Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Fuel cell (FC) application in vehicular technology has gained much popularity since the past few years. Typically, fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) consists of fuel cell, battery and/or ultracapacitor (UC) as the power sources. The power converter is integrated to the power sources to form the hybrid FC system. This helps to compensate the drawback of individual power sources. Apart from the technical efficiency of power sources itself, the performance of an FCHEV is governed by the efficiency of power electronics and associated controller. In this paper, a state-of-the-art of vehicle classification is reviewed, in which the focus is placed on the deployment of fuel cell, battery, ultracapacitor and flywheel. The configurations used in FCHEV, followed by the updated power converter topologies, are also discussed. The topologies are categorized and discussed according to the power stages and control techniques used in the configurations. Then, multiple stages conversion and single stage topologies are described chronologically. The advantages and disadvantages of each topology, safety standards, current situation and environmental impact of FCHEV are also discussed. In addition, the current development of FCHEV, challenges and future prospects are also elaborated. The rapid growth of FC based research and technology has paved great prospects for FCHEVs in the near future, with the prediction of the competitive cost of hydrogen as compared to gasoline.

This the predicted continuing rise in CO2 emissions from road transport, it has been decided that action is required to reduce emissions from this sector. A measure that is of potential interest is increasing the use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and/or battery electric vehicles (BEVs). These options have the advantage of reducing average vehicle energy consumption, and hence reducing CO2 emissions taking advantage of best available and most fuel and energy efficient technologies. When exploring solutions to lower road transport emissions and improve fuel efficiency, policy makers, industry, and consumers often look to technology that has proven to be cost effective. Hybrid electric vehicles, along with other cleaner vehicle technologies, are increasingly on the list of options.

Modern research in the field of motor vehicles covered by a cycle of product development and components to production and exploitation of vehicles in traffic, all the way to retirement and recycling. In this way is decreasing negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment. Application of hybrid and electric vehicles to reduce or eliminate emissions of toxic and harmful gases are emitted into the environment during use of vehicles with conventional drive systems on gasoline or diesel fuel. In parallel with the implementation of such vehicles, it is necessary to set up and solve the problems in more detail their exploitation, as well as problems that precede the use of vehicles (quarrying and raw materials, energy production, and everything is built into a vehicle), and partly to problems that come later (after exploitation period). This particularly applies to the treatment of waste batteries and electrical and electronic circuits that are typical for this kind of vehicle. Requirements for zero emission of waste materials at all stages of the service life of hybrid and electric vehicles are a complex task for researchers, especially in the field of development and application of new materials and advanced and secure technologies in the process of production and application. That way, manufacturers are demands for easy dismantling and recycling of vehicles at the end of life service and safety classification of the material, which is accompanied by certain problems. A particular problem is the lack of specific policies and procedures that can be applied in such vehicles. To meet these requirements it is necessary to develop new materials and equipment to be installed in a vehicle, as well as the development of new manufacturing technologies and processes for recycling. This paper describes the procedures for the retirements of such vehicles, as well as the recycling of specific parts of electrical installations and electronic circuits.

Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems (HEPS) have emerged as a promising area of research in aerospace engineering as they combine the complementary advantages of internal combustion and electric propulsion technologies while limiting the environmental emissions. Despite the promising benefits, the insufficient energy densities and specific energies of electrical storage devices are major challenges as they induce severe weight and volume penalties. Significant opportunities are nonetheless emerging thanks to optimised propulsive profiles, energy harvesting techniques and more electric aircraft technologies. To support further research on hybrid electric aircraft, the aim of this study is to develop a HEPS retrofit design methodology for existing Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). The implemented HEPS models use power state variables, allowing more accurate predictions of energy converter efficiency than with power-based approaches. Data from commercially available products is introduced and a case study is presented assuming a reference RPAS platform and performing parametric studies for traditional, electric and hybrid configurations. Range and endurance performances are investigated in depth and the most significant dependencies on design parameters are analysed. The results suggest that HEPS technology represents a viable trade-off solution in small-to-medium size RPAS, promoting the mitigation of noxious and greenhouse emissions while providing adequate range and endurance performance.

For vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, the power needed for vertical takeoff is much greater than the power needed for cruise. This power-matching problem can be solved with a balanced hybrid-electric propulsion system. However, there is a trade-off between takeoff weight, wing loading, battery technology and range. This paper applies a new initial sizing algorithm for transitioning VTOL aircraft with hybrid-electric propulsion systems, including serial-hybrid and parallel-hybrid configurations. Exemplarily, a family of transitioning VTOL aircraft, intended for urban air mobility (air taxi) operations is designed. Results indicate that hybrid-electric propulsion systems must be considered for future mid-range VTOL aircraft. Very short missions favor fully electric propulsion systems, as this configuration avoids the complexity of a hybrid. Nomenclature AoA = angle of attack AR = aspect ratio BSFC = brake specific fuel consumption C = cruise cD = coefficient of drag cL = coefficient of lift cP = coefficient of pressure e = Oswald efficiency factor EM = electric motor HE = hybridization of energy HP = hybridization of power ICE = internal combustion engine k = induced drag factor L = lift L/D = lift-to-drag ratio m = mass min = minutes MSL = mean sea-level MTOM = maximum takeoff mass ODM = on-demand mobility P/W = power-to-weight ratio PH = parallel-hybrid PL = payload R = range S = area SH = serial-hybrid t/c = thickness-to-chord ratio TAS = true airspeed TLAR = top-level aircraft requirement TRL = technology readiness level UAM = urban air mobility VTOL = vertical takeoff and landing W = weight W/S = wing loading w0 = design gross weight

With the advancement in 21st Century, there has been increase in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems like Global Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil, etc. Due to these reasons Automobile Companies have started doing research for making Hybrid Technology usable into the daily life. The Paper starts from brief history about Hybrid Technology and also some brief introduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologies used in the making of Hybrid Cars such as “Hybrid Solar Vehicle”, “Hybrid Electric Vehicle” and “Plug In hybrid electric vehicles”. Our Paper is based on the explanation of such technologies, their function, drawback of this technology, efficiency of Hybrid Cars, Case studies on the present commercial hybrid cars such as Toyota Prius series, Astrolab etc and the fuels and raw materials used in the Hybrid Cars. Paper concludes on the advantages and disadvantages of Hybrid Cars and how this technology will take over the world in future and would become the alternative for Petrol and Diesel Cars.

The sustainable development of vehicle propulsion systems that have mainly focused on reduction of fuel consumption (i.e. CO2 emission) has led, not only to the development of systems connected with combustion processes but also to legislation and testing procedures. In recent years, the low carbon policy has made hybrid vehicles and fully electric vehicles (H/EVs) popular. The main virtue of these propulsion systems is their ability to restore some of the expended energy from kinetic movement, e.g. the braking process. Consequently new research and testing methods for H/EVs are currently being developed. This especially concerns the critical ‘use-cases’ for functionality tests within dynamic events for both virtual simulations, as well as real-time road tests. The use-case for conventional vehicles for numerical simulations and road tests are well established. However, the wide variety of tests and their great number (close to a thousand) creates a need for selection, in the first place, and the creation of critical use-cases suitable for testing H/EVs in both virtual and real-world environments. It is known that a marginal improvement in the regenerative braking ratio can significantly improve the vehicle range and, therefore, the economic cost of its operation. In modern vehicles, vehicle dynamics control systems play the principal role in safety, comfort and economic operation. Unfortunately, however, the existing standard road test scenarios are insufficient for H/EVs. Sector knowledge suggests that there are currently no agreed tests scenarios to fully investigate the effects of brake blending between conventional and regenerative braking as well as the regenerative braking interaction with active driving safety systems (ADSS). The paper presents seven manoeuvres, which are considered to be suitable and highly informative for the development and examination of H/EVs with regenerative braking capability. The critical manoeuvres presented are considered to be appropriate for examination of the regenerative braking mode according to ADSS. The manoeuvres are also important for investigation of regenerative braking system properties/functionalities that are specified by the legal requirements concerning H/EVs braking systems. The last part of this paper shows simulation results for one of the proposed manoeuvres that explicitly shows the usefulness of the manoeuvre.

This paper describes the design and analysis of Interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are fulfilled by finite element analysis (FEA). Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) driving system used in electric vehicles get a lot of development in recent years. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) require an electric motor which has high power density, high efficiency, and wide constant power operating region as well as low manufacturing cost. For these purposes, a Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) is designed and analyzed. This unique structure is devised to control the amount of the air-gap flux for the purpose of achieving higher torque by increasing the air-gap flux at low speed and wider operating speed range by weakening the flux at high speed. In order to satisfy good control performances, low cost and high reliability essentially satisfies the design specification.

Main function of car is to move from one place to another place. Most of the people use car in their daily life, but they face the problems like parking, taking U-turns etc... So here we have designed a 360 degree rotating car to eliminate this problem. This design will provide better comfort and also saves the time of customers.

In this thesis study, the effectiveness of the regenerative braking system developed as a solution to the range problem, which is one of the main problems of electric vehicles, is examined. A mathematical model has been developed on the basis of the resistances that the vehicle encountered during motion and the driving force that must be applied. The total amount of energy that can be recovered has been determined, during the regenerative braking with the references to the different cycle. After tests, it is obtained that up to %28 of energy can be recoverable with the regenerative braking system.

