Human development and Family Studies

The popular Samoan adage 'o le ala i le pule o le tautua' (the pathway to leadership is through service) is commonly understood by Samoans around the world as an important life value. Writings about tautua (service) have chronicled traditional understandings of the term (Tavale 2009, Tavale 2013) and more recently with personal experiences of tautua in Samoa (Filisi, 2018) and transnational matai in their communities (Falaniko 2020, Fetui 2020). Being able to trace the links between these understandings of tautua leads to considering ways in which tautua is enacted and enabled in Samoa and transnational societies. Tavale's four stages of tautua (Tavale, 2013) and his collection of proverbial expressions that focus on tautua (Tavale, 2009) form a natural foundation for its application in Samoa and internationally. Through the eyes of matai with Samoan language fluency, we use our multiple service roles with the intent of privileging interdisciplinary Pasifika research. We introduce the three intergenerational spheres of service-tautua ia tautua (serve to serve), tautua ia pule (serve to lead) and pule ia tautua (lead to serve)-that show what tautua looks like in a lifecycle. Samoan indigenous knowledge pertaining to service foregrounds the shared experiences of tautua by the authors. The oscillation of the spheres speaks directly to service, positioning our own individual experiences as matai, as Pasifika tertiary students (Pilisi, 2020) and how we negotiate our journey of tautua within our collective contexts through the conceptualisation of the "tautua lifecycle" model-to explore the pathway to leadership through service.

What kinds of parents do South African gay men and lesbians want to be? What reproductive and parental decision-making challenges do they face in their families and communities? In this case study, we focus on the reproductive and parenting aspirations of members of a grassroots South African Pentecostal Christian church called Ark of Joy based largely in the Mpumalanga and Gauteng Provinces. While Ark of Joy does not claim to be a “gay church,” nearly all members of the church identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, or asexual (which we abbreviate LGBTIQA as our informants did). The church is known for an inclusive, supportive ethos of people across spectrums of gender and sexuality. Church leaders and members are also well integrated in activist and health research networks.

Le Congrès international des Jeunes, organisé pendant cet été (2012) par les Filles de Marie-Auxiliatrice de la province AEC, a rassemblé plus d'une soixantaine d'animateurs des différents pays de la province (sous-région CEMAC). Puisque le thème principal dudit Congrès allait se développer sur « La Communication, secret du bonheur en famille », du 13 au 19 juillet 2012 à Yaoundé, nous avons cru bon d'organiser à l’avance un petit sondage parmi certains des jeunes inscrits à ce rendez-vous de la Famille salésienne. Les lignes qui suivent présentent brièvement le projet de cette recherche sur le terrain et les résultats auxquels nous sommes parvenus.
Malheureusement, l'envergure de l'échantillon ayant répondu au questionnaire a été si modeste qu'une élaboration rigoureuse s'est avérée superflue, tout autant qu'une publication de ce travail dans une revue. Néanmoins, nous offrons ici l'articulation de la réflexion en espérant qu'une enquête plus significative puisse reprendre cette initiative. D'ailleurs, il le faut bien trois ou quatre ans après, les temps ont beaucoup changé. Les jeunes et leurs outils aussi!
Un grand merci à Sr Vera Cruz (fma), à toutes les FMA et à tous les jeunes qui ont participé à cette mini-recherche et à la discussion de ses résultats pendant le Forum de Yaoundé (Juillet 2012).

Filial Therapy has been shown through 55+ years of research and clinical experience to be an effective and efficient intervention for children and families experiencing a variety of social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties. This unique therapy, co-created by Drs. Bernard and Louise Guerney, involves parents as the primary change agents for their own children in order to resolve child-related problems, to encourage children's healthy psychosocial development, and to strengthen entire families. Filial therapists train and supervise parents while the parents participate in child-centered play sessions, an approach that not only helps eliminate presenting problems but also strengthens parent-child and family relationships. This guide covers the principles, theoretical foundations, research, concepts, and specific methods used in Filial Therapy. First published in 1994, this represents the 3rd revision and update to the book. Applications to specialized populations of children and families are included, as are multicultural applications.

Parental warmth is vital for child adjustment, but the expressive practices of parental warmth as gendered and cultural practices have remained understudied so far. The present study examines the expression of warmth among contemporary Chinese fathers who, based on inferences from traditional Chinese emotion philosophy and Confucian family ethics, have been typically portrayed as strict, stern, and inexpressive disciplinarians of their children. This study aims to understand the expression of paternal warmth in the backdrop of China’s drastically transformed sociocultural landscape. Interview data were collected from fathers, mothers, and children in 133 two-parent families in southeast China (girls  51.9%; Mage  9.54 years, SD  0.77), who were asked individually about how the father in their family demonstrated love and affection, among a variety of fathering behaviors. Thematically coded interview transcripts suggested that today’s Chinese fathers are willing to display parental warmth toward their children, contrary to stereotypes. However, Chinese fathers prefer nonverbal expressions such as by providing instrumental support or showing physical intimacy, whereas verbal displays of love and affection were not preferred. The children noticed and valued their fathers’ coveted expression of love through instrumental support and the use of an authoritative parenting style. These findings shed light on the nuances in fathering behaviors and processes in contemporary Chinese families and call for culturally informed reflection and revision of the conceptualization and measurement of warmth in fathering and parenting scholarship.

Pedofilia tidak hanya sekadar orientasi ketertarikan dan seksual terhadap anak-anak, ia muncul layaknya fenomena gunung es. Hanya sedikit kasus yang terungkap dan diproses hukum karena beragam alasan di tengah masyarakat. Memahaminya merupakan salah satu cara untuk melindungi anak-anak serta memulihkan kondisi korban agar tidak membentuk siklus pedofilia – dari korban menjadi pelaku.

Anak-anak yang memerlukan lingkungan ideal untuk tumbuh kembangnya, terancam oleh kehadiran pelaku pedofilia yang tanpa sadar merupakan sosok dekat, dipercaya, serta seakan peduli terhadap mereka. Fenomena pedofilia terus berkembang hingga ke dunia maya yang saat ini turut andil membentuk ekosistem digital tanah air di tengah masifnya akses bebas terhadap gawai (smartphone) untuk anak-anak, tanpa pengawasan berarti orang tua.

Buku ini hadir tidak hanya mengupas pedofilia sebagai suatu penyimpangan, melainkan turut memberikan arahan model untuk mencegah pedofilia, mendampingi korban, dan menguatkan sinergi sosial yang melibatkan seluruh komponen masyarakat. Pembahasan pedofilia tidak hanya sebatas pada aspek teoretis, melainkan lengkap dengan beragam hasil studi kasus yang dilakukan oleh penulis pada latar sosial kejadian perkara di Jawa Barat dan Banten.

This essay explains in details the relevance of education to family development, to do so the meaning of the terms education and the family is given, and it will further establish the meaning of education in relation to sociology. Furthermore, the relevance of education to family development will be asserted, henceforth drawing a conclusion.

This paper touches upon the life & work of Bertrand Russell, and of his being a member of the 'Inner-Circle' of people who, writing down through history had left us various hints and clues as to their knowledge of the creation of Christianity and of the establishment of the society known as 'Christendom' that has come down to us today. In Bertram Russell's work he tells us some of what he knew as an Inner-Circle member, having been born of an Inner-Circle family. This paper gives his genealogy back to the main creator of Christianity; Arrius Calpurnius Piso. == Those of you who know the work of Bertrand Russell, as both the Philosopher, Humanist, critic of religion, and genius mathematician, only really know a part of his story. He was of a royal blood line, one which many famous people down through history were a part of.

I show how couples can go beyond the [misnamed[ hypothalamic Fight of Flight Mode  to mature an innate, crossculturally referenced perineum-spinal-heart-hypothalamic-cerebral-puberty-of-entheogenic-hormonal-potencies. I name this co-created maturity and its Wittgensteinian “Form of Life”:  Coentheogenesis that renders all conceptions as Conscious and most abortions as Obsolete, toward a DNA-epigenetic World Family Identity of a "shared-generative-gender-mystery." 
See serotonergic aspects of xylemic maturity at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0302283805003106  with 143 citations of this article, to date.
See also  https://post.edu/blog/science-love-impacts-brain/ 
https://www.fcs.uga.edu/docs/ELEVATE_00e_Factsheets.pdf
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Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2010). The science of interpersonal touch: an overview. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(2),
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McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., & Tomasino, D. (2001). Science of the heart: Exploring the role of the heart in human performance.
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Perry, B. D. (2009). Examining child maltreatment through a neurodevelopmental lens: Clinical applications of the
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Rustin, M. (2003). Learning about emotions: the Tavistock approach. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counseling, 6(3),
187-208.
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and
imagining the future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 773-786.
Tiller, W. A., McCraty, R., & Atkinson, M. (1996). Cardiac coherence: A new, noninvasive measure of autonomic nervoussystem
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al que se vuelve. Refle.norres sobre la familia, 2" ed., Eunsa, Pamplona, 2000. Es llamativo el hecho de que la primera consideración en un l:OnJUnto de ensayos sobre la farniha sea una cx.tensa referencia a su relevancia estética, como núcleo donde se aprende la armonía y la paz. Rafael Alv1ra desafía de este modo -sin negarlos ni invalidar la parle de verdad que les corresponde-los planteamientos funcionalistas -a veces deslu-CH.Ios y monównos-que aluden a la familia como un órgano o mecanismo fundamental de la sociedad. En camhio, nos la presenta como una realidad brillante y profunda, arraigada escndalmente en la naturalen humana y por ello cuojada de potencialidades inagotables para el crecimiento de las personas y el desarrollo de las sociedades. En este senúdo, el autor recupera el vínculo fundamental entre ética y estética. tan C\ idente para la tradición clásico-humanista y tan extraviado en el pcnsa mienw contemporáneo.

Family literacy education has arguably created change, ranging from a focus on sustaining informal family interactions among parents and children driven by the need to eliminate intergenerational cycles of poverty to more formal and federally funded programs driven by legislative definitions that advance traditional literacy skills, life skills as well as problemsolving skills deemed necessary to enhance opportunities for both parents and children in families to overcome challenges posed by illiteracy. Yet, a persistent concern lingers that family literacy programs can do much more to balance the development of programs with an adequate emphasis on the community and cultural practices of families of color, a dynamic critical to enhancing teachers' capacity to support parents and children in and beyond schools, both in the United States and across the globe. To advance this argument in this chapter, we discuss family literacy and its evolution over time, taking into consideration local and global realities of families, and particularly, families of color. Following this, we describe family literacy implementation and programming in the U.S. followed by a discussion of the same across the globe, highlighting the ways in which these initiatives may have potentially deterred the economic or social realities of families of color even while perceived as advancement. Subsequently, we discuss long-standing efforts to examine and support the literacies of families of color, pointing to key indicators that characterize these research and community practices. Finally, we identify key insights gleaned from our discussion by presenting certain culturally relevant literacy practices that can sustain the literacies of families of color and proposing a way forward for the field. [Published in the section on Literacies and Languages edited by David Yaden and Theresa Rogers for Tierney, R. J., Rizvi, F. & Ercikan, K (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Education, Oxford: Elsevier.]

Siblings are the one who remains together throughout the lives and their relationship is a mixture of love, hate, jealousy, affection and every other emotion. An individual is usually like to imitate or idolize their elder siblings however too much similarities between them sometimes leads to societal comparisons of who done it better. This could create animosity between siblings which leads to estrangement in their adult lives or in some cases it can result in harmful and deadly doings as evident in the story of Cain and Abel. The former sibling murdered the latter one due to jealousy ascended between them, since then this feeling is known as Cain Complex. However with time, people started to not let this feeling of jealousy and rivalry prevail between them and their siblings by using a defensive technique termed as de-identification. This term was coined by Alfred Adler which suggests that an individual strive to be different from others and allow oneself to find their own niche ultimately leading to less rivalrous feeling with siblings. The present article throws light on the development of Cain complex and how the process of de-identification help an individual to develop a different personality.

This study explored the relationship between self-esteem and internet addiction, and the indirect effect of shyness or self-doubt on internet addiction. We utilized two-wave design that consisted of 232 undergraduates from southeastern Nigeria with mean age of 20.89 years (SD =2.75). The participants responded to three instrumentsa 20-item Internet Addiction Test, a 25-item Index of Self-esteem scale and a 14-item Revised Cheek-Buss Shyness Scale. The hypotheses were tested using Process Macro. The result of the study supported mediating role of shyness in the relationship between self-esteem and internet addiction. Our finding suggests that self-esteem activated by shyness increases internet addiction. Identifying students who have low self-esteem and helping them handle the discomfort they experience as a result of being shy would reduce the reliance on the internet to connect with the real world.

The article examines the identity of Oxford city based on a case study of the May Day festival. Drawing on the phenomenological approach and theoretical background of K. Lynch and A. Reed, particular attention is given to the image of the city. The analysis of a city identity is based on the ethnographic fieldwork of May Day in Oxford from 2012 till 2021. The study examines the May Day as a calendar spring festival, a city festival, and an Oxford University festival. Thus, through these three aspects of the  celebrations, there emerges not only the local tradition of Oxfordshire County and the city but also the global tradition of the academic life of the university. Through dialogues, visual, verbal and non-verbal symbols, gestures, sound and music, photographs and films, a city celebration can become a place where one becomes acquainted with the images and people of the city. Observing the May Day celebration while walking through the city, using five sensory senses, photographs and sources of archival material, narratives of respondents helps us understand the old tradition of the festival, its cultural and historical importance for current Oxford city identity. In this way, the identity of the city can be recognized through the images, sounds, smells,
touch, taste receptors of the city, all of which are created by the whole urban environment: the landscape, the architectural environment, the activities of the festival participants and the artistic performances.

A prism reflecting cultural assumptions about reproduction, identity, gender, and race, adoption as a practice of family-making prompts us to examine assumptions about what is normal and good, who is related, and how we should create—and not create—children.  To unpack and address ethical concerns about adoption—including whether and to what extent adoption is morally permissible—requires investigating three aspects of adoption together:  the interests and needs of children; the social and material conditions under which adoption becomes a possible—or even, necessary—practice in contexts both domestic and international; and the multiple ways adoption is valued and denigrated as a mode of family-making.  When analyzed in relation to one another, these issues set the stage for problematizing a view the truth of which to many seems simply obvious:  adoption, as a form of family-making for adults, is an option of last resort when sexual reproduction—and for those who can afford it, assisted reproductive technologies—have failed to deliver a child of ‘one’s own’.

Il volume presenta i risultati di una indagine sui profili giuridici
dello scioglimento unilaterale del matrimonio, focalizzando l’attenzione
sugli sviluppi avvenuti nell’arco di tempo che abbraccia il quarto
e il quinto secolo d.C.
Considerati gli aspetti lessicali dei termini ‘repudium’ e ‘repudiare’
e inquadrato l’istituto alla luce della sua evoluzione nelle epoche
precedenti, la ricerca affronta le tematiche giuridiche in una più ampia
prospettiva che tiene conto anche dei profili storici, culturali, sociali,
religiosi e linguistici.
L’esame della particolare fisionomia del ripudio - istituto influenzato
da istanze connesse alla concezione della funzione del matrimonio
e della famiglia – è impostato sul confronto critico tra i testi
delle costituzioni imperiali e i dati offerti da altre fonti, in modo
da ricostruire il contenuto giuridico e il suo rapporto dialettico
con il crogiuolo di culture, religioni e diritti della coeva società
tardoantica.

The manipulative wife is selfish and seeks to promote her self-interest through various means. Love and feelings are not important and may even not exist. There are some ways which she uses for manipulation. There are also ways which can be modelled to eradicate manipulative tendencies in the wife. True love is needed in marriage and that divinely ordained social construct of marriage can be best successful by achieving the divinely infused love in each of the gender.

Human children are raised by a variety of caregivers including grandparents. A few studies have assessed potential differences in direct caregiving, financial expenditures, and emotional closeness between biological and step-grandparents. Drawing upon kin selection theory, we hypothesized that step-grandparents would provide less care and be less emotionally close to grandchildren than would biological grandparents. A sample of 341 heterosexual U.S. adults 25–35 years of age in a long-term partnership and with a biological child 5 years of age or younger were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Subjects provided sociodemographic information and answered questions about the dynamics between their own parent/stepparent and their own youngest biological child (hence, biological/step-grandparenting dynamics). Main analyses were restricted to within-subject comparisons. Results showed that biological grandmothers provided more direct childcare, financial expenditures, and had more emotionally close relationships with grandchildren than did step-grandmothers. Biological grandfathers provided less direct care and had less emotionally close relationships than step-grandfathers but did not exhibit differences in financial expenditures. Biological grandmothers provided more direct care, financial investment, and were more emotionally close to the referential grandchild than were biological grandfathers. Step-grandfathers were more emotionally close and more often played with grandchildren than step-grandmothers. These findings partially support kin selection theory. We discuss the relevance of factors such as competing demands on grandmothers' investment in biological and step-grandchildren and grandfathering serving in part as mating effort. Sex differences in biological grandparenting also mirror those in parenting. We suggest directions for future research, including on grandfathers, particularly in patrilineal societies.

The popularity of multiplayer online videogames (MOVs) in the lives of young people has become a recurrent area of interest for parents and researchers. The use of these platforms has generated concerns regarding the potential negative effects on children’s personal and social development. Additionally, the ways in which players socialize through these games has raised questions concerning what are regarded as the most effective approaches to promote a constructive articulation of virtual and physical worlds. Fortnite, was created by Epic Games in 2017. It can be characterized as a social survival gaming experience and has the most remarkable use on a worldwide scale. The study reported here is a qualitative case study that explores the social dimension of the use of Fortnite and how it impacts on children’s and their parents’ perceptions regarding its use. A total of 82 in-depth interviews were conducted in 2019 with Argentinian and Chilean children between 9 and 18 years of age an...

The present study was undertaken to find out the perceptions on the family climate of tribal adolescents who are residing in Adilabad district of Telangana State. A total sample of 120 adolescents out of which 60 boys and 60 girls in the age range of 13-19 years were selected through purposive random sampling method. Ex-post factor research design was used for the study. A self-designed interview schedule was used to study the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. Perceptions of the tribal adolescents on their family climate were assessed by using Family climate Scale by Dr. Beena Shah (2001). The scale had ten components like Freedom vs Restrictiveness, Attention vs Negligence, Dominance vs Submissiveness, Acceptance vs Rejection, Trust vs Distrust, Indulgence vs Avoidance, Warmth vs Coldness, Expectation vs Hopelessness, Partiality vs Fairness and Open communication vs Closed communication. The data was analysed using Frequencies and Percentages. The results revealed that, majority of the tribal adolescents perceived that they had moderately favourable family climate followed by highly favourable family climate.

Most people have a vision of what they imagine would be the ideal family environment and society, for children to grow and develop in. Most of us don't have clear, specific ideas about this, or know if it's even possible, but we know that what is available now, is not adequate. Most people think, and professionals are certain, that these two environments, are for the vast majority of people, dysfunctional, injurious, and obstacles to healthy growth and development, and happiness.

Parents challenged Canada’s National Children’s Agenda (NCA)—a policy umbrella for neoliberal investments in early childhood introduced in 1999—for mobilizing a brain-focused
conceptualization of child development they felt excluded children with disabilities. This conceptualization cast early brain formation as a critical developmental stage and investment
phase for human capital development at the population level, assembling a linkage between brain-economy-population that I term the “neuro-logical” model. Although studies show that
political efforts to invest in human capital through early childhood reproduce inequality for many, few have considered the exclusionary effects on children with disabilities. To elucidate the inclusion/exclusion of disability, I examine how developmental differences were discursively incorporated in attempts to mobilize and operationalize the neuro-logical model in policy between 1994-2011. Drawing on Lemke’s approach to Foucauldian biopolitics, I conceptualize the NCA as an effort to assemble knowledge and strategies for optimizing life at the population level, and read the neuro-logical model as a strategy to calibrate biopolitics to both emergent neuroscientific “truths” and rapid social and economic change using a critical interpretive, “anthropology of policy” methodology that analyzes policy as both discourse and governmental technique, I analyze the neuro-logical model through relevant documentary sources. While the NCA was rhetorically about investing in all children, it was more directly about investing in normal and normalizable brain development as a means to optimize population vitality and ensure global economic competitiveness. I develop the argument that the possibilities for including disability as a form of developmental difference were inscribed in the neuro-logical model itself. Specifically, cognitive impairments that were considered permanent were positioned as the non-normalizable remainder in the investment agenda. Framing the investment
in early childhood in neuroscientific terms obscured both the discursive reproduction of disabled children’s marginality and the deflection of alternate conceptualizations of human value, child potential, and inclusion. This thesis contributes to theorizing how models of normal and normalizable child development shape the discursive incorporation of children with disabling differences, with implications for policy, theory, and practice. Ethnographically rich policy research is needed to investigate how policy models are reproduced or transformed through local implementation.

Previous research suggests that empathy can be cultivated by social ideals and relationships with people. The current study examines family importance and religious importance as correlates of affective empathy, perspective taking, and generativity among a sample of adults aged 18 to 35 (N = 722). Given the ethnic and racial diversity represented by Millennials and Generation Z, the moderating role of racial group membership is explored as well. Results indicate that family importance is positively associated with affective empathy, perspective taking, and generativity for the overall sample, though the relationship is particularly strong for non-Hispanic whites. Religious importance is significantly related to affective empathy and generativity (not perspective taking), primarily among Black, Indigenous, and/or People of Color. Due to the increasing visibility of victimization towards socially vulnerable groups, it is important to understand how attitudes oriented towards helping and empathizing with others are fostered. Implications for further research are discussed.

K E Y W O R D S caring attitudes, empathy, family importance, generativity, race, religious importance J Community Psychol. 2020;1-17. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcop

Caring for individuals with disabilities can be a heavy responsibility that may evoke stress among caregivers. Hence, the main purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between maternal appraisal, social support and parenting stress among mothers of children with cerebral palsy in Selangor, Malaysia. The data were collected through self-administered questionnaire with the participation of a total of 42 mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Family Impact of Child Disability Scale (Trute, Hiebert-Murphy, Benzies, & Levine, 2009) was used to determine maternal appraisal, while perceived social support among the respondents was measured with Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988). Maternal parenting stress was determined using Parental Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995). The findings of this study demonstrated the significant relationships between maternal appraisal and parenting stress, whereby negative appraisal and parenting stress were positively correlated, while mothers' positive appraisal correlated negatively with parenting stress. Similar negative correlation was also identified between perceived social support and parenting stress. Apparently, the findings imply that maternal appraisal plays a significant role in determining parenting stress among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. In specific, negative appraisal was found to be the strongest predictor of maternal parenting stress. Findings of this study suggest of the importance of boosting positive appraisal and preventing negative appraisal as measures in reducing the maternal parenting stress among these mothers. It is recommended for future research to take into account the caregiving role of fathers for children with cerebral palsy in attempt to better understand the parenting well-being of such parents.

The popularity of multiplayer online videogames (MOVs) in the lives of young people has become a recurrent area of interest for parents and researchers. The use of these platforms has generated concerns regarding the potential negative effects on children’s personal and social development. Additionally, the ways in which players socialize through these games has raised questions concerning what are regarded as the most effective approaches to promote a constructive articulation of virtual and physical worlds. Fortnite, was created by Epic Games in 2017. It can be characterized as a social survival gaming experience and has the most remarkable use on a worldwide scale. The study reported here is a qualitative case study that explores the social dimension of the use of Fortnite and how it impacts on children’s and their parents’ perceptions regarding its use. A total of 82 in-depth interviews were conducted in 2019 with Argentinian and Chilean children between 9 and 18 years of age an...

Objetivos: analizar los cuatro componentes del método de desarrollo familiar: teoría, práctica, reflexividad y producción de conocimiento, y su implicación en la práctica profesional. Metodología: esta investigación
tuvo un enfoque cualitativo e interpretativo; empleando el estudio de caso y como técnica la entrevista semiestructurada, con una muestra de 20 profesionales que laboran en instituciones en las ciudades de
Manizales y Medellín. Resultados: se aporta epistemológicamente en el campo de familia y se evidencia la importancia y pertinencia de los cuatro componentes del método para el desarrollo familiar. Conclusiones: el método en el cual se combina teoría-práctica-reflexividad y producción de conocimiento, es necesario para realizar un trabajo sistemático con las familias y construir un desarrollo sustentado en sí mismas, es decir, un conocimiento originado desde su realidad.

La troisième lettre encyclique du pape François est son enseignement social sur la fraternité universelle et l'amitié sociale  qui invite à une culture  ouverte et inclusive respectant la dignité de la personne humaine en vue de suscité une société mondialisée juste et solidaire .

Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. It has become one of the world's serious health and development challenges. In sub-Sahara Africa women accounted for 56% of new HIV infections among adults in 2016. HIV testing is the first step clients take towards taking responsibility for the protection of themselves and others. By taking the voluntary step, they accept their vulnerability to HIV infection. In Somaliland the prevalence of HIV test uptake among women of reproductive age was 2.7% in 2011.Where 39,543 women attending ANC services in facilities offering PMTCT services in Somaliland, only 9,101 (23%) were tested for HIV and 5,869(0.06%) of them were HIV positive. In Somaliland the prevalence of HIV test uptake among women of reproductive age was 2.7% in 2011. Method: institutional based unmatched case control study was conducted from February 5 to March, 26, 2017. 88 Cases were women during reproductive age who were tested for HIV. 176 Controls were women during reproductive age and never tested for HIV. Descriptive and frequency statistics was done. BivariateandmultivariateanalysiswasalsoperformedusinglogisticregressiononSPSSversion21.softwarein order to determine factors associated with HIV test. Results: HIV test uptake was associated with; having less than three number of children (AOR=4.67, 95% CI=2.12, 10.29), knew on available of antiretroviral therapy (AOR=5.6, 95%CI=1.19, 26.28), perception about test confidentiality (AOR=0.09, 95%CI=0.02, 0.51), and fearing of stigma (AOR=0.05, 95%CI=0.005, 0.24) after the effect of other significant variables were controlled. Conclusion and recommendation: This study has identified; Source of information about HIV /AIDS, number of children, knowing availability of antiretroviral therapy, perceived test confidentiality an d stigma as determinants of HI V test uptake. Health care providers should motivate client to be tested for HIV by giving them adequate information about HIV/AIDs. Stigma is deeper rooted problem in community so that Intensive campaign and efforts against stigma should be taken in the community level continuously in order to root out stigma barrier.

Most research regarding the timing of first sex with a new romantic partner finds that delaying the onset of sex is associated with greater relationship satisfaction and stability. Although some studies suggest that this association can be explained by selection effects or mediating variables, all of these studies have relied on retrospective reports of the timing of sex, and most studies were based on cross-sectional data. Therefore, the current study used inertia theory and sexual scripting theory to investigate the direct, selection, and indirect effects between the timing of first sex in a new relationship and four relationship outcomes: relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, perceived relationship stability, and actual relationship stability, using a five-wave longitudinal study spanning three months. Individuals in premarital relationships, who had not yet had sex with their current partner, were recruited to participate in this longitudinal study. Several indicators of the timing of first sex were entered into a latent class analysis to generate homogenous sex-timing groups. Latent growth curve modeling was used to test whether membership in sex-timing groups predicted relationship outcomes and whether associations were explained by selection effects or mediation. There was little support that the timing of sex was associated with changes in relationship satisfaction or commitment. However, there was some evidence that having had sex with one’s partner early in the relationship increased feelings of passionate love, which was associated with increases in relationship satisfaction. Findings are discussed in light of theory and prior research, and directions for future research are provided.

The study provides an orientation about the major dimensions of the contemporary Muslim woman’s life. The
article highlights Muslim women’s views, opportunities, and challenges to their career choices and education. Standing
at a crossroads, the greatest challenge for a Muslim woman is to make choices, consciously. Her concern is what
direction to take. Ought she to gain consciousness of her own vision of what defines a Muslim woman? Cognizant of the
threats amid a multitude of fantastic educational and professional opportunities that await her, the researcher raises a
question as to what kind of a social order needs to be constructed for the prosperity of society. The researcher suggests
measures that Muslim women may take to live a comfortable life, recommending ways to acquire a work-life balance so
that she is able to work on the home front. This research aims to disseminate consciousness in Muslim women for their
emancipation. The researcher employs contemporary theoretical insights about family life, which may illumine the path
of Muslim women to prosperity.
Keywords: Career, Challenges, Consciousness, Family, Muslim Women, Opportunities, Work-Life Balance, Islam

This study investigated the effects of custodial mothers' anger on the adiustment of their adolescent children. High state anger (S-Anger) in these mothers, as measured with the Hebrew adaptation of Spielberger's State*Tiait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), was related to good adjustment in sons, but poor adjustment in daughters. There was also a tendency for high Anger-Out scores to be related to poor adjustment in both sons and daughters, suggesting that the overt expression of anger by mothers with high Anger-Out scores is readily imitated by both boys and girls, which resulted in poor adjustment for children of both sexes. Factor analysis of the STAXI S-Anger items identified two state anger factors: Feeling Angry and feeling like expressing anger (Action Potential). Mothers with high Action Potential scores had sons with good adjustment, whereas their daughters displayed poor adjustment. It was hypothesized that the covert anger of mothers wilh high S-Anger Action Potential scores is expressed in increased maternal assertiveness and limit-setting with sons, thus explaining the good adjustment of boys.