Hormone signalling

En este texto se ofrecen conceptos generales sobre las hormonas y sus funciones, mecanismos de acción y regulación endocrina y neuroendocrina. Estos contenidos sientan la base sobre la cual se desarrolla la especialización en Endocrinología.

Depression is a common disease which emerges with a disorder in temper. It results from environmental genetically and physiological factors. One of the effective factors can be the change in hormones and disorder in their intake through cells. In way that one can explain these hypotheses with post-pregnancy depression. The present study aimed to compare estrogen receptor1 gene expression in patients with major depression and healthy individuals. The study used causal-comparative method. For this study, 17 patients who suffered major depression referred to the clinic and 30 healthy subjects were randomly selected. After taking blood samples, estrogen receptor1 gene expression was carried out using Real Time PCR. The results showed that the expression of ESR1 gene was significantly reduced in patients with major depression (P value < 0.05). This result showed that ESR1 gene can be used as a genetically marker for major depression. Also, stimulating estrogen receptor 1 or raising th...

The survival and reproduction of plants depend on their ability to cope with a wide range of daily and seasonal environmental fluctuations during their life cycle. Phytohormones are plant growth regulators that are involved in almost every aspect of growth and development as well as plant adaptation to myriad abiotic and biotic conditions. The circadian clock, an endogenous and cell-autonomous biological timekeeper that produces rhythmic outputs with close to 24-h rhythms, provides an adaptive advantage by synchronizing plant physiological and metabolic processes to the external environment. The circadian clock regulates phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways to generate daily rhythms in hormone activity that fine-tune a range of plant processes, enhancing adaptation to local conditions. This review explores our current understanding of the interplay between the circa-dian clock and hormone signaling pathways.

Context: There is a growing concern about induction of male infertility resulting from medicinal plant use especially in malaria treatment. Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica are plants with documented antimalarial and anti-fertility effects. Pavetta crassipes leaves are reported to have antimalarial effects but there is no information about its reproductive toxicology.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of P. crassipes aqueous leaf extract on male reproductive parameters.

Methods: Healthy adult male rats were used for this study.  The extract was administered orally at 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg for two and four weeks, respectively while the control group received 10 mL/kg distilled water. Blood samples were collected for serum hormonal assay. The testes and epididymis were excised for histological examination and seminal fluid analysis.

Results: Serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels reduced significantly in all treated groups compared to control but this effect was reversed after the respective recovery periods except FSH and LH levels in the group treated with 1600 mg/kg for four weeks. The control group had normal testicular histology while varying degrees of reversible histological changes occurred in the treated groups except persistent irregular basal lamina at 800 mg/kg in the two-week treated group while persistent irregular basal lamina and tubular atrophy occurred at 1600 mg/kg in the four-week treated group. Sperm count reduction at 800 and 1600 mg/kg compared to control (86 x 106 mL-1) in the groups treated for four weeks was irreversible.

Conclusions: The aqueous leaf extract of Pavetta crassipes has the potential to cause deleterious effects on male reproductive function in Wistar rats.

Extending strawberry production season through cultivation in high tunnels or greenhouses offers access opportunities to niche markets. In these confined environments maintaining adequate phytosanitary protection may be very challenging under organic production, since effective chemical pesticides cannot be used. Physical treatments might represent interesting alternatives worthy of consideration to control pests in organically-grown crops. Among these physical treatments, UV-C hormesis has been reported to activate innate plant defenses and to slow down ripening and senescence in postharvest systems. There is however a lack of information on its possible effects on growing plants and how such treatment
might impact fruit quality. In the present study, ‘Charlotte’ strawberry plants were exposed to UV-C light (60 mJ/cm2) during growth according to a repeated schedule from flowering until fruit reached commercial maturity. Mature fruits were
harvested and quality parameters (firmness, color, anthocyanins and ellagic acid)
were assessed. Higher firmness and ellagic acid content are discussed in line with the possible influence of UV-C in delaying ripening and senescence as observed in other fruits treated at the postharvest stage.