This article presents the design of an Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) for a permanent magnet Brushless DC  (BLDC) motor that compensate the load torque variations in the rotor shaft. The controller does not require the measurement of the rotor shaft speed and can be easily implemented and tuned. A numerical simulation is included to validate the proposed scheme using the test emission cycle US06 that represents an aggressive high speed and high acceleration driving behavior with variable load torque for a commercial motor designed for electrical vehicles.

Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems (HEPS) have emerged as a promising area of research in aerospace engineering as they combine the complementary advantages of internal combustion and electric propulsion technologies while limiting the environmental emissions. Despite the promising benefits, the insufficient energy densities and specific energies of electrical storage devices are major challenges as they induce severe weight and volume penalties. Significant opportunities are nonetheless emerging thanks to optimised propulsive profiles, energy harvesting techniques and more electric aircraft technologies. To support further research on hybrid electric aircraft, the aim of this study is to develop a HEPS retrofit design methodology for existing Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). The implemented HEPS models use power state variables, allowing more accurate predictions of energy converter efficiency than with power-based approaches. Data from commercially available products is introduced and a case study is presented assuming a reference RPAS platform and performing parametric studies for traditional, electric and hybrid configurations. Range and endurance performances are investigated in depth and the most significant dependencies on design parameters are analysed. The results suggest that HEPS technology represents a viable trade-off solution in small-to-medium size RPAS, promoting the mitigation of noxious and greenhouse emissions while providing adequate range and endurance performance.

PWM or Pulse Width Modulation based control of
power electronic circuits is most common method used for
controlling output voltage of bidirectional converter. Various
modes of operation of bidirectional converter is discussed. A low
cost micro-controller board, Arduino, has been used to
implement the PWM control technique thus avoiding the need
for complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used
to design the bidirectional converter.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the role that the Japanese Government has played in the development of alternatives to conventional vehicles, the effect of government programmes, and the importance of technical flexibility in government support schemes. The focus is on battery-powered electric vehicles (BPEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles.

The diffusion of AFV’s is comparatively high in Sri Lanka, even though the uncertainties and negative consequences of owning them are perceived to be high. This contradicts the theory of perceived risk which postulates that when customers perceive the negative consequences of purchasing, goal driven purchase intention should weaken. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of perceived risk on the relationships between key purchasing determinants and purchase intention of alternative fuel vehicles in Sri Lanka. This study examines this unexpected local consumer behaviour through the lens of the Theory of Perceived Risk and the study employed structured questionnaires to gather primary data from the sample utilizing a convenience sampling technique. It employed two-step Partial Least Squares (PLS)-Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the data, and the analysis revealed that performance expectancy facilitating conditions (FC) are the key determinants of the purchase intention of AFV customers in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, perceived risk was found to moderate the relationships between these determinants and the purchase intention of customers who plan to invest in AFVs.

Keywords: Alternative fuel vehicles, Perceived risk, Purchase intention,
UTAUT. PLS.

Hybrid electric vehicles are emerging technologies that are considered as eco-friendly alternative solutions to internal combustion engine–driven vehicles. This paper proposes a modified hybrid electric vehicle powertrain system that addresses the shortcomings of a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. The proposed configuration replaces the conventional generator of a series hybrid electric vehicle with an integrated starter generator that supports the traction motor of the vehicle during acceleration and peak torque requirements and maintains the state of charge of the batteries to provide an extended electric range of the vehicle. The work done in this paper can be categorized into two stages. The first stage is the methodical development of the powertrain in terms of initial parameter matching and sizing of the vehicle components by considering the fundamentals of longitudinal vehicle dynamics. The second stage describes the optimization of the proposed configuration to meet the design objective of maximizing fuel economy subjected to a set of vehicle performance constraints. The performance of the proposed powertrain was evaluated and compared with a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain for an on-road Indian driving cycle using AVL CRUISE, which is a commercially available software for the study and analysis of road vehicle powertrains. Result analysis during initial parameterization showed a reduction in gross vehicle weight of the proposed configuration by 244 kg (1.5%) and an improvement in the average operating efficiency of the traction motor by around 11%, when compared to a series hybrid electric vehicle. Furthermore, the optimization results for the proposed configuration established an improvement in the fuel economy by 21% while meeting vehicle performance requirements.

