount of talk, and Norton and Montgomery (1981) reported that males did not interrupt or talk more than females in a variety of communicative situations. Other studies, however, have found that males do interrupt more than females (Eakins & Eakins, 1978). Sex differences are also reflected in the different ways that males and females interpret communication behavior. Henley (1977), for instance, suggested that women are more accurate in decoding nonverbal expressions of emotion and determining the emotional content of dialogue. Indvik and Fitzpatrick (1982) have concluded that males have a more "instrumental" view of communication while females have a more "expressive" view. The in-263

This study examined the relationship between attachment theory and Fitzpatrick's [1] marital typology based on traditional, independent, and separate ideologies in terms of imagined interactions or covert dialogues that individuals have with relational partners. According to attachment theory, individuals have internal schemata of themselves and their relationships which provide expectancies for adult relationships. These expectancies are reflected in secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant attachment based on the typology derived by Hazan and Shaver [2]. A series of five hypotheses were tested exploring the relationship between attachment styles, marital types, and the prediction of attachment as a function of having imagined interactions with a relational partner in which individuals imagine talking with significant others about important relationship issues. The data revealed that sharing as a marital ideology was associated with a secure attachment and negatively associated with an anxious/ambivalent attachment. In addi tion, the data revealed that an anxious/ambivalent attachment was associated with having discrepant imagined interactions and that a secure attachment was associated with rehearsing messages that were vivid and nondiscrepant from real encounters. Results are discussed in terms of attachment theory, imagined interaction functions, and marital ideologies.

This study looks at partisan voting in light of imagined interactions (IIs). Imagined interactions are a form of daydreaming that allows us to build scripts for use in our interpersonal relationships. II research has generally come from a functionalist perspective, and continues to prove its value in counseling and therapy, as well as to help us to understand intrapersonal communication in general. It has recently been extended into media effects research (i.e., Madison & Porter, 2012, 2014) and with the present study, voting intentions. We ask how respondents who claim to vote for candidates from certain political parties differ from those who do not in terms of the functions of their IIs. We surveyed college students at a prominent southern university (N = 227) and collected data on voting intentions and functions of the respondent IIs. We found that both Republicans and Democrats tend to have fewer self-understanding and rehearsal IIs than those who indicated preference for independent candidates. These findings suggest that voting along party lines may be a heuristic, or "mindless" behavior. This study provides a new and exciting element to both the II and political processing bodies of literature, and it is our hope that future researchers also consider II in studies of political psychology and voting.

This paper presents a cyberbullying detection model based on user personality, determined by the Big Five and Dark Triad models. The model aims to recognize bullying patterns among Twitter communities, based on relationships between personality traits and cyberbullying. Random Forest, a well-known machine-learning algorithm was used for cyberbullying classification (i.e. aggressor, spammer, bully and normal), applied in conjunction with a baseline algorithm encompassing seven Twitter features (i.e. number of mentions, number of followers and following, popularity, favorite count, status count and number of hash tags). Findings indicate that factoring user's personality greatly improves cyberbullying detection mechanisms. Specifically, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (Big Five), and psychopathy (Dark Triad) were found to be significant in detecting bullies, achieving up to 96% (precision) and 95% (recall). The emergence of significant personality traits in an experimental study supports existing empirical studies that show the relationships between personality traits and cyberbullying. 1.2. Automatic cyberbullying detection Considering detrimental consequences of cyberbullying ranging from psychological to emotional and physical harm (van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017), various prevention and intervention strategies were recommended, including mechanisms on automatically detecting cyberbullying (Al-garadi, Varathan, & Ravana, 2016; Chatzakou et al., 2017). Automatic cyberbullying detection refers to identifying bullying patterns based on users' textual communication online, and is often addressed as a classification problem (bullying vs. non-bullying) (Salawu, He, & Lumsden, 2017). Thus far, the majority of cyberbullying detection studies have used features such as content (abusive/cyberbully words), platform-features

This study looks at partisan voting in light of imagined interactions (IIs). Imagined interactions are a form of daydreaming that allows us to build scripts for use in our interpersonal relationships. II research has generally come from a functionalist perspective, and continues to prove its value in counseling and therapy, as well as to help us to understand intrapersonal communication in general. It has recently been extended into media effects research (i.e., Madison & Porter, 2012, 2014) and with the present study, voting intentions. We ask how respondents who claim to vote for candidates from certain political parties differ from those who do not in terms of the functions of their IIs. We surveyed college students at a prominent southern university ( N = 227) and collected data on voting intentions and functions of the respondent IIs. We found that both Republicans and Democrats tend to have fewer self-understanding and rehearsal IIs than those who indicated preference for inde...

Children show signs of intergroup biases from early in development, and evidence suggests that these biases increase through middle childhood. Here we critically review and synthesize the literature on the different types of childhood experiences that have been associated with increases or decreases in childhood intergroup bias. Based on the review, one type of childhood experience stands out as being reliably associated with increased intergroup bias over multiple studies-specific overt messages communicating intergroup conflict with, or negativity from, other groups. Three types of childhood experiences were found to be reliably associated with reduced intergroup bias: (a) structured intergroup contact, (b) explicit education about prejudice, and (c) imagined contact with members of other groups. We highlight the social and policy implications of this work and delineate specific experiences and interventions that might be helpful in ameliorating childhood intergroup biases. We also highlight developmental issues concerning the ways that interventions need to vary to be maximally effective at different ages. Finally, recommendations are offered on key factors to incorporate in childhood intergroup bias interventions, as well as what to avoid when attempting to design such programs due to negative (unintended) consequences.

Few relationships are more significant, long standing, and central to people"s well-being than their family relationships. From the beginning of life to the very end, family relationships remain a constant touchstone and a vital influence in people"s lives. Families are significant in members" lives because interactions in the family shape the course of individuals" lifespan and forever influence the way they view the social world and manage close relationships. Communication, then, is the mechanism through which relationships between family members are created, shaped and reshaped, maintained, as well as destroyed. Thus, understanding the dynamics of communication in the family is an important area of inquiry for promoting strong, healthy, and satisfying relationships among family members. Family systems theory is one theoretical perspective that highlights the central role communication plays in families (Bowen, 1978; Minuchin, 1974). The theory posits that family members dynamically interact among themselves in order to function and to achieve goals. In that sense, families are systems where elements (i.e. the members in the family) are interdependent, mutually influencing one another through their interaction (Broderick, 1993). The family is made up of subsystems which are smaller units of the system as a whole. The two significant subsystems in families are the marital, which is made up of the marriage partners, and parental, which is composed of the individuals who are responsible for the care and socialization of the children in the family (Broderick, 1993; Minuchin & Fishman, 1981). Drawing on the assumption that elements literature on the communication behaviors and patterns used by spouses to maintain their relationship. This literature generally shows that "happily" married couples communicate in significantly different ways from "unhappily" married couples (Fitzpatrick, 1988; Gottman & Notarius, 2002). Specifically, research shows that specific communication behaviors and patterns are associated with marital satisfaction. As the central role of communication in families, marriage included, is managing, balancing, and promoting responsiveness (e.g., closeness, support, intimacy) and control (e.g., hierarchy, power, conflict) (Le Poire, 2006), I characterize the identified marital communication patterns and behaviors under these dimensions of responsiveness and control. Such categorization helps in understanding the functions of communication in the context of marriage. Thus, in the next sections, I present the findings of this literature by summarizing them under two general categories: one includes communication behaviors that express responsiveness, closeness, and affection and the other includes communication behaviors that are used to negotiate conflict as a representation of control. Communication Behaviors that Express Responsiveness and Closeness Researchers have looked at various communication behaviors that express responsiveness, intimacy, and affection among spouses. Findings from previous studies show that a majority of relationship maintenance behaviors are the seemingly small, routine behaviors that keep a healthy marriage going (Canary & Stafford, 2001; Noller & Feeney, 2002). The ways partners show closeness and love for each other include such behaviors as self-disclosure, verbal expressions of closeness and support, nonverbal and physical expressions of intimacy and affection, and material evidence for love (e.g., 157 Note. N = 102 * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.

Research  in  social  media  usage  is  extending  beyond analyses  of  various  high-traffic  platforms  and  the average  time  users  spend  online.  Developments  of newer research explore the functions and motivators of  social  media  use  integration  (SMUI).  SMUI assesses  the  adoption  of  social  media  usage  into everyday  life  as  well  as  the  emotionalcomponents that  accompany  the  integration  process.  Similarly, researchers  are  considering  parasocial  relationships (PSRs) from the viewpoint that PSRs are a means of integration  of  mediated  content  into  everyday  life. The  present  study  explores  PSRs  with President Donald Trump as drivers of greater social media use integration.  Results  indicate  that  the  catharsis function  of  PSRs  with  Trump  is  a  significant predictor  of  SMUI  with  gender  impacting  both  the variety and valence attributes of PSRs.

Using Latent Semantic Analysis, we quantified the semantic representations of Facebook status updates of 304 individuals in order to predict self-reported personality. We focused on, besides Neuroticism and Extraversion, the Dark Triad of personality: Psychopathy, Narcissism, and Machiavellianism. The semantic content of Facebook updates predicted Psychopathy and Narcissism. These updates had a more ''odd'' and negatively valanced content. Furthermore, Neuroticism, number of Facebook friends, and frequency of status updates were predictable from the status updates. Given that Facebook allows individuals to have major control in how they present themselves and draw benefits from these interactions, we conclude that the Dark Triad, involving socially malevolent behavior such as self-promotion, emotional coldness, duplicity, and aggressiveness, is manifested in Facebook status updates. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ''Evelyn, I'm sorry. I just, uh... you're not terribly important to me'' [American Psycho] ''.. .there is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about'' [The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde] ''It is double pleasure to deceive the deceiver'' [Niccolò Machiavelli] ''By giving people the power to share, we're making the world more transparent'' [Mark Zuckerberg]

This paper presents a cyberbullying detection model based on user personality, determined by the Big Five and Dark Triad models. The model aims to recognize bullying patterns among Twitter communities, based on relationships between personality traits and cyberbullying. Random Forest, a well-known machine-learning algorithm was used for cyberbullying classification (i.e. aggressor, spammer, bully and normal), applied in conjunction with a baseline algorithm encompassing seven Twitter features (i.e. number of mentions, number of followers and following, popularity, favorite count, status count and number of hash tags). Findings indicate that factoring user's personality greatly improves cyberbullying detection mechanisms. Specifically, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (Big Five), and psychopathy (Dark Triad) were found to be significant in detecting bullies, achieving up to 96% (precision) and 95% (recall). The emergence of significant personality traits in an experimental study supports existing empirical studies that show the relationships between personality traits and cyberbullying. 1.2. Automatic cyberbullying detection Considering detrimental consequences of cyberbullying ranging from psychological to emotional and physical harm (van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017), various prevention and intervention strategies were recommended, including mechanisms on automatically detecting cyberbullying (Al-garadi, Varathan, & Ravana, 2016; Chatzakou et al., 2017). Automatic cyberbullying detection refers to identifying bullying patterns based on users' textual communication online, and is often addressed as a classification problem (bullying vs. non-bullying) (Salawu, He, & Lumsden, 2017). Thus far, the majority of cyberbullying detection studies have used features such as content (abusive/cyberbully words), platform-features

Traditionally, research on moral reasoning has been based on the idea that moral judgments are based on reasoning and cognitive development.  For example, Kohlberg’s classic model of moral reasoning argues that morality develops with aging and experience in terms of preconventional, conventional, and postconventional beliefs.  Conversely, Haidt’s social intuitionist model offers a view in which moral judgments can be impetuous and driven primarily by intuition, not reason.  This idea reflects the concept of moral dumbfounding, in which people maintain a moral judgment based on conditioning, despite having insufficient justification and little or no reasoning.  A cognitive theory that explains the conditioning for moral dumbfounding is imagined interaction conflict-linkage theory.  This theory explains how arguments are ruminated in the mind.  People often remember episodes of disagreement, arguing, or fighting and dwell on them.  This chapter will review research in these areas.  Additionally, a few examples pertaining to ideological beliefs in terms of COVID19 pandemic compliance and rule violations are discussed.

Imagined interactions are cognitive representations of conversation experienced as internal dialogues with significant others. Results of an investigation confirm four hypotheses. The self talks more in imagined interactions, imagined interactions primarily involve intimate partners and personal tppics, they are more likely to occur before an actual communication event than after it, and they are less functional for lonely individuals. •Although "internal dialogue" has been discussed by contemporary communication theorists (Hikins, 1981), the concept can be traced back to Plato. Recently, interpersonal communication scholars have taken great interest in the relationship between communication and social cognition (Roloff & Berger, 1982). Nevertheless, little systematic attention has been given to explicitly intrapersonal communication processes like "internal dialogues.' Our purpose in this paper is to extend and report research concerning internal dialogue, what we have in other places called "imagined interactions." (Edwards, Honeycutt, & Zagacki, 1988; Honeycutt, Zagacki, & Edwards, 1989). Imagined interaction is a process of social cognition, whereby actors imagine and therefore indirectly experience themselves in interaction with others. Imagined interactions are a form of intrapersonal communication in which talking activity is directly related to the achievement of some intentional, social communicative goal. The term imagined interactions was first used by Rosenblatt and Meyer (1986), who applied a general understanding of the concept to counseling situations. These authors based their notion of imagined interaction in symbolic interaction theory (see Manis & Meltzer, 1978). Mead (1934) for example, discusses the "internalized conversation of gestures" in which actors cognitively monitor social action by reviewing alternative endings of any given act in which they are involved. Mead adds that such mental activity is important to the development of the self, since internal conversations. give cues for how the self might respond and would be perceived by others in real social conduct. We have proposed that imagined interactions may allow actors to solve communication problems. They afford actors the opportunity to envision the act of discoursing with others, anticipating their responses, and even adjusting to their roles. In general, then, the study of imagined interactions partially addresses a major question posited by Arnold and Frandsen (1984) and Duck (1980):

Imagined interactions, internal dialogues experienced as conversations with significant others, are conceptualized as a form of social cognition. Imagined interactions have important affective components and mental imagery. Results of an investigation demonstrate that verbal imagery is associated with self-dominance, rehearsal and understanding while visual imagery is associated with more pleasantness. Pleasant imagined interactions are lower in self-dominance and more similar to actual communication than unpleasant imagined interactions. The results are explained in terms of information processing and relational communication; two categories of imagined interaction reflecting verbal and mixed imagery are also proposed.

The present study examines the usage of imagined interactions (IIs) among bullying perpetrators and those who are bullied. In reviewing the literature on IIs, an earlier study investigated the motivations by aggressive teasers for using IIs. This study laid the foundation for the present study. We were interested in the similarities and differences between aggressive teasers usage of IIs and the usage of IIs for bullying. Based on a survey of 319 participants, we found that bullying was predicted by the II attributes of retroactivity and positive valence. The regression analysis revealed a positive association between being bullied and the II attribute of retroactivity and the function of conflict-linkage. The findings and implications of these results are discussed in terms of rumination.

Bereavement is a state of grieving after the loss of a loved one. Past research has suggested that bereavement is particularly challenging, both physically and emotionally, in the aftermath of unexpected death. Here, we examine bereavement in which death occurred suddenly, compared to a chronic condition where death was expected, in terms of perceived social support and relational maintenance with the deceased in the form of imagined interactions and social media interactions. Results indicated that individuals experiencing sudden death bereavement were more likely to engage in both postmortem relational maintenance techniques and perceived less social support than individuals in the expected death bereavement group. Results are discussed in terms of previous findings.

This paper presents a cyberbullying detection model based on user personality, determined by the Big Five and Dark Triad models. The model aims to recognize bullying patterns among Twitter communities, based on relationships between personality traits and cyberbullying. Random Forest, a well-known machine-learning algorithm was used for cyberbullying classification (i.e. aggressor, spammer, bully and normal), applied in conjunction with a baseline algorithm encompassing seven Twitter features (i.e. number of mentions, number of followers and following, popularity, favorite count, status count and number of hash tags). Findings indicate that factoring user's personality greatly improves cyberbullying detection mechanisms. Specifically, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (Big Five), and psychopathy (Dark Triad) were found to be significant in detecting bullies, achieving up to 96% (precision) and 95% (recall). The emergence of significant personality traits in an experimental study supports existing empirical studies that show the relationships between personality traits and cyberbullying. 1.2. Automatic cyberbullying detection Considering detrimental consequences of cyberbullying ranging from psychological to emotional and physical harm (van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017), various prevention and intervention strategies were recommended, including mechanisms on automatically detecting cyberbullying (Al-garadi, Varathan, & Ravana, 2016; Chatzakou et al., 2017). Automatic cyberbullying detection refers to identifying bullying patterns based on users' textual communication online, and is often addressed as a classification problem (bullying vs. non-bullying) (Salawu, He, & Lumsden, 2017). Thus far, the majority of cyberbullying detection studies have used features such as content (abusive/cyberbully words), platform-features

We conducted two studies involving two different age groups (elementary school children and adults) aimed at integrating imagined contact and common ingroup identity models. In the first study, Italian elementary school children were asked to imagine interacting with an unknown immigrant peer as members of a common group. Results revealed that common ingroup imagined contact, relative to a control condition, improved outgroup helping intentions assessed one week and two weeks after the intervention. In the second study, common ingroup imagined contact led Italian university students to display higher intentions to have contact with immigrants compared to control conditions. In conclusion, results from both studies demonstrate that imagining an intergroup interaction as members of the same group strengthens the effects of imagined contact. These findings point to the importance of combining the common ingroup identity model and the imagined contact theory in order to increase the potentiality of prejudice reduction interventions.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship among Narcissism, personality traits and conspicuous consumption of brands in youth. This used quantitative research design with a sample consisting of 50 Men and 50 Women. The age ranged between 18 – 22 years. A purposive sampling technique was used to select participants. The findings revealed that there was a relationship among conspicuous consumption and traits of personality. It was also uncovered that there are gender differences in conspicuous consumption of brands, narcissism and personality traits. Further it was concluded that narcissism is positively associated with conspicuous consumption of brands. Narcissism was likely to be a positive predictor of conspicuous consumption of brands and personality traits are likely to be a predictor of conspicuous consumption of brands.