Human Development and Psychological Services

Kişinin kasıtlı olarak kendi hayatına son vermesi olarak tanımlan inti-har, toplum sağlığını ciddi anlamda olumsuz etkileyen bir olgudur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün güncel hesaplamalarına göre; dünya çapında her yıl 700.000’den fazla kişi intihar nedeni ile hayatını kaybetmekte ve bu da her 40 saniyede bir kişinin bu nedenle hayatını kaybetmesi anlamına gelmek-tedir. Ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının, intihar ve intihar ile ilişkili olduğu bilinen çeşitli kendine zarar verme davranışlarını azaltmada ve önlemede gerekli donanıma sahip olması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Diyalektik Davranış Te-rapisi (DDT), Marsha Linehan tarafından kronik intihar davranışı gösteren bireyler için geliştirilmiş bir tedavi yöntemi olup, zamanla intihar eğilimi yüksek olduğu bilinen borderline (sınırda) kişilik bozukluğu (BKB) tanılı bireylerin çok yönlü sorunlarının tedavisinde kullanılması ile gündeme gelmiştir. Konunun öneminden yola çıkılarak hazırlanan bu derleme çalış-masında; DDT’nin temelleri, kuramları, yapısı, uygulanışı ve beceri eğitimi modüllerinden bahsedilmiş ve DDT’nin intihar davranışlarını önleme ve azaltmadaki etkinliğine inceleyen son 10 yıl içerisinde yayınlanmış belli başlı güncel araştırmalara yer verilmiştir. Bu derlemede; DDT ve DDT’nin intihar davranışlarını azaltmadaki güncel durumunu değerlendirmek ve konu ile ilgili yapılan araştırmalardaki eksikliklere dikkat çekerek gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara yön vermek amaçlanmaktadır. Son 10 yıl içerisinde yayınlanan araştırmalar, DDT’nin intihar riskini azaltmada hala etkili olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Çalışma, ikincil veri toplama tekniklerinden literatür taraması yapılarak hazırlanmıştır

The aim of this study is to determine the motives for adolescents risk taking and to analyze motives for adolescent risk taking from the perspectives of egocentrism, peer pressure and socio-economic status variants. 905 students attending four high schools in Ankara took part in the research. There were four different measurement scales in the research. The first one is “Motives for Adolescents’ Risk Taking Scale” which Henry and Kloep’s (2001) classification was taken as the basis to determine the motives of risk taking in adolescents’. During the scale improvement stage correction and elucidation factor analyses were developed. Motives for Adolescents’ Risk Taking Scale, Revised Personal Fable, Revised Imaginary Audience and Peer Pressure Scale were used in this study. As a result of multiple linear regressions analyzes personal fable which is a dimension of egocentrism has been stated as the variable which has the most estimating power. The motives for adolescent risk taking are ...

The persistence and enormity of the housing backlog facing the poorest of the poor is an indication of the gravity of the housing crisis in Gauteng. The challenge exists despite government efforts to provide low-cost housing and formalize informal settlements. Against the background of this persistent need, this study investigates the City of Tshwane Municipality's response to informal settlements in Mamelodi Phase 3, Gauteng. Participants from Mamelodi Phase 3 and officials from the City of Tshwane Municipality were purposively sampled. Research findings indicated that informal settlements in Mamelodi are caused by various factors, which include movement from rural to urban areas, movement from other provinces to Gauteng and natural population growth. Furthermore, the persistence of the informal settlements is caused by poverty. Most people continue to live in informal settlements since they cannot access financial assistance from the banks as per the National Credit Regulation (NCR). Corruption is also a formidable problem as some informal settlement dwellers alleged that officials of the City of Tshwane Municipality allocated houses in contravention of set procedures. This research shows that the City of Tshwane's informal upgrading policies have failed in terms of providing adequate housing. Further, the housing policy has not succeeded in creating long-term sustainability in the delivery of low-cost housing to deal with the problems of the informal settlements. Although the City of Tshwane has implemented the Re aga Tshwane, which involves a wide range of policies, programmes and strategies to address the developmental challenges facing dwellers in informal settlements, more is required. On this basis, it is recommended that proper consultation with the community should be held to improve the lives of people in informal settlements in line with Section 26 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996), regarding every person's right to have access to adequate housing.

Two studies evaluated a Therapeutic Nursery Program (TNP) integrated into Head Start centers aimed at reducing the impact of risk and increasing protective factors related to mental health outcomes in the child, family, and environment. Teachers and parents ident@ed dilferent sets of behavior problems in children referred to the TNF: suggesting the need to target internalizing as well as externalizing driqculties. The TNP services appeared successful in increasing adjustment and forging family alliances with teachers.