Nowadays, Electric Vehicles (EVs) receive a lot of attention. However, their market breakthrough is not straightforward. This paper presents the results of a large-scale data collection (survey with 1196 respondents) held in Flanders (Belgium). The results include perceptions on the advantages and disadvantages of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the acceptable driving range, the acceptable charging time (both slow and fast), the acceptable maximum speed, the role of the government in the introduction of BEVs, the preferred governmental tools to maximise sales and the consumers' Willingness to Pay (WTP). A second survey was held in order to investigate the impact of the level of knowledge of the consumers. The results of this second survey (n = 585) illustrate that knowledge has no impact on the level of acceptance for the driving range. However, consumers with more knowledge want a car with a higher maximum speed and desire faster charging durations (both slow and fast).

Abstract—This paper proposes a family of soft switching bidirectional converters. In many applications, the bidirectional converters operate over a wide range of duty-cycle and load variations. In the proposed converters, in order to extend the ZVS operation range, two supplemental voltage sources utilizing passive components are implemented in the auxiliary circuit. By using this method, the soft switching features are ensured for an extensive range of the converter duty-cycles. This is achieved independent of the output power value or the converter operation mode and so, soft switching is ensured within the entire converter operating region. In these converters, all semiconductors components are soft switched, and the auxiliary circuit does not contribute to the complexity of the control circuit. Also, no extra voltage stress exists on the main switches and the voltage stress on the auxiliary switches is lower than the main switches voltage stress. In this paper, the proposed bidirectional buck/boost converter is analyzed and to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method, experimental results of a 150-W prototype converter are presented. Index Terms—Pulse width modulation (PWM) dc-dc converters, Bidirectional dc–dc converter (BDC), soft-switching techniques, zero-voltage switching (ZVS), zero-voltage switching (ZVT).

Technological developments in the automotive field are conservative due to many legal, economic and safety regulations. This effectively prevents the introduction of milestone improvements; however, it creates challenges for practicing engineers and researchers. This situation is especially acute in the area of hybrid and electric vehicles (H/EVs) and transmission system development. Comprehensive legal and safety regulations for conventional vehicles (with internal combustion engine only) exist, and are well understood, however, separate legal regulations for H/EVs currently do not exist. In this interim development period, this situation will lead manufacturers to derive in-house regulations, which very often will not conform or comply to a common basis. This paper highlights some of the legal and safety requirements, which concern the development, control system design and optimisation of regenerative braking modalities in H/EVs. Moreover, some early stage investigation within regenerative braking strategies especially during an active driving safety systems event will be introduced. The paper also includes simulation results, as well as road tests results for H/EV, which are highlighted with a view to the desirable characteristics for regenerative braking technology.

The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
along with growing energy security concerns has driven the search
for alternatives to the internal combustion engine vehicle. One of
the most promising solutions being considered is the electric
vehicle. The commercialization of electric vehicles is expected to
instigate an array of new business opportunities for electrical
utilities, particularly with the advent of the smart grid. This article
presents the findings from a study on the potential for electric
vehicle deployment into a commercial fleet; focusing particularly
on fleet range requirements, economic feasibility and
environmental impacts.

This paper describes a method for lateral stability
control of electric and hybrid vehicles utilizing multiple electric
motors connected to independent wheels of the vehicle.
Independent motor torque control based on LQR and PID are
used to generate positive drive and negative brake torques for
imposing an aligning moment around the yaw axis resulting in
the lateral stability functionality. The developed algorithms
were implemented and performance tested in Matlab-Simulink
environment and the dynamic performance characteristics
were reported with numerical simulation results.

"Incremental improvement of a deeply embedded technology system has been a hallmark of the automotive industry for a very long time. Efforts to develop alternatives have repeatedly failed. This paper analyses analyzes how Toyota started to challenge this pattern in the late 1990s by the architectural innovation embodied in Prius, the first mass-produced hybrid-electric car. Then an account follows of how key competitors reacted by accelerating their incremental innovation efforts, in an era when concerns over fuel prices and greenhouse gas emissions increased demand for environmentally sound vehicles. The paper builds on records of patenting and performance of actually marketed models to analyze the unfolding technology competition. Based on current development lead-times, it also considers the most probable technologies on the market in a 10-12 year timeframe, and further discusses how the technology strategies of today’s major competitors position them in this era of ferment.
Key words: Technological discontinuity, hybrid-electric vehicle, technology strategy, car manufacturing, architectural innovation"

This paper investigates the design of an optimal battery management system for hybrid electric vehicles to allow performance improvements. Battery management systems are an important subsystem for hybrid electric vehicles, which ensure that the batteries are operating within the specified safe operating conditions. Thus, the design of a battery management system plays an important role on battery life preserving and performance improvement of hybrid electric vehicles. Battery management systems are affected by many factors and the key one being cell unbalancing. This paper presents an overview of different cell balancing topologies and their impact on system performance. Furthermore, the application of cell balancing topologies for Lithium-ion battery pack with the view of improving battery management systems for the hybrid electric vehicles is also investigated. Real-time implementation of an optimal battery management system is discussed with references to the University of South Wales (USW) hybrid electric vehicles.

