Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The Air Driven Engine is an eco-friendly engine, which operates with compressed air.An Air Driven Engine uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons of an engine An Air Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed air. There is no mixing of fuel with air as there is no combustion. An Air Driven Engine makes use of Compressed Air Technology for its operation The Compressed Air Technology is quite simple. If we compress normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. This energy can be utilized for useful purposes. When this compressed air expands, the energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to displace a piston I.

Matthew is a senior Mechanical Engineering student at The Cooper Union who is heavily involved in the Formula SAE team. During the past four years his roles have included the team's Chief Engineer and most recently the lead of the Vehicle Dynamics system, overseeing the vehicle's suspension, steering, and brakes. Amanda is a senior mechanical engineering student at the Cooper Union. She officially joined the Formula SAE team's body and branding systems in Fall 2018, but has also unofficially been involved in helping the team with rapid prototyping for several years. I am a current senior Mechanical Engineering student at The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Throughout my four years as an undergraduate student, I have been an avid member of the Formula SAE team, working on various vehicle subsystems. For the past two years, I have been in charge of the frame subsystem.

The developing countries like India are facing energy shortage in production so many researches are concentrating on knowable energy sources. In renewable energy sources the energy extraction 100% not possible or notated one and in case of transport the renewable energy position is very less and facing lot of problems in battery and its management system. In this article a proposing concept of a bicycle which is need to be utilising in a remote location like mining areas. Old fashioned recreated who travels in a moderate distance the main objective of this project is to design a motor generator set with battery system through appropriate controller will give sustainable energy with which need not to charge the battery frequently and less capacity of the battery can travel more distances. Whereas by using this concept supervising and maintenance people can use this type of E-cycle mine area.

This paper presents a sensitivity analysis based on the Sobol indices which is an essential step "on the road of system optimization". Such analysis focuses on electrical propeller subsystem (propellers, gearbox, electric motors) including surrogate design models. A previous study [1] has shown that electromechanical actuators (electric generators and electric motors) involve more than 30% of hybrid electric propulsion system weight. Furthermore, most of the variables used for the electric machine design. The electric motor design model is detailed with the related constraints. A physical analysis based on design parameter sensitivity and parameter couplings are described. This study will permit to remove insensitive variables in view of simplifying the global optimization process to be achieved at the whole powertrain level.

This article presents the design of an Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) for the permanent magnet Brushless DC motor (BLDC) to compensate the load torque variations in the rotor shaft, that does not requires the measurement of the rotor shaft speed. An additional advantage of this controller is that it is easy to implement and tune. A numerical simulation is included to validate the proposed scheme using the test emission cycle US06 that represents an aggressive high speed and high acceleration driving behavior with variable load torque for a commercial motor designed for electrical vehicles.

With the advancement in 21st Century, there has been increase in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems like Global Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil, etc. Due to these reasons Automobile Companies have started doing research for making Hybrid Techonolgy usable into the daily life. The Paper starts from brief history about Hybrid Technology and also some brief introduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologies used in the making of Hybrid Cars such as "Hybrid Solar Vehicle", "Hybrid Electric Vehicle" and "Plug In hybrid electric vehicles". Our Paper is based on the explanation of such technologies, their function, drawback of this technology, efficiency of Hybrid Cars, Case studies on the present commercial hybrid cars such as Toyota Prius series, Astrolab etc and the fuels and raw materials used in the Hybrid Cars. Paper concludes on the advantages and dis-advantages of Hybrid Cars and how this technology will take over the world in future and would become the alternative for Petrol and Diesel Cars.

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are living up to their claims as consumers choose them more frequently. The increasing demand for sustainable vehicles translates into the global need for specific components, materials, and infrastructures and drives the regulatory frameworks in each country. While BEVs offer environmental benefits and global business opportunities, the technology has not yet gained mainstream acceptance. Thus, this work aims to investigate the characteristics of BEV users and their role in the diffusion of products to larger segments, as this may vary from country to country. For this purpose, a survey based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT-2) (Venkatesh et al., 2012) framework and structural equation modeling (SmartPLS) was adopted. The results indicated that, except for the constructs of effort expectancy (EE) and social influence (SI), the predictors in the model performed well in this context. Current users are satisfied with their vehicles and strongly prefer future choices. The analysis also revealed that in addition to the availability of financial resources, early adopters are attracted by new technologies in a way that leads them to make decisions outside of the traditional influence of the other members of society. It is suggested to leverage the perceived benefits of status, differentiation, or uniqueness motives, to appeal to those seeking to appear trendy and tech-savvy in society. Companies Walking the talk? MNEs transitioning towards a sustainable World

This paper aims at developing an elaborate system for forest fire detection. Disasters are one of the most important and a common type is forest fire. This particular application is chosen to overcome the shortcomings of MODIS and Basic Wireless Sensor Network. To support for step-wise development and implementation of these as more sensors are added aside from the temperature sensor, they were broken down into five smaller separate components. It introduced a new operational model to identify forest fires and its zero models for wireless sensor networks using ZigBee, according to common practice. The approach has been designed to be as close to real time due the rapid nature of forest fires which leaves no scope for delay. This system has been implemented using three fire sensors. If anything is sensed by one of the sensors then water pump will activated at that moment and information transmitted to base station through zigbee. Developed and implemented an IoT-based Zigbee Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for the smart forest fire alarm system. Every output parameter is tested Using ZigBee wireless communication technology; the system can be automatically defended and detected for flames. This approach allows Zigbee to meet the requirements of fire parameter value coverage and low power consumption while using easy-to-use air communication.

The growing interest in reducing fuel consumption and gas emissions provides an incentive for the automotive industry to innovate in the field of hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The two embedded power sources in these vehicles require an intelligent controller in order to make the best decision on the power distribution. Actually these controllers, often called energy management systems (EMS), are very important and greatly influence the achievable fuel economy. Many authors have studied the possibility of fuzzy based systems as they have proved to be robust, reliable and simple. However, they demonstrate a lack of optimality because their design is focused on the vehicle characteristics rather than the driving conditions. This paper proposes an approach that uses a fuzzy system fed with driving condition information in order to increase the controller effectiveness in every situation. The efficiency of the proposed controller is demonstrated through simulations.

There are number of applications in the real-life scenario where one needs frequent start and stop of the machine running on electric motor. The motors in such machines continues to rotate even after the power supply is cut off due to inertia which is generated because of high load that is coupled to the motor. In order to reduce and stop these motors as per requirement, different braking techniques are used. These braking techniques can be classified as mechanical and electrical braking. In mechanical braking the speed of the motor is purely reduced by using various mechanical braking. Whereas in the electrical braking reverse torque is generated. In comparison with electrical braking, mechanical braking has many disadvantages of increased maintenance, wear and tear of components of system, and also in some application the use of mechanical system is avoided because of the high compactness, hence electrical braking is preferred over mechanical braking. Dynamic braking is one of the...

Battery electric vehicles' contribution to the viability of charging from below electric road system based on individual driving patterns. 4th Electric Road Systems Conference N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. research.chalmers.se offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at

Institutionen för Energi och miljö, Chalmers* * Avdelningen för fysisk resursteori (M. Grahn, M. Taljegård, S. Karlsson), Avdelningen för elteknik (J. Ehnberg) Varför elektrobränslen? I ett framtida energisystem med en större andel förnyelsebara energikällor, såsom vind och sol, kan det bli nödvändigt att lagra överskottsel som uppstått vid en tidpunkt då produktionen av el var större än efterfrågan. Det finns flera alternativ till lagring av el, t.ex. pumpa upp vatten i dammar, producera vätgas eller komprimera luft. Alla har sina för-och nackdelar. Ett annat alternativ är att använda perioder av överskottsel för produktion av bränslen (t.ex. metan, metanol eller etanol) som kan ersätta olja för olika ändamål, t.ex. som transportbränsle eller inom den kemiska industrin för framställning av plaster, textilier och gödselmedel. Dessa bränslen, som vi kallar elektrobränslen (men som också kallas "power-to-gas" eller "koldioxidåtervinning" i andra sammanhang) skulle alltså kunna bidra till att både ersätta olja och minska mängden överskottsel.

This paper presents a simple overmodulation strategy to achieve high torque capability for a wide speed range using a hybrid DTC scheme. The hybrid DTC drive incorporates both DTC-hysteresis and Direct Self Control (DSC) operations. In the proposed method, the control of circular flux locus is changed to the hexagonal when the motor operates under acceleration condition. By controlling the locus flux into the hexagonal, it is possible to extent the limit of stator voltage to the six-step mode, as the speed ...

This paper presents a MATLAB/SIMULINK model of two multi-level inverter topologies. Algorithms based on space vector modulation (SVM) technique are developed in order to conduct a comparative study on diode clamped five and seven level inverters. The scheme used to develop these control algorithms are based on symmetrical sequence because of the symmetry of the switching wave. Both topologies are simulated and analyzed using a squirrel cage induction motor. The results have showed that the best motor dynamic response with less harmonic distortion and torque fluctuations is obtained when seven-level inverter is employed.

Planetary gears (PGs) play a critical role in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) by combining the output torques of different powertrain components and delivering the resulting torque to the wheels. Whilst previous studies show that the number of planetary gears affects performance of HEVs, there is no prior study to systematically investigate such effects on energy consumption. This paper quantifies the energy efficiency improvement of HEVs due to increasing the number of PGs from one to two, and from two to three. This is done by comparing the minimum energy consumption for different topologies when the rest of the powertrain componentsnamely electric motors, batteries and engine -are the same. To calculate the minimum energy consumption, the paper proposes an optimal energy management strategy (EMS) for each topology to find the optimum sequence of clutch engagement and torque distribution. The minimum energy consumption of a vehicle with different number of PGs is then evaluated using the automotive simulation models (ASM) from dSPACE. Results show that, for the same electric motors and engine, increasing the number of PGs from one to two and from two to three reduces energy consumption by 5% and 1.5%, respectively.

Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues pose considerable challenges for electric vehicle powertrain engineers. Gear vibrations generate an intrusive gear whine noise, with significant impact on the sound quality of electric powertrains. Dynamic transmission error (DTE) is the most quantitative indicator for gear NVH. Backlash, time variable meshing stiffness and damping contribute to DTE. Hence, a better understanding of these excitation sources is essential. A gear tribodynamics model is developed using potential energy method to estimate time variable meshing stiffness (TVMS). A fully analytical time-efficient model is proposed for lubricated contact stiffness based on transitions in the regimes of lubrication. The model accounts for the combined effects of surface elasticity and lubricant stiffness. Film thickness and damping coefficients are transiently updated at each instant during meshing cycle. The predictions from this model are compared with measured results from the...

Technology has enabled the mass production of hybrid and electric vehicles. Interest in these alternative-energy vehicles has been heightened due to air quality concerns in urban areas. However, these vehicles are capable of very quiet operation, which could have negative side effects on pedestrian and driver safety because of the lack of sound cues. A survey of 380 people was conducted to explore interest and concerns about electrically powered vehicles. The data show that there is substantial positive interest in driving quiet hybrid and electric cars. However, in the role of pedestrian, participants expressed concern over the reduced auditory cues to the presence of a moving vehicle. Implications of quiet vehicles are discussed including the additional consideration of reduced driver awareness of their speed. Precautionary measures and suggestions for effective engine noise substitutes are presented.

Conventional vehicles are creating pollution problems, global warming and the extinction of high density fuels. To address these problems, automotive companies and universities are researching on hybrid electric vehicles where two different power devices are used to propel a vehicle. This research studies the development and testing of a dynamic model for Prius 2010 Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), a power-split device. The device was modeled and integrated with a hybrid vehicle model. To add an electric only mode for vehicle propulsion, the hybrid synergy drive was modified by adding a clutch to carrier 1. The performance of the integrated vehicle model was tested with UDDS drive cycle using rule-based control strategy. The dSPACE Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulator was used for HIL simulation test. The HIL simulation result shows that the integration of developed HSD dynamic model with a hybrid vehicle model was successful.

This paper describes the creation of novel propulsion system architectures using algebraic design techniques. The objective is to create novel arrangements comprised of one or more planetary gear sets, an internal combustion engine, a pair of motor-generators and several torque-transmitting mechanisms (clutches and brakes). The algebraic design procedure represents the planetary gear sets, fixed interconnections, clutches/brakes, and motor-generator sets as algebraic constraints. Appropriate subsets of constraint equations are solved to identify viable propulsion system designs. We have used the above design approach to create several novel candidate multi-speed transmissions as well as electrically-variable transmission concepts.

Conventional vehicles play an important in transportation in ancient times. As they run on fossil fuels emission of CO2 and various hazardous gases takes place which gets converted into environmental pollutants. But nowadays the cost of fossil fuels is increasing day-by-day due to limiting reserves. In such case Hybrid vehicles play an important role to improve efficiency and reduce hazardous pollutants. Hybrid vehicles are vehicles that can run on fossil fuels and batteries. This review paper focuses on the comparison characteristics between conventional and electric vehicles. The comparison characteristics include maximum fuel economy, minimum fuel emission, minimum propulsion cost.

Özet Tekerleklere ne kadar tork uygulanabileceğini belirleyen iki faktör vardır. Bunlar, donanım ve çekiş gücüdür. Kuru yolda çekiş gücü yüksektir. Tekerleklere uygulanan tork miktarı, motor ve vites tarafından sınırlanır. Buzda sürüş gibi düşük çekiş gücü durumlarında, tork miktarı tekerleğin bu koşullarda kaymasına sebep olmayacak en büyük miktarla sınırlanır. Taşıt daha fazla tork üretebilmesine rağmen, bu torku yere aktarmak için yeterli çekiş gücüne ihtiyaç vardır. Maksimum tork miktarı, tekerleklerin bulunduğu koşullarda kaymasına sebep olmayacak en büyük miktarla sınırlanır. Bu problemlerin çözümü için sınırlı kaymalı diferansiyel (LSD) ve kilitli diferansiyel sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Taşıyıcı-yükleyici (Backhoe Loader) bir iş makinesi için LSD sistemi ve multidisk diferansiyel kilitleme sistemi tasarlanıp incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Diferansiyel, Dişli kutusu, LSD, Çok diskli diferansiyel kilitleme sistemi DESIGN OF A DIFFERENTIAL GEAR BOX FOR THE BAC...

As the globe is experiencing a rise in new technology of transportation so are customers’ expectations from the new transportation modes. Indian auto industry is not different. Government of India have already asked automobile industry to abide by stringent pollution norms and work on offering future products which are environment friendly, mainly hybrid and electric vehicles. Auto manufacturers are experiencing towering demand from customers, competitors and government. Indian auto industry contributes 15 percent of GDP in 2016 is expected to inflate to 22 percent of GDP by 2022. The Indian auto industry which was of US$7 billion in 2016 is expected to reach US$17 billion by 2022 at 10-15 percent annually (IBEF). Meanwhile, Indian environment friendly technology is vey new when compared to other international market such as US, Europe & China. In 2016, Indian account very minimum global share of HEVs. China at the same time holds nearly 50 percent of global share in electric and en...

Bu calismada tasitlarin farkli yol sartlarindaki fren‐suspansiyon testlerinin laboratuvar ortaminda yapilmasini saglayacak bir tasit test cihazi tasarlanip imal edilmistir. Literaturde tasit testleri konusunda onemli calismalarin bulundugu ancak ozellikle yol testlerinin maliyetinin yuksek olmasi ve deney sonuclarinda olusacak sapmanin buyuklugu goz onune alindiginda istenilen hassasiyetin elde edilemedigi gorulmektedir. Tasarlanan fren‐suspansiyon test cihazi ile yol sartlari laboratuvar ortaminda olusturularak standart testlerin daha hassas bir sekilde yapilmasi saglanmistir. Tasarim ve Imalat islemleri gerceklestirilen test cihazinin optimizasyon testleri yapilmistir.

Previous research undertaken by the authors revealed car purchasers generally claim fuel economy is important, but do not refl ect this in their car choice. Th is was termed the 'mpg paradox' (miles per gallon (mpg) being the custom metric in the UK). Th is paper reports on a study in the summer of 2008 which examined whether this paradox still exists and how systematically new or secondhand car purchasers consider information on fuel economy and carbon emissions. Based on in-depth interviews with recent car purchasers, the research concludes that the mpg paradox still exists-but it has changed in nature. Whilst there is now strong evidence the car market is responding to rising fuel costs and increased choice, the 'mpg' metric itself is not conceptually driving behaviour. Instead, simplistic rules are used to decide on what is 'good' or 'bad' , taking little notice of information provided on the fuel economy label. Th e mpg metric is complex as it does not map easily on to the way in which people experience their fuel costs-i.e. the cost to fi ll up a fuel tank or travel a certain distance. Consequently, it is rarely used by motorists to calculate future costs or to systematically compare vehicles. Moreover, only a minority of consumers were aware of their offi cial CO 2 fi gures even though the UK has recently strengthened the link between circulation taxes and carbon emissions. Most car buyers believe the only route to better fuel economy is through a smaller car, a new car, or switching to diesel. Th ere is little awareness of the additional benefi ts to be gained from 'best-in-class' comparisons. Th e paper recommends new information is provided to enable comparison of running costs based on how car buyers conceptualise fuel economy. Th is information should ideally be updated as available models and fuel prices change and could be an interactive web-based tool also available at the point of sale.

The increasing use of electric vehicles worldwide is increasing the demand for high voltage traction batteries, which are the main sub-component in their design. This situation is expected to improve the secondary life and recycling approaches for electric vehicle drive batteries and directly contribute to the potential environmental impacts of the battery industry and the raw material supply for its sub-components in the near future. A report published by Satista states that the shift in the automotive industry will lead to an average battery capacity of 45 kWh for battery electric vehicles and 11 kWh for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles by 2025. Issues such as increasing the number of charge/discharge cycles based on the specified life cycle, maximising the use of the charge/discharge cycle, etc., in particular the operating conditions other than the nominal ones that the traction batteries used in electric vehicles are exposed to during their lifetime, cause a decrease in their performance curves over the years.For traction batteries used in electric vehicles, the maintenance of 80% of the total usable capacity and a maximum discharge rate of 5% (without use) within a 24-hour period are considered as the determining criteria for the usable life. In September 2023, the total number of M1, M2 and M3 class electric vehicles registered in Turkey will be 248,756 and it is estimated that these vehicles will have a battery capacity of approximately 4.52 GWh. In this paper, recycling approaches based on the post-use of electric vehicle drive batteries are brought to the forefront in Turkiye. This concept is considered as a new concept that can be applied for after the batteries are used for secondary life applications and a new business line that will be needed. In addition, fluctuations in raw material and commodity prices, geopolitical situations, and international regulations make the recycling of base raw materials with high added value, such as nickel, manganese, and cobalt, even more crucial for the production of nextgeneration batteries.

The next generation of military vehicles will require new and improved power systems. As fuel prices continue to rise and as power draws become greater on tactical wheeled vehicles, the performance and efficiency of the power system becomes more important. Up to 40% of vehicular traffic in combat theater is dedicated to fuel and water logistics. Reduction in fuel consumption will result in less traffic and reduced exposure to IED's as well as gains in cost efficiency. Advances in powertrain and vehicle systems are required to achieve these gains. Hybrid propulsion systems have been proven in passenger automobiles as well as some commercial applications. This technology enables fuel economy improvements upwards of 25%. Hybrid systems can also provide export power and silent watch capability for military vehicles. Duty cycle and environmental demands are more severe in military applications and current energy storage devices are not robust. Several hybrid military platforms have been demonstrated, but durability and performance concerns outweigh the benefits. Specifically, electrochemical energy storage systems are limited by operating temperature, and life cycle. Improved energy storage devices are needed and one potential device is the high speed flywheel. Advances in materials and controls have led to more efficient and more powerful systems. This paper explores the application of current flywheel technology to a tactical vehicle using modeling simulations and compares with existing energy storage devices.

Güç sistemlerinde, 2 kHz ile 150 kHz aralığındaki bozulmalar "Supraharmonikler" (SH) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Supraharmonikler yeni bir kavram olmamakla birlikte; araştırmacılar, mühendisler ve son kullanıcıya yönelik cihaz üreticilerinin dikkatini ancak son yıllarda çekmektedir. Elektrikli/elektronik cihazların piyasaya arz edilebilmesi için gerekli olan elektromanyetik uyumluluk (EMC) testleri, harmonik akımların ölçülmesini (50 Hz-2000 Hz) ve iletimle yayınım değerlerinin ölçülmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Ancak supraharmonik aralığındaki çalışmalar ve araştırmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Fotovoltaik enerji sistemleri, elektrikli araç hızlı şarj istasyonları, yüksek hızlı dijital haberleşme sistemleri gibi yüksek güçlü ve kHz mertebelerinde anahtarlama yapan yarı-iletken teknolojilerini kullanan sistemler yaygınlaştıkça, supraharmonikler de güç dağıtım sistemlerinde etkin olmaya ve sorunlara yol açmaya başlamışlardır. Elektrikli ve elektronik cihazlar, anahtarlamalı güç elektroniği cihazları ve güç hattından haberleşebilen (PLC) cihazların daha fazla kullanımı nedeniyle oluşan yüksek frekanslı bozucu etkilerle mücadele günümüzde daha da öne çıkmaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda; 2 kHz ile 150 kHz arasında ortaya çıkan bozucu etkilerin akıllı sayaçlarda ölçüm hatalarına, elektrikle çalışan cihazlarda ise duyulabilen gürültüye, arızalara ve performans azalmalarına yol açtığı ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışmada, supraharmoniklerin kaynaklarına, cihazlarda ve şebekelerde yol açtığı sorunlara, supraharmoniklerin ölçüm yöntemleri ve ilgili standartlara, seçilen cihazların supraharmonik benzetimine ve ölçüm yoluyla analizlerine yer verilmektedir. Ölçümler ve benzetim sonuçları göstermektedir ki, cihaz tasarımlarında yalnızca EMC gereksinimlerine odaklanmak, supraharmonik bileşenlerinin ihmal edilmesine, dolayısıyla şebekede ve diğer cihazlarda olumsuz etkilenmelere neden olabilmektedir. In power systems, disturbances between 2 kHz and 150 kHz are called "Supraharmonics" (SH). Although supraharmonics are not a new concept; It has only attracted the attention of researchers, engineers and manufacturers of end-user devices in recent years. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests, which are required for placing electrical/electronic devices on the market, require the measurement of harmonic currents (50 Hz-2000 Hz) and the measurement of conducted emission values. However, studies and research in the supraharmonic range are quite limited. As systems using semiconductor technologies with high power and switching in the kHz range such as photovoltaic energy systems, electric vehicle fast charging stations, high speed digital communication systems become widespread, supraharmonics have also begun to be effective in power distribution systems and cause problems. Today, the struggle against high-frequency disturbances caused by the increased use of electrical and electronic devices, switched power electronic devices and power line communication (PLC) devices is even more prominent. Research conducted in recent years have revealed that disturbances between 2 kHz and 150 kHz cause measurement errors in smart meters, audible noise, malfunctions and performance reductions in electrical devices. In this study, sources of supraharmonics, the problems they cause in devices and networks, measurement methods of supraharmonics and related standards, supraharmonic simulation of sample devices and analysis by measurement are given. Measurements and simulation results show that focusing only on EMC requirements in device designs can cause supraharmonics to be neglected, thus negatively affecting the network and other devices.

Perioden med att skriva detta Examensarbete har varit väldigt lärorikt och roligt och många personer har bidragit med synpunkter och expertis. Först och främst vill vi tacka vår handledare Mats Jarlros och grabbarna på Autotech för deras insats och justering av motorn.

Bu calismada, Eskisehir Osmangazi Universitesi (ESOGU) kampusunde elektrik tuketim maliyetinin azaltilmasina yonelik fotovoltaik (FV) guc uretim birimi ve enerji depolama biriminden olusan bir alternatif akim (AA) mikro sebekenin optimal tasarimi yapilmistir. Tasarimin dogrulanmasi amaciyla onerilen mikro sebeke yapisi MATLAB/Simulink ortaminda modellenmis ve bir gunluk calisma icin fazor cozum metodu kullanilarak simulasyonu yapilmistir. Bu kapsamda kampuste yer alan ve ayni elektrik barasina bagli farkli dort yuk grubu secilmis ve gercek tuketim verileri elde edilmistir. Mikro sebekenin en verimli calisma durumunun elde edilmesi icin 24 saatlik uretim ve tuketim verilerine dayali olarak uc farkli enerji yonetim senaryosu gelistirilmistir. Boylece, yapilan analiz ve simulasyon sonuclari degerlendirildiginde toplam elektrik enerjisi maliyetinde %43,16 ile %54,12 arasinda bir tasarruf elde edildigi ve sistemin kendisini yaklasik 34 ila 41 ay arasinda amorti ettigi anlasilmistir. Sonu...

Several challenges are facing road transport including the depletion of cheap oil reserves, increasing congestion, localised pollution, the need to reduce carbon emissions and develop sustainable transport solutions. A long term transport solution could be the introduction of cost competitive, comfortable, attractive, energy efficient battery electric vehicles (BEVs). This paper first discusses the barriers that have hindered the development of this type of electric vehicle and secondly, how they can now be overcome. The paper then discusses the development of the NZeco-Ultracommuter (NZ-U), a BEV currently under construction at the University of Waikato. The aim of the NZ-U project is to investigate the feasibility of BEV use in a 'post oil' New Zealand. It is intended that this vehicle will travel 250km per battery charge and so the technical features and predicted performance of the NZ-U are presented and discussed. The technical specifications of the NZ-U were applied to two other BEVs, namely a single seat commuter vehicle and five seat family car. The performance and energy use of all three BEVs was subsequently calculated and compared with that of a conventional ICE (internal combustion engine) petrol car and an ICE car converted into a BEV. The results show that, depending on the BEV type, energy use is between 6 and 15 times less than that of a conventional ICE car when operating under the same conditions. Finally the electrical energy required to charge a mixed fleet of 2 million BEVs was conservatively calculated. Ideally, electricity from renewable generation technologies should be used for battery charging and in this paper it was assumed that wind turbines will be used even though this technology is not yet widely utilised in New Zealand. The results show that 464 x 3MW wind turbines would need to be installed to supply 2 million BEVs in New Zealand.

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The paper studies the merits of a 1-∅ induction motor powered by a Trina Solar's module TSM-250PA05.08 that employs the perturbs and observes (P&O) technique, utilizing two types of controllers, FOC and DTC. The merits of the two types of controllers were studied according to the results of the electromagnetic torque (Te), the currents of the main winding Ia and auxiliary winding Ib, and the Speed of a rotor. The results showed that both controllers' electromagnetic torque and speed rotor are very close. The results also showed distortions in the main and auxiliary winding currents when using the DTC controller. In contrast, when utilizing FOC, the results demonstrate smoother waveforms for main and auxiliary winding curves. Regarding response time, DTC achieves a faster rise time for Te and Ib than FOC. Also, concerning settling time, DTC achieves a faster settling time than FOC.

The paper studies the merits of a 1-∅ induction motor powered by a Trina Solar's module TSM-250PA05.08 that employs the perturbs and observes (P&O) technique, utilizing two types of controllers, FOC and DTC. The merits of the two types of controllers were studied according to the results of the electromagnetic torque (Te), the currents of the main winding Ia and auxiliary winding Ib, and the Speed of a rotor. The results showed that both controllers' electromagnetic torque and speed rotor are very close. The results also showed distortions in the main and auxiliary winding currents when using the DTC controller. In contrast, when utilizing FOC, the results demonstrate smoother waveforms for main and auxiliary winding curves. Regarding response time, DTC achieves a faster rise time for Te and Ib than FOC. Also, concerning settling time, DTC achieves a faster settling time than FOC.

This paper presents and exemplifies a novel methodology to perform simulation-based automated testing for verification of complex chassis-control systems. The methods are derived from computer-game principles and regard the system under test as an opponent that is defeated when the specification is violated. The methodology is demonstrated on an auto-coding implementation of a brake-blending function for a heavy vehicle, in combination with a simulation model implemented in Modelica. It is shown that a vast number of scenarios can be analyzed with moderate manual effort, and that results corresponding to high-coverage FMEA / FTA analysis can be produced to verify system safety and robust performance.

Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are widely used in the automotive industry for electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) propulsion systems, where the trend is to achieve high mechanical speeds. High speeds inevitably imply high current electrical frequencies, which can lead to a lack of controllability when using field oriented control (FOC) due to sampling period constraints. In this work, a comprehensive discrete-time model is fully developed to assess the stability issues in the widely used FOC. A speedadaptive control structure that overcomes these stability problems and extends the speed operation range of the PMSM is presented. Also, a numerical methodology from which the maximum operating stable frequency can be computed in advance of any experimentation, is developed. All contributions are accompanied and supported by numerical results obtained from an accurate MATLAB/Simulink model.

The noise and vibration behaviour of electric and hybrid vehicles is dramatically different from conventional vehicles. The noise and vibration mechanisms of the individual components (combustion engine, electric motor, transmission etc.) are known in principle, but an electric or hybrid powertrain features additional and different components as well as new operation modes compared to a conventional powertrain. This results in new interactions which are uncommon in this form for conventional vehicles. In the case of the electric traction, the electric motor becomes an important noise and vibrations source. Depending on the design of the motor, the electromagnetic (EM) pulses and corresponding torque pulses from the motor can be very strong. These can be radiated as noise directly from the motor housing and can also be transmitted structurally to the support structure through the motor mounts. However, the EM forces are generally lower than the combustion and reciprocating mass force...