Confidentiality, like privilege, is based on the idea that some extremely sensitive information exchanged by a client with a treating professional is sacrosanct and should be kept hidden. However, there are times in which confidentiality is violated either by intentional or unintentional means. The current study will be guided with the general question of how varying the perspectives on breaching/breaking client confidentiality in psychotherapy is? And following are three specific queries: (1) to what circumstances call for breaking client confidentiality? (2) to what extent it can impact the therapeutic alliance? And (3) what are the common practices to resolve this ethical dilemma? To investigate these issues, the researcher conducted a scoping review using the outline of the method outlined by Arksey and O'Malley and Levac et al. Identified studies in this review suggests that there is no clear and direct path on resolving breaching client confidentiality but most of the literatures revealed that (1) Law protects psychotherapists and clients, given that there are justifiable circumstances (2) Preventive and protective measures are implemented before establishing any therapeutic alliances such as securing psychological contract from both parties. Psychotherapeutic practice should be reexamined to ensure that it meets the needs of the client without jeopardizing their safety, and practitioners should be safeguarded whenever information disclosure is required. This study presents an opportunity to rethink and redesign the framework within the ethical norms used to provide conventional psychological care.

Background: This study examines how system-wide (i.e., region, district, and school) mechanisms such as leadership support, training requirements, structure, collaboration, and education affect the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in schools and how this affects the outcomes for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite growing evidence for the positive effects of EBPs for ASD, these practices are not consistently or effectively used in schools. Although special education programs are mandated to use EBPs, there are very few evidence-based methods for selecting, implementing, and sustaining EBPs. Research focuses primarily on teacher training, without attention to contextual factors (e.g., implementation climate, attitudes toward EBPs, resource allocation, and social networks) that may impact outcomes. Using an implementation science framework, this project will prospectively examine relations between system-wide factors and teachers' use of EBPs and student education outcomes. Methods/design: Survey data will be collected from approximately 85 regional special education directors, 170 regional program specialists, 265 district special education directors, 265 behavior specialists, 925 school principals, 3538 special education teachers, and 2700 paraprofessionals. Administrative data for the students with ASD served by participating teachers will be examined. A total of 79 regional-, district-, and school-level personnel will also participate in social network interviews. Mixed methods, including surveys, administrative data, and observational checklists, will be used to gather in-depth information about system-wide malleable factors that relate to positive teacher implementation of EBPs and student outcomes. Multi-level modeling will be used to assess system-wide malleable factors related to EBP implementation which will be linked to the trainer, teacher, and student outcomes and examined based on moderators (e.g., district size, Special Education Local Plan Area structure, teachers' ASD experience). Finally, a dynamic social network approach will be used to map EBP-related connectivity across all levels of the system for selected regions. Dynamic network analysis will be used to gauge the degree to which and ways that EBP trainings, resources, and interventions are shared (or not shared) among school staff. Discussion: Results are expected to inform the development of system-wide interventions to improve the school-based implementation of EBPs for students with ASD.

The act of moving, tailoring, and sustaining evidencebased practices (EBP) into real world settings has proven formidable. Schools of social work are responsible for preparing students to deliver EBP interventions while trying to engender the practice of routinely using evidence for decision making. Given the difficulty of accomplishing these objectives and cognizant that field education is the heart of the experiential component of graduate social work curricula, we developed FIELD as an educational intervention for dyads of field instructors and their students. FIELD is a multiphase didactic and experiential intervention driven by the interests of field instructors. This article presents findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial that examined the effectiveness of FIELD using motivational interviewing as the focal EBP. Methods: A convenience sample of 40 dyads (composed of a field instructor and a field student) was randomly assigned to experimental (n = 38) or control conditions (n = 42). Data collected at baseline and 1-and 3-month post intervention included 2 measures to examine attitudes toward both the EBP process of decision making as well as toward the use of designated EBPs. Results: Both groups were equal at baseline. At the 2 follow-up time points, experimental dyads had significantly higher scores on the attitude measures. Conclusion: FIELD holds promise as an EBP implementation strategy that capitalizes on the important role of field instruction in social work education by bridging classroom and field curricula while imparting competencies to both future and current generations of social workers.

Este artículo enfoca experiencias límites de prisioneros en campos de concentración alemanes [KZ] y sus efectos psicosociales en base a las preguntas centrales: 1.- ¿Son ellas asequibles a la comprensión de personas de otros ambitos y otros tiempos? y ¿Cuan específco es el síndrome del campo de concentración [SCC]? 2.- ¿Cuales han sido las respuestas sociales y psicoterapéuticas a las diversas formas de aparición (temprana, media y tardía) del síndrome en los diversos países? y 3.- ¿Cual fue el trato social a sobrevivientes de campos de concentración alemanes en los diversos países de la Europa de postguerra? Introduce al micro mundo del KZ en sus condiciones existenciales, presentando experiencias documentadas en Alemania Occidental, Francia, Hungría, Noruega y Polonia. Realiza un estudio comparativo acerca del trato a los afectados por la situación límite del campo de concentración nacionalsocialista. Su interés de conocimiento es reactualizar la percepción de los efectos patológi...

En el presente documento de trabajo se desarrolla el marco conceptual del turismo de salud y sus dos principales vertientes de estudio: la de la medicina y la turistica. Tambien se hace una revision bibliografica del turismo de salud desde una perspectiva historica y contemporanea con la intencion de conocer sus origenes, evolucion, cambios y tendencia actual.******In this working paper is developed the conceptual framework of the tourism of health and its two main strands of study: from the medicine and tourism. A bibliographical review of the tourism of health from a historical and contemporary perspective in an attempt to knowing their origins, evolution, changes and trends.

Urban growth and land use change models, supported by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and increased digital data availability, have the potential to become important tools for monitoring and guiding urban spatial planning and development. Five broad categories of urban models are utilised internationally, that is, land use transportation models, cellular automata, system dynamics, agent-based models and spatial economics/econometric models. This paper provides a broad overview of South African modelling projects that monitor or simulate urban spatial change. The review identified a variety of government and academic urban modelling initiatives. These initiatives mostly track trends, rather than simulating future scenarios, and analyse historical land cover change using GIS and remote sensing software. There is a risk within Gauteng, however, that outdated data, different population projections, duplicated tools, limited spatial data infrastructure (SDI) and a lack of resources; could compromise urban spatial change modelling efforts within government institutions. As such, the paper discusses key challenges and opportunities for modelling urban spatial change, with specific reference to the Gauteng City-Regionthe heartland of the South African economy and the Southern African region.

Providing appropriate educational services to young children with autism may be one of the defining challenges of the 1990s and early 2000s for early childhood special education. The number of children with autism is increasing dramatically, the research literature is rich with evidence-based instructional strategies, and the Internet is even more full of information and advice of unknown quality. Parents and school district personnel, often working together but sometimes at odds, need to develop programs to meet the needs of these children. Project DATA (Development Appropriate Treatment for Autism) started as a federally funded model demonstration project for developing a school-based program for young children with autism that would be effective and acceptable to consumers (e.g., parents, school personnel). Project DATA consists of five components: a high-quality early childhood environment, extended instructional time, social and technical support for families, collaboration and...

This review synthesizes the clinical and empirical literature on mothers of sexual abuse victims. Evidence is cited that maternal reaction is crucial to a child's recovery from sexual abuse. Also explored are those variables involved in a mother's belief in her child's account and the supportive actions she is able to take to protect her child. The more recent empirical work challenges earlier clinical discussions of maternal culpability in cases of sexual abuse perpetration; however, certain societal biases and oppressive social conditions that contribute to “mother-blaming” and that also interfere with a mother's ability to protect her children have been neglected. These biases and social conditions, as well as suggestions for social work practice, will be explored.

Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong disease, and because of its nature, the adverse effects on the quality of life of families and patients are evident. The consequences of the disease can be farreaching for their families, who often end up supporting and caring for them. Hence, this study would dig in exploring the lived experiences of thriving family caregivers of persons with autism spectrum disorder. The interpretative phenomenological analysis approach was utilized by the researcher to make sense of their lived experiences. The results identified four major themes: facing diagnosis challenges, handling stress of caregiving, holding on to faith and growing holistically. In addition to the major themes are the eight subthemes: having limited knowledge about ASD, handling physical stress, handling emotional stress, gaining confidence, finding meaning through spirituality, broadening their sense of understanding, accepting their family members' condition, and gaining a greater sense of fulfillment. With the challenges and stress of caregiving, it was revealed that most family caregivers cope by holding on to their faith which allowed them to see things from a different perspective. Rather than dwelling on the stress of caregiving, they focused on their faith that they are in this situation for a reason. It can be concluded that even though family caregivers face various challenges in caregiving their family members with ASD, they still can thrive and have a meaningful life.

Our rejoinder addresses two common themes raised in the responses to our article concerning the potential role of psychological services in the future of public health care in Canada. The first concerns the current system's capacity to evolve beyond the medical-hospital illness model of the 1960s to incorporate psychological treatments aimed at illness prevention and health promotion. This would be more likely if psychologists were to participate directly in primary-care and home-based mental health-care reform. The second theme is the presumed negative role of "politics" rather than scientific evidence in decisions concerning public coverage or subsidy. We argue that democratic decision-making is the proper basis upon which decisions concerning public coverage are made, but it need not be in opposition to evidence-based decision-making. As recommended in the final report of the Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, the Health Council of Canada along with applied research institutes can make politicians and policy-makers more aware of the growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of psychological treatments relative to the alternatives.

Extensible markup language (XML) is a new powerful technique for Web and Internet development. It is a method of defining structured data in a text file. XML is expected to do for data what HTML has done for Web pages. XML's strength lies in its simplicity to represent data and knowledge. It can maintain hierarchical structures encountered in many systems including assemblies and disassemblies. It can also be well integrated with Java, and its Java beans. Its strength lies in its flexibility to adapt to any knowledge domain because it is a metalanguage. It is used to develop modeling languages that are tailored to specific knowledge, and specific data structures and hierarchies. This paper presents an overview of XML, followed by a proposal of an XML-based knowledge representation model for disassembly planning. An example is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed XML model.

The significant lifelong impairments associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), combined with the growing number of children diagnosed with ASD, have created urgency in improving school-based quality of care. Although many interventions have shown efficacy in university-based research, few have been effectively implemented and sustained in schools, the primary setting in which children with ASD receive services. Individual- and organizational-level factors have been shown to predict the implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) for the prevention and treatment of other mental disorders in schools, and may be potential targets for implementation strategies in the successful use of autism EBIs in schools. The purpose of this study is to examine the individual- and organizational-level factors associated with the implementation of EBIs for children with ASD in public schools. We will apply the Domitrovich and colleagues (2008) framework that examines the influence of c...

Este artículo enfoca experiencias límites de prisioneros en campos de concentración alemanes [KZ] y sus efectos psicosociales en base a las preguntas centrales: 1.- ¿Son ellas asequibles a la comprensión de personas de otros ambitos y otros tiempos? y ¿Cuan específco es el síndrome del campo de concentración [SCC]? 2.- ¿Cuales han sido las respuestas sociales y psicoterapéuticas a las diversas formas de aparición (temprana, media y tardía) del síndrome en los diversos países? y 3.- ¿Cual fue el trato social a sobrevivientes de campos de concentración alemanes en los diversos países de la Europa de postguerra? Introduce al micro mundo del KZ en sus condiciones existenciales, presentando experiencias documentadas en Alemania Occidental, Francia, Hungría, Noruega y Polonia. Realiza un estudio comparativo acerca del trato a los afectados por la situación límite del campo de concentración nacionalsocialista. Su interés de conocimiento es reactualizar la percepción de los efectos patológi...

Our rejoinder addresses two common themes raised in the responses to our article concerning the potential role of psychological services in the future of public health care in Canada. The first concerns the current system's capacity to evolve beyond the medical-hospital illness model of the 1960s to incorporate psychological treatments aimed at illness prevention and health promotion. This would be more likely if psychologists were to participate directly in primary-care and home-based mental health-care reform. The second theme is the presumed negative role of "politics" rather than scientific evidence in decisions concerning public coverage or subsidy. We argue that democratic decision-making is the proper basis upon which decisions concerning public coverage are made, but it need not be in opposition to evidence-based decision-making. As recommended in the final report of the Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, the Health Council of Canada along with applied research institutes can make politicians and policy-makers more aware of the growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of psychological treatments relative to the alternatives.

This study looked into the lived experiences of five clients and three clinicians on premature termination of psychological services. Using the consensual qualitative research (CQR) design, the study generated four (04) domains which were Catalyst for Help-Seeking, Discontinuing Help-Seeking, Therapeutic Alliance, and Challenges of Ending and a total of eighteen (18) categories/themes emerged. Under the first domain, participants relayed how other people they knew, and their own observations drove them to actually seek a mental health professional. For the second domain, all participants stated that it was the client's idea to end the psychological service due to varied reasons. As for the third domain, both clients and clinicians discussed how they established therapeutic alliance, described their relationship with each other during and after the provision of psychological service and their collaboration process in terms of agreement on treatment goals and tasks. In the fourth domain, they revealed the four main challenges they encountered that needed to be actively assessed and addressed for the end phase. As an output of the study, the researcher proposed a therapeutic process checklist for clinicians as guide before, during, and after provision of psychological service. It aims to address concerns of both clients and clinicians and to avoid premature termination, if not avoid the risks and negative impacts of it.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) programs have spread rapidly all over Saudi Arabia in recent years. A number of teachers have been provided to teach students with ASD to improve their academic, communication, social, and behavioral skills. The main purpose of this study was to investigate teachers' knowledge on Evidence Based Practices (EBP) for individuals with ASD. The second purpose was to ensure the study was designed to meet the standards for quality survey research. A survey was used to meet the first purpose and a methodological review was used to meet the second purpose. The results indicated that the teachers of students with ASD in Saudi Arabia had low to moderate knowledge of EBP on communication, social and behavioral skills to improve those skills in students with ASD. Implications from this study indicate that the Ministry of Education may provide more training on EBP for in-services teachers, and to improve teacher preparation programs at universities to better pr...