In this study, the use of energy carriers based on renewable energy sources in battery-powered electric vehicles (BPEVs), fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) is compared regarding energy efficiency, emission and cost. There is the potential to double the primary energy compared with the current level by utilising vehicles with electric drivetrains. There is also major potential to increase the efficiency of conventional ICEVs. The energy and environmental cost of using a passenger car can be reduced by 50% solely by using improved ICEVs instead of ICEVs with current technical standard. All the studied vehicles with alternative powertrains (HEVs, FCEVs, and BPEVs) would have lower energy and environmental costs than the ICEV. The HEVs, FCEVs and BPEVs have, however, higher costs than the future methanol-fuelled ICEV, if the vehicle cost is added to the energy and environmental costs, even if significant cost reductions for key technologies such as fuel cells, batteries and fuel storages are assumed. The high-energy efficiency and low emissions of these vehicles cannot compensate for the high vehicle cost. The study indicates, however, that energy-efficiency improvements, combined with the use of renewable energy, would reduce the cost of CO 2 reduction by 40% compared with a strategy based on fuel substitution only. Ó

Hybrid electric vehicles are considered as an eco-friendly alternative solution to conventional internal combustion engine driven vehicles. This paper investigates the development of a Series-Parallel hybrid electric vehicle powertrain for a heavy-duty truck based on vehicle performance requirements, and compares its performance with a Series hybrid electric configuration for the same base vehicle. The parameter matching of the vehicle powertrains was followed by optimization in terms of maximizing fuel economy for an Indian highway drive cycle using the software ADVISOR. The simulation results quantified the potential benefits of the optimized series-parallel hybrid electric configuration for a highway drive cycle with respect to the series hybrid electric configuration.

The gradual decline of oil reserves and the increasing demand for energy have resulted in automotive manufacturers developing new environmentally friendly vehicles such as electric and hybrid vehicles. Selection of the correct hybrid configuration for a given driving condition is very important since it affects the performance of the vehicle and its fuel economy. This paper focuses on a detailed parametric analysis of a Series Hybrid Electric vehicle (SHEV). The objective of this paper was to develop a SHEV powertrain by initial parameter matching and component sizing, followed by its optimization for given design constraints. This involved study and calculation of components power specifications based on vehicle dynamics. Initial parameterization was followed by optimization to meet the design objective. The simulation of the optimized SHEV was done in the software ADVISOR for an Indian driving cycle (IDC). Based on the simulation results, an optimum range of the powertrain components was established.

Parameters of powertrain system directly affect the dynamic performance and economy of electric vehicles (EVs). In order to further explore the impact of the structure of powertrain system on vehicle performance, the parameters of driving motor and automatic transmission are calculated based on the performance requirements of the target vehicle. Gear ratios of transmissions with fixed ratio gearbox and two-speed gearbox are optimized respectively. The EVs with two transmission schemes are simulated under three driving cycles using the optimized gear ratios. The simulation results show that both transmissions can satisfy the requirement of vehicle power performance, while the economy of EV with two-speed gearbox is better than that of EV with fixed ratio gearbox.

This paper presenting a study on hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), using backward facing approach simulation or QSS approach and fuzzy logic power management controller for HEV. The software being used for modelling of HEV and fuzzy logic power management controller is Matlab/Simulink. A comparison study was completed to investigate fuzzy logic power management controller capability compared to optimal ideal controller optimized by dynamic programming. It was concluded that fuzzy logic controller shows excellent performance as HEV final battery SOC lies within 2.8% margin of that dynamic programming. Then, a comparison study was completed after addition of supercapacitor set to this HEV against battery only supply. After fuzzy logic PMC modified to include supercapacitors addition, it was observed that fuel economy improved by 54.34% from 57.6 mpg to 88.9 mpg, and total energy consumption reduced by 27.27%.

Published data from various sources are used to perform economic and environmental comparisons of four types of vehicles: conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell. The production and utilization stages of the vehicles are taken into consideration. The comparison is based on a mathematical procedure, which includes normalization of economic indicators (prices of vehicles and fuels during the vehicle life and driving range) and environmental indicators (greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions), and evaluation of an optimal relationship between the types of vehicles in the fleet. According to the comparison, hybrid and electric cars exhibit advantages over the other types. The economic efficiency and environmental impact of electric car use depends substantially on the source of the electricity. If the electricity comes from renewable energy sources, the electric car is advantageous compared to the hybrid. If electricity comes from fossil fuels, the electric car remains competitive only if the electricity is generated on board. It is shown that, if electricity is generated with an efficiency of about 50-60% by a gas turbine engine connected to a high-capacity battery and an electric motor, the electric car becomes advantageous. Implementation of fuel cells stacks and ion conductive membranes into gas turbine cycles permits electricity generation to increase to the above-mentioned level and air pollution emissions to decrease. It is concluded that the electric car with on-board electricity generation represents a significant and flexible advance in the development of efficient and ecologically benign vehicles.

Católica de Minas Gerais (PUCMG), como requisito para obtenção do título de Engenheiro Eletricista. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Júlio César Braz de Queiroz Belo Horizonte 2016 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço à Deus que proporcionou todas as oportunidades que a vida tem me dado, permitindo-me levantar todos os dias para batalhar por novas conquistas e poder manter as que já tenho. Difícil citar nomes em específico, pessoas que Deus colocou em meu caminho que foram e são suporte, mas não posso deixar de citar minha mãe Eliana, que mesmo não estando presente fisicamente ilumina meus caminhos todos os dias. Meu pai João que supera as difíceis batalhas de cada dia para continuar ao lado de seus filhos, de forma serena sendo companheiro, pai e amigo. E falando nesses filhos, um abraço em especial ao Icaro e a Rayane, que não são irmãos, mas amigos para toda a vida. Uma menção carinhosa à minha Tia Mariah, que é tia, amiga, pessoa especial que se faz presente em todos os momentos, o meu muito obrigado. Aos queridos tio Robert, avô Antônio Emídio, avó Dulce e tia Simone, que se fizeram presentes desde os meus primeiros passos (difíceis) e me acompanharam a ser o que sou hoje. A todos os familiares, pois cada um deles foi de grande ajuda nos momentos alegres e nos momentos difíceis, uma sincera amizade. Um abraço especial a minha fiel companheira Maria

Hybrid vehicle technology is beginning to make a significant mark in the automotive industry, most notably by the Toyota Prius THS-II and its one-mode technology, but also by two-mode architectures recently introduced. GM-Allison, Renault, and the Timken Company have attempted to capitalize on the advantages over simpler series and parallel architectures that the series-parallel configuration confers on the Prius while also improving the design by allowing the powertrain configuration to physically shift and operate in two different modes depending on the driving load. This work provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in two-mode hybrid vehicle architectures, and demonstrates the performance of this technology in comparison to the market-leading Toyota Prius one-mode hybrid vehicle technology and conventional ICE technology. Simulations in the NREL ADVISOR ® software compare the performances of the one-and two-mode architectures against a parallel-full design and the ICE baseline for four different drive cycles and a vehicle with varying weight that simulates a commercial vehicle application. A configuration that is a variation of those designed by GM-Allison was chosen as the representative of the two-mode architectures. The performance metric was fuel economy. The fuel economy was measured over the course of the drive cycles: (1) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule for Heavy Duty Vehicles (UDDSHDV); (2) New York City Truck (NYCT); (3) City-Suburban Heavy Vehicle Route (CSHVR); and (4) Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET). The vehicle model uses a module developed in-house for a Kenworth T400 truck with a payload that varies from empty to completely full. The results demonstrate that the two-mode architecture provides significantly improved performance to that of the conventional non-hybrid design and comparable performance to that of the parallel-full hybrid design. Furthermore, the one-mode design is shown to be sub-optimal for this vehicle type. Development and optimization of the control strategy, which is the direction of the current research, should allow for additional improvement in fuel economy; optimization of vehicular components could result in improvements in acceleration ability, gradeability, and top speed performance, which lags behind the performance capabilities of the conventional powertrain vehicle in these metrics. The study confirms that two-mode architecture presents unique advantages for constantly changing driving cycles and vehicle payloads and represents the future of hybrid vehicle technology.

New Generation Vehicle such as Hybrid Electric (HEV) and Battery Electric Vehicles (EV) have higher efficiency compared to conventional vehicles, and therefore releasing less carbon emissions. However, arguments arise whether this kind of New Generation Vehicle is truly clean compared to the existing system, especially in developing country such as Malaysia since current knowledge only focus on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) generation. This study aims on provide better understanding of the environmental consequences of the compact vehicle production activities based on 5 impact classifications which is GHG generation, Acidification, Eutrophication, Carcinogenic Effect, and Human Health measured in "Disability Adjusted Life-Year" (DALY) using Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Analysis under local electricity mix in 2017 and 2030. A trade-off comparison then can be made to assess the current vehicle technologies with high potential of mass usage in Malaysia-Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (CV), EV, and HEV vehicles with two types of batteries; Nickel Magnesium Hydride (HEV-NiMH), and Lithium Nickel-Magnesium-Cobalt (HEV-NMC). This study found that EV have slightly higher potential to cause a global warming (5,791kg of CO 2 equivalent emission), follow by HEV-NiMH (4,814kg), HEV-NMC (4,596kg) and CV (4,166kg) embodied per vehicle. Cradle-to-gate of CV is better in term of GHG emission and Carcinogenic impact compared to all the studied subjects but in overall measurement, it is not the best solution for human health, measured in DALY. Conversely, HEV have high environmental impact on the same categories. DALY for 2017 EV production is at 0.0014, CV at 0.0019, HEV-NiMH at 0.0036 and HEV-NMC at 0.0022. The situation created a trade-off between having higher Acidification and Eutrophication from CV production against having higher GHG emission of its replacement EV production.

The need for improved fuel economy for road vehicles has increased the interest in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and recovering vehicle energy. This paper aims to evaluate the amount of kinetic energy that could be restored through regenerative braking in a HEV. This work will not resort the Brazilian urban driving cycle NBR 6601, for this cycle does not fully represent a pattern of traffic faced regularly in urban areas, which is typically composed of heavy traffic and long periods of idleness. Therefore, a new drive cycle will be developed that better represents the Brazilian traffic. Also, considering the shortage of energy resources, the large amount of energy dissipated as heat during braking a vehicle is a recurring concern. Therefore, measuring the maximum available energy that could be restored through regenerative braking is the first step towards estimating the profit of using this technology and how it would pay off the investment in the long run. Thus, a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink in order to simulate a small-size hybrid vehicle undergoing the cycle set up and assess the energy balance looking forward to the energy available for recovery.

The Personal Transporter (PeT) is an electric vehicle,
with easy maneuverability and compactness, which finds its
application in confined areas. It is designed to transport an
individual with the aid of an intelligent system. The two main
wheels are driven by separate dc motors, fed by a common
battery source and aided with the power electronic drives for
appropriate speed control. The directional control is a electro -
differential system done using the H-bridge circuit. The speed
control is done with the help of microcontroller by varying the
duty ratio of pulse width modulation signals given to the mosfets
in the H bridge circuit. Two castor wheels are placed in order to
balance the vehicle. The vehicle is further embellished with an
intelligent system that directs the person to his/her destination in
the best possible manner. This is done through installing
receivers and transmitters in the i-PeT, as well as the places
around the specified range. The application of such a system will
be very helpful in various places such as airports, hospitals,
shopping centers and lounges.

In electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, the
inverter output voltage is limited by available DC-link voltage,
which restricts the vehicle speed and acceleration. Therefore the
fundamental component of the motor voltage should be increased
by operating inverter in the six-step mode at high speeds.
Although hysteresis based direct torque control (DTC) is a
straightforward approach and has several advantages, this
method cannot work in the six-step mode. In this paper a new
hysteresis based DTC with over modulation ability for interior
permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) is suggested.
In this method, unlike the previously proposed methods, the
calculation of the voltage vector or flux reference in different
phase angles is not necessary. In the proposed method, the flux
trajectory is changed by adjusting the non-switching area and
modifying switching table, and thus a seamless transformation
between high-frequency switching and six-step square wave is
possible. Also in this paper, the dynamic model for an electric
vehicle is developed which its traction motor is controlled by
proposed DTC. The simulation results prove that the proposed
method modify the vehicle performances, notably. These results
show that the vehicle with proposed method has a higher top
speed and better acceleration. Also it is shown, that the proposed
method can improve the vehicle efficiency for various driving
cycles. In addition the results confirm the torque discontinuity
does not appear in the whole range of vehicle speed.

Capacitive power transfer (CPT) is one of the technologies in the field of wireless power transfer (WPT). A CPT
system is much similar to an inductive power transfer (IPT) system. The CPT technology based on the electric field
coupling has addressed many limitations of an IPT technology, such as low electromagnetic interference (EMI), low
eddy current losses, and ability to transfer power through the metal barriers. Firstly, the CPT systems were utilized
for low power transfer applications through small air-gaps, because the development of unsafe voltages across the
conductive plates, However, the utilizing of new compensation circuit topologies have enabled the systems that
use this technology to be utilized for small, medium and long air-gaps applications. Currently, the CPT technology
can be used in many applications, such as charging mobile phones, laptop, and electric vehicles (EVs) batteries.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current patterns and trends of the CPT technology usage in a
wireless battery charging. The principal of operation, capacitive coupler structures, equivalent circuits modelling,
plates configurations, resonance circuit topologies, challenges and limitations are actively described in this paper.
A hybrid wireless power transfer (HWPT) technology which is a combination of IPT and CPT technologies is also
presented.

ABSTRACT
India is potentially the largest market for automobiles with electric vehicles constituting less than 1% of total
automobiles on-road. One of the primary factors being lack of public  charging infrastructure for such vehicles. This
paper presents the potential to increase charge stations by utilizing electricity from electric poles and charge
electric vehicles, while charging rate is limited through a charge controller which takes the inputs from electronic
data capture machine. Hence every electric pole has a potential of becoming a charge station in its own right. This
improvement in charging infrastructure will foster the growth of electric vehicles in Indian market and lead to a
better and eco-friendly future.

The widespread diffusion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) represents a cornerstone of the Scottish Government's strategy to transition to a sustainable transport system. This diffusion is often discussed in temporal terms which relate to the time required to attain specified sales targets. A somewhat overlooked aspect of this diffusion concerns its spatial distribution. With EVs having been available to purchase in the mainstream market for the past four years, enough data now exists to begin to examine the spatial characteristics of EV adoption. This paper presents an initial analysis of the spatial diffusion of EVs throughout Scotland at the Unitary Authority (UA) level in order to approach two research objectives. Firstly, the analysis considers the relative performance of different UAs in reference to EV adoption to determine if any uptake hotspots are present. Additionally, the analysis investigates if the level of EV adoption across UAs is related to other area characteristics of the UAs inclusive of: the socio-demographic and built environment profiles of the UAs; the fleet characteristics of the UAs; the characteristics of the transport system present in the UAs; the environmental attitudes and social behaviours of the UA populace. Findings of the analysis indicate that the level of EV adoption across UAs is significantly positively related to the proportion of a UAs populace that: hold a university degree; consider climate change to be an immediate and urgent problem; commute to work by foot; and the presence of rapid charge points in a UA. The research presented in this paper is likely to be of interest to national, regional and local transport planners by expanding the knowledge base concerning how new innovations spread through the transport system. 

Exploring the Spatial Diffusion of Electric Vehicles in Scotland. Available from: http://www.starconference.org.uk/star/2015/Morton.pdf [accessed May 22, 2015].

In this paper a parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
(HEV) is simulated based on the faulty condition. A
dynamic output feedback robust Fault detection technique
is used to evaluate the faulty condition when the missoperation
cause that the output torque of parallel HEV,
has been disturbed. This paper presents the fault detection
method based on the mixed H2/H∞ approach, if the
measuring signals are faulty. The simulation are based on
the systems state space Model and then transferring it to
Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) to obtain the sub-optimal
problem solution.

This study considers the technical potential concerning the energy efficiency attainable for vehicles with alternative powertrains within 10-20 years. The potential for electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is assessed and compared with the potential improvement in conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEVs). Primary energy efficiency is the measure used in this study for comparison. The calculations of primary energy efficiency are based on three different resources: fossil fuels, biomass, and primary electricity from wind, solar or hydropower. This study shows that there is potential for doubling the primary energy efficiency using alternative powertrains in vehicles such as BEVs, HEVs and FCEVs, compared with existing ICEVs. All vehicles with an alternative powertrain have a higher potential for primary energy efficiency than vehicles with an improved conventional powertrain. No "winner" amongst the alternative powertrains could be identified from a primary energy efficiency point of view. 

This report represents the different EV charging methods, charging power levels, and the infrastructure for EVs, battery infrastructure and charging power levels are categorized into three types: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types. Typical on-board chargers restrict power to meet weight, space, and cost constraints, On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive.

Nowadays, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have been speedily developed and deployed by automobile manufacturers to improve fuel consumption and emissions. Between different hybrid configurations, the power-split HEV combines the advantages of series and parallel hybrids. However, optimization of its operation mode depends on many components such as internal combustion engine, motors/generators, battery, and power-split device, and the control strategy development for power-split HEV is more complex comparing with the other HEV. This study focused on control strategies of power flow in power-split HEV system. Based on the analysis of efficiency in a representative driving cycle, a fuzzy torque control strategy was developed to optimize the power management of the power-split HEV. The power-split HEV model had been built with Matlab/Simulink package, and the simulation results showed significant improvements in fuel consumption and performance.

Students at the University of California, Davis have redesigned a 2005 Chevrolet Equinox into an advanced Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) called Trinity. As part of the Challenge X competition, the UC Davis team designed Trinity to be a sustainable alternative in today's crossover sport utility vehicle (SUV) market by meeting the following objectives: