Human Anatomy

Previous research suggests that the moment arm of the m. triceps surae tendon (i.e., Achilles tendon), is positively correlated with the energetic cost of running. This relationship is derived from a model which predicts that shorter ankle moment arms place larger loads on the Achilles tendon, which should result in a greater amount of elastic energy storage and return. However, previous research has not empirically tested this assumed relationship. We test this hypothesis using an inverse dynamics approach in human subjects (n = 24) at speeds ranging from walking to sprinting. The spring function of the Achilles tendon was evaluated using specific net work, a metric of mechanical energy production versus absorption at a limb joint. We also combined kinematic and morphological data to directly estimate tendon stress and elastic energy storage. We find that moment arm length significantly determines the spring-like behavior of the Achilles tendon, as well as estimates of mass-specific tendon stress and elastic energy storage at running and sprinting speeds. Our results provide support for the relationship between short Achilles tendon moment arms and increased elastic energy storage, providing an empirical mechanical rationale for previous studies demonstrating a relationship between calcaneal length and running economy. We also demonstrate that speed and kinematics moderate tendon performance, suggesting a complex relationship between lower limb geometry and foot strike pattern. The role of the Achilles tendon (AT) in elastic energy storage with subsequent return during stance phase is well established 1-7. Recovery of elastic energy imparted to the AT is potentially influenced by AT morphology in three ways: (1) material properties of the tendon, (2) cross-sectional area of the tendon, and (3) the moment arm of the calcaneal tuberosity loading the tendon against the muscle force of the m. triceps surae (i.e., foot geometry). Previous work suggests that foot geometry may explain variation in how much potential energy is stored in the tendon, finding that a shorter AT moment arm is correlated with lower mass-specific energy costs of locomotion (COL; L O 2 kg −1 s −1) 8, 9. This finding suggests that shorter AT moment arms are associated with greater elastic loads imparted to the tendon, which are then recovered as kinetic energy during the support phase of each gait cycle 9 , thereby reducing COL. Scholz et al. 9 also suggest that the length of the AT moment arm is a more significant factor in explaining COL than variation in material properties of the tendon itself or size-related variation in the cost of swinging the leg forward during the aerial phase of the gait cycle 9. However, assumptions about the interacting roles of AT moment arm length, tendon cross-sectional dimensions, and tendon material properties on variation in elastic energy storage have yet to tested in an integrated manner. Moreover, Scholz et al. 9 doesn't directly measure the variables in the model which predict variation in elastic energy storage, including muscle force and the external moment arm. Finally, because previous studies of how AT moment arm length influences COL have used trained runners running on a treadmill at a speed of 16 km/h, it is still unknown how variation in speed and athletic training impacts elastic loading to the tendon in relation to moment arm length. While previous work has explored elastic loading of the AT at different speeds and under different loading conditions 10-21 , this study is the first to investigate the potential correlation between foot geometry like the AT moment arm length and spring-like behavior of this tendon in humans. In this study, we model elastic loading of the AT by characterizing the spring-like behavior over the support phase of each gait cycle using two metrics. First, we calculate specific net work (SNW) at the ankle joint. SNW is OPEN

Occurence of the variant renal blood vessels is important in cases of pathologies, radiological interventions, renal transplants, and other surgical approaches and their presence should be born in the minds of all medical fraternities. The present study was performed on twelve kidneys from six cadavers to observe the variations of the renal vasculature. Out of the twelve kidneys studied , only one kidney showed variations in renal vessels unilaterally resulting in 8.3% variation in arrangement of renal vessels. The right renal artery divided into two branches anterior and posterior before reaching the hilum out of which the anterior trifurcated in front of the renal vein while the left renal artery entered directly at hilum. The study will help the surgeons and radiologists during their interventions.

Los huesecillos accesorios del pie son variaciones anatómicas normales de infrecuente importancia clínica. Se sitúan en los sitios de los centros de osificación secundarios del tarso y metatarso. Desde su primera descripción en la literatura científica en 1804, el os trigonum ha sido un frecuente tema de debate por diversos aspectos, de la etiología al tratamiento. Presentamos un raro caso de un os trigonum doloroso con hallazgos clínicos más evidentes que lo habitual. El huesecillo fue extirpado mediante cirugía abierta con alivio completo de los síntomas. Se discuten brevemente algunas peculiaridades históricas, el diagnóstico, el diagnóstico diferencial, los hallazgos clínicos y las modalidades terapéuticas.

Genuine] Digital human anatomy and endoscopic ultrasound ManoopS.Bhutani(Chinese Edition) Digital human anatomy and endoscopic ultrasound ManoopS.Bhutani(Chinese Edition) eBook, remember to click the button beneath and download the file or get access to other information that are related to Genuine] Digital human anatomy and endoscopic ultrasound ManoopS.Bhutani(Chinese Edition) ebook.

Before the arrival of the Europeans, on the island of Tierra del Fuego, there were three populations that inhabited the Insular Patagonia, exhibiting different subsistence strategies: The Yamanas located on the west and south coasts, the Selknam in the interior of the island and the Alakalufes in the Austral zone of Chile. Being located in the coldest portion of South America, they represent an opportunity for the study of its long-term climate adaptations, as well as short-term adaptations related to its activities. The diaphysis of the long bones, both the upper and lower extremities, give the opportunity to observe their subsistence patterns, since different groups have different types of subsistence activities. The Selknam who were pedestrian hunters; unlike the Yaganes and Alakalufes who were canoe hunters. It is expected that these activities will be reflected in their anatomical differences: Especially in their upper and lower extremities

The samples correspond to the data analyzed by OSJBORN M.PEARSON and MARIO MILLONES. They are made up of 14 Selknam skeletons and 6 Yaganes, belonging to the museums of Argentina and Chile. Anthropometric data were analyzed by Martin Gusinde studies. Calculations and comparisons were made in the robustness indexes of the diaphysis and epiphyses of the long bones, as well as the relative bi-iliac width and the medial AP / ML ratio of the diaphysis. The results show that the Selknam had a higher stature than the yaganes as well as more development in the lower limbs. On the contrary, the Yaganes have more development in the upper limbs. These differences are reflected in the different activities presented by the groups.

In addition to the anthropometric studies, genetic analyzes were obtained, corresponding to the studies of Nathan Nakatsuka, Pierre Luisi

During routine anatomical dissections two cases of unusually structured abductor digiti minimi muscle were discovered. In the first case, the variant muscle body was composed of three well-defined portions: lateral, intermediate and medial. The three portions fused in a common muscular body that attached to the ulnar side of the base of the fifth proximal phalanx. In the second case, the aberrant muscle was composed of two portions: lateral and medial. Distally, they fused in a common muscular body that distally inserted as in previous case. Because in each one of the cases a portion from the aberrant muscle crossed over the ulnar nerve and artery in the Guyon’s canal, both variant abductor digiti minimi muscles could be of clinical interest in differential diagnosis of ulnar nerve entrapment.

Mueller-Weiss disease is an alteration of the tarsal navicular that is primarily due to anomalous ossifi-cation of the bone and lateral deviation of the talar head associated with screw-like movement through the axis of the subtalar joint. This syndrome tends to be associated with various degrees of flatfoot and hindfoot valgus combined with subtalar joint varus. Ancient cases of Mueller-Weiss disease have not been described in specialized literature. We present the case of an adult male from the Hellenistic period (Ptole-maic dynasty; fourth to first century BC), the skeleton for which was found inside a sarcophagus in the archaeological site of Sharuna (middle Egypt) with Mueller-Weiss disease. The specimen is, in all likelihood , the earliest case of this type of foot pathology in the archaeological record.

Gunther von Hagens wants to create a "Museum of Man," or so the Body Worlds founder has remarked (Jeffries 2002). This is certainly a complicated endeavor, for it at once singles itself out to be something unique, yet purports to be something that can define all Mankind; like each human, it must reveal universal human qualities yet affirm diversity; and, to borrow an Enlightenment truism, it must fuse nature and culture. As a museum, therefore, it must not only index, but in some way speak educationally to, the multiplicity and diversity of human beings in a comprehendible way.

BACKGROUND:
In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.
AIM OF THE WORK:
In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
RESULTS:
The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.
KEYWORDS:
garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells

The #1 top of the line Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual enables understudies and teachers to oversee time inside and outside of the A&P lab homeroom and works connected at the hip with Mastering A&P, the main online schoolwork and learning program for A&P. The thirteenth Edition highlights many new, full-shading figures and photographs in the survey sheets, just as patched up clinical application questions and basic reasoning inquiries that fortify the most significant ideas from lab.

Urge understudies to get ready for lab by appointing suggested Mastering A&P exercises for every lab work out, including 18 pre-lab recordings (8 are new to this version), Building Vocabulary Coaching Activities, practice survey sheet evaluation questions, workmanship naming exercises, portable prepared Practice Anatomy Lab™ 3.1 with adaptable cheat sheets, and then some. A huge number of task alternatives in the Item Library are firmly associated with the print release of the manual, making it simpler than any time in recent memory to make schoolwork assignments that are lined up with your lab exercises.

Proceeding to set the standard for the 2-semester A&P lab course, the lab manual consents to the representation and introduction style of the smash hit Marieb/Hoehn Human Anatomy and Physiology text, however can go with any A&P reading material. New customization choices are accessible through Pearson Collections, just as three traditional variants: Main (twelfth Edition), Cat (thirteenth Edition), and Fetal Pig (thirteenth Edition).

Existing brain-machine interfacing techniques allow either high precision recordings from one or a few single neurons, or low spatial resolution recordings with a sparse sampling within the networks. Through our approach an efficient simultaneous bidirectional communication to the brain is realized using capacitively coupled recording and stimulation sites arranged in a large 2D multi-transistor array (MTA) with 1000 elements, integrated to a planar chip at high resolution (10mum pitch and below). The aim of the present work is to evaluate the reliability of a simple-generation silicon micro-device in recording neuronal signals from rat brain. Simultaneous recording of signals using this chip from the somatosensory cortex (S1) of living rat, are compared to standard in vivo recordings with a glass micropipette. We show that the two types of signals are identical, indicating the possibility to record signals at the same time from different sites and to perform a real-time electrical imaging of the brain cortex in vivo.

Introduction: Tattoo is expected to alter the new wearer's perception of the individual's identity. For the same reason, tattoos seem to have the ability to have a greater impact on one's self, with minimal variations and majority potentially affected identity. Aims: Examine the tattoos along with the level of somatic symptoms with life's various dimensions. Methodology: The study was conducted in the student community studying in professional colleges. The study was conducted between January 2018 to June 2018. The tool used to measure the somatic symptoms were based on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)scale. PHQ-15 Somatic Symptom Severity. Results: The somatic symptoms scores are given as follows; 1=0-5, 2=6-10, 3=11-15, 4=>21. Scores of 5, 10, and 15 represent cut points for mild, moderate, and severe anxiety, respectively. Discussion: Our study included more of age group 19-21 having got this tattoo done on them, and suffering from severe somatic symptoms. Majority of the women will be obtaining the tattoos only after 30 years of age and also inclined to have more severe somatic symptoms. Majority of the cases for the said study were from Hindu only and were suffering from overall somatic symptoms. In our study, the majority of the subjects had only one tattoo. Hands were the prominent parts of the body in which the tattoo is being obtained. Colours used in the tattoo are of single coloured as compared to multicoloured. Conclusion: Males, Unmarried were more in number with Hindu & Urban predominance with somatic symptoms diagnosis. And a higher number of the individuals had obtained the tattoo in hands, which probably indicates exhibitionism of tattoo.

A cross-cultural reading hosted by Carleton University and covered by CBC In Town and Out interview

The diagram interfaces geometry and anatomy, humanity and nature, architecture and cosmos, microcosm and macrocosm. It transcends the ancient architect Vitruvius’ text and intersects with ideas prevalent among Leonardo’s contemporaries, at the threshold of modernity. Interweaving many strands of history and encapsulating the diverse interests of Leonardo, his Vitruvian Man was Renaissance’s archetypal selfie.

