Hussites

Studie byla publikována roku 2011 v knize ,,Slánské rozhovory 2010 : Česká husitská reformace historie, osobnosti, teologie, umění" / The study was published in 2011 in books ,,Slánské rozhovory 2010: The Czech Hussite Reformation of History, Personalities, Theology, Art."

The aim of the article is to show how the Hussites referred the apostolic pattern to themselves. One of the fields where such an attitude may be observed is the liturgy of the Hussite radicals described by Vavřinec z  Březove – which at least intended to replicate the Last Supper and the general conviction about the necessity of communion under both kinds to salvation.
Another field is the repeated and fierce discussion over the role of Judas Iscariot and the meaning of being the true apostle. The will to be the new apostles among Christians seduced by evil was so strong among the reformers, that the new generations took over the idea and confronted it with their forerunners.

This article focuses on John Wycliffe´s thought and aims at uncovering an inherent revolutionary potential of his philosophy. First, Wycliffe´s metaphysical realism that gave rise to a specific notion of truth based on the divine authority is examined. This notion is then developed into a belief that the Scripture is the absolute authority in the matters of truth. Therefore, Wycliffe considers the Biblical description of the First Church to be a measure for all other ages. However, the Church in Wycliffe´s time was far away from this ideal – thus he concludes that the present day Church needs to be reformed. Since even the Pope, the very head of the Church is corrupt, the reform must come from outside of the Church, namely from the King.

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Kniha se zabývá genezí rozsudku nad Janem Husem, přičemž hledá jeho příčiny v osobitých rysech Husovy životní dráhy a veřejného působení. Líčí jeho úspěch a pád: jakými cestami se mu podařilo získat si proslulost a vytvořit okruh stoupenců a proč to přilákalo pozornost strážců dogmatu. Jan Hus je tu chápán jako příklad veřejně angažovaného učence, který se kvůli své popularitě dostane do vážných potíží. Zachytit život a smrt kazatele znamená zároveň dozvědět se něco o pozdně středověké společnosti, jejím chápání světa, jejím vnitřním napětí a předsudcích.

The volume contains papers selected from those presented during the Eleventh and Twelfth Symposium of the Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice held from 18–20 June 2014 and from 15–17 June 2016, i.e. series of biennial conferences dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of the Bohemian Reformation.

The first part of this chapter shows that although certain aspects of the course of the disputations de quolibet were similar in Paris and in Prague, there were substantial differences between the two university events, including the place of their performance and the structure of their proceedings. Both variants, however, were de quolibet, as the variety of their subject matter attests. The second part discusses also in connection with the quodlibets in Prague the thematic limitations imposed on the faculty of arts at both the universities. Based on university statutes and texts of masters including Pierre d’Ailly, Jean Buridan, Jean Gerson and Jerome of Prague, it shows that at least during the career of Jerome, in Prague there was probably a more liberal setting for philosophers than in Paris and several universities in the central European region.

The paper is the draft of an introduction (+ the Italian translation of the letters) for the letters written by Jan Hus in his detention (November 1414-July 1415) in Constance. Please get in touch  for the text (still unpublished, to be published within the year with Marsilio).

This review provides a critical look at a new publication on the thought of John Wyclif and his successors. It highlights the papers of Mark Thakkar (Wyclif's logic) and Aurélian Robert (atomism), which bring new perspectives and change the seemingly solid foundations of our knowledge.

Taborites ranked among the fiercest opponents of Emperor and
King Sigismund. However, eventually both parties, having
been exhausted by revolutionary wars, preferred political
compromise. The King wanted to achieve the recognition by the whole Kingdom of Bohemia in Prague and for that he needed consent of Tábor.
Taborites, having been deprived of most of their military
and political power after the battle of Lipany, welcomed
the possibility to be protected by royal authority and laws.
In South Bohemia Sigismund relied on the royal town
of České Budějovice and the richest nobleman in the
country, Oldřich II of Rožmberk. However, Oldřich did
not hesitate to call a  truce with Tábor disregarding the
King. The town had boasted significant military power
since the times of Jan Žižka. After Žižka’s death the Tábor
association was led by Prokop Holý. Under Prokop’s control Tábor extended its domain in Bohemia even at the expense of Hussite Prague; the town also occupied a number of fortresses in Moravia and Silesia. Prokop Holý was
the spiritual administrator of Tábor field army. The town
itself and its large property in the region were managed
by the control board and a ruler elected by them, by the
municipal council, priests chaired by Mikuláš of Pelhřimov and by chief captains of the domestic combat troops.
In the early 1430s about 600 families lived in Tábor;
burghers were getting rich from crafts and also from loot.
After the defeat at the battle of Lipany, Tábor, led by
a  new chief captain, Jan Roháč of Dubé, resisted Sigismund for another year. After the bloody defeat of the
local army at Křeč in August 1435, Bedřich of Strážnice
took over control of the town. Bedřich wanted to reconcile and Táborites negotiated with the King independently of the rest of the country. Therefore, in summer 1436
in Jihlava when the Compacts of Basel were announced,
Táborites did not take an oath to obey the King yet. By
the end of the year they gradually managed to have their
political and property privileges guaranteed. Only Tábor
priests refused the agreement with the Basel Council and
retained the freedom of faith for the time being.
The hatred between Sigismund of Luxembourg and
the town of Tábor ended in 1437. Monthslong negotiations led by Oldřich II of Rožmberk representing the
King and Bedřich of Strážnice representing the community of Tábor resulted in three privileges for Tábor.
The first privilege was granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg to the community of Tábor on 25th January
1437. By means of this privilege he promoted Hradiště to
a royal town. The municipality won a number of rights
and freedoms enjoyed by the Old Town of Prague. In judicial matters Tábor and its citizens were subordinated
exclusively to the ruler. The King granted Tábor the right
to execute convicted offenders; the right applied to everyone disregarding their age and status.
The town was allowed to organize two weekly and
two annual markets which were held on the same days
as markets in vanished Sezimovo Ústí. The privilege also
enabled to town to elect town councilors freely for the following six years. Eventually this freedom lasted till 1452. Tábor also received a new picture for the municipal
seal; the town used the image for the municipal coat of
arms as well.
The second privilege was granted on 30th January
1437. The privilege guaranteed to Tábor the pledge of
property of the monastery in Louňovice pod Blaníkem
(two small towns and 33 villages) and Dobronice forest
worth 2 400 threescores of groschen. The ruler could pay
the agreed amount in return for the pledged property
with a year-long notice period. The second privilege provided some Tábor serfs with land in farms occupied by
the Hussites.
The last privilege was only granted on 26th March
1437. It was then when the Hussite community became
legally independent. By that time the town had been situated on land owned by the Lords of Ústí. The privilege granted Tábor hereditary title to Ústí demesne with two towns, the vanished Sezimovo Ústí and Hradiště (Tábor), a  number of villages and the deserted stronghold of Sedlec.
Sigismund had all the allocated property recorded
in the Land Tables. All serfs of the Bohemian Kingdom,
judges, burgraves and royal officers supervising royal
towns had to respect the privileges granted to Tábor.

A powerful state church and respected social institution with extensive symbolic prestige at the beginning of the 19th century, the Czech Catholic Church succumbed to widespread secularization throughout the second half of the same century. This historical development was further reinforced by the rise of totalitarian ideologies, thus rendering a privileged and self-confident national church a problematic, humiliated, barely tolerated and, for much of the 20th century, brutally persecuted community.  The aim of the lecture is to offer several general reflections on the historical roots and the possible causes of secularization in Bohemia, in particular how such a near-total abandonment of religious practice in organized churches in this country compared to all its central European neighbors. A better appreciation of the concrete genesis of secularization in various historical contexts can shed light on how to deal with contemporary society’s attitude toward religion and religions.

in: Acta Universitatis Carolinae – Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis 56, 2016, seš. 1, s. 65-80 = Leonard Huntpichler’s Instructions for the Preaching of the Cross Against Bohemian Heretics | This article deals with instructions for preachers authored by the Viennese Dominican Leonard Huntpichler. In 1467, Huntpichler sent to the chaplain of Reinprecht von Walsee a letter where he formulated instructions regarding the preaching of a crusade against heretics in Bohemia. The contribution includes an edition of the historical document, clarifies the historical circumstances in which it was written, and presents some ideas about the form which preaching guided by these instructions may have taken.

Die Handschrift A aus der ehemaligen Bibliothek des Kartäuserklosters Salvatorberg bei Erfurt (heute Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz zu Berlin, Ms. lat. quart. ) ist in der Forschung nicht ganz unbekannt. Für die Hussitenforscher bestand ihre Bedeutung bisher vor allem darin, dass sie die einzige erhaltene Abschrift des Prager Manifestes vom . Februar enthält. Aus diesem Kodex wurde das Manifest denn auch zweimal herausgegeben. Den Kodikologen ist die Handschrift dank ihrer Erwähnung im mittelalterlichen Bücherverzeichnis der Erfurter Kartäuser bekannt. Das Fehlen einer modernen Beschreibung sowie die falschen Signaturangaben in den Editionen des Hussitenmanifestes haben es jedoch verursacht, dass dem Kodex weder seitens der Bibliotheksgeschichte noch seitens der Hussitologie eingehende Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wurde. Dennoch kann die Quelle über ihren Inhalt hinaus ein wertvolles historisches Zeugnis ablegen. Anhand der Eigentums-und anderer Vermerke ist es einigermaßen möglich, das Schicksal der einzelnen Abschriften sowie die Entstehungsgeschichte des Kodex näher zu betrachten. Vorwegnehmend kann da festgestellt werden, dass die Handschrift Spuren eines europaweiten Erwerbs und absichtlicher Ansammlung von antihussitischem Schrifttum trägt. Somit leistet die nachstehende Untersuchung einen Beitrag zur Erforschung intellektueller Kommunikationsnetzwerke in der Zeit zwischen den lánky a studie Studia Mediaevalia Bohemica 1 2009

La suddetta, diffusa -e non necessariamente eterodossa -critica sul piano teologico della presunta donazione è fondamentalmente diversa rispetto alle opposizioni che questa subiva in campo giuridico o politico-ecclesiastico a opera dei legisti (che la ritenevano nulla) e dei fautori delle ragioni

The article presents two important hussite symbols of spiritual struggle. The first one is John Hus himself who was treated by different Hussites more like a symbol of the proper Christian attitude and martyrdom than as a teacher. As an opposition, we may see the main enemy – the Antichrist who is a key figure in the Hussite fight – both military and spiritual. The Antichrist, who represents everything that damages or destroys Christ's teaching, uses a special method to get influence on Christians. The Hussites call that method „the venom” that was infused in the Church with granting bishops and priests secular power and wealth.

The article focuses on the structure and functions of the myth of the Hussite origin of (a part of) Slovak protestants. The narrative, based on claims of some earlier historians, started gaining momentum in the 18th century and fully developed in the 19 th century literary production (especially in the works of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, afterwards Samuel Tomášik and other representatives of Romanticism and, later, in the writing of Ladislav Pauliny and Július Botto). During the 19th and first half of the 20 th centuries, its elements were dismantled on historical, linguistic, architectural and liturgical grounds. Those who contributed to the deconstruction of the myth included František Palacký, Jan Koula, Emil Edgar-Kratochvíl, Pavol Križko or Jozef Škultéty. The work of Branislav Varsik marked a significant break in the dismantling of the fictitious origins of Slovak protestant community. Once the mythological character of the narrative was revealed, it became accessible to analysis from the point of view of mythology, poetics and rituals. Its structure contains such features as separation phase, mythical trials, death, revival and gaining the prize-mythical wedding and settling in the "promised" land. The narrative helps form and maintain a new collective identity: it is invested with explanatory and consecrating functions and serves as a legitimising argument for the identity, religious rituals and cultural customs of the protestant community.

Štúdia sa zameriava na štruktúru a funkcie mýtu o husitskom pôvode (časti) slovenských evanjelikov. Tento naratív, vychádzajúci z tvrdení neskorostredovekých historikov, nadobudol kontúry v 18. storočí a naplno sa rozvinul v literárnej produkcii 19. storočia (obzvlášť v dielach Pavla Jozefa Šafárika, Samuela Tomášika, viacerých autorov romantickej generácie, neskôr u Ladislava Paulinyho a Júliusa Botta). V 19. storočí a v prvej polovici 20. storočia boli jeho prvky vyvrátené po historickej, lingvistickej, architektonickej i liturgickej stránke. Podnety k dekonštrukcii mýtu dali napríklad František Palacký, Jan Koula, Emil Edgar-Kratochvíl, Pavol Križko, Jozef Škultéty, prelomovou bola práca Branislava Varsika. Vyvrátením historicity predstáv o husitsko-evanjelickej kontinuite sa vytvoril priestor pre výskum daného naratívu z hľadiska mytológie, poetiky mýtu a rituálov. V jeho štruktúre sú prvky zodpovedajúce separácii, mýtickým skúškam, smrti, obnove a získaniu odmeny – mýtickej svadbe a osídleniu „zasľúbenej“ zeme. Zmysel naratívu sa presúva k procesu utvárania novej identity: jeho funkciou je vysvetlenie, sakralizácia a obhajoba identity, náboženských a kultúrnych zvyklostí evanjelickej komunity.

We have the knowledge of several persons born in the territory of today’s Slovakia which were actively engaged in Hussite movement. This article deals with one of them. Taborite priest Lucas came from Nové Mesto nad Váhom to Praha, possibly for his university studies. In submitted study the author analyses source material concerning this little-known
character of Slovak and Czech history and puts it in the context of period, it’s ideology and events.

The paper examines the image of Hussite era as presented in the first edition of Daniel Adam of Veleslavín’s Historical Calendar (1578). It identifies sources used by Veleslavín for description of XVth century history in Czech lands, follows the author’s method of modifying their information and makes an attempt to reconstruct Veleslavín’s  view of events related to the anti-Catholic movement. Brief analysis proves that, despite using sources written by the Catholic authors, Veleslavín by means of paraphrasing shows Czech Hussites as warriors fighting for „the truth of Christ“, i.e. the Utraquist communion, against Germans and Hungarians. Therefore Historical Calendar should be perceived and analyzed as an integral part of the XVIth century Czech Utraquist historiography.

The study deals with the historical research into the Gajary – Posádka through Austrian and Hungarian historical sources and the works of medievalists. It historically dates and throws light on the history of this fort and describes its history through the tales of two important historical €gures associated with its history: Pongrác of Svätý Mikuláš, who probably built this forti€cation in the 1440s and Vaňko of Rachmanov, who was its lord in 1459, when the forti€cation was razed to the ground following a punitive expedition by emperor Frederick III.

The article concerns the attitude of Wladyslaw Jagiello and Polish intellectual elites to Jerome of Prague, and his teaching. The main element of the author's analysis is a visit of the Bohemian reformer to the kingdom of Wla-dyslaw Jagiello in 1413, as well as the activities of the Polish delegates at the Council of Constance in the process of Jerome which led to his death at the stake.

Przedmowa do Czytelnika zaolziańskiego czyli czesko-polski i europejski aspekt zagadnienia / 7 Wstęp / 11 Rozdział I: Czesi na średniowiecznych drogach Europy i świata / 21 A / Rzut oka na mapę / 21 B / Pomiędzy Wschodem i Zachodem / 22 C / Do Ziemi Świętej -na modlitwę i na wojnę / 27 D / Podróże do europejskich ośrodków religijnych / 34 E / Za wychowaniem i wykształceniem / 39 F / Podróże za rycerską sławą / 42 Rozdział II: Początki czeskiej literatury podróżniczej na tle porównawczym / 46 A / Recepcja zachodniej literatury podróżniczej -między fikcją a dokumentem / 46 B / Powstanie rodzimej literatury podróżniczej w późnośredniowiecznych Czechach / 57

Nota, quod in opere isto in fine sermonum de ewangelio semper ponitur sermo super ipso ewangelio de pugna spirituali more belli secularis," the Utraquist priest, Mikuláš Mníšek, noted in a manuscript, in which he transcribed the Lenten sermons of Robert Holcot. 1 It was a telling commentary: Mníšek put together his quadragesimale always from several sermons for the same day, and the last of them -designated as pugna spiritualis -regularly came from Holcot's collection. 2 The sermons are devoted to the explication of the spiritual struggle and involve very detailed comparisons with the techniques of secular warfare. With great enthusiasm, Holcot analyses, with the help of Vegetius and other theorists of antique warfare, tactical manuals for military leaders so as to connect them at the end of every sermon with a Lenten pericope in a brief explanation of the conditions of spiritual struggle. The lively interest in the metaphorical use of military props for the moral edification of the faithful, inspired not only Robert Holcot and the parson of Trhové Sviny, Mníšek, but also many other erudite persons and personages in the early Bohemian Reformation.

in: Studia mediaevalia Bohemica 7, 2015, s. 249-288 = Some Texts from Prague Indulgence Scandal or, What Is New in 1412 | This article presents some manuscript texts that shed new light on the protests against the indulgence campaign connected to the promulgation of Pope John XXIII’s crusade against King Ladislas of Naples in 1412. Thanks to the sources in the University Archives in Vienna, the arrival of indulgence preachers to Prague is set to early April 1412. This new dating suggests that a period of negotiations predated the start of the campaign (possibly on 22 May 1412). These negotiations were accompanied by public controversy. Among evidence of it are the first version of Jan Hus’s polemic Contra cruciatam II and a fragment of a sermon possibly from 12 May 1412, both of which are edited in the appendix. Also edited is a statement on indulgences by a Prague Hospitaller John. This text lets emerge a hitherto unnoticed controversial indulgence campaign that ran parallel to that of John XXIII. The sources suggest that the conflict in Prague in 1412 was escalated not so much by a shock caused by the sale of indulgences but rather by a premeditated Wycliffite counter-campaign.

Drawing upon unpublished financial accounts, this article sheds new light on how an ecclesiastical institution in southern Germany navigated the tense military and political environment of the Holy Roman Empire during the Hussite Wars. The abbey of Ellwangen's accounts offer a compelling window into how their community dealt with a series of military, economic and diplomatic challenges-from raising extraordinary war taxes, hosting the visiting emperor-elect, to equipping its own military contingent-encouraging a reassessment of the burdens borne by ecclesiastical foundations during the Hussite era and offering new perspectives on how holy war impacted on daily life in smaller communities in Central Europe.

Online: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-ecclesiastical-history/article/abs/taxes-wagenburgs-and-a-nightingale-the-imperial-abbey-of-ellwangen-and-the-hussite-wars-14271435/E46C0217C69B5CBCDD0027C744690B6B

Acta Universitatis Carolinae – Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis 49, 2009 = Universitäten, Landesherren und Landeskirchen: Das Kuttenberger Dekret von 1409 im Kontext der Epoche von der Gründung der Karlsuniversität 1348 bis zum Augsburger Religionsfrieden 1555, ed. Blanka Zilynská, Praha 2010, S. 71-80

The article (from Journal of European Baptist Studies 6 (2006), 5-19) summarises a contemporary state of Hus studies, it analyses the main themes in his theology, and rises a question concerning past and present non-doctrinal factors contributing to proclaiming someone a heretic or a saint.

This book deals with the Prague protests against indulgences in the Spring and Summer of 1412. Its focus is on the execution of three protesting young men, yet the genesis and aftermath of the controversy and the memory of the beheaded are covered as well. The book uses a complete collection of sources from the indulgence scandal, including newly discovered archival and manuscript documents. It offers a complex revision of the matter, new dating of events, a reconstruction of the debate over indulgences based on Latin polemics, and an evaluation of the media strategies applied by the disputing parties. ---
Kniha se zabývá pražskými protesty proti odpustkům na jaře a v létě roku 1412. V centru pozornosti stojí poprava tří protestujících mladíků, práce nicméně líčí také genezi a dozvuky sporu a sleduje i tzv. druhý život popravených. Kniha využívá kompletní bázi pramenů z odpustkové aféry včetně nově objevených archivních a rukopisných dokumentů. Přináší komplexní revizi problematiky, novou dataci událostí, rekonstrukci debaty o odpustcích na základě latinských polemik a zhodnocení mediálních strategií znesvářených stran.