History of Sciences

Investigamos aspectos para a inserção da história das ciências na es-cola básica durante o desenvolvimento de uma proposta didática que visa o aprendizado de conceitos relacionados à evolução biológica, segundo a concep-ção de Lamarck. Tal abordagem busca ir além dos conteúdos científicos, envol-vendo também discussões explícitas sobre aspectos epistêmicos, não epistêmi-cos e históricos da ciência, promovendo uma concepção da Biologia como parte de um contexto sociocultural. A metodologia envolveu estudos em historiogra-fia da história das ciências, análise de fontes históricas originais e de referenciais teóricos do ensino de ciências. Considerando a complexidade dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem, foram elaboradas sugestões para um plano de aulas, adotando o pluralismo metodológico de estratégias de ensino em sala de aula e buscando desenvolver habilidades e competências, atitudes e valores definidos. Espera-se que os conhecimentos produzidos-a descrição do processo envol-vido durante a investigação, assim como seu produto didático-possam ser uti-lizados e transpostos a outros episódios históricos, conteúdos das ciências e contextos educacionais.

Diferentes aspectos da natureza das ciências podem ser debatidos em episódios históricos sobre a radioatividade. Com o intuito de levantar possibilidades para professores de física de diferentes níveis de ensino, apresentamos diferentes fatos históricos do final do século XIX e início do século XX, que podem gerar debates em sala de aula. Questões epistemológicas, da prática científica, de gênero e socioeconômicas foram apresentadas junto ao desenvolvimento dos estudos sobre a radioatividade. Chamamos a atenção para diferentes produtos adicionados de materiais radioativos que foram lançados nesse período com a promessa de cura e prevenção de diversas doenças, inclusive de impotência sexual. Relacionamos esses acontecimentos à importância de uma educação científica baseada do desenvolvimento crítico dos estudantes, para que sejam capazes de identificar possíveis riscos à saúde, danos ao meio ambiente e prepara-los para questionar a eficácia de produtos que se propõem milagrosos, quando associados à determinadas concepções sobre a ciência. As reflexões mobilizadas por tais episódios históricos envolvendo a aspectos da natureza das ciências e o ensino de conceitos de física pode aproximar a construção desses saberes ao objetivo de assegurar os direitos humanos para todos, quanto ao acesso democrático ao conhecimento físico, que permite uma atuação mais crítica na sociedade. Palavras-chave: Radioatividade, história da ciência, natureza da ciência, ensino de física. Introdução As interpretações de fatos históricos, ou mesmo contemporâneos, comumente apresentam algumas divergências, dependendo do olhar e dos valores aplicados nesse exercício de analisar um acontecimento. Segundo Martins (2010, p. 7) "A partir do caos histórico, o historiador cria uma ordem compreensível, através de um processo de seleção daquilo que é descrito pelas conexões que ele próprio inventa.". Para esse historiador da ciência, mesmo que essa seleção seja criteriosa e siga uma metodologia historiográfica atual, é impossível não haver a omissão de muitos aspectos, ocasionando uma grande simplificação da complexidade histórica. Os resultados apresentados pela ciência também podem ter diferentes interpretações, apropriações ou vieses. Ao mesmo tempo em que uma descoberta ou elaboração de uma teoria podem levar a um grande passo tecnológico, suas nuances permitem o desenrolar de grandes tragédias. Alguns episódios das histórias das ciências são capazes de evidenciar esses quase paradoxos. Um exemplo pode ser o desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos sobre a radioatividade, que ocorreram na última década do século XIX e no início do século passado. Com as pesquisas sobre a luminescência de determinados materiais, impulsionadas pelas descobertas dos raios x, as conclusões encontradas após anos

Pertencem aos acervos do Museu do Azulejo, em Lisboa, e do Museu Nacional Machado de Castro, em Coimbra, vários azulejos
que serviram em tempos para ensinar Matemática, Astronomia, Geografia. Sabemos, hoje, que foram criados para apoiar o ensino ciências nos colégios jesuítas de Coimbra.