Second in a series of Three Cinquecento Lectures delivered at Carleton University on the occasion of Leonardo Da Vinci's 500th Anniversary in 2019
1. "Leonardo Da Vinci: From Baghdad to Bayezid"  (Oct 1)
2. “Vitruvian Man” as Renaissance Selfie (Dec 7)
3. "Leonardo Da Vinci’s Mirror Writing" (Dec 12)

This book is specific field and deep knowledge in rhinoplasty in Asian. My book have six chapters as: 1. Anthropometry of vietnamese nose, 2. Anatomy of external nose, 3. Macroanatomy and microanatomy of external nose, 4. Applied anatomy of the upper unmovable of external nose in plastic surgery, 5. Applied anatomy of the lower movable of external nose in plastic surgery, 6. Applied anatomy of the structural support and dynamics at the tip. It gives you details of the principles' anatomy of external nose and applied these concepts in rhinoplasty.

Thermal considerations can help to resolve two of the most challenging problems in later Palaeolithic archaeology: the demise of Neanderthals and the emergence of modern human behaviour. Both of these enigmas can be viewed as reflecting interactions between biological and behavioural cold adaptations, in the context of extreme climatic fluctuations during the Upper Pleistocene. Recent studies draw attention to the special difficulties which these conditions posed for humans, but few studies give sufficient regard to the need for adequate pre-adaptations, namely, technologies for manufacturing complex clothing assemblages. It is argued here that pre-existing biological adaptations to cold delayed the development of such technological capacities among Neanderthals, resulting ultimately in their extinction. In contrast, fully modern humans were biologically more vulnerability to cold, promoting a precocious appearance of behavioural adaptations among some (though not all) groups, visible in the various archaeological markers of modern human behaviour.

INTRODUCTION. There are various multimedia applications for anatomy education. However, many applications lack three-dimensional (3D) images and some even compromise accuracy. Furthermore, few applications include 3D study aids produced directly from anatomical donors. Photogrammetry utilizes photography to determine distances between objects and is an underutilized technology in anatomy education. Photogrammetry coupled with computer software can use two-dimensional images captured by a still camera to create 3D digital models. The software uses overlapping images to tie points together in order to generate a 3D model. RESOURCES. A protocol for photography of human anatomical models/specimens and subsequent digital construction of 3D models was developed using a Nikon® D7100 HDSLR camera and Agisoft PhotoScan© software. DESCRIPTION. This novel study aims to utilize photogrammetry to produce 3D models for anatomy education and to digitally curate specimens. SIGNIFICANCE. The resulting models can offer students the convenience of study from satellite locations, which would give students the option to study anatomy in a variety of settings as well as the ability to minimize distractions. They could also lessen and possibly phase out wait time to study in a cluttered model room or anatomy lab by directly affecting the number of students present. Additionally, anatomical specimens or whole body donors that cannot be permanently curated may be electronically recorded for future study. Finally, the relative cost effectiveness and portability of a photogrammetry setup make it a practical and viable option compared to other 3D model producing devices, such as laser scanners or medical imaging equipment. Future work will entail creating a repository of digital models and implementing them in anatomy classes.

Anatomical knowledge is requisite for effective physical therapy (PT) practice. Cadaver dissection is a popular teaching method employed in PT anatomy courses. Limited time in the laboratory requires effective dissection instructions. Several limitations of a printed, non-discipline specific dissection guide have been identified by students and instructors in anatomy curricula. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of using a digital, PT specific dissection guide on examination performance and student satisfaction. A digital guide was developed that incorporated improvements based on observations of student experiences using a printed guide. The digital guide covered two lower extremity regional dissections and was distributed for use during the summer 2017 course. Enhancements included clarification of dissection procedures, formative quizzes, image galleries, embedded videos, and a glossary of terms. Students used a printed guide for all other dissections in the course. The percentage of correct answers from practical examinations was calculated and compared between summer of 2015 (print) and 2017 (digital) courses. A survey consisting of nineteen five-point Likert items was distributed. The percentage of correct answers was significantly higher for the digital guide (91.7 ± 7.11%) compared with the print guide (84.2 ± 9.51%, P < 0.0001). On the survey, the median item rating was strongly agree for two, agree for fifteen, and neither agree or disagree for two. These results suggest that developing a curriculum specific, digital guide was effective in improving student knowledge and satisfaction. These results encourage development of additional content specific guides in a digital format.

Circumscapular pain is a frequent complaint in clinical practice. The dorsal scapular and long thoracic nerves course through the neck, where they may become entrapped between or within adjacent scalene muscles. Additionally, a high frequency of brachial plexus “piercing” variants have recently been documented, and it is unclear how they influence branching patterns
distally along the brachial plexus. In the project reported here we strived to identify and quantify variations in dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve secondary to brachial plexus piercing variation. Ninety brachial plexuses from human cadavers (45 female/45 male) were evaluated to identify nerve branching patterns, specifically piercing versus non-piercing variants in
the brachial plexus roots and nerves. Anatomical entrapment of the dorsal scapular nerve and long thoracic nerve was found in high frequencies (60.8% and 44.6%, respectively). Anomalous brachial plexus piercing variants were associated with higher frequencies of distal nerve branches also coursing through the scalene musculature, and there was a statistically significant
correlation between brachial plexus and long thoracic nerve piercings (p = 0.027). Anatomical entrapment of nerves within scalene musculature is common and may be causative factors for idiopathic circumscapular pain, dorsalgia, and dysfunction of scapulohumeral rhythm. This study revealed a link between anatomical arrangement of the brachial plexus and occurrence
of long thoracic nerve entrapment, which may lead to a series of cascading neurologic effects in which affected individuals may suffer from increased incidence of thoracic outlet syndrome and long thoracic nerve entrapment resulting in additional symptoms of interscapular pain and compromised shoulder mobility.

Summary in English
The book describes the earliest history of tsar Peters Kunstkamera. It explaines why Peter needed a Kunstkamera.
What the function of Kunstkamera's was in Peters time.
Why Peter bought two big naturalia collections for his Kunstkamera in Holland. How he bought these two collections of the Amsterdam Apothecary Albert Seba and the Amsterdam botany and anatomy professor Frederick Ruysch.
How these collections in Russia were used by the first scientists. What parts of the collection still are today still kept in Petersburg musea.

A utilização de modelos didáticos nos permite colaborar com o aprendizado dos estudantes. Entretanto, nem sempre é possível ter nas aulas de anatomia um modelo biológico. Nessa perspectiva, modelos 3D cumprem esse papel. Este trabalho apresenta um método capaz de reproduzir protótipos de ossos do corpo humano com o auxílio da modelagem 3D e da prototipagem rápida, tornando-se instrumento para a construção de material didático/pedagógico. Ademais, profissionais da área médica também encontram dificuldades, como a falta de modelos de representação das partes do corpo para uma correta e clara explicação do problema ao paciente. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho contribui com a busca de soluções para este problema.

Breve introducción (primer repaso fundamental) de algunos de los componentes principales que conforman el sistema nervioso, para entender su anatomía y fisiología como la unidad funcional que es.
Para estudiantes de medicina, biología y disciplinas afines. Puede utilizarse como guía de estudio del sistema nervioso -primer repaso fundamental-.

"Representations", N. 129, Winter 2015.

The essay analyzes the project of maintaining the body of V. I. Lenin in the Mausoleum in Moscow for the past ninety years, focusing on the unique biological science that developed around this project, and the unexpected political role this body has performed.

The radiological images in the print and online supplements have been updated to relate clinical imaging to anatomy. Because the anatomy needs new visual aids, (arios AG Machade has added excellent new images and anatomical views to this issue. The advisory editors have relied heavily on the Terminologica Anatomica as the basis for updating nomenclature and terminology. The genius of Dr. Netter's images is characterized by the fact that they present the anatomy clearly, realistically, and in a clinically usable manner, balancing complexity and simplicity. The fifth edition also owes much to the advisory editors of previous editions, Drs. Sharon Colaeine {Oberg) {1. Edition), Arthur F. Dalley II (2nd edition) and John T. Hanson (3rd edition), who looked after their editions with great expertise and uncompromising professionalism, which made our task much easier. The fourth edition was the first to be published by Elsevier and contains contributions from Anil Walji and Thomas Gest as well as many other members of the current editorial team.

Diagrama de las principales estructuras musculares y otras tisulares del sistema muscular, asociadas a las extremidades superiores e inferiores. Clasificación anatómica y algunas relaciones fisiológicas asociadas. Recurso manual para Profesionales o Especialistas, Educadores y Estudiantes que lo encuentren de utilidad.