Hybrid

The novelty of the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm relies on two main concepts: cooperation among users and resource sharing. There are many applications based on peer-to-peer paradigm, but the most popular one is the file sharing. We can classify the file sharing application into centralized systems, (having a central server), and decentralized systems. Another classification would be structured and unstructured systems,

The goal of this study is to propose a new classification of African ecosystems based on an 8-year analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data sets from SPOT/VEGETATION. We develop two methods of classification. The first method is obtained from a k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) classifier, which represents a simple machine learning algorithm in pattern recognition. The second method is hybrid in that it combines k-NN clustering, hierarchical principles and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The nomenclature of the two classifications relies on three levels of vegetation structural categories based on the Land Cover Classification System (LCCS). The two main outcomes are: (i) The delineation of the spatial distribution of ecosystems into five bioclimatic ecoregions at the African continental scale; (ii) Two ecosystem maps were made sequentially: an initial map with 92 ecosystems from the k-NN, plus a deduced hybrid classification with 73 classes, which better reflects the bio-geographical patterns. The inclusion of bioclimatic information and successive k-NN clustering elements helps to enhance the discrimination of ecosystems. Adopting this hybrid approach makes the ecosystem identification and labelling more flexible and more accurate in comparison to straightforward methods of classification. The validation of the hybrid classification, conducted by crossing-comparisons with validated continental maps, displayed a mapping accuracy of 54% to 61%.

One of few limitations of remote laboratory technology is the fact that access and usability of such laboratories depend largely on the existence of favorable bandwidth conditions between the remote user and the system under test. This dependence is regrettable because some of the institutions likely to find remote laboratories attractive are also those most likely to have severe bandwidth limitations. Also, a typical remote laboratory will be completely unusable to remote students in the event of an outright network downtime. In this paper, we propose a hybrid online laboratory architecture that allows the automatic generation of accurate software models of remote laboratories. Such models can be hosted closer to the student and during periods of unfavorable bandwidth conditions, students can successfully interact with such models in lieu of the real hardware. We identify the challenges that need to be resolved for such a scheme to be useful and discuss the process by which suitabl...

Although there is a large amount of experimental data available on the fiber-reinforced polymer ͑FRP͒ strengthening of concrete structures, a full understanding of the various debonding phenomena is somewhat lacking. As a contribution to fill this need, two-dimensional and three-dimensional ͑3D͒ nonlinear displacement-controlled finite-element ͑FE͒ models are developed to investigate the flexural and FRP/concrete interfacial responses of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Interface elements are used to simulate the FRP/concrete interfacial behavior before and after cracking. The analysis is carried out using two different relations for the interface; namely, nonlinear and bilinear bond-slip laws. The results predicted using these two laws are compared to those based on the full-bond assumption. The FE models are capable of simulating the various failure modes, including debonding of the FRP, either at the plate end or at intermediate cracks. The 3D model is created to accommodate cases of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams utilizing FRP anchorage systems. In addition, the models successfully represent the actual interfacial behavior at the vicinities of cracks including the stress/slip concentrations and fluctuations. Results are presented in terms of the ultimate load carrying capacities, failure modes and deformational characteristics. Special emphasis is placed on the FRP/concrete interfacial behavior and cracking of the concrete. The numerical results are compared to available experimental data for 25 specimens categorized in six series, and they show a very good agreement.

Discovery of the optimal best possibility of location for facilities is the central problem associated in logistics management. The optimal places for the distribution centres (DCs) can be based on the selected attributes that are crucial to locate the best possible locations to increase the speed of the facility service and thus reduce the overall transport cost and time and to provide best service. The major task is to identifying and locating the required number of DCs and its optimum locations are considered as the important goals for the design of any logistics network. The number of DCs will clearly depends upon many factors like population, capacity of the facility, type of facility etc. but locating the optimum locations of DCs will reduce the overall cost. But, for solving such a wide problem space, the powerful tools are the soft computing based approaches and that are well suited and find a meaningful solution in finite time. In this work, we are going to find the optimum locations of DCs for logistics using various soft computing methods. .

Application of the thermal sum concept was developed to determine the optimal harvesting stage of new banana hybrids to be grown for export. It was tested on two triploid hybrid bananas, FlhorBan 916 (F916) and FlhorBan 918 (F918), created by CIRAD's banana breeding programme, using two different approaches. The first approach was used with F916 and involved calculating the base temperature of bunches sampled at two sites at the ripening stage, and then determining the thermal sum at which the stage of maturity would be identical to that of the control Cavendish export banana. The second approach was used to assess the harvest stage of F918 and involved calculating the two thermal parameters directly, but using more plants and a longer period. Using the linear regression model, the estimated thermal parameters were a thermal sum of 680 degree-days (dd) at a base temperature of 17.0 • C for cv. F916, and 970 dd at 13.9 • C for cv. F918. This easy-to-use method provides quick and reliable calculations of the two thermal parameters required at a specific harvesting stage for a given banana variety in tropical climate conditions. Determining these two values is an essential step for gaining insight into the agronomic features of a new variety and its potential for export.

When nonnative species become established within new communities, competition may play a role in determining the persistence of ecologically similar native species. In western North America, many native cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ) populations have been replaced by nonnative rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Superior competitive ability of rainbow trout and cutthroat–rainbow trout hybrids is often cited for this replacement; however, few studies have tested for mechanisms that might allow introduced rainbow trout to out-compete native trout species. Our previous work found individual-based differences in swimming and foraging ability among cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, and their hybrids. In this study, we tested for the presence and strength of competition between cohorts of cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, and their reciprocal hybrids. We assayed the growth rate of juvenile cutthroat trout in allopatry versus cutthroat trout when sympatric with rainbow trout and e...

The mechanical characteristics of an external fixator determines the biomechanical environment of a fracture , osteotomy or non-union treated by the external fixator Two main categories of fixators are in popular use. The more conventional type (e.g. hybrid), The second type of circular or semicircular fixator e.g., ilizarov) relies on smooth , non threaded Kirschner wires of small diameter (1.5mm to 1.8mm ) under tension to provide the stability needed. Biomechanically, not only are the principles different but also, the biomechanical environment of fractures by the two system is significantly different .Using Ansys Work Bench 10 the Ilizarov, hybrid1and hybrid2 were modeled and it was found that the mechanical properties ilizarov was better than the hybrid fixators.

The researchers examined responses from 862 faculty members at 38 institutions nationwide using the blackboard Learning Management System (LMS) to supplement their face-to-face instruction. The four research questions addressed the primary uses that faculty make of blackboard, perceptions that faculty have of how certain blackboard features enhance or elevate (or might enhance or elevate) their assessment of student work and instructional capabilities, and how faculty use of blackboard might positively affect the psychosocial climate within the face-to-face classroom setting. Additional analysis sought to identify the factors that predict use and positive perception of blackboard as a supplement to face-to-face teaching activities. The results indicate that faculty primarily used blackboard as a course management/administration tool to make course documents available to students and manage course grades. Few faculty used blackboard for instructional or assessment purposes, and even fewer utilized blackboard to foster a more positive sense of community within their face-to-face classes. Faculty attitudes, on the whole, were positive when it came to the classroom management functions of blackboard, but neutral or otherwise undecided in terms of its instructional or psychosocial benefits. The main factor in determining blackboard usage-whether for course administration or instructional purposes-was experience with the tool. In addition, women had more positive attitudes than men did in terms of blackboard's potential to enhance classroom management and foster a

Production of Florida red tilapia seed (eggs, sacfry and fry) in 34-m' above-ground tanks using recirculated brackishwater (12 ppt) was studied over a 5-month period on Lee Stocking Island (Exuma Cays, Bahamas). Four tanks were stocked with year class 1 (YCI) breeders, while 2 tanks were stocked with year class 2 (YCII) breeders at densities of 200 and 240/tank (5-9 and 7'1/m'), respectively, and at a sex ratio of 3 females to 1 male, beginning in November 1988. Seed production was measured by removing free-swimming fry from tanks and eggs and sacfry from the mouths of brooding females, and assessing the number of each at 15 to 16-day intervals from February to June 1989. Average seed production (seed/mVday) was significantly higher in YCI (52-3) than in YCII (36-0) broodstock, indicating the advantages of replacing broodstock with yearling breeders each year.

This chapter reviews some of the recent developments in the use of nanoparticles as adjuncts to boron containing compounds in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) or, in the cases of boron nanotubes (BNTs) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), the boron agent itself. BNCT is a bimodal therapy in which boron-10 is preferentially localized in a cancer cell and then irradiated with low energy (thermal) neutrons. The 10 B absorbs the neutron giving an excited 11 B, which immediately undergoes a fission reaction yielding a high energy alpha (a) particle and recoil 7 Li particle, plus a low energy gamma (g) ray. The therapeutic advantage of this method is that the two charged particles deposit their energy through a distance of $9 mm, which is of the order of a cell dimension. Therefore, damage will be confined to the cell in which fission reaction occurs, sparing neighboring cell that are free of boron. The chemical challenge in BNCT is constructing molecules or delivery agents that preferentially target neoplastic cells. Although this requirement is common to all chemotherapy, the required amount of 10 B needed for effective BNCT (10-35 mg/g tumor cell) is much higher than that required in other forms of chemotherapy.

We investigated and compared economic performance of auction, negotiation and hybrid mechanisms of the Negotiauction software. With the auction mechanism, bidders are required to submit bids consisting of quantity needed and other relevant non-price attributes, then they are returned suggested prices to make them active. With the negotiation mechanism, the requested price button is turned off and the auction owner and the bidder are free to negotiate on one-on-one basis with other issues besides price and quantity. With the hybrid mechanism, characteristics of both negotiation and auction are combined. Twelve hypotheses involving economic performance measures were tested. On many measures, the hybrid mechanism was best for the auction owners. in e-commerce and e-business. Furthermore, many applications of computer and information technologies have been applied in attempts to make favorable conditions for negotiations, aid human negotiators, and facilitate software agent collaboration as well, such as MIT Deep Ocean Mining model and IIASA RAINS model (for further information, see [21]). In today's business arena, characterized by interdependence and constant changes, negotiations are indispensable for businesses with respect to time and effort spent for them [26]. Thus, systems based on computer power have an important role in upgrading negotiation efficiency and effectiveness that are likely to have keen effects on negotiation outcomes of organizations and individuals (see [21] and cybersettle.com for further information on negotiation support and e-negotiation systems).

Two distinct genetic groups (Saaz and Frohberg) exist within the hybrid Saccharomyces pastorianus (S. cerevisiae  S. eubayanus) taxon. However, physiological/technological differences that exist between the two groups are not known. Fermentative capability of the parental S. eubayanus has likewise never been studied. Here, 58 lager strains were screened to determine which hybrid group they belonged to, and selected strains were characterized to determine salient characteristics. In 15 P all-malt wort fermentations at 22 C, Frohberg strains showed greater growth and superior fermentation (80% apparent attenuation, 6.5% alcohol by volume in 3-4 days) compared to all other strains and maintained highest viability values (>93%). Fermentation with S. eubayanus was poor at the same temperature (33% apparent attenuation, 2.7% alcohol by volume at 6 days and viability reduced to 75%). Saaz strains and S. eubayanus were the least sensitive to cold (10 C), though this did not translate to greater fermentation performance. Fermentation with S. eubayanus was poor at 10 C but equal to or greater than that of the Saaz strains. Performance of Saaz yeast/S. eubayanus was limited by an inability to use wort maltotriose. [ 14 C]-Maltotriose transport assays also showed negligible activity in these strains (≤0.5 mmol min À1 g À1 dry yeast). Beers from Saaz fermentations were characterized by two-to sixfold lower production of the flavour compounds methyl butanol, ethyl acetate and 3-methylbutyl acetate compared to Frohberg strains. Higher alcohol and ester production by S. eubayanus was similar to that of Frohberg strains.

In this paper, the performance and durability of hybrid PEM fuel cell vehicles are investigated. To that end, a hybrid predictive controller is proposed to improve battery performance and to avoid fuel cell and battery degradation. Such controller deals with this complex control problem by handling binary and continuous variables, piecewise affine models and constraints. Moreover, the control strategy is to track motor power demand and keep batteries close to a desired battery state of charge which is appropriately chosen to minimize hydrogen consumption. It is important to highlight the consideration of constraints which are directly related to the goals of this paper, such as minimum fuel cell power threshold and time limitation between fuel cell startups and shutdowns. Furthermore, different models have been elaborated and particularized for a vehicle prototype. These models include few innovations such as a reference governor which smooths fuel cell power demand during sharp power profiles, forcing batteries to supply such peaks and resulting a longer fuel cell lifetime. Battery thermal dynamics are also taken into account in these models in order to analyze the effect of battery temperature on its degradation. Finally, this paper studies the feasibility of the real implementation, presenting an explicit formulation as a solution to reduce execution time. This explicit controller exhibits the same performance as the hybrid predictive controller does with a reduced computational effort. All the results have been validated in several simulations.

Hybrid materials derived from a thiol-ene and cationic polymerization were obtained from concomitant polymerization. The hybrid materials were cured by both photopolymerization and thermally induced polymerization. The kinetics of the photopolymerization were measured using time resolved-IR and optical pyrometry. The nucleophilic character of the polysulfide obtained initially in the thiol-ene polymerization inhibited the development of the cationic photoinitiated polymerization of epoxy monomers. Besides, the epoxide groups underwent a proton catalyzed addition reaction with the thiols to form new sulfides groups in the reaction mixture. It is proposed that the formed sulfides can terminate the growing polyether chains forming dormant species like trialkylsulfonium salts. These salts promote the thermal polymerization of the epoxy monomer in a post treatment, producing hard and transparent materials. V V C 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4829-4843, 2007

Hybrid System Vessel akhir-akhir ini sedang menjadi bahasan yang sering dibicarakan di dunia pendidikan dan teknologi permesinan. Teknologi Hybrid System Vessel yang dimaksud adalah kapal yang berjalan dengan dua sumber tenaga, mesin yang bekerja dengan sumber tenaga bahan bakar dan motor listrik yang bekerja dengan sumber tenaga listrik. Oleh karena adanya permasalahan tersebut maka dikembangkanlah konsep system hybrid pada kapal. Hybrid ini mengacu teknologi pada mobil hybrid yang sudah dikembangkan sekarang, tujuan dari hybrid ini adalah sebagai penghematan BBM dan juga sebagai pereduksi emisi di system permesinan kapal. Penelitian ini menggunakan simulasi dengan software Maxsurf, kemudian dilakukan dengan metode perhitungan manual yang nantinya digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah batterai yang dibutuhkan pada penggerak motor induksi. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa desain Hybrid System kapal KPC -28, serta hasil analisa Hybrid System di kapal apakah memberikan effisiensi bahan bakar yang cukup hemat dengan tanpa menggunakan Hybrid System pada mesin kapal tersebut.

In this work, typical polybenzoxazine, as new class of phenolic resin, has been used as a matrix for preparing a series of high performance hybrid materials using various amounts of titanium carbide (TiC) ranging between 0-10 wt% as fillers, via a solution blending technique. The thermal properties of bisphenol A-aniline base benzoxazine monomers (BA-a) and TiC mixtures have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of their cured hybrids has been tested by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result showed that the glass transition temperature of the prepared composites increased with increasing the amount of TiC to reach a higher value at 194°C. Also, the incorporation of TiC nanoparticles has considerably improved the thermal stability of the hybrids including the char yield which increase by 50 % at 10 wt% TiC content.

This study presents a design of internal parameters of supercapacitor using charging/discharging characteristics of a battery. We aim at investigating the optimal supercapacitors-battery combination .This investigation is twofold first, supercapacitors and battery models are developed using MATLAB/Simulink and are presented and. Second, the architecture and the simulation of the designed system that combines the Supercapacitor and the battery are shown. The supercapacitors are used as high-power storage devices to smooth the peak power applied to the battery during backup time and to deliver full load power during short grid failures. By charging the supercapacitor through the battery at a suitable rate, all impulse power demands would be satisfied by the supercapacitors. KeywordsSupercapacitors, UPS, hybrid, battery, Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

Hybrid entities give rise to international tax problems and opportunities. Different countries tax systems treat hybrid entities in fundamentally different ways, allocating income to different parties. The tax consequences of this divergence of approach result in complex and unintended outcomes. Referring to the OECD Report on the taxation of Partnerships, this article looks at whether the treatment of trans-Tasman limited Partnerships under the Australian and New Zealand Convention results in double taxation or double non-taxation. It concludes that hybrid entity double taxation is, mostly, resolved through the operation of the Convention.

This paper is concerned with the application of a GRASP approach to a nursescheduling problem in which the objective is to optimise a set of preferences subject to a set of binding constraints. The balance between feasibility and optimality is a key issue. This is addressed by using a knapsack model to ensure that the solutions produced by the construction heuristic are easy to repair. Several construction heuristics and neighbourhoods are compared empirically. The best combination is further enhanced by a diversification strategy and a dynamic evaluation criterion. Tests show that it outperforms previously published approaches and finds optimal solutions quickly and consistently.

The present study describes an event-speciWc quantitative Real-time PCR detection method for the transgenic Bt rice line Kemingdao 1 (KMD1). This rice line which is not approved in any country so far is likely to be approved in China in the near future. The developed primers amplify a DNA sequence spanning the integration site of the genetic construct in KMD1. DNA sequence information of this unknown site necessary for primer design was achieved using SiteFinding-PCR technique. The speciWcity of the detection method was shown by testing a number of diVerent transgenic and conventional plant varieties (e.g. rice LL 601, LL 62, Bt 63). As alternative to genomic DNA, we developed double target hybrid amplicons as synthetic calibration standards in Real-time PCR. These amplicons contained both one copy of the KMD1 event-speciWc sequence and one copy of a sequence of the rice reference gene gos9. The limit of quantiWcation (LOQ) of the method was tested to be 0.05%.

Image retrieval is used in searching for images from images database. In this paper, content – based image retrieval (CBIR) using four feature extraction techniques has been achieved. The four techniques are colored histogram features technique, properties features technique, gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) statistical features technique and hybrid technique. The features are extracted from the data base images and query (test) images in order to find the similarity measure. The similarity-based matching is very important in CBIR, so, three types of similarity measure are used, normalized Mahalanobis distance, Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance. A comparison between them has been implemented. From the results, it is concluded that, for the database images used in this work, the CBIR using hybrid technique is better for image retrieval because it has a higher match performance (100%) for each type of similarity measure so; it is the best one for image retrieval.

In the present scenario, numerous applications perform on solar energy for cooking, heating and cooling, and power generation, globally. Solar air heaters are one of these applications purposely used for, drying, timber seasoning and space heating. In the present work, a solar air heater (SAH) has been designed to produce a good exhaust temperature for long hours especially in the case of poor ambient conditions or during off sunshine hours. A mixture of desert and granular carbon in the ratio of 4:6 has been used as thermal heat storage inside the SAH. Two halogen lights of 300 W are used to increase the exhaust temperature of the SAH by placing them in the inlet and outlet ducts. All the experiments have conducted on natural and forced convection for performance evaluation on two similar design solar air heaters (with and without heat storage). The comparisons are made with two similar design solar air heaters carrying desert and granular carbon, as an individual heat storing media, to find out an optimum design of a SAH with long term heating. The thermal efficiencies of the novel SAH range from 18.04% to 20.78% of natural convection and 52.21%e80.05% with forced convection.

Hybrid carrageenans gain more and more attention in the scientific world as well as in industries. The relation between molecular structure and functional properties is a major research theme within the area of carrageenan research. This review paper summarises the recent progress in the structural and functional properties of two types of hybrid carrageenans: k/i-carrageenans and n/i-carrageenans. k/i-hybrids extracted from a wide ranges of species showed a linear relationship between their functionality and the k/i-ratio. Higher k-contents resulted in higher gel strengths. For the n/i-hybrids, made by alkaline treatment, a maximum in the gel strength was observed at low fractions of n-units. The coil-to-helix transition underlying these properties was analysed by a random block model for different repeating units. r

Pollination effectiveness was evaluated for pollen (pollinia) from two Dendrobium hybrids, ‘Sena Red’ and ‘Mini WRL’, submitted to cryopreservation using a vitrification protocol. Parameters evaluated included pollinia exposure to a previtrification solution (PVS2) under ice (0 °C) or room (27 ± 2 °C) temperatures from 1 to 4 hours before cryopreservation (LN). On removal from cryopreservation, pollinia were used to pollinate flowers of the same hybrids to verify viability and germination. All pollinia showed high percentages of germination (greater than 80%) after crosses were performed, except for pollinia from Dendrobium ‘Sena Red’ submitted to 3 hours of precooling (0 °C) in PVS2 followed by LN (60%) and for pollinia submitted to PVS2 for 3 hours at room temperature with no precooling (70%). Capsules were formed for both hybrids and seeds were successfully produced. The seed viability test revealed high viability (90% to 95%) for all treatments for both hybrids. Seeds observed u...

The effects of temperature, pH and sugar concentration (50% glucose + 50% fructose) on the growth parameters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae T73, S. kudriavzevii IFO 1802 T and the hybrid strain S. cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii W27 were studied by means of response surface methodology based in a central composite circumscribed design. Lag phase could not be properly modelled in the wine model system, where yeasts started the fermentation in few hours after inoculation. In the case of the maximum specific growth rate (µ max ), the temperature was the most important variable for three yeasts, although the effects of sugar concentration (in T73 and W27) and pH (W27 and 1802) were also significant (p b 0.05). The only retained interaction was between the variables temperature and pH for yeast 1802. The polynomial equations built for µ max were used both to assess the behaviour of yeasts as a function of the factors and to predict their growth. In the case of temperature, the profiles obtained by the equations showed that response of the hybrid W27 was similar to T73 and different to 1802. When pH was the factor under study, the response of the hybrid W27 was closer to 1802 than yeast T73. For sugar concentration, the response of the hybrid W27 was similar to T73 but different to 1802. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that predictive models are used to assess and compare the response of a hybrid strain with respect to its parental species. The information obtained could also be useful to estimate the possible effect of climatic change on yeast growth.

Petri nets (PNs) are widely used to model discrete event dynamic systems (computer systems, manu- facturing systems, communication systems, etc). Continuous Petri nets (in which the markings are real numbers and the transition firings are continuous) were defined more recently; such a PN may model a continuous system or approximate a discrete system. A hybrid Petri net can be obtained

The article "Creation perspectives of new F1 hybrids of tomatoes with heterosis effect in accordance with the soil and climate conditions of our country" of M. Adigozalov and S. Adigozalova in connection with environmental degradation and other reasons presents the importance of conservation, restoration and involvement of plant species, biodiversity, also tomato varieties in selection programs obtained through scientific selection and regionalized in our country, which are currently in danger of extinction, as well as they are a valuable initial material. The article emphasizes the importance of reliable protection of seeds, including vegetable seeds in the National Gene Bank established under the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, and the creation of these varieties from pure lines from the point of view of adaptation of F1 hybrids with heterosis effect. The method of obtaining pure lines by selecting the most typical plant of the variety using the method of individual selection in the research work, as a continuation of the research work, informs about the purposeful crossings on the obtained pure lines.
The article also presents the general and different aspects of modern scientific hypotheses about the methods and techniques of their creation, depending on the genetic origin of the variety and the influence of local agroecological factors. There is also information about the importance of periodic variety renewal and variety purging operations, the transfer of cleaned and renewed seed samples to the National Genbank for the sustainability of varietal characteristics of varieties.
Advisability of providing the population with ecologically clean, high taste quality, early-growing, high-yielding, disease and pest-resistant, storage and transportation resistant local tomato varieties and hybrid seed material, ending the dependence of farms on seeds from abroad, and continuing sustainable development of vegetable growing in the Republic through F1 hybrids with heterosis effect.

Motion comics can be considered as an emerging form of digital animation that typically appropriates and remediates an existing comic book narrative and artwork into a screen-based animated narrative. One such example of motion comic adaptation is The Watchmen, which was released on DVD and is also available on the iTunes online store as a digital download. This article argues that this new hybrid media raises unique considerations in terms of adaptation, and therefore provides a brief summary of key debates in adaptation studies, with a particular emphasis on the issue of authenticity. This is followed by a study of conventional adaptation practices from a comic book source and the emerging digital post-production approaches of animators and creative practitioners in the motion comic field, including a discussion on the importance of sound.

This article offers a theoretical perspective for understanding leadership of minority groups by exploring the unique challenges and strategies of formal leadership of minority populations. One challenge is to negotiate the tension between minority and majority populations. The second challenge is to transition from traditional leadership patterns to elected public leadership patterns. Ultimately, a new form of hybrid leadership is formed, wherein elected public representatives bridge these conflicting forces, and simultaneously represent the minority group as well as the state and the majority group. The Arab-Bedouin population in the Negev serves as a test case. Methodologically, the article is based on interviews with parliamentarians, mayors, and other elected public officials from the Bedouin community.

Alternative vehicle powertrains (hybrid, hydrogen, electric) are a right answer to the emissions problem in very congested urban areas. The most effective alternative choice is surely represented by fuel cell vehicles. The design and optimization of this kind of powertrain can take a great benefit from mathematical models which include auxiliary management and control strategies of the energy fluxes: the use of a virtual platform limits the expensive and time-consuming experimental activity. The Authors present a lumped parameter mathematical model of a hybrid vehicle fed by a fuel cell pack. The propulsion system (fuel cell and battery) is accurately designed according to energy balancing. The mechanical power is given by an electric machine, whose behavior as alternator allows the energy recovery during braking. This aspect is treated with particular care (inside the overall vehicle and powertrain modeling). Vehicle's stability and safety has been also verified before recovering energy, re-modulating the braking action.

An experiment was conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, for 54 days to investigate on the effect of pond water filtration and aggregates (hydroponic substrates) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production, nutrient uptake and growth. A 2 × 3 factorial experiment consisting of 2 filtration regimes (unfiltered versus partially filtered pond water) and 3 aggregates (styrofoam as control, sand, and gravel). The hydroponic units were placed on a bamboo platform across the pond surface. An earthen pond (226 m 2 ) was stocked with 8000 hybrid catfish with an average initial weight of 6.58 ± 1.72 g. The fish were fed with commercial pelleted feeds containing 30% crude protein. Twenty-one days old lettuce seedlings were transplanted on to hydroponic units after stocking catfish for 4 months in the pond. Pond water was partially filtered by using a settling tank and filtration tank, which contained netting materials to trap solids. Lettuce plots were irrigated twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h using either filtered or unfiltered pond water for 45 min.

This study presents a design of internal parameters of supercapacitor using charging/discharging characteristics of a battery. We aim at investigating the optimal supercapacitors-battery combination .This investigation is twofold first, supercapacitors and battery models are developed using MATLAB/Simulink and are presented and. Second, the architecture and the simulation of the designed system that combines the Supercapacitor and the battery are shown. The supercapacitors are used as high-power storage devices to smooth the peak power applied to the battery during backup time and to deliver full load power during short grid failures. By charging the supercapacitor through the battery at a suitable rate, all impulse power demands would be satisfied by the supercapacitors.

Initiating good quality nursery is one of the basic factors affecting the success of tomato plantation. Good nursery would be required to ensure the production of good and healthy seedlings from a nursery in order to achieve early bearing and high yields in the field. Seedlings not only reduce the crop span but also increase the uniformity of the crop and thus, yield as compared to direct sown crops. Transplanting of seedlings also eliminates the need for thinning and provides good opportunities for virus free vigorous and off-season planting materials, if grown under protected conditions. Nurseries economize seed cost of some crops particularly hybrid seeds. Because of the increased interest in containerized growing. Many new containers have become available to the nurseries. Containers are now being made from plastic, paper, steel, peat, wood, glass or Clay. The most common material in use today is plastic (lawyer 1978). In Kicukiro District, farmers have started a venture action to produce tomato seedlings with plastic containers particularly known for ornamental plant. This has improved the germination rate of tomato ANNA F1 and Nouvel F1 cultivars to 93% compared to 63% obtained in statistics of raised bed nursery from 2006 to 2009 in the same region. Proved success in Kanombe ,Vegetables joint venture project are discussed with emphasis on hybrid vine tomatoes. On an established nursery, we identify and demonstrate the use of plastic containers in hybrid tomatoes nurseries and the economic impact of selling tomato seedlings in polybag containers in the region.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks. It is a developing new technology in which vehicles interchange the information from one vehicle to another vehicle within a network. VANET is responsible for providing an illustrated approach for Intelligent Transport System (ITS). The main use of VANET is to save life and prevent the accidents. This Paper describes a survey of routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks. The survey of routing protocols in VANET is significant and essential for smart ITS. The routing protocols are divided into two categories of topology-based and position-based routing for VANETs. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these routing protocols

Özet Abstract Son yıllarda, çeşitli gelişmelerle birlikte kültürlerin iç içe geçtiği ve disiplinlerin birbirlerine hızlıca yaklaştığı görülmektedir. Bu yakınlaşma sonucunda " şey-ler " " saf " lığını ve tekilliğini kaybetmekte olup çoğulcu yapılar oluşturmaktadır. Bunun en önemli oyuncusu olan insan dokunduğu, ürettiği, herhangi bir biçimde bağ kurduğu hemen tüm alanlarda, keskin sınırların zayıflayıp, çerçevelerin ortadan kalktığı tartışılmaz bir gerçektir. Küreselleşmeyi meydana getiren olguların birer aktivasyon görevi üstlendiği günümüzde, başta kültürel olmak üzere hemen her alanlarda bütünleşik ve çoğulcu yapıların meydana gelmesine neden olmuş ve bunun sonucunda da " melezlik " kavramını doğmasına neden olmuştur. Bu araştırma kapsamında, " melez-lik " kavramının terminolojik boyutu, günümüz sanatındaki rolü, varlık nedeni ve hareket alanı incelenecektir. Özellikle de II. Dünya Savaşından sonra, melez insan, melez kültür, melez ekonomi, melez dil gibi genişletilebilir söylemler haricinde, günümüzde, sanat alanında da " melez-lik " ifadesinin kullanılmasının normal, hatta gerekli olduğu örneklerle açıklanacaktır. Ayrıca, yapılan görsel analizler, eser okumaları ve literatür taraması yoluyla, sanatsal bir ifade tarzı olarak " Melez-lik " , " Melez Sanat " ya da " Sanatta Melezlik " kapsamında değerlendirilen uygulama türlerinin " Güncel Sanat " ta konumlandırılması yapılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Disiplinlerarasılık, Güncel Sanat, Hibrit, Melez, Melez Sanat. In recent years, it has been seen that the cultures are intertwined with various developments and the disciplines are rapidly approaching each other. As a result of this rapprochement, " things " are losing their " pureness " and singularity and thus forming pluralistic structures. It is an indisputable fact that sharp borders are weakened and frames are destroyed in almost all areas wherever human beings, the most important player, are who touch, produce and connect in any way. In the present day the progress that bring globalization having each duty to activate, primarily between cultural, have caused almost in all fields to come to an integrated and pluralistic structure and as a result they has emerged the concept of " hybridity " for all. In this study, terminological dimension of the concept of " hybridity " , its in the role of contemporary art and reason of its presence and in the framework of movement will be examined. Especially, After World War II discourses like human hybrid, hybrid cultures, hybrid economy, hybrid language and except of them, today in contemporary art, use of the term of " hybridity " being normal will be explained, even the term is as necessary. Through made visual work analysis and literature as a style of artistic expression within the scope of " hybridity " , " hybrid art " or " hybridity in art " evaluation of the works type will be made and be determined the positioned of these terms in " Contemporary Art " .

Arabic Translation of the  Article entitled:
Hybrid vigour characterized Nature 537, 620–621 (29 September 2016) Published online 07 September 2016 doi:10.1038/nature19433 .

أنباء وآراء علم النبات: ظاهـرة قـوة الهجيـن يُعَدّ تهجين الأنواع المختلفة من النباتات لتحسين الإنتاجية ونسبة الخصوبة ممارسةً شائعة. وقد يساعد تشريح العمارة الجينومية التي تكمن وراء ظاهرة قوة المحصول الهجين في إثراء استراتيجيات تحسين المحاصيل في المستقبل. جيمس إيه. بيركلر

Blended or hybrid course offerings in higher education are commonplace and much has been written about how to design a blended course effectively. This study examines publically available guides, documents, and books that espouse best or effective practices in blended course design to determine commonalities among such practices. A qualitative meta-analysis reveals common principles regarding the design process, pedagogical strategies, classroom and online technology utilization, assessment strategies, and course implementation and student readiness. Findings reveal areas of disconnect and conflict, as well as implications for the likelihood of successful utilization when best/effective practices are followed.