_The Physiology of Love and Other Writings_ is the first English annotated collection of Mantegazza’s selected works. In my extensive introductory essay, Mantegazza’s hybrid contributions from fiction, travel-writing, and ethnography to physiology, medicine, and politics are reevaluated as instances of a proto-cultural-studies approach attuned to the cross-fertilization of disciplines and the circulation of ideas in a period of European intellectual history that defied the notion of specialization.
Table of contents:
The Physiology of Love
And Selections from:
On The Hygienic and Medicinal Virtues of the Coca Plant and on Nervine Nourishment in General
One Day in Madeira
A Voyage to Lapland with my Friend Stephen Sommier
India
Epicurus: Essay in a Physiology of the Beautiful
The Neurosic Century
The Tartuffe Century
Head: Or, Sowing Ideas to Create New Deeds
Political Memoirs of a Foot Soldier in the Italian Parliament
The Year 3000: A Dream
The Psychology of Translation

The paper raises the following question: What are the fields of Tesla’s self-education and how can we ascertain these? In search of an answer, the paper offers consideration of Tesla’s major contributions, of the fields he studied noninstitutionally and those he familiarized himself with through reading (bearing in mind the formal education gained), of the lectures he delivered and the articles he wrote, of the traces he left with regard to what he had read judging on his personal library.
As the next step, light is cast on the correlations between those subjects: that is, the subjects are considered contextually, as the way to getting closer insights into Tesla’s attitudes to some areas of knowledge and the scientific techniques applied in his solving of invention-related and experimental issues, as well as the material for one’s understanding of the scope of knowledge Nikola Tesla aspired to acquire, and – finally – as the guidance toward the horizon of Tesla’s ultimate objective in his research/inventional work and reflexions. The latter includes Tesla’s philosophy of technology and his view of the world, the world of one/merged reality.
Related thereto, and preceding these, attention is drawn to the basic developmental characteristics of the science in the time of Tesla’s cognitive maturement and the characteristics of the institutions at which academic education could be gained (until) then.
The conclusions summarize the information we gain about Nikola Tesla’s education and self-education from the texts of his lectures, scientific writings and articles. Moreover, they present the presence of cognitive mobility in Tesla’s search for knowledge and in his thought, as well as the reflections of this mobility on his view of the world, science, culture, engineering/technology and education. Finally, there is a survey  of Tesla’s familiarity with, and reliance on, libraries and books, indicating what the books from his personal library reveal about Tesla’s self-education and the extent to which he relied on professionally relevant reading and knowledge.

(The paper is translated from Serbian into English by Angelina Čanković Popović.)

Key words: Nikola Tesla, creativity, education and self-education, cognitive and cultural mobility and change in paradigm, all-embracing reality, unus mundus, history and philosophy of sciences, philosophy of technologies.

Un estudio de la astronomía, cosmología y iconografía andina con el fin de explicar el origen y organización del sistema de ceques de la ciudad del Cuzco. Con referencias a laimportancia del X de la via lactea y los centros radiales en los andes y la amazonía.

HSU Chi-Lin, Université nationale centrale, Taiwan LADRIÈRE Maxime, Université nationale de recherche « École des hautes études en sciences économiques » (Moscou) LAUGRAND Frédéric, Université catholique de Louvain MARRES Thierry, Professeur à la Haute École Galilée (Bruxelles)

Dans le cadre des relations entre art et science à la Renaissance, la question de la représentation picturale des phénomènes météorologiques s'avère paradoxale et soulève un certain nombre de problèmes. Alors qu'une solide tradition théorique assigne à la peinture l'ambition de figurer le tumulte qui agite et anime le monde terrestre, la pratique artistique en Italie se révèle plutôt réticente à perturber l'image par des événements climatiques, à l'exception notable de ceux qui, telles les tempêtes miraculeuses, ressortent du domaine de l'hagiographie. Même dans le cas de l'iconographie du Déluge, la pluie est rarement montrée. La représentation météorologique intervient avant tout à la faveur d'audaces formelles, chez Léonard ou dans le cercle de Raphaël, dont la diffusion reste limitée, ainsi qu'à l'occasion de sujets et dans le cadre de commandes qui la justifient fortement, comme dans le milieu vénitien au début du XVIe siècle, obsédé par la reconversion économique d'une république maritime dans le capitalisme terrien. Dans de rares cas, on peut établir des liens assez directs entre la représentation picturale et des préoccupations savantes, principalement nourries d'Aristote, mais un certain dilemme semble se présenter entre l'illustration des effets météorologiques et la démonstration de leurs causes. Parmi les exemples provenant des anciens Pays-Bas, la poétique du paysage « grandiose » chez Rubens mérite, de ce point de vue, d'être considérée dans le contexte néo-stoïcien. Ainsi, le ‘Paysage avec Philémon et Baucis' du Kunsthistorisches Museum de Vienne (vers 1625) peut être mis en rapport avec le récit du cataclysme qui devra détruire le monde selon les ‘Questions naturelles' de Sénèque, dont le peintre semble traduire non seulement une partie du schéma explicatif, mais aussi le registre rhétorique et l'atmosphère justement picturale de clair-obscur. Ce type d'œuvres inaugure un nouvel âge, où les scènes d'orage deviendront une spécialité en soi.

