History of Work

Anmerkungen zu Ute Richter´s »Die Wirklichkeit, die zum Gedanken drängt« Gestern Abend war ich bei der Filmvorführung von »Die Wirklichkeit, die zum Gedanken drängt«. Es handelt sich um eine Dokumentation eines, man könnte sagen, lebensreformerischen Hausprojektes, das zwischen 1926 und 1933 in der Leipziger Stieglitzstrasse Gestalt angenommen hatte: Die Sdchule der Arbeit.

Atti convegno Pontificio Ateneo Sant’Anselmo
Il monaco lavoratore
Il lavoro dalla romanità alle modernità con la evoluzione legislativa, teologca e sociale secondo la Regola.
Interveni di: Fernando Rivas osb, Bernard Sawiki osb, Alessandro Paglia, Francesco Maria Tasciotti mons., Riccardo Lufrani op.

Some aspects of the first workers' demands in the textile sector of the city of Alcoi after the revolt known as the Petroleum (1873) are analyzed. On the basis of the documentation generated by the role of the City Council of Alcoi as mediator in the conflicts, some aspects of the forms of wages and the organization of work in the textile industry in Alcoi in the 1880s are presented, with the particularity of the appearance of information on wages and working hours of some female trades.

El text analitza alguns aspectes de les primeres reivindicacions obreres al sector tèxtil de la ciutat d'Alcoi després de la revolta anomenada del Petrólio (1873). Mitjançant la documentació generada pel paper de mediador en els conflictes de l'Ajuntament d'Alcoi, s'albiren alguns trets sobre les formes de retribució i l'organització del treball, al tèxtil alcoià de la dècada de 1880, amb la particularitat de l'aparició d'informació sobre retribucions i jornades de treball d'algun ofici femení.

El texto analiza algunos aspectos de las primeras reivindicaciones obreras en el sector textil de la ciudad de Alcoi a partir de la revuelta conocida como el Petróleo (1873). A partir de la documentación generada por el papel de mediador en los conflictos del Ayuntamiento de Alcoi, se exponen algunos aspectos sobre las formas de retribución y la organización del trabajo, en el textil alcoyano de la década de 1880, con la particularidad de la aparición de información sobre retribuciones y jornadas de trabajo de algun oficio femenino.

Intégralement en open access ici : https://journals.openedition.org/frontieres/3319
Cet entretien croise les voix de deux chercheuses spécialistes des chantiers de construction : Mylène Pardoen (CNRS) est archéologue du paysage sonore et a mené, entre autres, un projet de restitution du paysage sonore du chantier de construction de Notre-Dame de Paris en 1170 ; Virginie Mathé (Université Paris-Est Créteil – Centre de recherche en histoire européenne comparée) travaille sur les chantiers de construction dans la Grèce antique, notamment à partir des sources épigraphiques et comptables. Nous explorons avec elles la manière dont elles font parler leurs sources pour révéler l’existence – ou l’absence – de frontières sur les chantiers de construction antiques et médiévaux : frontières sociales (absence ou présence de certaines catégories de population, comme les femmes et les enfants, les travailleurs libres ou contraints…), frontières spatiales (spécialisation des zones par activité, articulation des différents corps de métier retranscrits dans l’espace) et temporalités des chantiers sont autant de thématiques abordées.

Accompanying industrialization and urbanization, leather shoe production expanded in the 19th century. To fully grasp the significance of this development, it is important to remember that leather shoes were far from common in rural areas—many peasants in Italy, for instance, went barefoot. Those who did wear shoes typically used crude types, such as clogs or homemade footwear, often crafted at home or by a neighbor (a practice known as bricole). In urban settings, shoe consumption was closely linked to social status. It was not until the 1920s that leather shoe consumption began to rise significantly in Spain and Italy, as living standards gradually improved. Leather shoes became a symbol of elegance and social prestige. By the late 1930s, the average German owned barely more than one pair of leather shoes annually, and many had none at all. Wooden clogs remained common in agriculture and, in some cases, even in industry. England, however, appeared to be ahead in this regard: by the late 1930s, the working class typically owned two pairs of leather shoes or boots, while middle-class women owned about five or six pairs and men around four.

Changes in lifestyles and work clothing requirements influenced the growth of this industry. As early as the 19th century, the industry responded to these new needs and expanding markets by diversifying production methods. This was initially based on task specialization and various forms of spatial organization of labor. Mechanization, though gradual and late, was only one of many contributing factors.

A pesquisa busca encontrar resposta para o seguinte problema: como explicar a questão da procura por uma identidade nacional, no continente africano? O seu recorte temporal é o período pós-colonial da África. Depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial, estando a Europa enfraquecida, as colônias europeias no continente africano irão se mobilizar, visando conquistar a própria liberdade. Liberto, cada país ou território do continente africano terá de enfrentar o desafio de preservar a sua unidade. Ligado a isto, está a necessidade de lidar com as questões relativas à identidade (de africano, mas também respectivamente de ganense, moçambicano, angolano, sul-africano, nigeriano etc.). Contudo, a construção de uma identidade nacional é, em si, tarefa bastante complexa e um problema de difícil solução. No caso africano, compreender a questão da identidade nacional exige por parte de quem se dispõe a enfrentar essa tarefa observar vários elementos, por exemplo: a) o desafio de manter o novo Estado unido; b) o período pós-colonial traz a marca da novidade histórica; c) a difícil política no continente; d) a Tradição como elemento definidor.

This study delves into the activities of the Unione statistica
delle città italiane (Statistical Union of Italian Cities; USCI). It explores their efforts in devising cost-of-living index numbers in the aftermath of the First World War and examines the factors leading to the dissolution of their work under the fascist regime. The distribution services were among the first to oppose the initiatives of the USCI. Aligned with the rise of fascism, this sector encountered fierce competition from municipal efforts aimed at supporting citizens during the war.
Additionally, industrialists resisted the index numbers devised by
municipal statisticians, fearing that these figures could reduce their
profits by contributing to potential increases in workers’ incomes
negotiated with trade unions relying on these indices.
The pivotal moment occurred in 1925 with the initiation of
the revaluation of the Italian currency (lira), fostering an alliance
between Mussolini’s fascist government and major industrialists.
The occurrence of the 16th International Statistical Institute
(ISI) congress in Rome in 1925 coincided with the economic turning
point that, in 1926, resulted in a decrease in consumption.

Hacia 1850, en Buenos Aires, la costura era una actividad que realizaban diferentes personas en sitios diversos. Podía ser parte de un oficio artesanal, una labor femenina, un castigo productivo o una de las tareas que se esperaban del servicio doméstico. Observar esas distinciones y distancias vuelve a la aguja y al hilo un prisma para interrogarnos por las jerarquías sociales –de género, raza y edad– que estructuraron este mercado de trabajo e incidieron en la construcción de nociones de derechos y justicia, así como para identificar el lugar que ocupó este puerto sudamericano en una trama global de procesos de industrialización, nuevas pautas de consumo y movimientos migratorios. A través del análisis de un nutrido corpus documental, este estudio realiza un aporte desde la historia social con perspectiva de género al ofrecer una mirada del período al ras de experiencias sociales de trabajo.

This book explores how workers moved and were moved, why they moved, and how they were kept from moving. In particular, it examines the junction of mobility and coercion, thereby merging insights from two very different but in many ways mutually supportive currents of study and epistemological renewal. On the one hand, global history has broadened the scope of studying labour spatially and temporally as well as creating new methodological incentives by eschewing the binary distinctions previous generations of scholars tended to make between free and unfree labour, productive and unproductive labour, or wage labour and unpaid labourto name only some of the most common examples. 1 Historians of work have thus increasingly begun to emphasise the interrelational nature of labour regimes in their various guises throughout history and around the globe. On the other hand, the expanding field of mobility studies has been paying more and more attention to questions of labour in connection with mobility, since work is one of the prime motivators for people to move and be moved. In this line of research, human movement emerges as a social process enmeshed in myriad relations of power and control. 2 This volume aims to combine the influence of these two historiographical currents by investigating them through the lens of coercion 3 as an analytical tool to improve our understanding of the complex and interconnected processes of labour and mobility in different historical contexts. With contributions spanning Europe and North America, Moving Workers combines fresh perspectives on the entanglements of human labour and human movement. It shows that all struggles relating to the mobility of workers or its restriction have the potential to reveal complex configurations of hierarchies, dependencies, and diverging conceptions of work and labour relations that continuously make and remake our world.

Écrire une histoire des femmes en Europe impose des approches nuancées, croisées et complémentaires. En partant d'une sélection de documents d'époques et de natures différentes, connus ou inédits, des historiennes et historiens analysent sur le temps long diverses thématiques de l'histoire des femmes et du genre, tout en les replaçant dans le contexte spécifique de leur période, la Préhistoire, l'Antiquité, le Moyen Âge ou l'époque moderne. Cet ensemble de plus de 150 notices, rédigées par une équipe de plus de 120 autrices et auteurs, est une somme unique qui donne à voir l'histoire des femmes dans toutes ses dimensions, politiques, économiques, culturelles et sociales, et atteste clairement que les femmes, elles aussi, ont fait l'Europe.

A finales de los cincuenta en España existía un gran debate sobre el futuro del servicio doméstico y los cambios que se estaban produciendo en él. El servicio doméstico era un sector en el que se podían percibir modificaciones significativas que iban de la mano de profundos cambios sociales. El debate que generaba puede ser recogido en la prensa de la época, de hecho, aún a mediados de la década de los sesenta, la única "mujer trabajadora" que se encontraba en periódicos o revistas eran las "mujeres del servicio", lo cual nos indica la importancia del servicio doméstico en el franquismo.

Basic industries are critical to the global economy, providing essential raw materials and goods that support a wide range of sectors including agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and energy. This journal explores the significance of basic industries, emphasizing their role in economic growth, job creation, and innovation. It highlights the vast employment opportunities available in these industries, from entry-level to highly specialized positions, and profiles key companies that dominate the sector. Additionally, the paper examines the high-paying jobs within basic industries, demonstrating that these fields offer competitive salaries for skilled professionals. As basic industries evolve to meet environmental challenges, they remain a cornerstone of sustainable development and economic stability. This comprehensive review aims to deepen the understanding of basic industries and their indispensable role in modern economies.

En este capítulo se analizan las aportaciones del prof. Santos Julià a la historia de Madrid. La capital de España comenzó siendo un desastre tras la guerra de la independencia pero la fisonomía de la ciudad comenzó a cambiar desde
la década de 1840, cuando, ya terminada la primera guerra civil carlista (1833-1839) e implantada la revolución liberal, Madrid tomó un aire alegre en el que sobraba público para la ópera y para los toros. Hubo pasión de riqueza y fiebre de lujo entre la antigua aristocracia, a la que se había sumado la «nueva grandeza del comercio y del préstamo», casi todos compradores de fincas desamortizadas.  Desapareció la hegemonía de frailes y rancios aristócratas para dar paso a nuevas clases medias, dispuestas a medrar socialmente, que llenaron los clubes y la redacción de los periódicos, impulsaron el Ateneo, el Liceo y el Casino del Príncipe, y con ellas también se mezclaron nobles con pretensiones literarias. Fueron los románticos del Madrid liberal, en el que los abogados y los periodistas se hicieron omnipresentes en la esfera pública, porque la prensa sirvió de trampolín para el éxito social y literario, y también para el liderazgo político vieja clase dominante había pasado por la revolución liberal . Por otra parte,  el protagonismo
del pueblo madrileño en las luchas políticas dieron paso a funciones auténticas de capital del Estado. Desde 1834, el pueblo madrileño organizado como Milicia Nacional para defender la soberanía del pueblo contra el absolutismo, desarrolló hasta 1873 un peso totalmente inédito en la vida política española. Los milicianos eran pequeños y medianos propietarios, artesanos, empleados, funcionarios, cesantes, trabajadores y jornaleros.

This chapter discusses the role of artisans in Portuguese medieval cities, highlighting that they could work alongside members of their household, such as spouses, children, apprentices, or other dependents. The crafts with the highest incidence of family work were related to food supply and retail trade. For this study, the professions of fishmongers, vendors, fruit sellers, and hawkers were selected. These professionals often disrespected customers and authorities, committing abuses in an attempt to increase their profits. Therefore, the implementation of regulations and inspections was essential to ensure the quality of the goods sold and to maintain respect for customers and authorities.
Moreover, it is necessary to understand the regulatory framework of the crafts most associated with family work. The period chosen for analysis spans from the 14th to the 16th century, focusing on the cities of Braga, Évora, and Loulé. The selection of this time frame and these cities is due to the greater availability of relevant historical sources on the topic, such as the "Vereações de Braga, Livro 1: 1509 – 1511", the "Livro das Posturas Antigas da Cidade de Évora", and the "Actas de Vereação de Loulé: Séculos XIV – XV".

This book explores how workers moved and were moved, why they moved, and how they were kept from moving. In particular, it examines the junction of mobility and coercion, thereby merging insights from two very different but in many ways mutually supportive currents of study and epistemological renewal. On the one hand, global history has broadened the scope of studying labour spatially and temporally as well as creating new methodological incentives by eschewing the binary distinctions previous generations of scholars tended to make between free and unfree labour, productive and unproductive labour, or wage labour and unpaid labourto name only some of the most common examples. 1 Historians of work have thus increasingly begun to emphasise the interrelational nature of labour regimes in their various guises throughout history and around the globe. On the other hand, the expanding field of mobility studies has been paying more and more attention to questions of labour in connection with mobility, since work is one of the prime motivators for people to move and be moved. In this line of research, human movement emerges as a social process enmeshed in myriad relations of power and control. 2 This volume aims to combine the influence of these two historiographical currents by investigating them through the lens of coercion 3 as an analytical tool to improve our understanding of the complex and interconnected processes of labour and mobility in different historical contexts. With contributions spanning Europe and North America, Moving Workers combines fresh perspectives on the entanglements of human labour and human movement. It shows that all struggles relating to the mobility of workers or its restriction have the potential to reveal complex configurations of hierarchies, dependencies, and diverging conceptions of work and labour relations that continuously make and remake our world.

Court records and the history of the early modern period go hand in hand. Court records are crucial for our knowledge of the period and are the most important set of data for several fields of scholarship. In this article we study how Scandinavian historians and language historians have used court records in their research. In this multidisciplinary synthesis of such historical and historical linguistic research in Finland and Sweden, the focus is research mainly in Finnish and Swedish but also in English, published between 1950 and 2020, but weighted towards the twenty-first century. We show that historians have often been interested in source criticism whereas language historians concentrate on the question of linguistic variation and change. We identify three major themes that are fruitful for multidisciplinary collaborations between historians and linguists who rely on court records as a source: the records (their accuracy and reliability), the discource levels (the records’ textual structures and patterns), and the scribes (the common denominator). The study emphasises the multidisciplinary dimensions of court record research; the researcher should preferably be alert to the theoretical and analytical discussions in both disciplines and draw on one another’s expertise. The article is an outcome of  ”City scribes in the kingdom of Sweden in the early modern period (1614–1714): Their profession, agency and use of language”, a multidisciplinary research project at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, financed by the Kone Foundation for the period 2020–2024.

Recension-Les hommes lents implications-philosophiques.org/recension-les-hommes-lents/ Marco Dal Pozzolo est doctorant et ATER à l'Université de Bourgogne. Il prépare une thèse intitulée Le pathologique et son milieu : perspectives philosophiques sur le stress chronique à partir de Georges Canguilhem. Il est auteur de divers articles dont « Repenser le milieu par l'Umwelt. Les lectures croisées de Canguilhem et Merleau-Ponty » (in A

Few building projects reveal as unusual a trajectory as the Golconde dormitory does. Realized between 1935 and c.1948 at Pondicherry, India, this impeccable-looking modern structure has intrigued architectural experts due to its formal characteristics and environmental performance. Yet, the story of its construction, one not obvious from its appearance or performance, remained untold. By peeling away these (outer) layers however, a rich and textured history of how Golconde was actually built appears. The project’s patrons, leaders of a spiritual community (Ashram) in Pondicherry, configured the construction process as an outer realization of a spiritual pursuit. The profound meaning and significance thus ascribed to the act of building provides a critical apparatus to uncover the palpable experiences of Golconde’s largely amateur workforce, an unlikely combination of mostly seekers within the Ashram and few trained professionals. These builders persisted with producing a structure in a material unfamiliar to them, reinforced concrete, and its other components—all with considerable precision. Analyzing records they left behind help to forge a narrative where Golconde’s material operations, in effect, become legible through the human relations underpinning them. In such a narrative, the people enacting these operations appear as vividly as physical things they sought to create. The paper therefore proposes that the term “labor” proves inadequate to describe these builders and their efforts, as it presumes built projects to be transactions. Rather, the Golconde project’s narrative is better understood as one of “work”, a far more inclusive conceptual frame to explain the culture of its construction.

El objetivo general de este artículo es analizar el impacto de los procesos de modernización productiva en las identidades ocupacionales de las operadoras de la empresa Teléfonos de México, SA de CV (Telmex); así como abordar las dimensiones que engloban y ...

Care for the sick and femininity are often linked almost as a matter of course. However, gender relations in urban charitable institutions of the late Middle Ages were much more complex. Using the city of Strasbourg as an example, the book examines the broad spectrum of women and men who worked in four of the city's charitable institutions - a general hospital, a leper hospital, a pox hospital and an alms office. It focuses on access to offices, working practices and the division of labour, gender norms and gender relations on the level of supervision, management, and nursing and medical care. The book illustrates the relevance and dynamics that gender-specific ideals from the context of marriage, family, and household held for the organization of medical charity, and thus opens up new perspectives on the continuities and changes in urban charitable institutions between around 1400 and 1550.
The book is written in German but contains a detailed English summary.

Nach Studium und Promotion erfolgte die bibliothekarische Ausbildung an der UB Freiburg und der Bibliotheksschule Frankfurt/Main. Sechs Jahre Leitung der Wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek der Anhaltischen Landesbücherei Dessau (sowie der stellv. Direktion der Gesamtbibliothek). Danach folgten 13 Jahre Tätigkeit in der Zentral-und Landesbibliothek Berlin mit den Zuständigkeiten für die Historischen Sammlungen, Bestandserhaltung u. a. Dort war ein Themenschwerpunkt der Aufbau des "Kompetenzzentrums Bestandserhaltung für Bibliotheken und Archive in Berlin und Brandenburg". Die Thematik der Raubgutprojekte (also der Recherche nach ns-verfolgungsbedingt entzogenem Kulturgut) wurde im Laufe der Jahre zudem immer wichtiger. Seit Ende 2011 Mitarbeit in der Redaktion der Zeitschrift "Bibliothekdienst". Die Übernahme der Leitung des Landesbibliothekszentrums Rheinland-Pfalz erfolgte im Dezember 2012.

Το πλοίο «Κολοκοτρώνης» ήταν ένα από τα τέσσερα επιβατηγά πλοία που η Ιταλία παρέδωσε στην Ελλάδα το 1952 στο πλαίσιο των πολεμικών επανορθώσεών της. Λίγους μήνες μετά την έναρξη των δρομολογίων του, το «Κολοκοτρώνης» εκτελούσε και το δρομολόγιο από Πειραιά προς Μπρίντεζι (Μπρίντιζι/Brindisi). Το δρομολόγιο αυτό συνδέθηκε με την πορεία χιλιάδων Ελλήνων, οι οποίοι μετανάστευσαν στην Γερμανία στο πλαίσιο της συμφωνίας για υποδοχή «Φιλοξενούμενων Εργατών / Γκασταρμπάιτερ» από την Ελλάδα. Στο παρόν άρθρο επιχειρείται η ανάδειξη αυτής της πτυχής από την ιστορία του πλοίου μέσα από μαρτυρίες των Ελλήνων Γκασταρμπάιτερ, οι οποίες έχουν συλλεχθεί μέσα από τη σχετική βιβλιογραφία και άλλες πηγές.

w: https://www.navalhistory.gr/ploio-kolokotronis-martyries-gkastarbaiter-2/

Il presente contributo si propone di analizzare lo stretto nesso che intercorre tra lavoro e ozio nel cristianesimo antico mediante l'adozione di una prospettiva di genere e scegliendo, dunque, come laboratorio privilegiato d'osservazione l'episodio narrato da Luca nel suo vangelo che vede protagoniste due donne, di nome Marta e Maria (Lc 10, 38-42) 1. Più nello specifico, si tenterà di coniugare 1 Le figure di Marta e Maria vengono menzionate anche nel vangelo di Giovanni (cfr. Gv 11, 1-44; 12, 1-3), in cui tuttavia l'attenzione è interamente incentrata sulla morte e resurrezione di Lazzaro, il fratello delle due donne. In questa sede mi concentrerò dunque esclusivamente sulla pericope lucana, dato l'interesse primario per l'idea del rapporto ozio-lavoro al centro del presente contributo. Tale rapporto, infatti, non sembra rivestire un'importanza fondamentale nel racconto giovanneo, essendo presente una fugace allusione al servizio di Marta soltanto nei primi versetti del capitolo 12. Si segnala, tuttavia, in Gv 11, 1-44, una distinzione di atteggiamenti e reazioni relativamente alle due donne che sembra richiamare direttamente l'opposizione tra attività e passività che Luca attribuisce rispettivamente a Marta e a Maria. Quando, infatti, saputo che Lazzaro era morto, Gesù decise di recarsi a Betania, il villaggio in cui vivevano le due sorelle, Marta, saputa la notizia dell'arrivo dello stesso Gesù, subito gli corse incontro, mentre Maria restò seduta in casa (cfr. Gv 11,20). Dopo un breve ma intenso scambio con Gesù a proposito della resurrezione, Marta andò a chiamare Maria, che ancora restava in casa, per chiederle di raggiungere il luogo in cui Gesù stesso si trovava (cfr. Gv 11, 21-31). Anche in seguito, quando i tre si furono recati presso il sepolcro in cui Lazzaro era stato sepolto, è solo Marta a interloquire attivamente con Gesù (cfr. Gv 11, 38-44).

This report of the Annual Conference 2023 of the German Society for Household Economics was written by Melanie Speck and Lynn Wagner. The keynote speech was done by Thera van Osch.
Speck M, Wagner L (Hrsg.) (2024): Für Nachhaltigkeit sorgen. Dokumentation der Jahrestagung 2023 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hauswirtschaft (dgh e.V.). Hauswirtschaft und Wissenschaft 72 (2024) ISSN online 2626-0913.
https://haushalt-wissenschaft.de doi: 10.23782/HUW_04_2024

Un annuaire des membres de la Communauté et Académie de Saint-Luc pour l’année 1753 vient d’entrer dans les collections de la Fondation Custodia. Ce document, a priori banal, est en fait une précieuse mine d’informations pour l’histoire sociale de l’art et des arts décoratifs à Paris au XVIIIe siècle.

Agradecimentos À Tânia, pela confiança, pela orientação e pelo exemplo profissional. Ao Sírio, referência acadêmica e ética. Ao Jonas pelo diálogo e apoio. Ao Ilari, à Inge, ao Raja pelas sugestões durante o curso. Aos professores que aceitaram participar da banca. Aos amigos queridos do IEL, pelo compartilhamento nesta jornada árdua:

exchange with nature and the gods, and thus helped them partake in a supra-human order. hence, farming as a source of physical exercise was greatly esteemed, even if it literally meant working up a sweat. heroes ploughed furrows, harvested wheat, herded flocks, and harnessed their own horses. Members of the elite engaged in other manual activities as well. no matter how high their standing, men and women in homeric epics performed a wide range of activities. sons of kings acted as smiths, built their own homes, or chopped wood. odysseus built both his bedroom and the bed he shared with his wife, and he knew how to make a raft. When describing the blinding of the Cyclopes, the poet's mind turns to the forging of metal, and the transformation of odysseus after being shipwrecked on the coast of Phaeacia is likened to the work-'full of grace'-of a goldsmith. Wives of kings wove, spun, and stitched clothes; their daughters did the laundry. in other words, manual work was not considered intrinsically degrading. What the warrior class rejected, was dependence: in a famous passage of Odyssey 11, achilles says that he would rather be a day-labourer working for pay than be king of the dead souls. no activity was deemed unworthy of warriors, provided that the activity was 'free': it was not to be carried out under any form of coercion, i.e. not out of material need and not to serve anybody else. lazing about, however, was already associated with a primitive or savage state, as the description of the Cyclopes demonstrates.13 By the seventh century bce, amid the contested aristocratic hegemony, the scope of the heroic-elitist virtue had broadened considerably. references to heroes and heroic acts in the myth of heracles were metaphors for farmers and farming in hesiod's work. no figure in Classical antiquity expressed more clearly that working was both a sacrifice to the gods and a worldly duty than hesiod. While homer wrote of the heroics of the warrior rulers, hesiod sympathized with the daily struggle of the farmers during what he referred to as the iron age. in his famous poem The Works and Days, composed between 700 and 675 bce, he described activities on the land and glorified farm work. this is probably the first text in Western history formulating an unambiguous work ethic. hesiod wrote his poem to chastise and advise his lazy and dishonest brother Perses, but in doing so, he went well beyond what would be of benefit to his brother. he explicitly addressed the Muses, Zeus and certain kings, and his instruction included 13 homer,

(Un plan détaillé figure à la fin du manuscrit) INTRODUCTION. DU CONTRAT AU CODE DU TRAVAIL POLYNÉSIEN Chapitre 1. La prédominance originaire des liens interpersonnels Chapitre 2. La subordination juridique du premier Code Pomare à nos jours Chapitre 3. Le travail subordonné à l'épreuve de la crise de l'emploi salarié LIVRE PREMIER. LE TRAVAIL SUBORDONNÉ ENTRE MIMÉTISME ET SPÉCIFICITÉS TITRE PREMIER. LES ENJEUX DE LA RELATION DE TRAVAIL SUBORDONNÉ Chapitre 1. Du mimétisme en matière d'intervention sur les salaires Chapitre 2. La situation spécifique des salariés involontairement privés d'emploi TITRE SECOND. LA RELATION DE TRAVAIL SUBORDONNÉ À L'ÉPREUVE DES JUGES Chapitre 1. La subordination juridique critère déterminant du contrat de travail Chapitre 2. Les limites à l'application des critères du lien de subordination LIVRE SECOND. L'AVENIR DU TRAVAIL SUBORDONNÉ EN POLYNÉSIE FRANÇAISE TITRE PREMIER. LE LIEN DE SUBORDINATION À L'ÉPREUVE DES STATUTS Chapitre 1. Les spécificités de la relation de travail subordonné des agents publics Chapitre 2. Vers un développement des statuts « spécifiquement » polynésiens TITRE SECOND. LES ENTREPRISES ET LE TRAVAIL SUBORDONNÉ EN MUTATION Chapitre 1. Subordination et coopération en Polynésie française Chapitre 2. De l'entreprise-réseau aux réseaux d'entrepreneurs Chapitre 3. Travail subordonné et économie sociale et solidaire CONCLUSION. VERS UN CHANGEMENT DE PARADIGME ANNEXES BIBLIOGRAPHIE INDEX ALPHABÉTIQUE TABLE DES MATIÈRES PRINCIPALES ABREVIATIONS A. : Arrêté A.F.P. : Agence Française de Presse AN : Assemblée nationale A.N.F.A. : Agents non fonctionnaires de l'administration de la Polynésie française APF : Assemblée de la Polynésie française Art. : Article Ass. plén. : Assemblée plénière Assoc. : Association B.I.T. : Bureau international du travail B.S.E.O. : Bulletin de la société des études océanniennes Bull. civ. : Bulletin des arrêts de la Cour de cassation Bull. Crim. : Bulletin des arrêts de la Cour de cassation Bull. soc. franc. : Bulletin de la société française de philosophie C. civ. : Code civil C./ : Contre Ca : Arrêt de la Cour d'appel Caa : Arrêt de la Cour administrative d'appel CAP : Commission administrative paritaire Cass. ass. plén.,

On the following pages the actual state of the research concerning the fate of mentally ill people in the psychiatric hospital of Klagenfurt am Wörthersee during the national socialistic era is described. Sterilisations based on the "Erbgesundheitsgesetz", deportations to the Castle of Hartheim near Linz, transports to Klagenfurt and killing in the departments of the hospital are documented. A big historical archiv could be a rich fund for further research.

Este artigo objetiva discutir como as identidades de escravos e de seus descendentes foram construídas nos meandros do tráfico negreiro e para além dele. Assim, discute como aspectos relacionados à raça, à etnia, à origem, à ocupação e à condição jurídica estabeleceram hierarquias e determinaram espaços na sociedade escravista a partir dos discursos das elites letradas.

Unser Verständnis von Arbeit ist einem starken Wandel unterworfen. Zunehmend werden mit Jobsharing, Homeoffice und Teilzeitarbeit flexiblere Modelle gefordert und erprobt. Zugleich nimmt weltweit die Zahl der sogenannten working poor zu - Personen, die mit nur einer Erwerbsarbeit nicht genug verdienen, um ihren Lebensunterhalt zu bestreiten.
Die vormoderne Arbeitswelt war der unseren in mancher Hinsicht ähnlich. Oft gingen Ehepartnerinnen und -partner verschiedenen Erwerbsarbeiten nach, waren in mehreren Berufen tätig. Frauen und Männer, Töchter und Söhne trugen zum Familieneinkommen bei. Frauen waren Meisterinnen, Lohnarbeiterinnen, Unternehmerinnen. Nicht nur beruflich, auch räumlich waren Handwerkerinnen und Handwerker überaus mobil.
Der mikrohistorische Fokus auf eine offene Familienwirtschaft ermöglicht es, diese flexiblen handwerklichen Ökonomien zu erfassen. Der Beitrag von Nicole Stadelmanns Buch zur deutschsprachigen Handwerksforschung liegt in der Zusammenführung der zünftigen und ausserzünftigen Produktion. Indem dabei gerade die Arbeit der Frauen in der Produktionssphäre sichtbar wird, leistet die Studie auch wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Frauen- und Geschlechtergeschichte.

Markers of identity operate in a fluid continuum both in antiquity and nowadays: each identity is a label we ascribe to ourselves (emic) and others (etic). In the contexts of work and crafting, aspects of class, rank, race, age, gender, job status, religion, and occupation play important roles in how we ourselves, as well as others, shape a person’s identity. 
Each label or ascription is linked to specific behaviours (e.g. political posture). Moreover, specific feelings are connected to (self-)identity, determining how we behave towards others. Outward behaviours, appearances and accessories are what indicates, out of choice or necessity, whether someone belongs, is weird, or worthy of esteem. A level of judgement is also involved, and while labels have always been part of our judgements and categorization of people’s identities, there is far more fluidity and ambiguity in label ascription than we tend to think, both now and in the past. 
In archaeology, traditional identities along the lines of, for example, male/female, Greek/foreign, craftsperson/landowner, free/enslaved, etc., are not easily determined. People have always had multiple identities, fluid and ambiguous, based on many factors in endlessly varied combinations. This session will address the ways in which ancient craftspeople and labourers shaped their multivalent identities through a range of markers, some chosen, some ascribed by others.

Questo è il numero 01 di EX Series, una collana multilingue interamente dedicata al cinema sperimentale. Esplora il film Decasia: The State of Decay (Bill Morrison, 2002), un'opera cinematografica unica che, attraverso vecchi film soggetti a deterioramento chimico e fisico, elabora una complessa metafora sulla caducità dell'esistenza umana e sulla dimensione transitoria di tutte le cose.
La prefazione di Marta Braun introduce il lettore al film e alla ricerca. Conclude il volume un'intervista inedita di Sonia Colavita al regista Bill Morrison.

https://www.mimesisedizioni.it/libro/9791222304656

Problem ciężarnych robotnic przymusowych stanowił szczególne wyzwanie dla niemieckiego systemu pracy niewolniczej. Jedną z metod jego rozwiązania była organizacja placówek, w których umieszczać miano odebrane im dzieci.
„Żłobek dla niemowląt i małych dzieci robotnic wschodnich w Spital am Pyhrn” był najprawdopodobniej pierwszą tego typu instytucją.

I live in a depleted city (Sydney), in a deindustrialized region (Cape Breton Regional Municipality), on a marginal island (Cape Breton), in a have-not province (Nova Scotia). As recently as the mid-1960s, the city, region, and island were supported economically by coal mining, steel making, and fish processing; thousands were employed directly in these areas, while thousands upon thousands more provided supportive goods and services. Things have changed dramatically since then. No one on the island goes underground for coal anymore, nor does anyone here smelt iron ore. Fish plant workers remain, but they are few in number and endangered. Within the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, which used to be called "industrial Cape Breton" because the island's steel industry and nearly all of its coal mines fell within its boundaries, the impact of this protracted economic decline has been dramatic and seemingly irreversible. Between 1961 and 2011, the municipality's population has contracted from 131,507 to 97,398, a drop of nearly 26 per cent; immigration to the region is non-existent. The average family income is 40 per cent less than in the rest of Canada; 24 per cent of children under the age of six live in low-income houses, a rate above the provincial and national average; most of those households are led by single women. Levels of arthritis, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, substance abuse, and cancer are either among the highest or (in the case of cancer) are the highest in the country. Derelict houses and buildings line many streets, and arson is all too common. The municipal government is practically bankrupt, while property taxes are the highest in the province. 1 The (official) unemployment rate for the island as a whole hovers 1. Cape Breton Regional Municipality, "Integrated Sustainability Plan," (discussion paper, review essay / note critique

A presente tradução se configura como um dos produtos do projeto de pesquisa "Política de reconhecimento territorial indígena no Brasil: atores, instituições e processos", coordenado pelo professor Dr. Leonardo Barros Soares no âmbito de suas atividades de pesquisa na Universidade Federal do Pará, e integrado por

Kepler’s intricate trajectory, his self-reflective comments about the conditions of production of knowledge in his time, and the wealth of materials preserved make it possible to reconstruct a whole set of regimes of scholarly work around 1600, each with its typical mode of control, forms of subordination, temporal economy, and means of remuneration. Kepler’s maneuvering in this landscape was shaped by his attempts to carve out spaces for the kind of work he considered his very own – his “speculations” or “private studies” – within work relationships involving service and subordination.
Thus, we find nonalienated, self-directed scholarly work embedded, constrained, and enabled by heteronomous regimes of work, a field of tensions that I seek to capture in the formula “work within work.” A labor history of science could thus offer us an opportunity for exploring historically documented, nonincidental and partly institutionalized forms of less alienated work, and trace the ways in which they related to and interacted with dominant relations of production.

Indígena Eduardo Viveiros de Castro « Indígena » designa uma pessoa ou uma comunidade originária de um lugar determinado, que ali vive ou a ele está ligada por um laço imanente; que se sente uma « propriedade » da terra antes que proprietária dela. No francês corrente, « indigène » é uma dessas palavras cujo sentido foi meio corrompido pelo colonialismo. Os povos ditos indígenas são antes de tudo aqueles que foram invadidos pelos indígenas da Europa em sua expansão imperial a partir do século XVI. (Assim, estes últimos, acreditando terem sido colonizados-civilizados-por eles mesmos há tempos atrás, acham que deixaram de ser indígenas). Os « indígenas » são também aqueles povos que não aderiram, à força ou voluntariamente, à marcha unilinear do Progresso,

Anhand des von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderten Projekts "Digitalisierung des Darmstädter Tagblatts" (DDAT) wird ein Workflow für die Digitalisierung komplexer und umfangreicher Periodika vorgestellt. Das Projekt wird in Kollaboration zwischen der Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt (ULB) und dem Institut für Sprach-und Literaturwissenschaften der Technischen Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt) durchgeführt. Die Arbeitsschritte umfassen dabei die Bild-Erstellung vom Original, die digitale Weiterverarbeitung bis hin zum maschinenlesbaren Volltext mit linguistischen Basisannotationen, die öffentlich zugängliche Präsentation im Internet und die ausführliche Recherche nach Rechteinhabern einzelner Artikel und Fotografien wie sie in § § 61 ff. UrhG vorgeschrieben ist ("sorgfältige Suche").

2 1 grudnia 2011 r. w Ratuszu Miejskim w Stargardzie odbyła się prezentacja książki połączona z projekcją filmu-wywiadu z p. Edwardem Woltmannem z Poznania, którego ojciec był robotnikiem przymusowym w zakładzie wulkanizacyjnym w Stralsundzie i zginął podczas nalotu alianckiego na to miasto 6 października 1944 r. Spotkanie to poprzedziła prezentacja tej książki w Stralsundzie 15 listopada 2011 r.