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of SGML that is completely described in this paper. Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML. An expert system is a computer program designed to simulate the problem-solving behavior of a human who is an expert in a narrow domain or discipline. Expert Systems (ES), also called Knowledge Based System (KBS), are computer application programs that take the knowledge of one or more human experts in a field and computerize it so that it is readily available for use. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the usage of different refinement methodologies for different layers of knowledge base modeling and investigate the possibility of building an expert system development and refinement tool. In our work we used XML as a knowledge representation to represent the knowledge base. Therefore we used the mathematical model to refinement of a knowledge base.

The purpose of the present research work is to compare role efficacy of middle and lower management employees of universities of Rajasthan. Respondents were directly contacted for filling up the standard questionnaire of Role Efficacy Scale, developed by Dr. Udai Pareek. The ten dimensions of role efficacy namely (Centrality, Self-role integration, Proactivity, Creativity, Inter-role linkage, Helping relationship, Super ordination, Influence, Personal growth and Coordination ) were analysed through t-test. The results conclude that there is significant difference on dimension such as self role integration, proactivity, creativity, inter role linkage, helping relationship, personal growth and coordination of role efficacy of top and lower management. The significance of the study is based on the challenges facing higher education and to improve their academic standard through role efficacy of top and lower level management.

The Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, headed by former Saskatchewan premier, Roy Romanow, was one of the most important reports on Canada's health system in recent years. The authors, both intimately involved in its work, offer a critical self-reflection and analysis of the Commission, providing insight into the relationship between the processes involved in how a Royal Commission operates and the mediation of ideas that inform its work.

An Inclusive School-Based Approach to Educating Young Children with Autism P roviding appropriate educational services to young children with autism may be one of the defining challenges of the 1990s and early 2000s for early childhood special education. The number of children with autism is increasing dramatically, the research literature is rich with evidence-based instructional strategies, and the Internet is even more full of information and advice of unknown quality. Parents and school district personnel, often working together but sometimes at odds, need to develop programs to meet the needs of these children. Project DATA (Development Appropriate Treatment for Autism) started as a federally funded model demonstration project for developing a school-based program for young children with autism that would be effective and acceptable to consumers (e.g., parents, school personnel). Project DATA consists of five components: a high-quality early childhood environment, extended instructional time, social and technical support for families, collaboration and cooperation across services, and transition support. In this article, we provide data demonstrating the effectiveness of this model and discuss the implications of this type of inclusive programming for young children with autism.

Psychological development is the outcome of biosocial interactions in deaf education (Skyer, 2021). The design of this curriculum will expose you to a research corpus that focuses the extreme diversity of research related to deaf psychology and deaf human development. The course will elucidate two main goals: (1) how to understand the factors that enable and inhibit positive deaf developmental trajectories in education and civic life, and (2) how to apply research-supported teaching practices and develop effective pedagogic repertoires that foster healthy deaf development via biosocial interactions.

Owning in part to the profusion of psychological research (with or without deaf people), this course takes a somewhat narrow view and only explores research that directly links human development with observable or manipulable phenomena, including the body, the physical environment of the classroom, and teaching methods that are comprehensible for deaf people. As such, the specific themes we will explore are: exploring and applying theories of developmental play and human (biosocial) bodies which overarch the themes shown in the textbooks and other course readings.

Este artículo enfoca experiencias límites de prisioneros en campos de concentración alemanes [KZ] y sus efectos psicosociales en base a las preguntas centrales: 1.- ¿Son ellas asequibles a la comprensión de personas de otros ámbitos y otros tiempos? y ¿Cuán específico es el síndrome del campo de concentración [SCC]? 2.- ¿Cuáles han sido las respuestas sociales y psicoterapéuticas a las diversas formas de aparición (temprana, media y tardía) del síndrome en los diversos países? y 3.- ¿Cuál fue el trato social a sobrevivientes de campos de concentración alemanes en los diversos países de la Europa de postguerra?
Introduce al micro mundo del KZ en sus condiciones existenciales, presentando experiencias documentadas en Alemania Occidental, Francia, Hungría, Noruega y Polonia. Realiza un estudio comparativo
acerca del trato a los afectados por la situación límite del campo de concentración nacionalsocialista.
Su interés de conocimiento es reactualizar la percepción de los efectos patológicos del KZ en el contexto europeo y así ayudar a comprender la situación actual en otros confines incluyendo a América Latina y a
crear instrumentos clínicos de abordaje y políticas de salud pública enfocadas al daño provocado por la acción represiva de gobiernos autoritarios.
Palabras clave: síndrome de campo de concentración, experiencias límites, trato social a afectados por políticas de exterminio

This article focuses on extreme experiences of prisoners in German concentration camps [KZ] and their psychosocial effects based on the central questions: 1.- Are they accessible to the understanding of people
from other fields and other times? and How specific is concentration camp syndrome [SCC]? 2.- What have been the social and psychotherapeutic responses to the various forms of onset (early, middle and late) of the syndrome in the various countries? and 3.- What was the social treatment of survivors of German concentration camps in the various countries of post-war Europe?
It introduces the micro world of the KZ in its existential conditions, presenting documented experiences in West Germany, France, Hungary, Norway and Poland and carry out a comparative study on the treat-
ment of those affected by the extreme situation of the National Socialist concentration camp.
Its cognitive interest is to update the perception of the pathological effects of KZ in the European context and thus help to understand the current situation in other confines including Latin America and to create clinical instruments of approach and public health policies focused on the damage caused by the repressive action by authoritarian governments.
Keywords: Concentration camp syndrome, extreme experiences, social treatment of those affected by extermination
policies

DSM-5 includes a number of statements concerning the biology and genetics of mental disorders, and these represent a significant landmark in the history of psychiatry. According to DSM-5, there are no laboratory tests, x-rays, or other biological markers for any mental disorder; there is no physiological specificity to any mental disorder; there is no genetic specificity to any mental disorder; and there is no symptom specificity to DSM-5 disorders. DSM-5 disorders, according to the manual, have porous boundaries with each other, have high rates of comorbidity, and fluctuate a great deal over time. The risk genes for mental disorders number in the hundreds, each contributes perhaps 1%-2% to the overall risk, and the same genes confer risk for multiple DSM-5 categories of disorder. The idea that DSM disorders are separate diseases with distinct pathophysiologies has been disconfirmed by the DSM-5, and therefore by the American Psychiatric Association, as it has by the National Institutes of Mental Health.

The book is addressed to readers who are going through a difficult period of life and trying to survive. You will find in it a description of various crises, pre-crisis and post-crisis situations, and learn to help yourself and others. You will see how important it is to support pregnant women, young parents in time, to show sensitivity to the problems of children, adolescents, and youth. You will find ways to overcome the crises of adulthood and old age. You will be able to better understand the psychological consequences of the Covid 19 pandemic, support patients and those who have experienced recent losses.

This article explores the informal settlement challenges in the country. The spatial planning of South Africa particularly Gauteng, as a result thereof has impacted on the creation of informal settlements due to people seeking to be closer to job opportunities or and cities. Amongst other reasons is the escalating Transport cost that remain unaffordable to the poor. The three main causes of informal settlements are Lack of resources, Urbanization, and Poverty. Understanding the proliferation of informal settlements in South Africa is significant because they have been a feature of our landscape for many years and will continue to be in the future despite the attention given to the issue of housing by the government through various housing delivery interventions.

This article explores the informal settlement challenges in the country. The spatial planning of South Africa particularly Gauteng, as a result thereof has impacted on the creation of informal settlements due to people seeking to be closer to job opportunities or and cities. Amongst other reasons is the escalating Transport cost that remain unaffordable to the poor. The three main causes of informal settlements are Lack of resources, Urbanization, and Poverty. Understanding the proliferation of informal settlements in South Africa is significant because they have been a feature of our landscape for many years and will continue to be in the future despite the attention given to the issue of housing by the government through various housing delivery interventions. The research method used for the study was qualitative research. This type of scientific research method seeks answers to a question, systematically using a predefined set of procedures to answer the question, collects evidence and provides findings that were not determined in advance. In conclusion, research findings concluded that the South African economy is not conducive to reduce poverty to ensure wealth distribution to the poor. The housing programme in the cities around Gauteng fall short of complementing the housing backlog in the province as a result of urbanization and the influx of people from other provinces and SADC countries to cities in search of economic opportunities.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves global impairments in social skills and in verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as the presence of stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests. ASD imposes an enormous burden on society including lifelong disability, high medical care, and increased mental health problems in caregivers. Evidence demonstrates that very early intervention delivered immediately after diagnosis during the first three years of life has higher impact on outcomes in comparison to later start. Early intervention has positive impact on verbal and nonverbal skills, adaptive skills, and quality of life of caregivers. Unfortunately, the majority of children in the world either start intervention after 4 years of age or never receive specialized intervention. The aim of this paper is to discuss current issues related to research and clinical implementation in the field of early intervention for young children with ASD. The paper will discuss intensity of services currently recommended, the need for effectiveness studies conducted outside the University settings, the inclusion/exclusion criteria used so far in intervention studies, and whether intervention should start during the first year of life.

Autism spectrum disorders are associated with a substantial economic burden; although little is known about the relationship between state and family out-of-pocket expenditure. The objective of this study is to estimate the societal cost of childhood autism spectrum disorders and explain the variation in costs between state and family out-of-pocket expenditure. A bottom-up prevalence based cost-of-illness methodology was implemented using data from a combination of multiple convenience samples in Ireland of 195 parents of 222 children aged between 2 and 18 years of age with a clinically diagnosed autism spectrum disorder collected in 2014/2015. The findings show the average annual cost per child for families amounted to €28,464.89 related to private autism spectrum disorder services, lost income and informal care. By comparison, annual state expenditure per child on autism spectrum disorder-related health, social and educational resources was €14,192. Regression analyses indicate th...

These early programs had a tremendous impact because they were the first to affect empirically validated gains in children with autism after no other form of treatment had been successful. These behavioral programs were successful in increasing language, social, play, and academic skills, as well as in reducing some of the severe behavioral problems often associated with the disorder. However, as effective as these early demonstrations proved to be, enthusiasm was somewhat tempered when generalization and follow-up data indicated some limitations to their effectiveness (e.g., Lovaas, Koegel, Simmons, & Long, 1973). It is a testament to the behavioral model and its emphasis on careful data collection and analysis that specific areas requiring further research were identified. Subsequent research has addressed these areas, allowing for improvement in the effectiveness of treatments based on this model. Along these lines, the field has evolved and broadened to include comprehensive behavioral packages and behavioral strategies that have more widespread and durable treatment outcomes. Many of these recent behavioral treatment extensions have been put to the empirical test (with varying

With the changes in external environment of business there is a constant change in the environment of education industry as well. The faculties who were earlier supposed to work for imparting knowledge and updating their knowledge are now responsible for many more tasks like attracting students, administrative work, work related to universities and event management to name a few. The key performance indicators are now expanding. All these changes in organisational role along with changes in social life are bringing in more stress for faculties. With the mushrooming growth of management education in India there has been a rise of management institutes all over the nation but due to the economic slowdown and placements becoming a cause of concern, now the scenario is not so bright, many colleges have closed own or are at the verge of closing. All these have caused a lot of pressure over faculties. Many have lost their jobs because of this downturn in the industry. Keeping all these factors in mind, the present research strives to measure the level of organisational role stress of faculties of management colleges in Saurashtra region. 310 responses were analysed to identify the average level of organisational role stress faced by these faculties. An attempt has been made to identify if organisational role stress varies among the different age groups, genders and different levels of teaching i.e. between faculties teaching in UG and PG levels. Comparison of means was done to test the hypotheses. Results revealed that there is no significant difference between the perceived organisational role stress of faculties of three age groups and two genders. Further it was also revealed that the organisational role stress of faculties teaching and UG and PG level are also not significantly different from each other

A number of autism intervention practices have been demonstrated to be effective. However, the use of unsupported practices persists in community early intervention settings. Recent research has suggested that personal, professional and workplace factors may influence intervention choices. The aim of this research was to investigate knowledge and use of strategies, organisational culture, individual attitudes, sources of information and considerations informing intervention choices by early intervention providers. An online survey was completed by 72 early intervention providers from four organisations across Australia. Providers reported high levels of trust and access of information from internal professional development, therapists and external professional development. A range of considerations including child factors, family values and research were rated as important in informing intervention choices. Participants reported greater knowledge and use of evidence-based and emerging practices than unsupported. Levels of use were linked to levels of knowledge, as well as some organisational and attitudinal factors. Areas for future research and implications are discussed.

The modifications in external environment of business have made the environment of education industry also very
dynamic in nature. The professors who were earlier supposed to work for teaching and updating their knowledge are
now responsible for many more tasks like attracting students, administrative work, work related to universities and event
management to name a few. The key performance indicators are now expanding. Because of these dynamics in the role
the faculties may not find themselves efficient enough in all the roles they are supposed to play. Along with these
changing roles in the organisation, changes in social life are also there to make faculties more distressed. With the
mushrooming growth of management education in India there has been a rise of management institutes all over the
nation but due to the economic slowdown and placements becoming a cause of concern, now the scenario is not so
bright, many colleges have closed own or are at the verge of closing. All these have caused a lot of pressure over
faculties. Many have lost their jobs because of this downturn in the industry.
Keeping all these factors in mind, the present research strives to study the different dimensions of role-efficacy of
academicians in Management Education Sector of Saurashtra Region. 310 responses were analysed to identify the
average level of role-efficacy of faculties. An attempt has been made to compare the role-efficacy of male and female
academicians in Management Education sector of Saurashtra Region. Comparison of means is done to test the
hypotheses. Results and recommendations are discussed.

Studies demonstrate that discrepancies among leader-follower perceptions of leadership are related to organizational processes that may impact evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation. However, it is unknown whether discrepancies in leadership perceptions also predict EBP use. This study examined the association of principal-staff alignment and discrepancy in perceptions of implementation leadership with the dosage of three Autism-focused school-based EBPs, Discrete Trial Training, Pivotal Response Training (PRT), and Visual Schedules. PRT dosage was higher when principals underrated their implementation leadership and when it was agreed upon that implementation leadership was low. Findings have implications for leaders support of EBPs implemented in school-based settings.

Language is essentially greeting human thoughts and feelings on a regular basis that used sound as a tool in the intent to convey ideas, messages and opinions to others. Language skills are learned and acquired by the child naturally to adapt to the social environment. normal language development is sequential, gradual, and depends on occasion, maturity and learning. As children grow and develop, there was an increase in all aspects of child development, including language that continues to increase, starting from just voice then express with communication. The ability to speak obtained from family, school and community environments that greatly affect the ability of the child. The family is the first factor that influences a child's language ability because in the first 4 years, children spend a lot of their time at home.

abstrack Speech Delay is a child's speech delay process compared with the process of speaking children his own age. The cause of speech and language disorders are very numerous and widespread ,. especially the family environment, parents that do not provide enough stimulation or the use of two languages all of which can cause interference with speech development in children ie speech delays. This study aims to determine the impact of family environment on children's speech delays. The technique used in this research is the study of literature, by collecting the source reads. From the research it is known that an error in a family environment that is less stimulation and bilingual factors give effect in the development of children's language ie speech delays. keyword: language, speech delay, family environment, bilinguals.

In this paper, we discuss the benefits of and how to utilize Bayesian statistics in studies of moral education. To demonstrate concrete examples of the applications of Bayesian statistics to studies of moral education, we reanalyzed two datasets previously collected: one small dataset collected from a moral educational intervention experiment, and one big dataset from a large-scale Defining Issues Test-2 survey. Results suggest that Bayesian analysis of datasets collected from moral educational studies can provide additional useful statistical information, particularly that associated with the strength of evidence supporting alternative hypotheses, which has not been provided by the classical frequentist approach focusing on P-values. Finally, we introduce several practical guidelines pertaining to how to utilize Bayesian statistics, including the utilization of newly developed free statistical software, Jeffrey’s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and thresholding based on Bayes Factors, to scholars in the field of moral education.

This study aims to determine the intellectual development of toddlers in TK Mawar. The type of research used is quantitative method with descriptive type or quasy experimental research (quasi experiment) with interactive usage. Based on the analysis of intellectual development of under five children in TK Mawar is not maximal yet.

This study aims to determine the intellectual development of toddlers in TK Mawar. The type of research used is quantitative method with descriptive type or quasy experimental research (quasi experiment) with interactive usage. Based on the analysis of intellectual development of under five children in TK Mawar is not maximal yet.

This study aims to determine the intellectual development of toddlers in TK Mawar. The type of research used is quantitative method with descriptive type or quasy experimental research (quasi experiment) with interactive usage. Based on the analysis of intellectual development of under five children in TK Mawar is not maximal yet.

This examination will define and delineate the process of grief and bereavement as well as investigate grief through the lens of several seminal bereavement theorists. In addition, further exploration of research by several of the prominent modern theorists whose models are often used to assist with the grief process will be discussed, including controversies surrounding the models and grief therapy as a whole. Finally the discussion will revolve around determining the efficacy of each theory in correlation to how it may be effectively used with bereaved clients.