Susannenstraße 21 20357 Hamburg -1 -1. Einleitung Mit aufgerissenen Augen schaut der Engel der Geschichte auf die Untaten der Menschen. Paul Klees Angelus Novus (Abbildung 1), den Walter Benjamin im Jahr 1921 ersteht, fixiert den Blick auf etwas den Betrachter*innen 1 nicht Ersichtliches. Augen und Mund sind aufgerissen -Freude oder Entsetzen? Die Geschichte, die Benjamin um die aquarellierte Ölfarbzeichnung spinnt -eine humanistische Kritik -, stellt die als Engel der Geschichte unbenannte Figur als einen Zuschauer dar, der im katastrophalen Geschehen der Menschheit verweilen möchte. "Er hat das Antlitz der Vergangenheit zugewendet. Wo eine Kette von Begebenheiten vor uns erscheint, da sieht er eine einzige Katastrophe, die unablässig Trümmer auf Trümmer häuft und sie ihm vor die Füße schleudert." 2 Der Engel möchte das "Zerschlagene zusammenfügen" 3 , doch weht vom Paradies ein Sturm her, der den Engel unaufhaltsam in die Zukunft treibt. Die Augen weiterhin auf das Entsetzen gerichtet, die Flügel aufgespannt und den Rücken der Zukunft zugewandt. Benjamins Schrift, Über den Begriff der Geschichte, entsteht während seiner Zeit im Pariser Exil. Der seit Ende der 1980er Jahre im Israel Museum (Jerusalem) ausgestellte Engel wird mit Bedeutung aufgeladen. Er steht nicht nur für die Kabbalische Lehre, sondern auch für eine Kritik an einer optimistischen Geschichtsauffassung, die im Geflecht historischer Ereignisse einen stetigen Gang zur Vollendung der Menschheit sieht. 4 Doch wie kann die Menschheit in Anbetracht ihrer Gräueltaten zur Vollendung gelangen? Angelus Novus ist Mahnung und zugleich Teil unaufhaltsamer und sich überholender Ereignisse. Der Engel als Zeuge eines Zeitgeschehens kann seine Augen nicht von den hinterlassenen Trümmern der Menschen abrücken, doch reißt ihn der Sturm der Moderne davon. 5 Im Entgleisen historischer Ereignisse betont der Engel die Notwendigkeit konstanter Vergegenwärtigung. Gerade in Anbetracht des unvermeidlichen Fortgangs der Zeit, der wie ein Sturm zur Bewegung animiert, darf der Blick nicht von der Geschichte, so sehr sie sich auch einem Ideal wiedersetzt, abgerückt werden. 1 In der folgenden Arbeit wird eine geschlechtergerechte Sprache verwendet, die sich durch den verwendeten Genderstern auszeichnet, vgl. http://feministisch-sprachhandeln.org/leitfaden/kapitel2/ [13.03.17]. In allen Zitaten wird die originale Geschlechterverwendung beibehalten. -2 -Die Benjaminsche Interpretation besitzt weiterhin Aktualität. Der Blick des Engels wird fokussiert und erweitert. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche historischen Ereignisse hinzugekommen sind, seitdem die Schrift vor fast 80 Jahren verfasst wurde. Welche Einschnitte in der Vergangenheit zeigen sich, sobald die Perspektive auf die eigene Geschichte sowie die weiterer Nationen und Kulturräume gelenkt wird. Die Ausstellung But a Storm is Blowing from Paradise. Art of the Middle East and North Africa lenkt den Blick auf mehrere koexistierende Geschichten. Die von Sara Raza kuratierte Gruppenausstellung im New Yorker Guggenheim Museum im Jahr 2016 zeigt eine Variation künstlerischer Arbeiten, die sich der Wissenschaft und der Geschichte widmen. Themen sind koloniale Vergangenheiten, Migrationen, Herkunft und Vertreibung. Eine der Arbeiten ist Study for a Monument des iranischen Künstlers Abbas Akhavan. Study for a Monument (Abbildung 2), ursprünglich Study for a Hanging Garden, ist eine Serie, die ihren Anfang im Jahr 2013 hat. Sie ist Teil der Werkgruppe Variations on a Garden -skulpturale und Video-Installationen, die die natürliche Umwelt des Iraks sowie die Effekte politischer Konflikte thematisieren. 6 Die Betrachter*innen von Study for a Monument stehen vor einer weiträumigen Bodeninstallation aus Bronzeobjekten auf weißen Baumwolltüchern, die an Laken erinnern (Abbildung 3). Tücher sowie Bronzeobjekte variieren in Größe und Form. Die Betrachtung einzelner Tücher von oben herab lässt erkennen, dass die in dunklen Tönen gehaltenen Objekte in Gruppen präsentiert und sorgfältig aneinandergereiht sind. So sind große, schmale Formen nebeneinander platziert, wie auch kleinere runde. Andere Formen scheinen wiederum so heterogen angelegt, als würden sie in ihrer Kombination ein weiteres Bild ergeben (Abbildung 4). Nur wenige dieser Objekte sind so drapiert, dass sie entweder zwei weiße Laken verbinden oder über die Begrenzung eines Lakens hinausgehen, sodass sie mit dem Boden in Kontakt treten. Bei Betrachtung der einzelnen Formen fallen weitere Eigenschaften auf: Die Bronzeobjekte weisen auf ihren Oberflächen eine farbenreiche und sich fortwährend verändernde Patina auf, die in einigen Fällen starke grüne und rötliche Farbnuancen hat (Abbildung 5). Jedoch unterliegen alle Formen einem spezifischen, an der Textur erkennbaren, Verarbeitungsprozess: Sie sind verkohlt. Der hierdurch erzeugte Effekt von Zerbrechlichkeit wirkt umso stärke bei der Erkenntnis, dass die Formen an Pflanzenfragmente 6 Wilson, Claire: Between