The inhibitory effects of LH on cell proliferation have been noted in different cell types, including Leydig [1] ovarian and mammary epithelial cells [2, 3]. More recently, we have determined this effect to also be true within adipocytes. With the reductions in serum LH associated with increased BMI, it is important to examine this adipocyte regulatory mechanism in order to understand endocrinopathies including metabolic syndrome, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)and diabetes.

Human species should not allow nature to take its course and determine human complexity patterns. People have to determine which type of complexity they want to live in. In order to reduce violence and to replace nature efficiently, humans have to reduce their complexity production voluntarily and pause to think about it.
In order to achieve peace, complexity production and empathy have to be linked in functional terms.
Only a critical mass of people having a critical mass of knowledge will be able to replace the violence system at large. Violence will never disappear. But it makes a big difference if 10% or 90% of any given population endure violence and suffer from traumatic methylation of empathy on chromosomes. The critical limit for peace in human species is estimated at 30% trauma linked to empathy-loss (hypoempathy) in any given population. Variations are due to resilience factors and literacy. Assessment needs to be done via global trauma mapping.

A novel class of pure antiestrogens, 1,1-dichloro-2,2,3-triarylcyclopropanes (DTACs), lack estrogenic activity in a mouse uterotrophic assay and inhibit the growth of estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 breast cancer cells (Day et al., 1991). Here, reporter assays were used to evaluate the effects of the DTACs on estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-mediated transcription from either classic estrogen-response elements (EREs) or nonclassic AP-1 elements. Among the DTACs tested, only the compounds with smaller aromatic substituents, BDRM72 and BDRM81, displayed weak agonist activity on EREs. Their activity was less than that observed for the ER partial agonist, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (ZOHT). In competition experiments, the DTACs blocked estradiol-stimulated transcription from an ERE in a dose-dependent manner and were more effective inhibitors than ZOHT. Each of the DTACs was significantly less active than ZOHT or the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (faslodex) in stimulating transcription from nonclassic AP-1 elements in the presence of ERalpha. DTACs did not modulate either basal or TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-stimulated transcription from an AP-1 element in the absence of ERalpha, indicating that they are not nonspecific inhibitors of transcription and that ERalpha is the drug target. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays were used to examine whether DTACs alter the interaction between ERalpha and the p160 coactivator, GRIP1. BDRM35, which has the same dimethylaminomethoxy and phenolic moieties as ZOHT, reduced binding by more than 50%. Thus, disruption of p160 coactivator recruitment by ERalpha may represent one mechanism by which DTACs function as antiestrogens. BDRM35 also suppresses estradiol induction of endogenous target genes c-myc and cyclin D1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

. I sent my manuscript  " Unitary symmetry of mixtures of hormones and the solution of the problem of terrorism" in  ACS Central Science,  (Manuscript ID oc-2018-00023c, Editor-in-Chief: Carolyn R. Bertozzi,  E-mail: [email protected] )

The answer so far I have not received.

The identification of a potential terrorist can be carried out in three ways.
The first method is aimed at the creation of explosive detectors and the corresponding sophisticated hardware, technical and personal support. Its main drawback is demonstrativeness. It remains only to hang a sign: "Terrorists with explosives are held here."
The second way is to analyze the communicative activity of a potential terrorist. The main drawback of this method is easily overcome - the methods of information encryption have already been invented. These methods do not allow you to open and decrypt information. And anyway, an early transition to new types of information transfer will make communicative activity sterile.
The main drawback of the first two methods is that the explosives ceased to be necessary for the commission of the terrorist act. A characteristic example of the last time is the driving of a car on pedestrians.
The third way is to identify the physical parameters of certain physiological substances of a potential terrorist and to create such non-invasive methods for scanning the values of these physical parameters, which in a very short period of time would reliably signal the preaggressive state of a person.
This method can be realized by analyzing the composition of human hormones in four physiological environments in NORM and in PREPOTOLOGY.
His description is devoted to my research of recent years [1,2,3,4,5] and the article presented.
Keyword:  terrorism, hormone mixtures, hormonal passport, hormone bank, combinatorics, homology, unitary symmetry, conservation laws, chipping

The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in regulating cell death. Pathogen- and ozone-induced processes have become important models for the study of cell death regulation by ROS. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide have emerged as the two key ROS and recent studies have addressed their sources and control of their production. ROS signals interact directly or indirectly with several other signaling pathways, such as nitric oxide, and the stress hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. The interaction and balance of these pathways determines whether the cell lives or dies.

Plant defence signalling response against various pathogens, including viruses, is a complex phenomenon. In resistant interaction a plant cell perceives the pathogen signal, transduces it within the cell and performs a reprogramming of the cell metabolism leading to the pathogen replication arrest. This work focuses on signalling pathways crucial for the plant defence response, i.e., the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signal transduction pathways, in the Arabidopsis thaliana model plant. The initial signalling network topology was constructed manually by defining the representation formalism, encoding the information from public databases and literature, and composing a pathway diagram. The manually constructed network structure consists of 175 components and 387 reactions. In order to complement the network topology with possibly missing relations, a new approach to automated information extraction from biological literature was developed. This approach, named Bio3graph, allows for automated extraction of biological relations from the literature, resulting in a set of (component1, reaction, component2) triplets and composing a graph structure which can be visualised, compared to the manually constructed topology and examined by the experts. Using a plant defence response vocabulary of components and reaction types, Bio3graph was applied to a set of 9,586 relevant full text articles, resulting in 137 newly detected reactions between the components. Finally, the manually constructed topology and the new reactions were merged to form a network structure consisting of 175 components and 524 reactions. The resulting pathway diagram of plant defence signalling represents a valuable source for further computational modelling and interpretation of omics data. The developed Bio3graph approach, implemented as an executable language processing and graph visualisation workflow, is publically available at http://ropot.ijs.si/bio3graph/and can be utilised for modelling other biological systems, given that an adequate vocabulary is provided. Citation: Miljkovic D, Stare T, Mozetič I, Podpečan V, Petek M, et al. (2012) Signalling Network Construction for Modelling Plant Defence Response. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51822.

According to the hypothesis explored in this paper, native aggregation is genetically controlled (programmed) reversible aggregation that occurs when interacting proteins form new temporary structures through highly specific interactions. It is assumed that Anfinsen's dogma may be extended to protein aggregation: composition and amino acid sequence determine not only the secondary and tertiary structure of single protein, but also the structure of protein aggregates (associates). Cell function is considered as a transition between two states (two states model), the resting state and state of activity (this applies to the cell as a whole and to its individual structures). In the resting state, the key proteins are found in the following inactive forms: natively unfolded and globular. When the cell is activated, secondary structures appear in natively unfolded proteins (including unfolded regions in other proteins), and globular proteins begin to melt and their secondary structures become available for interaction with the secondary structures of other proteins. These temporary secondary structures provide a means for highly specific interactions between proteins. As a result, native aggregation creates temporary structures necessary for cell activity."One of the principal objects of theoretical research in any department of knowledge is to find the point of view from which the subject appears in its greatest simplicity."Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903).

Six GIP 1 -30NH2 analogs were synthesized with modifications (de-protonation, N-methylation, reversed chirality, and substitution) at positions 1, 3, and 4 of the N-terminus, and additionally, a cyclized GIP derivative was synthesized. The relationship between altered structure to biological activity was assessed by measuring receptor binding affinity and ability to stimulate adenylyl cyclase in CHO-K1 cells transfected with the wild-type GIP receptor (wtGIPR). These structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the importance of the GIP N-terminus and highlight structural constraints that can be introduced in GIP analogs. These analogs may be useful starting points for design of peptides with enhanced in vivo bioactivity.

The pace of reproductive aging has been of considerable interest, especially in regard to the long postreproductive period in modern women. Here we use data for both sexes from a 37-year longitudinal study of a wild baboon population to place reproductive aging within a life history context for this species, a primate relative of humans that evolved in the same savannah habitat as humans did. We examine the patterns and pace of reproductive aging, including birth rates and reproductive hormones for both sexes, and compare reproductive aging to agerelated changes in several other traits. Reproductive senescence occurs later in baboon females than males. Delayed senescence in females relative to males is also found in several other traits, such as dominance status and body condition, but not in molar wear or glucocorticoid profiles. Survival, health, and well-being are the product of risk factors in morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits that differ in rate of senescence and in dependence on social or ecological conditions; some will be very sensitive to differences in circumstances and others less so.

Keywords: reproductive aging; baboons; toothwear; body condition; steroid hormones; senescence

Methoxyfenozide and methoprene are two insecticides that mimic the action of the main hormones involved in the control of insect growth and development, 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone. We investigated their effect on the Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cell line. Methoxyfenozide was more toxic than methoprene in cell viability tests and more potent in the inhibition of cellular proliferation. Cell growth arrest occurred in the G2/M phase after a methoprene treatment and more modestly in G1 after methoxyfenozide treatment. Microarray experiments and real-time quantitative PCR to follow the expression of nuclear receptors ultraspiracle and ecdysone receptor were performed to understand the molecular action of these hormone agonists. Twenty-six genes were differentially expressed after methoxyfenozide treatment and 55 genes after methoprene treatment with no gene in common between the two treatments. Our results suggest two different signalling pathways in Sf9 cells.

Aims/hypothesis. The secretory function of pancreatic beta cells is synergistically stimulated by two signalling pathways which mediate the effects of nutrients and hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) or glucagon. These hormones are known to activate adenylyl cyclase in beta cells. We examined the type of adenylyl cyclase that is associated with this synergistic interaction. Methods. Insulin release, cAMP production, adenylyl cyclase activity, mRNA and protein expression were measured in fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified rat beta cells and in the rat beta-cell lines RINm5F, INS-1 832/13 and INS-1 832/2. Results. In primary beta cells, glucagon and GLP-1 synergistically potentiate the stimulatory effect of 20 mmol/l glucose on insulin release and cAMP production. Both effects are abrogated in the presence of the L-type Ca 2+-channel blocker verapamil. The cAMP-producing activity of adenylyl cyclase in membranes from RINm5F cells is synergistically increased by Ca 2+-calmodulin and recombinant GTP γ S-activated G sα-protein subunits. This type of regulation is characteristic for type I and type VIII AC isoforms. Consistent with this functional data, AC mRNA analysis shows abundant expression of type VI AC, four splice variants of type VIII AC and low expression level of type I AC in beta cells. Type VIII AC expression at the protein level was observed using immunoblots of RINm5F cell extracts. Conclusion/interpretation. This study identifies type VIII AC in insulin-secreting cells as one of the potential molecular targets for synergism between GLP-1 receptor mediated and glucose-mediated signalling.

Depression is a common disease which emerges with a disorder in temper. It results from environmental genetically and physiological factors. One of the effective factors can be the change in hormones and disorder in their intake through cells. In way that one can explain these hypotheses with post-pregnancy depression. The present study aimed to compare estrogen receptor1 gene expression in patients with major depression and healthy individuals. The study used causal-comparative method. For this study, 17 patients who suffered major depression referred to the clinic and 30 healthy subjects were randomly selected. After taking blood samples, estrogen receptor1 gene expression was carried out using Real Time PCR. The results showed that the expression of ESR1 gene was significantly reduced in patients with major depression (P value < 0.05). This result showed that ESR1 gene can be used as a genetically marker for major depression. Also, stimulating estrogen receptor 1 or raising the estrogen level of blood can be applied to reduce depression signs.

In the last few years the interactome of Gαq has expanded considerably, contributing to improve our understanding of the cellular and physiological events controlled by this G alpha subunit. The availability of high-resolution crystal structures has led the identification of an effector-binding region within the surface of Gαq that is able to recognise a variety of effector proteins. Consequently, it has been possible to ascribe different Gαq functions to specific cellular players and to identify important processes that are triggered independently of the canonical activation of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), the first identified Gαq effector. Novel effectors include p63RhoGEF, that provides a link between G protein-coupled receptors and RhoA activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), implicated in the regulation of the Akt pathway, or the cold-activated TRPM8 channel, which is directly inhibited upon Gαq binding. Recently, the activation of ERK5 MAPK by Gq-coupled receptors has also been described as a novel PLCβ-independent signalling axis that relies upon the interaction between this G protein and two novel effectors (PKCζ and MEK5). Additionally, the association of Gαq with different regulatory proteins can modulate its effector coupling ability and, therefore, its signalling potential. Regulators include accessory proteins that facilitate effector activation or, alternatively, inhibitory proteins that downregulate effector binding or promote signal termination. Moreover, Gαq is known to interact with several components of the cytoskeleton as well as with important organisers of membrane microdomains, which suggests that efficient signalling complexes might be confined to specific subcellular environments. Overall, the complex interaction network of Gαq underlies an ever-expanding functional diversity that puts forward this G alpha subunit as a major player in the control of physiological functions and in the development of different pathological situations.

Background and objective:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a low-level systemic chronic inflammatory activity that is responsible for many of the disease's extra-pulmonary manifestations, including osteoporosis and fragility fractures. These manifestations are also well-documented side-effects of oral corticosteroids. It was hypothesized that low levels of inhaled corticosteroids, due to their anti-inflammatory properties and their low circulating levels, might preserve the bone mineral density (BMD) of COPD patients.Methods:  Two hundred and fifty-one male ex-smokers with COPD patients grouped on the basis of their diffusion capacity value as predominantly bronchitic or predominantly emphysematic and 313 male controls with similar age and smoking history were enrolled in the study. Each of the patient's categories was randomized into two separate subgroups. Patients enrolled in subgroups Bneg(n = 91, 36%) and Eneg(n = 37, 14.7%) were treated with long-acting β2-agonists and anticholinergics, while subgroups BICS(n = 87, 35%) and EICS(n = 38, 15.1%) were additionally receiving low-dose inhaled corticosteroids. Patients and controls were evaluated by clinical examination, lung function testing and BMD measurement every 6 months for 4 years.Results:  According to the findings, emphysematic patients demonstrated an increased rate of BMD loss compared with bronchitic patients (P = 0.01). Furthermore, a reduction of the annual BMD loss in bronchitic patients on inhaled corticosteroids (P = 0.02) was measured, without a corresponding benefit for the emphysematics (P = not significant).Conclusions:  Long-term administration of low-dose inhaled corticosteroids decelerates the annual BMD loss in bronchitic patients, possibly by reducing both pulmonary and systemic chronic inflammation caused by COPD.

Over the last two decades, understanding plant signal transduction pathways of plant hormones has become an active research field to understand plant behavior better. To accomplish signal transduction, plants use a variety of hormones for inter and intra-communication, and biotic or abiotic stressors activate those. Signal transduction pathways refer to the use of various communication methods by effectors to elicit a response at the molecular level. Research methodologies such as inter-kingdom signaling have been introduced to study signal transduction and communication pathways, or what we can term plant molecular communication. However, stochastic qualities are inherent in most technologies used to monitor these biological processes. Molecular communication (MC) is a new research topic that uses the natural features of biological organisms to communicate and aims to manipulate their stochastic nature to achieve the desired results. MC is a multidisciplinary research field inspired by the use of molecules to store, spread, and receive information between biological organisms known as “Biological Nanomachines.” It has been used to demonstrate how biological entities may be characterised, modelled, and engineered as communication devices in the same manner as traditional communication technologies are. We attempted to link MC and PLANT’S MC in this study and we believe that reasonable combined efforts may be made to use the functional applications of MC for detecting and understanding molecular-level activities such as signaling transduction pathways in crops.

Methoxyfenozide and methoprene are two insecticides that mimic the action of the main hormones involved in the control of insect growth and development, 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone. We investigated their effect on the Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cell line. ...

This study was undertaken to examine the expression and cellular location of the various cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) subunits in different testicular cell types, using cDNA probes, isoenzyme-specific antibodies and activity measurements. Amounts of mRNA and protein were examined in cultured Sertoli cells, cultured peritubular cells, germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids), Leydig cell tumours as well as whole testes from rats of various ages. In Sertoli cells, there was a good correlation between the amount of mRNA and the respective immunoreactive proteins. In other types of cell, such as germ cells and Leydig tumour cells, this was not always the case. Large amounts of RIIβ mRNA were found in Leydig tumour cells, whereas the amount of immunoreactive protein was low. Furthermore, large amounts of small-sized, germ cell-specific mRNAs for RIα (1.7 kb) and RIIα (2.2 kb) were also found in the developing rat testis after 30 to 40 days of age, but the large amoun...

The maternal environment exerts important influences on offspring mass/growth, metabolism, reproduction, neurobiology, immune function, and behavior among birds, insects, reptiles, fish, and mammals. For mammals, mother&#39;s milk is an important physiological pathway for nutrient transfer and glucocorticoid signaling that potentially influences offspring growth and behavioral phenotype. Glucocorticoids in mother&#39;s milk have been associated with offspring behavioral phenotype in several mammals, but studies have been handicapped by not simultaneously evaluating milk energy density and yield. This is problematic as milk glucocorticoids and nutrients likely have simultaneous effects on offspring phenotype. We investigated mother&#39;s milk and infant temperament and growth in a cohort of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) mother-infant dyads at the California National Primate Research Center (N = 108). Glucocorticoids in mother&#39;s milk, independent of available milk energy, predic...

The main task of medicine: "prevent - detect - eliminate".
In order to "prevent" sent a lot of recommendations from "what to eat" to "how to move and with whom".
The situation with "detect" is more advanced. Here physicists (Rutherford once said that all sciences are  divided into physics and collecting stamps) unfolded "to their fullest" - they learned to catch everything that the proteins were just "thinking about".
As to the "eliminate" the situation is completely bad. "Cut, so as not to grow again" learned. But it is not always possible to "eliminate" pathology with non-invasive drugs. But to "eliminate" there is another big obstacle - this is the obstacle is Time. Late, therefore, lost the organ, and sometimes life.
And the situation with the physical (according to Rutherford) definition of a man as a patient is quite unpleasant. This definition should include classification characteristics, that is, which features of a living organism can be considered  as essential. 

But the most important (it is extremely rare in biological taxonomy), the classifying characteristics must be mathematically determined.

It is known that such classifying physiological signs of mammals include blood, lymph and urine.

In our body, blood plays the role of a "supplier" of substances to all tissues (arterial) and a "garbage conveyor to the garbage-dumping" organs, which collects throughout the body (venous).

Lymph plays the role of garbage collector from all the secluded corners of our body. The function of lymph is the return of proteins, water, salts, toxins and metabolites from tissues to the blood.

Urine plays the role of a "liquid container", through which all soluble in water metabolites are excreted from the body.

The most important part in all these processes play (activating, delaying, diverting) the complex molecules - hormones.
It is known [1] that hormones are humoral (blood-borne) regulators of certain processes in various organs and systems: hormone  is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and  behaviour, including sexual orientation [2].
On the other hand, hormones of all four mediums may be regarded as a mixture.

The composition of the components of the mixtures is determined primarily by the structure of the DNA. It varies with age and depends on the metabolic processes in the body.

If a set of chemical reactions that arise in a living body to maintain its functioning correspond to its genetic norm, then the composition of the components of the mixtures, slightly changing, still remains, due to Homeostasis, within certain ranges.

If the metabolism is disturbed due to serious changes in the functioning of the epithelial tissue, which is a layer of cells lining the surface (epidermis) and body cavities (including the mucous membranes of the internal organs, the food tract, the respiratory system, the genitourinary tract, and the majority of the glands of the body) Then the composition of the components of the mixtures varies. This deviation from the Norm is called Pathology.

But the "hormonal norm", like the "hormonal pathology" should somehow be measured! To competently manage them and predict their change.

How to "digitize a patient"? And in general mammals?

It is known that the "hormonal norm" varies with both genetically determined sexual orientation, and with age. In other words, at different periods of a person's life, his hormonal-age classification characteristics, differ from year to year. And doctors must take this into account. How to take into account the state registration authorities, replacing the photograph in the passport. So there is the idea of the Hormonal Sexual-Age Passport.

All this leads to the need to find ways to measure the composition of hormones and correlate this composition with the measured physical (according to Rutherford) parameters.
Physicists are able to determine the physical parameters of mixtures. This can be the permittivity (εr),  magnetic permeability (μr),  specific electrical conductivity (σr)) These physical parameters accurately determine the physical (according to Rutherford) parameters of the object (mixture). As a fingerprinting.

As in the case of the "Hormonal Norm", and in the case of "Hormonal Pathology." So there is the idea of creating a Hormonal Sexual-Age Data Bank and a Hormonal Pathology Data Bank.

The problems associated with the detection and elimination of pathological manifestations are especially important for physicians and their patients who are located at sites far from well-equipped medical institutions. This is, first of all, the personnel of ships, personnel and servicemen of remote bases and oil platforms and astronauts.
However, early diagnosis of pathology is necessary for each of us. In the near future, the implanted chip will transmit to the doctor's computer all the necessary parameters for the hormonal components of blood, lymph and urine.
Of great importance is the early diagnosis of the selection and admission of personnel for the work of people in strategically important positions in strategically important facilities.

The present work is devoted to familiarizing physicians with the fundamentals of the combinatorial theory of mixtures, unitary symmetry of mixtures and the use of these concepts for predicting drug activity in pharmacology and early diagnosis of pathologies.

Keywords: mixtures, Unitary Symmetry of  Mixtures, blood, lymph, urine, hormones, diagnostics of pathologies.

Inflammation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main inflammatory players in AD are the glial cells which initiate the inflammatory response. One of the earliest neuropathological changes in AD is the accumulation of astrocytes at sites of Aβ deposition. It is desirable to find methods of tipping the balance towards anti-inflammatory state. Estrogenic compounds have shown anti-inflammatory and also antioxidant activity. Astrocytes were pretreated with 17βestradiol or with genistein, and 48 h later treated with 5 μM amyloid beta (Aβ) for 24 h. We found that Aβ induces inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). All these effects were prevented when cells were pretreated with estradiol or genistein, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects of estradiol or genistein in astrocytes in primary culture. The Aβ-stimulated expression of pro-inflammatory genes in cells is antagonized by the action of the PPARs (peroxisome proliferator activated receptors). Here we detected an increase in PPAR-γ expression in astrocytes in primary culture treated with Aβ and estradiol or soy isoflavone genistein. Thus, some of the anti-inflammatory effects of estrogenic compounds may be mediated and activated by PPARs suppressing a diverse array of inflammatory responses caused by Aβ in astrocytes in primary culture.

This study was undertaken to examine the expression and cellular location of the various cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) subunits in different testicular cell types, using cDNA probes, isoenzyme-specific antibodies and activity measurements. Amounts of mRNA and protein were examined in cultured Sertoli cells, cultured peritubular cells, germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids), Leydig cell tumours as well as whole testes from rats of various ages. In Sertoli cells, there was a good correlation between the amount of mRNA and the respective immunoreactive proteins. In other types of cell, such as germ cells and Leydig tumour cells, this was not always the case. Large amounts of RIIβ mRNA were found in Leydig tumour cells, whereas the amount of immunoreactive protein was low. Furthermore, large amounts of small-sized, germ cell-specific mRNAs for RIα (1.7 kb) and RIIα (2.2 kb) were also found in the developing rat testis after 30 to 40 days of age, but the large amounts of mRNA were only partially reflected at the protein level. Pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were practically devoid of both RIIα and RIIβ protein. During spermatid differentiation, there was a decrease in RIα and an increase in RIIα protein. Cell specific distribution of the various PKA subunits in testicular cell types is described. In some types of cell, discrepancies between mRNA and protein were demonstrated, which clearly suggest cell specific differences in translational efficiencies for some of these mRNAs, particularly the small-sized mRNAs for RIα and RIIα in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells.