History of Suicide

It is intended that this work should contribute to the study of the original Italian poetry of Giacomo Zanella, through an overall view of it, in its historical context, with due regard to the findings of previous criticism. After a resume of Zanella's life (Chapter 1) and a thorough examination of his Poetica (Chapter 2), his theoretical concept of poetry, there are four detailed, critical surveys of his verses in Chapters 3-6, followed by the final chapter in which a synthetic diachronic evaluation of all the material considered in the foregoing chapters is undertaken. Zanella's theoretical espousal of the fundamental spirit of Chenier's 'formula' resulted in his virtually constant adherence to a Classical, stylistic framework within which he dealt with essentially "Romantic" themes. While his Classicism was Influenced by Parini and, among others, to a lesser extent, Foscolo, it anticipated, at the time of the post-Romantic crisis of form, Carducci&#3...

Camille Gambi-Arnold et Isabelle Perreault (2023). Alexandre Baril: Undoing Suicidism: A trans, queer, crip approach to rethinking (assisted) suicide, Frontières, https://www.frontieres.org/_files/ugd/2da07c_11faf30a36874f2282bfb42c205ed4b8.pdf

REFERENCE:
Baril, A. (2024). “More Openness Around Suicide Could Help Prevent It. The End of Life bill and the care for suicidal.” The Institute of Art and Ideas/IAI News, November 25. URL:
https://iai.tv/articles/more-openness-around-suicide-could-help-prevent-it-auid-3007

ABSTRACT:
Excerpts adapted from my book:
Baril, A. (2023). Undoing Suicidism: A trans, queer, crip approach to rethinking (assisted) suicide, Foreword by Robert McRuer, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 335 pages. Open access at
https://temple.manifoldapp.org/projects/undoing-suicidism

REFERENCE:

Baril, A. (2023). Undoing Suicidism: A trans, queer, crip approach to rethinking (assisted) suicide, Foreword by Robert McRuer, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 335 pages. Open access at https://temple.manifoldapp.org/projects/undoing-suicidism

ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1:

Chapter 1 raises epistemological questions about dominant conceptualizations of suicidality. Proposing the theoretical framework of suicidism that is at the core of this book, this longer chapter is divided into four sections. The first section presents four models of suicidality: medical/psychological, social, public health, and social justice. Despite numerous differences, these models arrive at the same conclusion: Suicide is not a good option for suicidal people (in some of these models, exceptions are made for disabled/sick/ill/old and sometimes Mad people, as I discuss in Chapter 4). As a result, not only do these models fail to recognize the suicidist oppression faced by suicidal people; they also perpetuate it through a suicidist preventionist script. One of the most perverse effects of the preventionist script is the silencing of suicidal people. Indeed, they are encouraged to share their suicidal ideation but are discouraged from pursuing suicide as a valid solution. In other words, suicidal ideation can be explored, but suicide itself remains taboo. In the chapter’s second part, I identify limits to these models—namely, forms of suicidism and sanism. I argue that sanism and suicidism are intertwined, as sanist treatments are frequently forced upon Mad people by using suicidist discourses of protection. In this section, I also present the notions of compulsory aliveness and the injunction to live and to futurity and contend that compulsory aliveness aims to impose a will to live that renders suicidal people’s desire/need for death abnormal and unintelligible. In the third section, I depict alternative conceptualizations of suicidality that consider suicide to be an individual liberty but demonstrate how such conceptualizations are founded on liberal and individualist assumptions. The fourth section mobilizes the notion of epistemic violence—part of the suicidist oppression—to theorize the testimonial and hermeneutical injustices as well as the hermeneutic marginalization and epistemic death experienced by suicidal subjects.

REFERENCE:

Baril, A. (2023). Undoing Suicidism: A trans, queer, crip approach to rethinking (assisted) suicide, Foreword by Robert McRuer, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 335 pages. Open access at https://temple.manifoldapp.org/projects/undoing-suicidism

ABSTRACT (OF THE BOOK)

In Undoing Suicidism, Alexandre Baril argues that suicidal people are oppressed by what he calls structural suicidism, a hidden oppression that, until now, has been unnamed and under-theorized. Each year, suicidism and its preventionist script and strategies reproduce violence and cause additional harm and death among suicidal people through forms of criminalization, incarceration, discrimination, stigmatization, and pathologization. This is particularly true for marginalized groups experiencing multiple oppressions, including queer, trans, disabled, or Mad people.



Undoing Suicidism questions the belief that the best way to help suicidal people is through the logic of prevention. Alexandre Baril presents the thought-provoking argument that supporting assisted suicide for suicidal people could better prevent unnecessary deaths. Offering a new queercrip model of (assisted) suicide, he invites us to imagine what could happen if we started thinking about (assisted) suicide from an anti-suicidist and intersectional framework.



Baril provides a radical reconceptualization of (assisted) suicide and invaluable reflections for academics, activists, practitioners, and policymakers.

REFERENCE:
Baril, Alexandre (2023). Undoing Suicidism: A trans, queer, crip approach to rethinking (assisted) suicide, Foreword by Robert McRuer, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 335 pages. Open access at https://temple.manifoldapp.org/projects/undoing-suicidism


ABSTRACT
In Undoing Suicidism, Alexandre Baril argues that suicidal people are oppressed by what he calls structural suicidism, a hidden oppression that, until now, has been unnamed and under-theorized. Each year, suicidism and its preventionist script and strategies reproduce violence and cause additional harm and death among suicidal people through forms of criminalization, incarceration, discrimination, stigmatization, and pathologization. This is particularly true for marginalized groups experiencing multiple oppressions, including queer, trans, disabled, or Mad people.



Undoing Suicidism questions the belief that the best way to help suicidal people is through the logic of prevention. Alexandre Baril presents the thought-provoking argument that supporting assisted suicide for suicidal people could better prevent unnecessary deaths. Offering a new queercrip model of (assisted) suicide, he invites us to imagine what could happen if we started thinking about (assisted) suicide from an anti-suicidist and intersectional framework.



Baril provides a radical reconceptualization of (assisted) suicide and invaluable reflections for academics, activists, practitioners, and policymakers.


REVIEWS

“Undoing Suicidism is a tremendous contribution to theorizations of living and dying. It is unsettling in the most productive manner and driven by a profound abolitionist philosophy of desires for death as the grounds for a richer, more responsive politics of life. Baril offers a compelling vision of justice for suicidal people that demands rethinking some of the most cherished ideals of liberal personhood.” —Jasbir K Puar, author of The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability



“In this important book Alexandre Baril offers a queercrip reframing of (assisted) suicide that explains and critically intervenes in suicidism (the oppression of suicidal people) and ableist, sanist, and ageist arguments about assisted suicide. Justice, care, and support for suicidal people requires questioning what Baril calls ‘compulsory aliveness’ and listening to, rather than criminalizing and pathologizing, suicidal people. This is an extraordinary and well-researched book. Baril’s care-full approach to this difficult topic makes a crucial contribution to queer, trans, feminist, and crip theories and challenges readers to rethink dominant responses to suicide.” —Kim Q. Hall, Professor of Philosophy, Appalachian State University, and author of Queering Philosophy



“Undoing Suicidism is a daring, original, and paradigm-shifting book that directly challenges the taken-for-granted idea that suicidal thoughts and actions are unnatural, undesirable states that should always be prevented. Grounded in queer, trans, Mad, and crip theoretical frameworks, and deeply informed by the author’s first-hand experience as a suicidal person, Baril imagines a radically different world where the well-documented harms caused by suicidism and preventionist logic are replaced with practices of compassion and solidarity, which grant all people the freedom to explore, express, live with, and sometimes die by, suicide.” —Jennifer White, Professor in the School of Child and Youth Care at the University of Victoria, and lead editor of Critical Suicidology: Transforming Research and Prevention for the 21st Century

Le suicide chez les personnes trans et les ressources d'aide. Entrevue avec Alexandre Baril, Radio Canada Dans la mosaique, 18 avril 2023.
https://ici.radio-canada.ca/ohdio/premiere/emissions/dans-la-mosaique/segments/rattrapage/1172458/suicide-chez-personnes-trans-et-ressources-aide

B444 -BELLINI, M. I. B. P524 -PINHEIRO, H. A. Serviço Social e Saúde Pública em tempos sombrios: (in)certezas no presente e perspectivas para o futuro, Maria Isabel Barros Bellini e Hamida Assunção Pinheiro (orgs.). Manaus: EDUA; São Paulo: Alexa Cultural, 2021. 14x21cm -338 páginas ISBN -978-65-89677-93-2 1. Serviço Social -2. Saúde Pública -3. Assistente Social -4. Ciências Sociais -5. Brasil -I-Sumário -II Bibliografia CDD -361.981 Índices para catálogo sistemático: 1. Ciências Sociais 2. Serviços Social 3. Saúde Pública Todos os direitos reservados e amparados pela Lei 5.988/73 e Lei 9.610 É proibida a reprodução parcial ou integral sem a autorização das organizadores e/ou editora

Ναυπηγική τεχνολογία κατά την Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού: Συγκριτική επισκόπηση των τεκμηρίων μέσω της Γραμμικής Β και των αρχαιολογικών καταλοίπων 16:10-16:30 Παπαμαρινόπουλος Σταύρος, Καθηγητής Γεωφυσικής, Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών Γνώσεις ναυσιπλοΐας στα ποτάμια συστήματα της Ευρώπης και στον Ατλαντικό Ωκεανό μεταξύ 13ου και 12ου αιώνα π.Χ. σύμφωνα με τα γραφόμενα του αρχαίου κειμένου Αργοναυτικά-Ορφικά

Numéro spécial « Sociologie du suicide » Actualités sociologiques du suicide Depuis l'étude classique d'Émile Durkheim il y a plus d'un siècle, les recherches sur le suicide se sont développées à mesure que cet objet devenait un problème de santé publique dans de nombreux pays. Si la contestation d'une vision purement individualiste de la détresse reste au coeur des approches sociologiques en la matière, la façon d'étudier les processus sociaux conduisant au suicide a évolué suite au recours à des méthodologies qualitatives et à une diversification relative des inspirations théoriques. Où en est-on ? Quels sont les débats et enjeux contemporains qui motivent les études actuelles autour du suicide ? Ces questions sont à l'origine du numéro spécial présenté ici.

The right to life can be considered the primary human right, as it is the foundation on which all other liberties are constructed. However, this right has been continually violated and prohibited throughout history, in different forms and to a certain extent. The ongoing debate surrounding the sanctity of life has polarized society into two primary camps: The two major factions that have formed around this issue of abortion are the pro-life group and the pro-choice group. Right-to-life supporters insist on the sanctity of life and protest against any actions that they consider to violate this right, including abortions, suicides, and euthanasia in particular. On the other hand, pro-choice supporters believe that such actions are legal and moral and that the individual should be free to make their own choices regarding life.The right to life is under consideration in this paper, yet more specifically, the ethical elements of suicide are of interest. It raises crucial issues and concerns, including matters of right and wrong, the degree of suffering a person has, the right to kill himself, and other aspects of when and if suicide is morally proper at all. However, by analyzing the meaning of suicide, its development in history, and perspectives regarding respect for life in the context of suicide, this paper aims to explore the moral gray area. It is in this regard that the present paper tries to review the reasons why people embark on suicide as well as the reasons why suicide has been regarded as wrong, in a bid to enrich the current literature on one of the most profound ethical concerns in today’s world.

This research paper aims at unraveling and underscoring enduring impact of historical narratives on contemporary Igbo identity through an analysis of Igbo Landing slave stories. The aim of this study is to further uncover the latent character traits embedded within these narratives and their
relevance to modern Igbo society. Employing a qualitative methodology, the paper utilizes oral traditions to extract insights into the resilience, cultural values and survival strategies exhibited by Igbo slaves. Our findings illuminate the continuity of these character traits in present-day Igbo communities, shedding light on their significance in navigating contemporary socio-cultural challenges, even in Nigeria at large. Besides, this research highlights the role of storytelling in preserving collective memory and shaping cultural identity. By bridging the gap between past and present, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic nature of Igbo identity and its implications for broader discussions on African diaspora heritage.

“They blew sugar on it to make it hurt less...”
Details of the use of sugar in folk eye treatment in the 18th-20th centuries

The widespread sugar consumption started at the end of the 18th century thanks to the beet sugar industry. However, it was concerned as a luxury good in the peasantry until the early 1900s. Sugar consumption of the agricultural society developed indeed after the World War 1 by stepwise emerging of sugary festive dishes and the sugar jam and jelly-making era by the 1920s. For poorer members of the peasant communities consuming sugar outside of high holidays was rare, thus it was not by chance that this less substance became a drug of the folk medicine. While researching the collections of Semmelweis Museum, Library, and Archive of the History of Medicine, and the Folk Medicine Archive, it surficed that sugar was also frequently used as a remedy of treating eye diseases such as cataracts and trachoma, in addition of wound healing practices or curing the common cold. This study concernes the role of sugar in the treatment of eye diseases by putting the use of sugar in a new perspective. It is seeking answers to questions why healing superstitions and practices became associated to this sweetening substance.

A reforma psiquiátrica brasileira, através da anuência do nosso país na Declaração de Caracas de 1990, culminou com o advento da Lei N.º 10.216 de abril de 2001, mais conhecida por Lei Antimanicomial e, posteriormente, com a Resolução n.º 3.088 de 23 de dezembro de 2011, com a instituição da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial – RAPS. Nesta perspectiva da saúde mental, apesar de todos os fatores que circundam a contemporaneidade, apresenta um limite – seja pela morte, seja pelo suicídio. O presente artigo tem por objetivo fomentar a reflexão acerca do fenômeno do suicídio, estabelecendo uma interlocução com o adoecimento da humanidade. Através de um estudo bibliográfico, tendo como método de abordagem o hipotético dedutivo, verificou-se que as políticas públicas de prevenção a este fenômeno devem ser propostas sob o olhar multifatorial e multicausal, alicerçadas em acepções da saúde mental.   The Brazilian psychiatric reform, through the consent of our country in the Caracas Declaration of...

In the words of one of Hamas' key leaders, Khalil al-Hayya, the barbaric attack of October 7 should not be limited to a confrontation, but should serve to change the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Using the idea of the (im)predictability of the plateau, our article reflects on the correlation between the actions of the East and the passions of the West, triggered by the progressive symbolic (and legal) affirmation of the genocide drama. The proposed path winds between monsters, violence, extreme spaces, genocides, massacres, individual experiences, legal definitions, political interactions, global symbols, local rubble. To conclude with a question: where is passion born? And again: is it possible to predict the future?

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a visão de Friedrich Nietzsche sobre o suicídio e suas implicações na sociedade moderna. Através de uma análise textual, busca-se compreender a perspectiva do filósofo em relação à morte voluntária como uma afirmação racional de liberdade. Examinamos algumas passagens fundamentais de Humano, demasiado humano, Assim falou Zaratustra e Crepúsculo dos ídolos, no intuito de reativar o debate sobre o ideal antigo de uma preparação para a morte e o acolhimento de possíveis razões para morrer. Nietzsche defende a morte voluntária em certas circunstâncias como um ato de criação, liberdade e afirmação da própria vida. Através de sua crítica à moral cristã, propõe uma reflexão mais ampla sobre o suicídio, destacando a importância da escolha livre e consciente do momento da morte. Ao fazê-lo, o filósofo alemão coloca-se na esteira de Montaigne e estimula uma reflexão mais profunda sobre as questões relacionadas ao suicídio na sociedade moderna. Por fim, a partir da leitura de Nietzsche, caminhamos no sentido de colocar algumas questões sobre eutanásia voluntária e provocar, de certo modo, o debate público sobre a necessidade de uma legislação mais liberal.

Diabeteksen hoito tunnekäytäntönä 1900-luvun lopun suomalaisessa psykosomatiikassa Psykosomatiikka on pieni luku lääketieteen historiassa, mutta siihen perehtyminen kertoo paljon kehon ja tunteiden vuorovaikutukseen kohdistuvista käsityksistä. Tarkastelen kulttuurintutkija Monique Scheerin 'tunnekäytäntöjen' (emotional practices) käsitteen avulla, kuinka tunteisiin vaikuttaminen tuli osaksi tyypin 1 diabetesta koskevaa psykosomatiikan keskustelua 1900-luvun lopun Suomessa. Diabeetikoilta alettiin vaatia tunnetaitoja, kuten tunteiden nimeämistä, säätelyä ja kommunikaatiota, mikä kieli muutoksista sekä lääketieteellisessä diskurssissa että kulttuurisessa keskusteluilmapiirissä.

La diosa maya Ixtab es mencionada como ‘diosa de la horca’ en la defensa del provincial fray Diego de Landa ante las acusaciones de haber provocado ahorcamientos durante los procesos inquisitoriales de 1562 en Yucatán. Este alegato ha motivado el estudio y análisis de los principales testimonios relacionados con dichos procesos para atisbar la motivación de estos suicidios. Los resultados arrojados por la investigación analítico-sintética de los principales testimonios de los procesos inquisitoriales concluyen que los ahorcamientos sincrónicos al desarrollo del episodio estaban relacionados con la violencia de este, desechando los suicidios por culto religioso o tendencia cultural al suicidio. Del mismo modo, la deidad Ixtab, como deidad de la horca, podría provenir de una perversión externa a la cultura maya con el fin de exculpar a los religiosos de los ahorcamientos durante la persecución de idolatrías de 1562.

Schopenhauer repeatedly claims that suicide is both foolish and futile. But while many commentators have expressed sympathy for his charge of foolishness, most regard his charge of futility as indefensible even within his own system. In this paper, I offer a defense of Schopenhauer's futility charge, based on metaphysical and psychological considerations. On the metaphysical front, Schopenhauer's view implies that psychological connections extend beyond death. Drawing on Parfit's discussion of personal identity, I argue that those connections have personal significance, such that suicide does not allow one to, as Hamlet hopes, simply "not to be." On the psychological front, I argue that a distinction between agents' intentions and underlying desires makes room for Schopenhauer to claim that paradigmatic suicidal agents ultimately desire the opposite of what suicide accomplishes. I conclude by showing how the resulting account of futility can buttress the charge of foolishness as well. My interpretation still leaves Schopenhauer vulnerable to certain objections, but shows that his account is significantly more defensible than previous commentators have realized.

Suicide is a product of social abnormality, and originates from social incapability and mental distress; it cannot be appropriately addressed under the orders of law. In India, day by day, thousands of individuals irrespective of gender, age, social status and educational qualifications are ending their lives by committing suicide. The privilege to end one's own life has become much talked about subject all through the world. In India, Criminal Law students are very often asked a question that 'What is that act, which if completed is not made punishable but the failure to complete it or the mere attempt is made punishable?' The answer is "suicide" and 'attempt to commit suicide' is made punishable under Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code. An individual who is successful with regards to taking his own life gets away from all worldly miseries as well as legal action where as one who fails in suicidal attempt is brought into the trawl of criminal courts. The issue with regard to de-criminalization of attempted suicide has been questioned with controversies, besides moral and human point of view. The present article aims at discussing the various factors responsible as to why a person attempt to commit suicide and the attention towards the ongoing debate of retaining or deleting Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 by testing its validity.

Die Wissenschaftsgeschichte erklärt die im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert einsetzende Herausbildung des anatomischen Paradigmas zur epistemologischen Schnittstelle in der Begründung der naturwissenschaftlichen Medizin. Unter dem Postulat der Sichtbarkeit begannen Renaissancemediziner mit der empirischen Forschung am toten menschlichen Körper unter der Haut. Dieses neuartige Erkenntnisprogramm-das Zergliedern von Leichen-brach mit einem tiefgreifenden Todestabu: Der tote Mensch mußte auf aggressive Weise mit dem Messer zerstört und in seiner Integrität aufgebrochen werden. Das Sezieren ist bis heute, also auch noch Jahrhunderte nach Etablierung der Zergliederungskunst, mit einer Tabuverletzung verbunden und wird als rituelle Handlung vollzogen. 1 Dieser kulturellen Barriere entsprechend inszenierten Anatomen den Akt der Tabuverletzung zwischen dem 16. und 19. Jahrhundert in einem dafür extra konstruierten Theater als großes öffentliches Spektakel. Das Ritual im Anatomischen Theater-so meine These-ist gekennzeichnet von einem Doppelaspekt: zum einen ging aus ihm das medizinische Wissen und das bis heute gültige, fragmentierte Körpermodell hervor. Zum anderen wurde eine offensive gesellschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Tod praktiziert. Die Entstehung des modernen Körpermodells fiel gerrau in jene Epoche der europäischen Geschichte, die von einer traumatischen Erfahrung des Massensterbens irrfolge von Wetterkatastrophen, Hungersnöten, Pest, Agrarkrisen und Kriegen beherrscht war. Die Frage nach der kulturellen Beziehung zwischen Leben und Tod wurde zum zentralen Sujet im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, das unter anderem auch an dem sich neu herausbildenden Körpermodell mit Hilfe von einem hohen Einsatz theatralischer Inszenierungen 2 bearbeitet wurde. Im folgenden möchte ich * Meine Arbeit über die Theatralisierung des Todes in der Geschichte der modernen Medizin wurde im Rahmen des DFG-Sonderschwerpunkts »Theatralität als kulturwissenschaftliches Modell« gefördert.

a proposta do nosso trabalho é refletir como a estética romântica comparece na obra de Ana Plácido (1831-1895). Contudo, antes apresentaremos uma pequena reflexão sobre as teorias do Romantismo. Por fim, demonstraremos porque Ana Plácido, apesar de adotar em sua escrita esse estilo muito em voga no século XIX, acaba por tecer uma autocrítica a esse tipo de literatura, a qual estaria muito distante da realidade feminina na altura.

This work aims to map the change of reception of suicide and ways in which body of self-murderer was treated in the end of 18. and in the begining of 19. century. Main focus is put on the change of attitude towards self-murderers's body with respect to new medical discourse. The work also aims to describe the transformation of state's attitude to voluntary death, modification of criminal law and introduction of new legislative, which changed perception of self-murderers's body and led to gradual decriminalization of suicide.

Since suicide became a medical, not an ethical problem in the West, it has been associated with pathology. The dubious statistic cited in the current literature is that over 90% of all people who kill themselves are mentally ill. But what is the self being killed in suicide? Despite research that hopes to uncover genes that predispose a person to suicide, the work remains highly speculative. Epigenetic investigations are more promising and, although a relation between gene expression and environmental stress can be established, a direct link to suicidal behavior remains illusive. Subjective phenomenal experience must be part of Suicidology. Drawing from William James, Merleau-Ponty, Søren Kierkegaard, contemporary phenomenology, and the neuroscience of self, I argue that suicide cannot occur before a child has developed the capacity for reflective self-consciousness, the ability to conceive of herself as an other in time-with a remembered past and an imagined future-and the social emotions that accompany this level of development, such as shame, guilt, and pride, and that the movement from pre-reflective to reflective self-consciousness is shaped by early attachment. Following Jean Améry, I argue that suicide is an act that addresses an other; is dialogical, can be rational, partakes of both conscious thoughts and intense feeling, which should not be lumped into one faculty as in emotion appraisal theory, a conflation that has guided the practice of CBT. What is crucial for a despairing person is not restructuring his reasoning but establishing a therapeutic alliance between self and other.

INTRODUCTION-Each and every activity on the surface of earth is motivated by the sole objective of sustaining life, improving its quality. Advancement, progress and development presupposes life but juxtaposed to the technical progress of the contemporary world scenario, is a contrasting truth of the popularity of the will to end life. Where it could have been asserted that a technologically advanced world would add worth and meaning to life, what emerges as reality is a sharp contrast to the assumption.What is to be appreciated as the primary inference is that it represents an inability to cope with distress and hopelessness.The topic has been under discussion among sociologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and the policy makers suggesting thereby that it can't be approached from a pigeon hole view and needs to be understood in the broader purview of law, society and medicine, taken holistically. Suicides are becoming common, across the different countries of the world, and thus the interventions are actively being made by state through punitive and reformative measures. The efficacy of these measures if however an issue of debate, however the objective remains unaltered, which is to protect life. Deterrence is one of the grounds on which the penal treatment of suicide can be justified but justice suggests otherwise. This debate in Indian law surfaced from the challenges to the constitutional validity of Article 309,Reports of Law Commission suggesting its removal from the code and the breakthrough in the form of Mental Healthcare Act,2017. MEANING AND DEFINITIONS; Understood in common parlance and suggestive from the etymology,Suicide is an act of intentionally killing oneself,derived from "sui" which means oneself and "cedare" which means to kill. Historically, the first use of word suicide, as claimed by some, is traced back to Sir Thomas Brown in the 1635 edition of Relogio Medici, 1 but others credit Charleton for using it in 1651. Some French historians found its use either in the Abbe Frevot in 1734 or the Abbe Desfontaines in 1737. 2 In 1968,the World Health Organisation defined suicidal act as "the injury with varying degree of lethal intent" and that suicide may be defined as "a suicidal act with fatal outcome". Suicidal acts with non fatal outcome are labeled by World Health Organisation as "attempted suicide." Although there is no universally accepted definition of suicide, Chad Varah has collected a variety of definitions from those who tried: Suicide is the intentional tendency to take one's own life. Erwin Ringel (Austria) Suicide is the intentional act of taking one's life either as a result of mental illness (these illnesses frequently though not always causing distress to the individual carrying out the act) or as a result of various motivations

This study presents the cultural and theoretical consequences of galvanism, the significant scientific breakthrough of the 18th-19th centuries, and it is concerning especially the questions of human perception and the unity of consciousness. It is presented briefly how the galvanism, and the scientific and esoterical notions (like mesmerism) inspired by it have influenced the political and ontological views about Humans as an abstract essence of man. There are discussed the relevant problems and questions about the executions by guillotine show the interrelations between this allegedly humanitarian type of capital punishment and the new ideas inspired by galvanism.

From the ideological crucible of the Reformation emerged an embittered contest for the human soul. In the care of souls, the clergy zealously dispensed spiritual physic-for countless early modern Europeans, the first echelon of mental health care. During its heyday, spiritual physic touched the lives of thousands, from penitents and pilgrims to demoniacs and mad persons. Ironically, the phenomenon remains largely unexplored. Why? Through case histories from among the records of more than a thousand troubled and desperate individuals, this regional study of Bavaria investigates spiritual physic as a popular ritual during a tumultuous era of religious strife, material crises, moral repression and witchhunting. By the mid-seventeenth century, secular forces ushered in a psychological revolution across Europe. However, spiritual physic ensconced itself by proxy upon emergent bourgeois psychiatry. Today, its remnants raise haunting questions about science and the pursuit of objective knowledge in the ephemeral realm of human consciousness. david lederer is Lecturer at the National University of Ireland. His research focuses on early modern Central Europe, the history of psychiatry and suicide studies.

For centuries, men were self-reliant and consumed typically the food produced on one's own territory. With advancing Industrial Revolution, development started also in the agriculture and food production set on a large scale, with cheap mass products and companies could serve larger populations. Metropolitan life has adapted to cater to the growing crowds, with smaller stores slowly becoming supermarkets where everything could be found in the same place. Innovation efforts have also brought about the freezer, vacuum packaging or microwave, all of which made available to the public. Foods changed to be enriched with vitamins and minerals for a better nutrient supply, and packaging techniques followed this evolution. This study aims to look over the history of alimentation and the change of food production from the 1900s to the 1950s including both World Wars respectively.

In India 25.8 per 10,000 women are suffering from Breast cancer as per the Ministry of Health & Welfare, India. It is estimated by 2020 around 1.7 million women will be suffering from breast cancer. Awareness and early detection can curb the growing burden of Breast Cancer and are the first step in the battle against Breast Cancer. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the awareness and perceived barriers concerning the early detection of Breast Cancer. According to the National Cancer Registry Programme of the India Council of Medical Research (ICMR), more than 1300 Indians die every day due to cancer. Breast cancer is now the most common cancer among women in India, accounting for 27% of all cancers among women. The WHO data says India will have 1.16 million new cancer cases this year i.e. 2020 and more than 50 per cent of these will be diagnosed in women.