hospitality and hostility: Iranian artist Abbas Akhavan at DRAF Studio London. Torontobased, Iranian artist explores conflict and nature in his latest solo exhibition, in: Contemporary art trends and news from Asia and beyond, Art Radar Journal, (Februar 2017) S. 1. -3 -erinnern. Sie ähneln der Morphologie von weiter undefinierbaren Stängeln, Blättern, Knospen und Blüten. Doch sind sie um einiges größer, als die Betrachter*innen es in der Regel von der Natur erwarten. Einige der mit Blättern versehenen Stängel erreichen in ihren Dimensionen die Maße eines Menschen. Stellt sich dieser an den Rand der Raum füllenden Installation und lässt seinen Blick über die Formen schweifen, verändert sich die Rezeption drastisch. Die Weitläufigkeit der Arbeit führt dazu, dass sich die systematische Anordnung der Formen in ein chaotisches Konvolut verkohlter Objekte verwandelt. Den Kontext der Installation erschließen sich die Betrachter*innen über Titel und Informationsbeilagen. Study -Skizze, Forschungsstadium, Notiz -kollidiert in seiner wesenhaften Unfertigkeit und Offenheit mit dem Begriff des Monuments, welches dem 'ewigen' Gedenken und Manifestieren vergänglicher und vergangener Personen und Ereignisse dient. 7 Es stellt sich unweigerlich die Frage, ob das vorliegende Monument noch unfertig ist und inwiefern dies die Rezeption der Arbeit beeinflusst. Die nähere Reflexion lässt fragen, an was oder wen das Publikum erinnert werden soll. Welche Ereignisse aus der Vergangenheit werden hier vergegenwärtigt? Durch die beiliegenden Informationen erfahren die Betrachter*innen vom geopolitischen Hintergrund: Der Irak, das Nachbarsland des 1977 im Iran geborenen Künstlers, ist Zentrum der Auseinandersetzung. Das zwischen Tigris und Euphrat liegende Zweistromland, Mesopotamien, scheint nicht nur Wiege der Zivilisation zu sein, sondern auch Opfer derselben. Zahlreiche Kriege, wie die Golfkriege und derzeitigen Konflikte des Islamischen Staats (IS), spielen sich unter anderem auf diesem Boden ab und führen zu massiven Konsequenzen für alle dort ansässigen Lebewesen. 8 Die Informationen auf der Homepage des Künstlers geben die Namen einiger Pflanzenarten in lateinischer Sprache wieder, an die sich im Herstellungsprozess orientiert wurde: Iris barnumae, Astragalus lobophorus und Campanula acutiloba. 9 Die Gemeinsamkeit dieser Pflanzen liegt in deren Vegetationsgebiet und Genealogie. 10 Die ursprünglich im mesopotamischen Gebiet wachsenden Pflanzen sind durch die Kriege bedroht und finden sich nun in Botanischen Gärten des Westens aufbewahrt. So dokumentiert auch der in Toronto und Istanbul lebende Künstler die Pflanzen im Royal Botanic Garden Kew, London, um anhand seiner Skizzen schließlich Formen aus Knetmasse, Gips und Bronze zu fertigen, die fragmentarisiert, 7 Vgl. Heinrich, Christoph: Strategien des Erinnerns. Der veränderte Denkmalbegriff in der Kunst der achtziger Jahre, München: Verlag Silke Schreiber, 1993, S. 12. 8 Vgl. Homepage des Künstlers Abbas Akhavan, URL: http://abbasakhavan.com/?page_id=743 [23.5.17]. 9 Vgl. ebd. 10 Unter Genealogie wird hier sowohl die biologische als auch die politische und kulturelle Entwicklung der Pflanzenarten verstanden. -4 -vergrößert und verkohlt werden. 11 Mit diesem Hintergrund erinnern die Formen in Study for a Monument an hinterlasse Trümmer einer Vergangenheit, auf die nicht der Engel in Angelus Novus blickt, sondern die Betrachter*innen des Ausstellungsraums. Das Material erhält eine neue Bedeutung: Die Arbeit scheint die Konsequenzen einer gewaltsamen Vertreibungsgeschichte für Natur und Mensch spürbar zu machen. Und gleichzeitig irritiert sie. Die systematisch angeordneten Formen aus Bronze, das monochrom saubere Weiß stehen gewissermaßen im Kontrast zu der Kette an Vorstellungen, die in den Betrachter*innen ausgelöst werden. Wie passt die Assoziation von (natur-)wissenschaftlich ausgerichteten Sammlungen, wie beispielsweise Herbarien, mit der destruktiven Bearbeitung des Materials und dem politischen Kontext zusammen? Doch nicht ohne Grund wird der Künstler einen solchen Irritationsmoment erzeugt haben, der die Betrachter*innen zum einen in deren Erwartungshaltungen an Lesbarkeit blockiert, zum anderen vermuten lässt, dass es bei dieser Diskrepanz zwischen Komposition, Material, Form und Titel einen narrativen Zusammenhang gibt. Aufgrund der jüngst entstandenen Aktualität des Künstlers, dessen erste Einzelausstellung in Deutschland noch in diesem Jahr realisiert wird (Museum Villa Stuck, München, ab 29. Juni 12 ), werden die folgenden Überlegungen und wissenschaftlichen Fundierungen im Bereich der Interpretation sowie des Transfers von Theorien auf das Anschauungsobjekt verweilen. Es existiert nur eine kurze, im vergangenen Winter veröffentlichte Schrift zu Akhavans Bodenarbeit von der in Toronto tätigen Kuratorin Georgina Jackson, die herangezogen wird, jedoch nur in wenigen Teilaspekten das Thema der folgenden Untersuchung berührt. Dieses umfasst das Gebiet der Vermittlung von...

Borlée (Denise) et Doucet (Hervé) dir., La plaque photographique. Un outil pour la fabrication et la diffusion des savoirs (XIX e-XX e siècle), Strasbourg, Presses universitaires de Strasbourg, « Cultures visuelles », 2019, 474 p. Cet ouvrage collectif résulte de la découverte, au début des années 2010, d'une collection de positifs photographiques sur verre destinés à la projection, constituée à des fins pédagogiques entre 1890 et 1940, au sein de l'Institut d'histoire de l'art de l'Université de Strasbourg. Intervenue à un moment de valorisation du patrimoine universitaire, notamment monumental, son étude a été entreprise par deux historiens de l'architecture de cette université : Denise Borlée et Hervé Doucet. En 2016, l'intérêt suscité par leurs travaux les a conduits à organiser un colloque international, dont est issu l'ouvrage en question. Cependant, entre le projet initial et le colloque, le sujet proposé à la réflexion des chercheurs et des professionnels du patrimoine a considérablement changé. Si le premier concernait un objet bien identifié par les historiens de la photographie et de l'enseignement, le colloque a porté sur un objet qui n'a d'existence ni historique, ni patrimoniale : « la plaque photographique ».

Les montagnes ont longtemps été considérées comme des monuments terribles du sacrilège humain. Une transformation de cette perception s’opère dans le milieu intellectuel protestant britannique au XVIIe siècle. Les montagnes apparaissent alors comme un ouvrage d’art animant un sentiment de beauté. Issu d’une famille calviniste genevoise, Jean-André Deluc et son frère Guillaume-Antoine font partie des premiers savants à explorer les Alpes. Jouissant d’une grande renommée de son vivant, Deluc a été longtemps discrédité, car il cherchait à concilier ses travaux scientifiques avec la Genèse. Le résultat de vingt ans d’explorations météorologiques en haute montagne est publié dans Recherches sur les modifications de l’atmosphère. C’est un recueil d’observations de terrain et d’expériences empiriques, afin de perfectionner les instruments et les méthodes d’investigation dans les mesures altimétriques. Ce recueil nous révèle aussi tout un versant d’études anthropologiques sur le genre de vie des habitants des montagnes, sur le savoir-faire des artisans. Les travaux de Deluc exercèrent une grande influence sur Horace-Bénédict de Saussure et Georges Cuvier.

The idea of Dutch domesticity is deeply rooted in our imagination. The Dutch household of the burgher, the tidy housewife and the orderly 17th-century house from the Golden Age all come to mind. Dutch genre paintings seem to represent this cosiness par excellence and we often believe that these paintings provide a glimpse into everyday reality and the symbols of our ancestors. But this belief in the transparency and legibility of painted scenes is typical of the 19th century and allows paintings to be interpreted in any way. The 17th-century 'chamber scape' can also be viewed differently: as the fruit of the early modern art of painting in which practical knowledge of Nature has been absorbed and as the offspring of an Aristotelian natural philosophical frame of mind, which also characterised the honourable household and the house that had been freed from moisture, cold, odour and smoke.

Der umfangreiche Briefwechsel zwischen Hugo Schuchardt und Ferdinand Blumentritt entstand durch das gemeinsame Interesse an Kreolsprachen. Während Schuchardt sich in den 80er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts intensiv wissenschaftlich damit auseinander setzte, war es für Blumentritt ein Hobby, das er in seiner Freizeit betrieb. Er war Lehrer und Direktor an der k.k. Oberrealschule in der böhmischen Stadt Leitmeritz, er war ein beliebter Lehrer, "der seine Stunden durch Anekdoten, Theaterspiel und Zeichnungen stets vergnüglich machte" (Sichrovsky 1983: 26) und ein taktvoller, liebevoller Vorgesetzter, wohlwollend und großzügig ). Aber so sehr er ein engagierter Pädagoge war, seine wahre Leidenschaft, der er erst nach Schulschluss nachgehen konnte, galt den Philippinen. Obwohl er das Land nie mit eigenen Augen gesehen hatte, war sein Leben untrennbar mit dem südostasiatischen Inselreich, seinen Menschen, seinen Sprachen, seiner Geschichte und Kultur verbunden. Bereits als Schüler begann diese Leidenschaft, Zeit seines Lebens sammelte er alles, was über dieses Land aufzutreiben war. Er holte sich das philippinische Leben in seine Wohnung in Leitmeritz. Er veröffentlichte zahlreiche Arbeiten zu den verschiedensten Themen die Philippinen betreffend, um sein geliebtes Land in Europa bekannter zu machen. Er suchte und pflegte Kontakte zu Philippinern und Europäern, die dort lebten oder dorthin gereist waren, und er verfolgte die politischen Entwicklungen genau und brachte sich immer mehr auch selbst ein. Schließlich wurde er sogar trotz der räumlichen Distanz als philippinischer Revolutionär aktiv und wird auf den Philippinen bis heute als solcher verehrt. Ferdinand Blumentritts Leben ist untrennbar mit dem von José Rizal, dem Nationalhelden der Philippinen, verknüpft. Die beiden verband eine außergewöhnliche Freundschaft, sie fühlten sich nach eigenen Angaben wie Brüder. 2 Dieser ungewöhnliche Mensch Ferdinand Blumentritt wurde am 10. September 1853 in Prag geboren, damals Österreich-Ungarn. Er besuchte dort das Gymnasium Veronika Mattes ______________________________________________________________________ 66 Blumentritt und Schuchardt mehr entstanden, als ein rein professioneller Austausch auf linguistischem Gebiet. Den Briefen Blumentritts ist durchaus auch gegenseitiges persönliches Interesse und Sympathie zu entnehmen. Obwohl sich beide mehrmals gegenseitig zu einem Besuch aufgefordert haben, kam es in den 13 Jahren der Brieffreundschaft nie zu einer persönlichen Begegnung. 2. Briefe Die 143 erhaltenen Briefe und Postkarten Blumentritts an Schuchardt (Bibl. Nr. 1038 bis 1180) wurden alle in Leitmeritz geschrieben und verteilen sich auf die Zeit vom 2. Januar 1882 bis zum 6. Februar 1912. Sehr intensiv war der Briefwechsel von 1882 bis 1885, also zu der Zeit als sich Schuchardt mit Kreolsprachen und ab 1884 mit dem Tschechisch-Deutschen beschäftigte. Regelmäßige Korrespondenz fand immerhin darüberhinaus noch bis 1890 statt. Ab dieser Zeit war Blumentritt vor allem mit politischen Aktivitäten in Bezug auf die Philippinen beschäftigt (s.o.) und Schuchardt beendete seinen Kreol-Schwerpunkt