ISSR markers

Light spectrum is one of the environmental cues that influence plant growth and development. Light is a stimulating factor for induction of somatic embryos during tissue culture practices. To accelerate the direct embryogenesis, six different light spectra including: white (W), red (R), blue (B), green (G), red + blue (R+B) and red + far red (R+FR) together with dark condition (D), in combination with thidiazuron (TDZ) in four concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mg L-1) were used. Inter-simple sequence repeat was used for identification and genetic stability analysis of somatic regenerated plantlets. Intact protocorm explants showed higher potential for direct somatic embryogenesis (DSE) than the other explants. The rate of DSE was highly dependent on the concentration of TDZ and its interaction with light spectra. R and R + FR spectra with 3 mg L-1 TDZ on intact protocorms and R+FR with 3 mg L-1 TDZ were efficient treatments to induce DSE without somaclonal variation. G light spectru...

Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (family Brassicaceae) is one of the five species in the Egyptian flora. Its populations showed notable morpho-plasticity with taxonomic debates, which were not yet resolved. The current study was carried out to assess the species morpho-plasticity and its molecular identity based on ISSR. The study was applied to 27 herbarium and fresh populations, representing all the species distribution ranges in Egypt. The taxonomic revision included 70 morphological characters, revealed five distinct Forms (1-5), radical leaf, and fruit provided the major distinguishable traits among the studied 70 morphological characters based on them the morphologic key is provided to delimit these forms. The pollen grain features using SEM are a pioneer at the infra-specific level, two shapes observed the subprolate (Forms 1& 3) and prolate (Forms 2, 4 & 5). Furthermore, the exine micro-features possess taxonomic value at the infraspecific level. The cluster analysis based on IS...

Elettaria cardamomum Maton the small cardamom of commerce is a monotypic genus in India under the family Zingiberaceae. Genetic diversity studies using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were conducted on a total of 13 released varieties of cardamom including selections and hybrids from different research stations in South India along with a popular variety Njallani and a wild relative Aframomum sps as checks. ISSR markers however, revealed relatively high level of genetic redundancy among the tested varieties with the exception of a few. Nonetheless, unweighted pair group method of arithmetic average (UPGMA) based cluster analysis of the similarity matrix differentiated all the varieties tested with the exception of two and segregated the wild relative Aframomum. Considerable reduction of polymorphism percentage was observed on exclusion of Aframomum while studying ISSR polymorphism which could be an indicator of the narrowing genetic base in the released varieties. Morphological data were compiled based on International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) cardamom descriptor and revealed moderate variability among the varieties. The results highlighted the requirement of molecular characterization of unutilized germplasm accessions, related wild species, and exotic relatives using specific molecular markers to help refine breeding efforts and introgression of new alleles for further improvement and enhancement of genetic base of cultivated cardamom.

Aeluropus lagopoides is a halophytic grass growing in different sabkhas of Saudi Arabia. In this study, 14 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 15 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers were selected to investigate the genetic diversity within and among five natural populations of A. Lagopiodes. The genetic diversity varied within and among populations. ISSR markers were slightly more efficient than SRAP markers in evaluating genetic diversity. Average polymorphism information content, effective number of alleles, Nei's genetic diversity, and Shannon's information index values of ISSR markers were higher than SRAP. Analysis of molecular variance revealed about 40% genetic variation among the population and 60% within the population. Overall, the genetic diversity was lowest in Jouf (40%), while the Qaseem populations were the highest (60%). Jizan populations were highly dissimilar to other regions. A Mantel test indicated a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance. The cluster analysis showed three groups; the first group comprises Jouf and Salwa populations, the second group comprises Qareenah and Qaseem, and the third group comprises the Jizan population. This observation matched the geographic distribution of the species. These findings can help in the conservation of a diverse population of A. lagopoides in saline regions as well as rehabilitation of these degraded unique habitats.

Light spectrum is one of the environmental cues that influence plant growth and development. Light is a stimulating factor for induction of somatic embryos during tissue culture practices. To accelerate the direct embryogenesis, six different light spectra including: white (W), red (R), blue (B), green (G), red + blue (R+B) and red + far red (R+FR) together with dark condition (D), in combination with thidiazuron (TDZ) in four concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mg L-1) were used. Inter-simple sequence repeat was used for identification and genetic stability analysis of somatic regenerated plantlets. Intact protocorm explants showed higher potential for direct somatic embryogenesis (DSE) than the other explants. The rate of DSE was highly dependent on the concentration of TDZ and its interaction with light spectra. R and R + FR spectra with 3 mg L-1 TDZ on intact protocorms and R+FR with 3 mg L-1 TDZ were efficient treatments to induce DSE without somaclonal variation. G light spectrum has also significant effects on DSE of protocorm explants. The amplified products showed 26 scorable bands and regenerates were completely identical to the mother plant. In conclusion, this protocol provides way to regenerate plants through embryogenesis, and is a reliable protocol to obtain proper development and genetic stable Phalaenopsis embryos.

Different views on recognising taxa associated with the Campomanesia xanthocarpa group (Myrtaceae) demonstrate the difficulties in clearly delimiting species. Studies using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers were carried out on 201 individuals from 13 populations of C. xanthocarpa Mart. ex O.Berg, C. adamantium (Cambess.) O.Berg, C. costata M.Ibrahim & Landrum and C. littoralis D.Legrand in an attempt to improve understanding of species boundaries between these species. SplitsTree, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), Neighbour-Joining (NJ) dendrogram and STRUCTURE showed inconsistencies between morphological and genetic data in these taxa. Therefore C. adamantium and C. xanthocarpa are treated as distinct taxa in this study, as are C. costata, C. littoralis and C. rhombea O.Berg that were previously considered part of C. xanthocarpa. Structured populations in C. adamantium were not congruent with taxonomic data or poorly supported in the data analysed. These were maintained as a single polymorphic species and new integrative approaches are necessary to improve understanding of taxon boundaries. We present a taxonomic treatment based on these decisions. This study contributes to the systematic treatment of Campomanesia and encourages specific delimitation studies to resolve remaining taxonomic issues within the genus.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a native plant to southern Mexico and northern Guatemala although in these days also is cultivated in others South American countries such as Bolivia and Argentina. This study describes a genetic, cytological and molecular characterization of nine provenances of Salvia hispanica. The genome size was estimated to be C ¼ 0.84 pg of DNA. Also a quantitative description of the karyotype is presented. The karyo-idiogram analysis shows that pairs 5 and 6 of the chromosomes are in the limit between submetacentric and subtelocentric types. When the nine provenances were studied using ISSR markers we were able to observe a very low genetic variability for the ISSR loci analysed (h ¼ 0.08e0.15; I ¼ 0.10e0.23; P ¼ 9.3e23.5%). Selfing and reduced genetic background produced by genetic drift and human selection, might explain in part the scarce genetic differentiation found among provenances. These genetic characterizations are part of the basic genetic information, which should be considered for improvement and germplasm conservation programs.

Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq.) belong to the non-traditional and potentially attractive small fruits for consumers. The aim of this work was to examine adventitious regeneration ability of cultivars 'Loch Ness' (R. fruticosus), 'Weiki' (A. arguta), 'Brigitta Blue' and 'Toro' (V. corymbosum). Three types of explants (whole leaves /leaf segments in case of A. arguta/, petioles, and internodal segments) and various plant growth regulators were tested for their ability to induce adventitious shoots. Shoot multiplication was also evaluated. All cultivars tested were able to regenerate shoots from petioles and internodal segments, but leaves were only suitable for blueberry cultivars. Genotype-dependent differences in shoot induction and regeneration were found in blueberry. The highest regeneration rate (4.3 shoots/explant in mean) was achieved in blueberry cultivar 'Brigitta Blue' from whole leaves cultivated on WPM medium with 4 mg l −1 zeatin. Shoot multiplication was successful in all cultivars. Genetic stability of the V. corymbosum 'Brigitta Blue' regenerants was confirmed and no polymorphism was detected. Therefore, presented protocol can be used for further applications such as genetic transformation or plant germplasm conservation techniques.

Despite the enormous advancements in breeding, fresh and accessible methods of plant development are preferred. Many research have been done to determine the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and magnesium nanoparticles (MgONPs) on plant growth. ZnO NPs and MgONPs have been used extensively in agriculture. Few research have looked into the potential impact of ZnO NPs on grain Zn content or cereal yield formation to date. The goal of the study was to demonstrate how varied concentrations of nanoparticles affected root germination in three different rice types (Giza 177, Sakha super 300, and Sakha 108) and the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, whichcauses foot rot in rice. Here, we performed a pot experiment to assess the effects that ZnO nanoparticles and MgONPs had on the shoot length, root length, andgermination of rice. The experiment involved three dosages of Zn and Mg nanoparticle solution at varying concentrations of 10, 20, and 100 ppm. The outcomes showed that, when compared to the control treatment, ZnO NPs and MgONPs increased the length of the shoot, the length of the roots, and the rateof germination. Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers, the genetic makeup of plants treated with 10, 20, and 100 ppm AgNPs was also examined. In vitro rooted shoots were acclimated in a greenhouse before being tested for biochemical stability and phenotypic stability. In vitro, callogenesis and caulogenesis were both reduced by AgNPs at the greatest dose (100 ppm). In order to maximise genomecoverage, three rice cultivars from distinct origins were chosen, and they were tested using three RAPD markers and seven selected ISSR markers. AgNPs-treated plants using ISSR markers produced 87 amplified bands in total, 45 polymorphic allelic variants, and 36 monomorphic allelic variations. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used in the Mantel test to determine whether there was a significant CC License CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 association between the Jaccard's dissimilaritymatrices based on ISSR and RAPD markers (r = 0.69; P 0.05). Morphological characteristics, ISSR, and RAPD analysis were used to partition the UPGMA Dendrogram into two groupings. Jaccard's coefficient was used to analyse thegenetic similarity matrix. Sakha Super 300 and Giza 177 had the most genetic similarity (95%) while Sakha 108 and Giza 177 had the lowest genetic similarity (90%) according to ISSR and RAPD study. The classification of rice germplasm, breeding initiatives, and conservation efforts all heavily rely on the determination of genetic diversity within the rice species. To find genetic variations, morphological characteristics, ISSR, and RAPD analysis are useful techniques. The findings demonstrated the large ratio of variation in rice. This work successfully established the possibility of using MgONPs and ZnO NPs ashigh-performing fertilisers to improve rice output and quality. This study couldserve as a guide for future research on rice and could support efforts to understand the species and improve breeding stock.

Günümüzde halk hekimliğinde kullanımı yanında, kozmetik, vücut bakımı gibi birçok endüstriyel alanda uzun yıllardan beri değerlendirilen Lippia citriodora, ülkemizde en çok yapraklarından elde edilen limon aroması için tüketilmektedir. Üretimi oldukça sınırlı olmakla birlikte kullanımının giderek yaygınlaşması dolayısıyla bitkinin farklı ekolojilerde yetiştirilebilirliğinin belirlenme gereksinimi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Tokat ekolojik koşullarında birim alandaki bitki yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak Lippia citriodora'nın verim ve kalite özelliklerine ışık tutmak ve değişimlerini ortaya koyarak uygun dikim sıklığını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Tokat-Kazova şartlarında Orta Karadeniz Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü arazisinde Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülen araştırmada, bitkinin tohumlarının küçük olması nedeniyle 2015 yılında çelikler temin edilerek köklendirilmiş fideler elde edilmiştir. 2016 yılında dikimi yapılan bitkilerde iki farklı sıra arası (40 ve 60 cm) ile üç farklı sıra üzeri (20, 30 ve 40 cm) olmak üzere altı farklı dikim sıklığı incelenmiştir. Araştırmada bitki boyu, dal sayısı, dekara yaş ve kuru yaprak verimi ile uçucu yağ oranları belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda bitki boyu 145,50-162,60 cm, dal sayısı 9,0-13,2 adet/bitki, yaş yaprak verimleri 553,6-786,4 kg/da, kuru yaprak (drog folia) verimleri 83,8-255,1 kg/da, yaprakların uçucu yağ oranları %0,29-0,31 arasında değişmiştir. 2016 yılında bitkiler hasat edildikten sonra kış şartlarına dayanımı incelenmiş fakat Tokat ekolojik koşullarında sert kış şartlarından zarar gördüğü belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde, çok yıllık olan bitkinin Tokat ekolojik koşullarında ilk yılında tatminkar verimlerin alındığı, dekara kuru yaprak ve uçucu yağ verimi için 60x30 cm dikim sıklığının uygun olduğu ve çok yıllık yetiştiriciliği için ilave çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

In the present paper, a protocol for plant regeneration was developed for micropropagation of an epiphytic orchid, Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lindl., by using whole leaf explants procured from five months old in vitro grown cultures. The regeneration competence of leaf explants was tested on two different nutrient media (M and KC) supplemented with auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA) and cytokinins (BAP, KN, TDZ) at different concentrations. The regeneration response was invariably initiated mostly at the bases of the leaf explants via shoot bud, protocorm like bodies (PLBs) and callus formation whereas leaf tips (apical side) showed very less response. KC medium supplemented with NAA(10.6 mM)+BAP(8.8 mM), acted synergistically; cent per cent explants initiated regeneration response via formation of callus, PLBs and shoot buds at the basal part of leaf explant and complete plantlets were obtained. Highest number of regenerants (6) was observed in this combination as compared to the control. The genetic stability analysis of in vitro regenerated plantlets of V. cristata was performed by using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers; 6.67% polymorphism and 93.33% of monomorphism was calculated using five ISSR primers, that showed a high degree of genetic stability to obtain true-to-type plantlets. The protocol developed in this study may be useful for conserving V. cristata including other orchid species using different biotechnological approaches.

Günümüzde halk hekimliğinde kullanımı yanında, kozmetik, vücut bakımı gibi birçok endüstriyel alanda uzun yıllardan beri değerlendirilen Lippia citriodora, ülkemizde en çok yapraklarından elde edilen limon aroması için tüketilmektedir. Üretimi oldukça sınırlı olmakla birlikte kullanımının giderek yaygınlaşması dolayısıyla bitkinin farklı ekolojilerde yetiştirilebilirliğinin belirlenme gereksinimi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Tokat ekolojik koşullarında birim alandaki bitki yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak Lippia citriodora'nın verim ve kalite özelliklerine ışık tutmak ve değişimlerini ortaya koyarak uygun dikim sıklığını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Tokat-Kazova şartlarında Orta Karadeniz Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü arazisinde Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülen araştırmada, bitkinin tohumlarının küçük olması nedeniyle 2015 yılında çelikler temin edilerek köklendirilmiş fideler elde edilmiştir. 2016 yılında dikimi yapılan bitkilerde iki farklı sıra arası (40 ve 60 cm) ile üç farklı sıra üzeri (20, 30 ve 40 cm) olmak üzere altı farklı dikim sıklığı incelenmiştir. Araştırmada bitki boyu, dal sayısı, dekara yaş ve kuru yaprak verimi ile uçucu yağ oranları belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda bitki boyu 145,50-162,60 cm, dal sayısı 9,0-13,2 adet/bitki, yaş yaprak verimleri 553,6-786,4 kg/da, kuru yaprak (drog folia) verimleri 83,8-255,1 kg/da, yaprakların uçucu yağ oranları %0,29-0,31 arasında değişmiştir. 2016 yılında bitkiler hasat edildikten sonra kış şartlarına dayanımı incelenmiş fakat Tokat ekolojik koşullarında sert kış şartlarından zarar gördüğü belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde, çok yıllık olan bitkinin Tokat ekolojik koşullarında ilk yılında tatminkar verimlerin alındığı, dekara kuru yaprak ve uçucu yağ verimi için 60x30 cm dikim sıklığının uygun olduğu ve çok yıllık yetiştiriciliği için ilave çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Gunumuzde halk hekimliginde kullanimi yaninda, kozmetik, vucut bakimi gibi bircok endustriyel alanda uzun yillardan beri degerlendirilen Lippia citriodora, ulkemizde en cok yapraklarindan elde edilen limon aromasi icin tuketilmektedir. Ancak uretimi oldukca sinirli olmakla birlikte kullaniminin giderek yayginlasmasi dolayisiyla bitkinin farkli ekolojilerde yetistirilebilirliginin belirlenme gereksinimi ortaya cikmaktadir. Bu arastirma, Tokat ekolojik kosullarinda birim alandaki bitki yogunluguna bagli olarak Lippia citriodora’nin verim ve kalite ozelliklerine isik tutmak ve degisimlerini ortaya koyarak uygun dikim sikligini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Tokat-Kazova sartlarinda Orta Karadeniz Gecit Kusagi Tarimsal Arastirma Enstitusu Mudurlugu arazisinde Tesaduf Bloklarinda Bolunmus Parseller Deneme Desenine gore uc tekerrurlu olarak yurutulen arastirmada, bitkinin tohumlarinin cok kucuk olmasi nedeniyle 2015 yilinda celikler temin edilmis ve koklendirilmis fideler elde edilmisti...

Bananas are tropical fruits grown worldwide playing a key role in market trade and especially used as main food source for low income populations. In Brazil, bananas are mainly consumed in natura, occupying the second largest internal market. Nevertheless, this crop presents low availability of productive commercial varieties with good agronomic characteristics. A strategy undertaken to solve this problem is the development of new cultivars through conventional genetic breeding methods. However, this strategy presents some obstacles such as female sterility and low number of seeds. In order to overcome these shortcomings, use of mutation induction aiming the selection of mutants with desirable agronomic characteristics seems to have great potential for developing new cultivars. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the genetic variability in putative banana 'Pacovan' (AAB genome, subgroup Prata Type) mutants submitted to gamma ray irradiation, using a set of agronomical and molecular data (ISSR markers). The distance between the putative 'Pacovan' mutants varied from 0.26 to 0.64 with cophenetic correlation coefficient of 0.7669. Four mutants were selected based on best agronomical characteristics and height. This data also shows that there is variability that can be explored after the irradiation of 'Pacovan' banana mutants, which can be used in the genetic breeding program of banana aiming to develop short new varieties that also present good agronomic characteristics. This is the first attempt to use combined data in order to evaluate the genetic variability in putative banana mutants.

Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers and morphological analysis were used in order to characterize wild populations and cultivated forms of orphan crop species Capparis spinosa L. in a Mediterranean island complex. Nineteen wild populations belonging to two different subspecies, C. spinosa subsp. spinosa and subsp. rupestris, were sampled in different environments in Sicily and the surrounding islets Lampedusa, Pantelleria and Salina. Different biotypes cultivated in Pantelleria and Salina were analysed. Six ISSR primers were selected for genetic characterization, and all clear and reproducible bands were scored and analysed. Among the 47 ISSR bands obtained, 97.5% were polymorphic. Results of AMOVA and STRUCTURE analysis suggested a clear genetic distinctness between subspecies at the regional level and suggested the existence of two taxonomic groups among wild populations, with different ecological preferences and distinctive morphological characters. Cultivated forms showed genetic affinity to subsp. rupestris. ISSR analysis not only provided specific molecular markers to discriminate the taxa, but also proved useful in supporting the hypothesis of a hybrid origin of the intermediate phenotypes found in overlapping distribution areas. The identified molecular markers provided a basic tool for the DNA fingerprinting of wild and commercial capers in the Mediterranean region and nearby territory.

A multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize two autochthonous lentil landraces from Molise region (Central Italy). Different mature seed populations for each landrace were provided by the Molise Germoplasm Bank at the University of Molise (Pesche, Italy), and analyzed at the morphological and molecular (DNA and protein) levels. Nuclear ISSR markers were used to assess genetic differences, whereas phenotypic variability was detected by biochemical (proteomics) and morphological analyses. The genetic and phenotypic diversity of the two lentil landraces were well assessed in relation to their geographical provenance, supporting further studies to identify landrace markers.

A multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize two autochthonous lentil landraces from Molise region (Central Italy). Different mature seed populations for each landrace were provided by the Molise Germoplasm Bank at the University of Molise (Pesche, Italy), and analyzed at the morphological and molecular (DNA and protein) levels. Nuclear ISSR markers were used to assess genetic differences, whereas phenotypic variability was detected by biochemical (proteomics) and morphological analyses. The genetic and phenotypic diversity of the two lentil landraces were well assessed in relation to their geographical provenance, supporting further studies to identify landrace markers.

A multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize two autochthonous lentil landraces from Molise region (Central Italy). Different mature seed populations for each landrace were provided by the Molise Germoplasm Bank at the University of Molise (Pesche, Italy), and analyzed at the morphological and molecular (DNA and protein) levels. Nuclear ISSR markers were used to assess genetic differences, whereas phenotypic variability was detected by biochemical (proteomics) and morphological analyses. The genetic and phenotypic diversity of the two lentil landraces were well assessed in relation to their geographical provenance, supporting further studies to identify landrace markers.

A multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize two autochthonous lentil landraces from Molise region (Central Italy). Different mature seed populations for each landrace were provided by the Molise Germoplasm Bank at the University of Molise (Pesche, Italy), and analyzed at the morphological and molecular (DNA and protein) levels. Nuclear ISSR markers were used to assess genetic differences, whereas phenotypic variability was detected by biochemical (proteomics) and morphological analyses. The genetic and phenotypic diversity of the two lentil landraces were well assessed in relation to their geographical provenance, supporting further studies to identify landrace markers.

Paspalum is one of the most important genera of the Poaceae family due to its large number of species and diversity. The subgenus Anachyris comprises six species mainly from South America grouped together by sharing rare spikelet characteristics. A genetic analysis using ISSR markers, compared with the morphological and phenotypic variation observed in each one species, was used to establish genetic relationships among 40 accessions with several ploidy levels, belonging to 5 species of the subgenus Anachyris. Fourteen accessions of Paspalum malacophyllum (2x and 4x), 12 of P. simplex (2x, 3x, 4x and 6x), 4 of P. procurrens (2x and 4x), 4 of P. usterii (4x) and 6 of P. volcanensis (4x) were analysed. A total of 227 ISSR loci (98.7% polymorphic) were detected among all accessions, with variable loci number and percentages of polymorphism according to species delimitations. Six main groups were identified by cluster analysis based on Jaccard's genetic distance and UPGMA, four of which matched all the respective accessions of P. simplex, P. procurrens, P. usterii and P. volcanensis, while the other two were consistent with two different groups of accessions of P. malacophyllum, one involving most tetraploid accessions, and the other one grouping together a tetraploid and two diploid accessions. The distinctive morphological characteristics and the separate clustering of these tetraploid and diploid cytotypes suggest to consider a new multiploid species complex inside the subgenus Anachyris. Both cytotypes of P. procurrens, and the four co-specific cytotypes of P. simplex consistently clustered together forming two specific groups for the two multiploid taxons. This is in agreement with the existence of high phenotypic similarities between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of P. procurrens, and among diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of P. simplex. Since the polyploid cytotypes of these species are reproduced by apomixis, the specific genetic clustering by ISSR markers and morphological and cytological results support the hypothesis that the two multiploid species were originated by autopolyploidy. Our results confirm previous studies suggesting a monophyletic origin for the subgenus Anachyris and are concordant with previous data regarding genomic homologies and phylogenetic analyses in the genus.

Background: Sorghum is an economically significant staple food crop for more than half a billion people in developing nations, especially in arid and semi-arid locations where drought stress is a significant limiting factor. Despite usually being regarded as tolerant, sorghum suffers severely from drought stress, which lowers its productivity and nutritional quality throughout its principal cultivation areas. Objective: Improvements in DNA fingerprinting by ISSRs, SSRs, and RAPD markers have also been employed in sorghum genetic modification (GMOs) to enhance the economic characteristics of this crop. Materials and methods: To provide a natural defence against pests, the most tolerant plants among the seven varieties of sorghum bicolour were selected and planted in the second season of 2020–2021 under treatment with two microorganisms, B. thuringiensis and P. aeruginosa. This study considered seven varieties of sorghum bicolour planted under 50% water deficiency in 2019–2020. Genetic variability analysis of sorghum genotypes was performed using seven Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers, six Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers, and five Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Seven Sorghum bicolour accessions were collected from various regions of Egypt and their phylogenetic relationships were evaluated. Additionally, DNA fingerprinting and analyses of the genetic diversity and evolutionary linkages in the sorghum germplasm employed the (ISSR) molecular marker technique. Results and conclusion: The Fisher Least Significant difference test (LSD) at P < 0.05, based on RAPD, ISSR, and SSR markers demonstrated a significant connection.  The findings demonstrated that 51 bands with a size range of 100–1500 bp and polymorphism percentage of 72.5% were created using five RAPD primers. Seven ISSR primers generated 45 bands With a 57.8(%) polymorphism percentage, ranging in size from 100 to 3000 bp. six SSR primers generated 28 bands with (67.86%) polymorphism percentage of 67.86 %, ranging in size from 100 to 1500 bp. Morphological characteristics and ISSR, SSR, and RAPD analyses were used to group the UPGMA Dendrogram into groups. Jaccard's coefficient was used to analyse the genetic similarity matrix. The maximum similarity was observed for ISSR between Hybrid Sh1 and Hybrid Sh306 (0.984%), SSR between Hybrid Sh306 and Sudan grass (0.964%), and RAPD between Giza 15 and Indian Millet (0.706%). The classification of sorghum germplasm, breeding initiatives, and conservation efforts rely heavily on the determination of the genetic diversity among sorghum species. Identification of genetic variants, morphological features, and genetic analysis of ISSR, SSR, and RAPD are useful techniques. These findings demonstrate a large ratio of variation in sorghum. This work could serve as a guide for future research on sorghum and aid in the understanding of species and breeding initiatives.

Despite the enormous advancements in breeding, fresh and accessible methods of plant development are preferred. Many research have been done to determine the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and magnesium nanoparticles (MgONPs) on plant growth. ZnO NPs and MgONPs have been used extensively in agriculture. Few research have looked into the potential impact of ZnO NPs on grain Zn content or cereal yield formation to date. The goal of the study was to demonstrate how varied concentrations of nanoparticles affected root germination in three different rice types (Giza 177, Sakha super 300, and Sakha 108) and the fungus Fusariummoniliforme, which causes foot rot in rice. Here, we performed a pot experiment to assess the effects that ZnO nanoparticles and MgONPs had on the shoot length, root length, and germination of rice. The experiment involved three dosages of Zn and Mg nanoparticle solution at varying concentrations of 10, 20, and 100 ppm. The outcomes showed that, when compared to the control treatment, ZnO NPs and MgONPs increased the length of the shoot, the length of the roots, and the rate of germination. Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers, the genetic makeup of plants treated with 10, 20, and 100 ppm AgNPs was also examined. In vitro rooted shoots were acclimated in a greenhouse before being tested for biochemical stability and phenotypic stability. In vitro, callogenesis and caulogenesis were both reduced by AgNPs at the greatest dose (100 ppm). In order to maximise genome coverage, three rice cultivars from distinct origins were chosen, and they were tested using three RAPD markers and seven selected ISSR markers. AgNPs-treated plants using ISSR markers produced 87 amplified bands in total, 45 polymorphic allelic variants, and 36 monomorphic allelic variations. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used in the Mantel test to determine whether there was a significant association between the Jaccard's dissimilarity matrices based on ISSR and RAPD markers (r = 0.69; P 0.05). Morphological characteristics, ISSR, and RAPD analysis were used to partition the UPGMA Dendrogram into two groupings. Jaccard's coefficient was used to analyse the genetic similarity matrix. Sakha Super 300 and Giza 177 had the most genetic similarity (95%) while Sakha 108 and Giza 177 had the lowest genetic similarity (90%) according to ISSR and RAPD study. The classification of rice germplasm, breeding initiatives, and conservation efforts all heavily rely on the determination of genetic diversity within the rice species. To find genetic variations, morphological characteristics, ISSR, and RAPD analysis are useful techniques. The findings demonstrated the large ratio of variation in rice. This work successfully established the possibility of using MgONPs and ZnO NPs as high-performing fertilisers to improve rice output and quality.This study could serve as a guide for future research on rice and could support efforts to understand the species and improve breeding stock.

In recent years, plant breeding of some cultivars such as sumac has attracted more attention because their contributions to human health started to be revealed. Turkey being its origin, sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is widely used as a medicinal plant and spice. However, the sporadic cultivation of cultivars such as sumac endangers its existence and future. Therefore, the protection of this cultivar and its genetic characterization as well as encouraging the cultivation of this cultivar through plant breeding is of utmost importance. In this respect, this study aims to determine the genetic diversities among 24 different sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) genotypes. 17 different SRAP (sequence related amplified polymorphism) and 12 ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) primers were used in this study, and, as a result, 133 amplifications were obtained. 130 of these amplifications were polyphormic, the average value of polymorphism were determined as 97.74%. In addition, genetic difference among the genotypes were calculated, which yielded a percentage of 45%. The highest difference was observed between S19 and S5 (73%), while the lowest genetic difference was found between S23 and S24 genotypes (20%). These results suggest that sumac genotypes displaying high genetic difference will be selected as parents in the plant breeding studies on sumac cultivars in the future, thus increasing variation rate.

عونت دادعت يكيتنژ 93 هنوگ زا پيتونژ Lolium multiflorum ساسا رب يپيتويراك تايصوصخ و یارب پيتويراك ،پيتونژ ره یارب .تفرگ رارق يسررب دروم يلوكلم جنپ .دش هيهت یزافاتم لولس پيتونژ ًابيرقت پيتويراك یاراد يسررب دروم یاه دندوب ينراقتمان و نآ نيب رد ينعم عونت اه راد نيگنايم هسياقم جياتن .تشاد دوجو يپيتويراك تافص یارب پيتونژ داد ناشن اه پيد یاه طسوتم ديئول شيب موزومورك لوط پيتونژ هب تبسن یرت پيتونژ .دنتشاد ديئولپارتت یاه مدع ديئولپارتت یاه شيب يموزومورك نورد نراقت پيتونژ هب تبسن یرت هنوگ يپيتويراك لماكت .دنتشاد ديئولپيد یاه

Yabancı otların kontrolunda kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif yöntemler bulmak amacı ile dağ kekiği (Origanum syriacum) ve mercanköşk (Origanum majorana)'den elde edilen uçucu yağların (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ve 32 μl/petri dozlarda) Amaranthus retroflexus L. (kırmızı köklü tilki kuyruğu), Portulaca oleracea L. (semiz otu), Physalis angulata L. (fener otu), Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. (benekli darıcan) ve Solanum nigrum L. (köpek üzümü) tohumlarının çimlenmesi ile (%1, %2, %4, %8 ve %16 dozlarda) bitki gelişimi üzerine olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çimlenme çalışmalarında, her iki uçucu yağ uygulaması da çalışmada kullanılan tüm yabancı otların tohumlarının çimlenmelerini ortalama %50'nin üzerinde engellenmiş olup bu oran özellikle, S. nigrum ve P. angulata için çok yüksek oranda gerçekleşmiştir. Bitki büyüme çalışmalarında uygulanan uçucu yağlar P. oleracea ve S. nigrum'un bitki gelişimini %50'nin üzerinde engellemiştir.

This research was carried out between 2001-2003 at both Odemiş Technical Training College of Ege University in Ödemiş to investigate the effects of plant spacing, sowing and planting dates on generatif growth of 3 varieties of Broccoli (Green Dome, KY-110 and Marathon). The Trial was carried out in Küçük Menderes Valley by using seedlings planted between June and October. There was a decrease tendency in yield when the sowing dates were getting closer to autumn. When the sowing time was retarded to autumn, the yield tended to decrease in trial (5003 kg/da-1390 kg/da).

Bu calismada Mentha spicata, Mentha villoso-nervata ve Mentha piperita’ nin klonlarindan elde edilen ucucu yaglar ile bu ucucu yaglarin ana bilesenlerinin bugday biti [Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)]’ne olan fumigant etkileri arastirilmistir. Calismada kullanilan tum ucucu yaglar degisik oranlarda olumlere neden olurken, en yuksek etki %90 olum orani ile Mentha villoso-nervata ucucu yaginda belirlenmistir. Ucucu yaglarin ana bilesenlerinden menton, limonen, mentol ve karvon arasinda en yuksek olum orani karvon’dan elde edilmistir. Calismanin ikinci kisminda, yuksek fumigant etki gosteren Mentha villoso-nervata (klon 1), M. spicata (klon 2 ve 9) ve karvon’un bugday biti ile aralarindaki doz-olum iliskileri arastirilmistir. Test edilen ucucu yaglar ve karvon arasinda, en yuksek aktiviteyi 0.024 µl/ml LC50 ile karvon’dan tespit edilmistir. Bu calismanin sonuclari, Mentha villoso-nervata ucucu yagi ile ozellikle karvon’un bugday bitinin mucadelesinde kullanilabilme ...

Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were used to measure the levels of genetic variation and patterns of the population structure within and among the five populations of Adiantum incisum, a terrestrial fern in India. For this purpose, a detailed study was conducted in three replicates at 2011-14 season in the collection points of Western Ghats, South India. Five wild A. incisum accessions (maiden hair) were evaluated for genotyping experiment. Results showed a significant variation among genotypes and were classified based on this variation in four groups by genetic cluster analysis. In the experiment, five ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic bands. The genetic identity data among genotypes were calculated and varied from 0.4603 to 0.7460. The percentage of polymorphism showed superior genotype that could be used for the conservation of species. ISSR proved to be a helpful marker for genotype identification prediction within a closed group of inter specific population in...

Varronia curassavica Jacq. is a medicinal and aromatic plant from Brazil with significant economic importance. Studies on genetic diversity in active germplasm banks (AGB) are essential for conservation and breeding programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of V. curassavica accessions of the AGB of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), using inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Twentyfour primers were tested, and 14 were polymorphic and informative, resulting in 149 bands with 97.98% polymorphism. The UPGMA 403 showed medium similarity (0.78). Twenty-eight accessions were divided into three distinct clusters, according to the STRUCTURE analysis. The genetic diversity of V. curassavica in the AGB of UFS is low to medium, and it requires expansion. Accession VCUR-802 is the most suitable for selection in breeding program of this species, since it clearly represents all of the diversity present in the AGB.

The Viola epipsila-V. palustris complex is a highly taxonomically complicated group of species in its entire circumboreal range of distribution. Habitat loss, forest flooding, and hybridization could lead to the extinction of V. epipsila. A hybrid index and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to select qualitative and quantitative morphological features to distinguish parent species and hybrids, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to determine the genetic diversity of the populations, flow cytometry to estimate the genome size (GS), and non-coding chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions to indicate the directions of crosses. All taxa are very morphologically variable, and their features can change within a season. The most stable feature is the distance of the bracts on the pedicel from the rhizome. The genetic diversity of all taxa populations is low and highly influenced by selfing and vegetative propagation. The population structure is differentiated: populations of V. epipsila or V. palustris, mixed populations with both parent species, F1 hybrids and populations with introgressive forms occur in different regions. The interspecific GS variation corresponds to the ploidy level (4x = 2.52 pg, 8x = 4.26 pg, 6x = 3.42 pg). Viola epipsila is the mother plant of the hybrids. Research has shown the risk of V. epipsila extinction in Central Europe and the importance of local populations in studying the role of hybridization in reducing/maintaining/increasing biodiversity.

The study focuses on the propagation of a rare and endangered plant species (Pulsatilla patens) to reintroduce an extinct population from calamine area in Southern Poland. The plants were propagated from seeds, rhizome cuttings, or regenerated in vitro from shoot tips, hypocotyls with roots or cotyledons of seedlings on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25 or 0.50 mg L −1 BAP (Benzylaminopurine) via direct and indirect organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis (SE). The most efficient micropropagation method was with shoot tips as an explant on MS + 0.25 mg L −1 BAP where 97% of the explants produced multiple shoots, mass SE was observed after transfer on ½ MS with 2% saccharose; 267 (35%) shoots rooted on ½ MS + 2% saccharose were acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. Flow cytometry revealed genome size stability of propagated plantlets. Low genetic differentiation between micropropagated plantlets and initial material was indicated by ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Totally, 132 vigorous plantlets obtained on various pathways were introduced to the field plots in 2020; 30.33% survived the winter, and several reached the generative stage and flowered in the spring 2021. In next season (March/April 2022) the number of introduced plants decreased to 25% while the number of flowering and fruiting shoots in different clumps increased in some plots. This is the first report of successful re-introduction of the endangered P. patens based on micropropagation, rhizome cuttings, and seed germination. Is there a risk of extinction of the pasque-flower in its European range? Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (pasque-flower) is a one of the most endangered plant species in Europe, and in several regions it is threatened with extinction 1-13. Current threats include both natural and anthropogenic factors, e.g. habitat reduction, fragmentation and eutrophication, natural succession, unsuitable forest management, forest fires, damage caused by animals, reduced seed set due to a lack of pollinators, poor seed germination, scarce vegetative propagation, hybridization with other pasque-flower species, and a lack of root-colonizing mycorrhizal fungi 1,8,14-18. Variation in the life cycle and slow growth and development until flowering are also negative factors for population dynamics 19. Thus, the species is included in the European Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix II i IV, code 1477. In Poland, in the late 19th and early twentieth century the range of P. patens included almost the entire country. The situation drastically changed in the second half of the twentieth century, when almost all populations in western, central and southern Poland became extinct. Currently, the highest density of extant populations is reported from northeastern Poland 11 .

The paper presents a technique for micropropagation of endangered in Europe and extinct in Poland Pulsatilla vulgaris for ex situ conservation of the genetic resources. Genotype-dependent induction of somatic embryogenesis and rooting was revealed in series of two experiments (I and II) performed under the same experimental conditions. Shoot tips of seedlings were the best explants in both experiments and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25 or 0.5 mg L−1 BAP was suitable for induction of somatic embryos (SE) and adventitious shoots. Mass SE was obtained in experiment I after explants transfer on ½ MS (2% sucrose) + 0.45 mg L−1 B1 and extending culture to 2–3 months without passages. Rooting of adventitious shoots was a critical point. Out of seven rooting media used in experiment I, only two, ½ MS hormone free (2% sucrose) + 0.45 mg L−1 B1 or MS + 5 mg L−1 NAA + 3.76 mg L−1 B2 resulted in altogether 36.4% rooted shoots. In experiment II, somatic embryogenesis, roo...

The Viola epipsila-V. palustris complex is a highly taxonomically complicated group of species in its entire circumboreal range of distribution. Habitat loss, forest flooding, and hybridization could lead to the extinction of V. epipsila. A hybrid index and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to select qualitative and quantitative morphological features to distinguish parent species and hybrids, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to determine the genetic diversity of the populations, flow cytometry to estimate the genome size (GS), and non-coding chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions to indicate the directions of crosses. All taxa are very morphologically variable, and their features can change within a season. The most stable feature is the distance of the bracts on the pedicel from the rhizome. The genetic diversity of all taxa populations is low and highly influenced by selfing and vegetative propagation. The population structure is differentiated: populations of V. epipsila or V. palustris, mixed populations with both parent species, F1 hybrids and populations with introgressive forms occur in different regions. The interspecific GS variation corresponds to the ploidy level (4x = 2.52 pg, 8x = 4.26 pg, 6x = 3.42 pg). Viola epipsila is the mother plant of the hybrids. Research has shown the risk of V. epipsila extinction in Central Europe and the importance of local populations in studying the role of hybridization in reducing/maintaining/increasing biodiversity.

In spite of the huge economic importance of Aframomum melegueta in the herbal and pharmaceutical industries, its production is limited by lack of planting materials (propagules). The plant also lacks scientific descriptors, which has often led to misidentification with adverse health implications. We therefore aimed at developing a descriptor list to facilitate the identification of A. melegueta using 34 morphometric traits comprising 18 quantitative and 16 qualitative characters. The morphological traits showed that A. melegueta has a characteristic stolon that produces tillers instead of rhizomes. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean using both the nearest-neighbour and complete-linkage methods based on the 34 morphometric traits clustered the eight accessions into two main groups based on ecological location. The accessions from the Eastern and Ashanti regions were separated at similarity coefficients of 0.822 and 0.644, respectively, with a highly significant discriminant function. The Eastern accessions were further clustered into red or yellow fruits at similarity indexes of 0.936 and 0.865 using the nearest-neighbour and complete-linkage methods, respectively. The present study has shown that morphometric traits of A. melegueta are greatly influenced by its ecological habitat. It is envisaged that the descriptor list developed coupled with a morphometric description would enhance its identification and utilization.

Diversity and distribution of the Aegorhinus genus in the La Araucanía Region of Chile, with special reference to A. superciliosus and A. nodipennis. Cien. Inv. Agr. 38(3): 367-377. The Araucanía region is a berry producing area where important behavioral aspects of species in the genus Aegorhinus, a pest that affects crops, are still unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution, abundance and richness of these species in agroecological zones of La Araucanía Region and to determine the hosts in which they were found. The sites where these species were found were represented on a map divided into grids of 25 x 25 km. Eight species of Aegorhinus were found in the area, and Aegorhinus nodipennis and Aegorhinus superciliosus were the most abundant. The diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener index, and the equitability was determined using the Pielou index. The agroecological zone with the greatest diversity of the region corresponded to mountain ranges; however, the central plain registered the highest abundance of individuals. This study introduces new hosts for six of the eight species found in the region.

Bu çalışma, yaygın olarak kullanılan nane uçucu yağının zeine farklı oranlarda kazein ilave edilerek hazırlanan zein-kazein kompleksi ile mikroenkapsülasyonunu ve elde edilen mikrokapsüllerin enkapsülasyon etkinliği ve salım özelliklerinin incelenmesini içermektedir. Sadece zein kullanılarak hazırlanan mikrokapsüller ile zein-kazein kompleksi ile hazırlanan mikrokapsüllerin enkapsülasyon etkinliği ve salım düzeyleri kıyaslanmıştır. Zein ve kazeinin yapısında bulunan aminoasitlerin hidrofilik/hidrofobik özellikleri sayesinde apolar yapıdaki nane uçucu yağının mikroenkapsülasyonu ile enkapsülasyon etkinliği artış göstermiştir. Nane uçucu yağı mikroenkapsülasyonu için zein kaplama materyaline %1, %3, %5, %7, %9, %11, %13 ve %15 oranlarında kazein ilavesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Zeine farklı oranlardaki kazein ilavesi ile elde edilen mikrokapsüllerin enkapsülasyon etkinliği en yüksek %54.66±3.76 olarak %13'lük zein-kazein formülasyonu ile sağlanırken, sadece zein kullanılarak elde edilen mikrokapsüllerin enkapsülasyon etkinliği % 46.84±0.22 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca salım hızı testinde nane uçucu yağının mikrokapsüllerden salımı 9. günün sonunda sadece zein kullanılarak hazırlanan mikrokapsüllerinde % 64.27±3.48 olarak, zein-kazein mikrokapsüllerinde ise % 37.86±2.73 olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Özet: Bu çalışmada, Bursa'da 1989-1991 yıllarında 178 adi fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) genotipi test edilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, basit korelasyon katsayıları, path ve stepwise analizleri kullanılarak tane ve saman verimine etki eden karakterleri saptamaktır. Hasat öncesi seleksiyonlarda tane verimi için çiçeklenme gün sayısı, gelişme notu, tohum/bitki ve meyve/boğum; saman verimi için bitki boyu, gelişme notu, yaprakçık sayısı ve meyve/boğum önemli bulunmuştur. Hasat sonrası seleksiyonlarda tane verimi için hasat indeksi, saman verimi, gelişme notu ve 1000 tane ağırlığı; saman verimi için bitki boyu, gelişme notu, tane verimi ve hasat indeksi önemli olduğu saptanmıştır.

Öz: Safran (Crocus sativus L.) bilinen en eski kültür bitkilerinden biridir. Geçmişte baharat, boya ve tıbbi olarak büyük bir ekonomik öneme sahip olan bu bitki, önceleri Bolu, Tokat, Şanlıurfa, Adana, İzmir gibi illerde yetiştirilmesine rağmen zamanla önemini yitirmiş, dikim alanları giderek daralmış ve sadece Safranbolu'da birkaç üreticinin tarlası ile sınırlı kalmıştır. Son zamanlarda tekrar üzerinde durulan bu bitkinin üretiminin geliştirilmesinde en büyük engel tohumluk olarak kullanılan soğanların (korm) yetersizliğidir. Ankara Üniversitesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü deneme tarlasında yapılan bu araştırmada, soğanların çoğalmasında kültürel tedbir olarak dikim derinliğinin ve soğan boylarının safranın çoğalmasına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Farklı boylardaki safran soğanları 2002 yılında 20 x 10 cm aralıkla 5, 10 ve 15 cm derinliğinde dikilmiş ve 2004 yılında hasat edilmiştir. Dikim derinliği ve soğan boylarının hem safranın çiçeklenmesine, hem de yavru soğan oluşturmasına etkili olduğu bulunmuştur.

The paper presents a technique for micropropagation of endangered in Europe and extinct in Poland Pulsatilla vulgaris for ex situ conservation of the genetic resources. Genotype-dependent induction of somatic embryogenesis and rooting was revealed in series of two experiments (I and II) performed under the same experimental conditions. Shoot tips of seedlings were the best explants in both experiments and Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25 or 0.5 mg L−1 BAP was suitable for induction of somatic embryos (SE) and adventitious shoots. Mass SE was obtained in experiment I after explants transfer on ½ MS (2% sucrose) + 0.45 mg L−1 B1 and extending culture to 2–3 months without passages. Rooting of adventitious shoots was a critical point. Out of seven rooting media used in experiment I, only two, ½ MS hormone free (2% sucrose) + 0.45 mg L−1 B1 or MS + 5 mg L−1 NAA + 3.76 mg L−1 B2 resulted in altogether 36.4% rooted shoots. In experiment II, somatic embryogenesis, roo...

Artemisia herba-alba is an herbaceous aromatic and therapeutic plant widely distributed in semi-arid regions of Tunisia and is potentially usable to restore degraded ecosystems. A study of genetic variation among 216 accessions was conducted using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers to assess the polymorphism at the species level. A total of 60 polymorphic loci were scored using four primers revealing a high level of genetic polymorphism among A. herba-alba accessions. Correlation analysis revealed no direct relation between morphological traits, geographic distance and genetic distance. Correlogram analysis showed a patchy distribution of the genetic variability of A. herba-alba accessions revealing the contribution of local ecological and geographic conditions on variability.

Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (family Brassicaceae) is one of the five species in the Egyptian flora. Its populations showed notable morpho-plasticity with taxonomic debates, which were not yet resolved. The current study was carried out to assess the species morpho-plasticity and its molecular identity based on ISSR. The study was applied to 27 herbarium and fresh populations, representing all the species distribution ranges in Egypt. The taxonomic revision included 70 morphological characters, revealed five distinct Forms (1-5), radical leaf, and fruit provided the major distinguishable traits among the studied 70 morphological characters based on them the morphologic key is provided to delimit these forms. The pollen grain features using SEM are a pioneer at the infra-specific level, two shapes observed the subprolate (Forms 1& 3) and prolate (Forms 2, 4 & 5). Furthermore, the exine micro-features possess taxonomic value at the infraspecific level. The cluster analysis based on IS...

For a snapshot assessment of the genetic diversity present within Melipona subnitida, an endemic stingless bee distributed in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil, populations separated by over 1,000 km distance were analyzed by ISSR genotyping. This is a prerequisite for the establishment of efficient management and conservation practices. From 21 ISSR primers tested, only nine revealed consistent and polymorphic bands (loci). PCR reactions resulted in 165 loci, of which 92 were polymorphic (57.5%). Both Φ ST (ARLEQUIN) and θ B (HICKORY) presented high values of similar magnitude (0.34, p<0.0001 and 0.33, p<0.0001, respectively), showing that these two groups were highly structured. The dendrogram obtained by the cluster analysis and the scatter-plot of the PCoA corroborate with the data presented by the AMOVA and θ B tests. Clear evidence of subdivision among sampling sites was also observed by the Bayesian grouping model analysis (STRUCTURE) of the ISSR data. It is clear from this study that conservation strategies should take into account the heterogeneity of these two separate populations, and address actions towards their sustainability by integrating our findings with ecological tools.

Varronia curassavica Jacq. is a medicinal and aromatic plant from Brazil with significant economic importance. Studies on genetic diversity in active germplasm banks (AGB) are essential for conservation and breeding programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of V. curassavica accessions of the AGB of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), using inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Twentyfour primers were tested, and 14 were polymorphic and informative, resulting in 149 bands with 97.98% polymorphism. The UPGMA 403 showed medium similarity (0.78). Twenty-eight accessions were divided into three distinct clusters, according to the STRUCTURE analysis. The genetic diversity of V. curassavica in the AGB of UFS is low to medium, and it requires expansion. Accession VCUR-802 is the most suitable for selection in breeding program of this species, since it clearly represents all of the diversity present in the AGB.

Varronia curassavica Jacq. is a medicinal and aromatic plant from Brazil with significant economic importance. Studies on genetic diversity in active germplasm banks (AGB) are essential for conservation and breeding programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of V. curassavica accessions of the AGB of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), using inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Twentyfour primers were tested, and 14 were polymorphic and informative, resulting in 149 bands with 97.98% polymorphism. The UPGMA 403 showed medium similarity (0.78). Twenty-eight accessions were divided into three distinct clusters, according to the STRUCTURE analysis. The genetic diversity of V. curassavica in the AGB of UFS is low to medium, and it requires expansion. Accession VCUR-802 is the most suitable for selection in breeding program of this species, since it clearly represents all of the diversity present in the AGB.

Celery is grown in many areas of Ege Region. Growing period and cultivation system differs according to growing region. This research was carried out to determine the effects of different plant densities and harvesting stage on yield and quality. In this research 30*60, 40*60, 50*60 cm plant densities and three harvesting stage were applied and plant height, plant weight, leaf number, petiole length, stalk diameter, yield and dry matter contents were determined. According to the results increasing plant densities and using different harvesting stages increased yield. It is possible to harvest celery in early summer months by delaying the planting date.

Mürdümük (Lathyrus sativus L.) Popülasyon ve Çeşitlerinin Yozgat Ekolojisinde Morfolojik ve Agronomik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi Özet Bu çalışma, Türkiye orijinli beş popülasyon ve dört tescilli çeşitten (İptaş, Eren, Karadağ ve Gap Mavisi), oluşan toplam dokuz Mürdümük (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotipinin morfolojik ve agronomik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2021 yılında Yozgat ekolojik şartlarında yürütülmüştür. Deneme, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü kurulmuş olup hasat, tohum olgunluğu döneminde yapılmıştır. Dokuz adet mürdümük genotipinde %50 çiçeklenme süresi, olgunlaşma süresi, ana sap sayısı, ana sap uzunluğu, ana sap kalınlığı, bakla boyu, bakla eni, bitkideki bakla sayısı, bakladaki tane sayısı, 1000 tane ağırlığı, tohum verimi, biyolojik verim, hasat indeksi ve ham protein oranı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; mürdümük genotiplerinin %50

Öz: Çalışmanın amacı, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ekolojik şartlarına uyumlu yüksek verimli ve kaliteli ot tipi yonca geliştirmek için yürüttüğümüz yonca ıslah çalışmaları kapsamında çeşit adayı olarak belirlenen 1312/15 nolu hattın performansını ortaya koymaktır. Deneme Erzurum'da Pasinler ve Merkez lokasyonlarında 2002-2004 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Standart olarak Savaş çeşidi ve 1312 nolu ABD orijinli hat kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, çeşit ve hatlar arasında ana sap uzunluğu, ana sap kalınlığı, kuru ot verimi ve ham protein oranı bakımından istatistikî olarak farklar bulunmuştur. Çeşit ve hatlar arasında ADF ve NDF oranları bakımından fark bulunamamıştır. Buna göre, ana sap uzunluğu, ana sap kalınlığı ve dekara kuru ot verimi bakımından 1312/15 ve 1312 en yüksek değeri verirken, Savaş çeşidi en düşük değere sahip olmuştur. Ham protein oranını bakımından Savaş çeşidinin, 1312/15 ve 1312 hatlarına göre daha yüksek değere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.