und wandte sich anderen Themenbereichen zu. Nach 1890 gibt es nur noch sehr vereinzelte Briefe und Karten, v.a. Gratulationen zu runden Geburtstagen und zur Pensionierung. Die letzte Karte schrieb Blumentritt ein Jahr vor seinem Tod, anlässlich des 70. Geburtstages von Hugo Schuchardt. Zu den Briefen und Karten kamen zahlreiche Drucksendungen und Büchersendungen, auf die sich immer wieder Hinweise in den Briefen finden. Höchstwahrscheinlich gab es mehr als die im Nachlass erhaltenen 143 Briefe, vor allem die späten Briefe dürften nicht vollständig erhalten sein. Die Gegenbriefe Schuchardts an Blumentritt konnten bis jetzt leider nicht ausfindig gemacht werden. Da Blumentritts Nachkommen nach dem 2. Weltkrieg aus Böhmen fliehen und alle Besitztümer zurücklassen mussten, sind sie möglicherweise verschollen. Die zahlreichen in den Briefen beigelegten oder extra gesendeten Materialien (Sonderdrucke, Zeitungsnummern, gesammeltes Sprachmaterial, Pläne, Fotos, etc.) sind nur sehr vereinzelt in der Materialiensammlung des Schuchardt-Nachlasses erhalten. Darunter einige Wörterlisten in Blumentritts Handschrift zum Küchenspanischen und Küchentschechischen und sechs Seiten handschriftliche Anmerkungen zu Schuchardts Miklosich-Festschrift (1884a) (s. Brief

The research contains a symbolic study in teaching History and Turkish lessons at 8th grades. The study aims to determine the effect of teacher’s role and provided directions during students studies on learning processes. In this direction, it is observed that if the students can use historical learning skills and linguistic skills collectively. According the purpose of the study, an in class reading activity was done in order to ascertain to analyze a literary text used in history lessons (inside and outside review); to monitor how the students actualize historical learning by using perspective taking, developing perspective allegory and borrowing methods in historical imagination process; to examine how the students use linguistic skills on directed learning in Turkish lessons and to determine these two lessons interaction under interdisciplinary context.
The study was performed in accordance with the qualitative research methods, pursuant to action research approach. In this direction, the students, from a primary school within the boundaries of Kadıköy – İstanbul, read Yaşar Kemal’s literary work “Filler Sultanı”. After reading the text, the students were wanted to analyze the worksheets by using knowledge and skills gained from Turkish and History lessons. In both lessons, the inside and outside review of the text had been done by the students. During review process, the deficiencies of directions had been make up by answering the students’ questions. At the end of the process sixty worksheets were chosen as sample according to “purposeful sampling” method. While analyzing the data descriptive analyze technique, as a part of qualitative research methods, was used; on the other hand some of the data is presented in numerical analysis via percentage and frequency calculations.
A semi – structured interview had been done with ten voluntary pupils from the sample. Attainments had been analyzed by descriptive analyze method.
The findings of the research are showed that directed learning skill, gained from Turkish lesson, contributed to evidence inquiry skill, gained from History lesson. It is also observed that linguistics skills of students form a basis for the level of their perspective taking skills and developing perspective skills and - by these levels -for allegoric reading and borrowing processes. On the other hand, it is found that historical knowledge level mainly is a positive function of performing the skills at the expected level. Interviews denoted that students showed a high level performance at interpreting their historical knowledge within literary context. Moreover, it is confirmed that directions provided in class applications and the guidance role of teacher makes a valuable difference – in a positive way - on learning experiences.

In the context of this action research, it is accessed that the usage of historical learning skills and linguistic skills at the expected and meaningful level – for analyzing a novel – is mainly based on the adequate and successful directions and guidance of teacher. Also, it is stated that the studies performed in Turkish lessons i.e. understanding and analyzing the text, critical thinking, critical writing, directed writing and reading, developing language and developing language awareness have a great significance; and construct a base for perspective taking and developing perspective concerning historical thinking concept. It is obvious to say that directed reading quality can be developed with effective directions, that are prepared according to followed objective, by this way history learning skills are also performed successfully by the students..

According to the results, for primary students at this age (romantic phase*), it is suggested to benefit from literary productions in order to develop learning skills and academic achievement level in history and Turkish lessons; and to develop symbolic learning approach; and to give importance to collective study between disciplines.

Numerous excellent works have been written on the formation process of ‘psychiatry’ and its concomitant impact on society and culture at the end of the eighteenth century and in the first three decades of the nineteenth century, in particular with regard to France. From Gladys Swain to Dora Weiner, from Jacques Postel to Jan Goldstein, from Jackie Pigeaud to Juan Rigoli, the issue has been analysed in depth and from a variety of different perspectives. However, despite constantly and inevitably resurfacing in these studies, no particular attention has been paid to the passions and emotions drawn up by nascent psychiatry. Here, a truly epoch-making caesura can be found in terms of the social concepts and representations, and the correlated modes of behaviour, of the passions and emotions of Western civilisation.
Indeed, since ancient times the passions have also been interpreted as ‘diseases of the soul.’ Yet, it was only within the birth of the new science of mental illnesses, a process which gave rise to ‘experimental medicine’, that a far-reaching medical-therapeutic framework emerged. It was in this context that a strict theoretical and therapeutic programme was launched, which aimed at the systematic medicalization of all the human passions and emotions, and proposed, at the same time, their treatment in a vast body of public and private institutions, specifically set up for the purpose. In the words used by the psychiatrist Philippe Pinel, it was a programme which aimed to create a ‘histoire médicale des passions’ and a series of broad and profound institutional (and political) reforms to face up to the literal ‘dangerosité’ to mental health ascribed to the passions: reforms that would gradually transform the manners of housing and treating the mentally ill, commencing with those from the middle and upper classes, who were offered a whole new array of private care facilities.
In other words, it is only with its birth and increasingly wide diffusion in the new public hospitals and private care homes for the mentally ill that a ‘medical-philosophical’ framework became established, and began to exert a great influence on the traditional ways of representing and interpreting the passions and the canonically correlated modes of behaviour. Thus, a variety of figures gradually came to be transformed: suffice it to think of the melancholic poet, the impassioned lover, the fanatic rebel, and their transfigurations and transpositions in literature and theatre. Hence, what changed was both the day-to-day life of the committed mental patients, and how mental illness was perceived and interpreted in society, both in itself and in relation to the sphere of the passions. In short, and this is the first objective that this paper aims to demonstrate, we are dealing with the origins of the very process of medicalisation and true pathologisation of the emotions, many consequences of which are still with us today.

In order to achieve the objectives described above, the paper is eminently interdisciplinary. By using the current debate on the history of the emotions, it aims to explore further the late-eighteenth-century ‘psychiatric revolution’ and some of its main consequences on the history of emotions. In short, the task is to outline the extraordinary cultural and social impact that the development of the new public and private hospital institutions had on the traditional ways of interpreting, decoding, representing and experiencing a wide spectrum of emotions.

Short Bibliography

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, Les Rapports du physique et du morale de l’homme, Paris: Crapart, Caille et Ravier, 1802, 2 voll.
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, Traité des sensation, à Madame la comtesse de Vassé, Londres [i.e. Paris], 1754; Dt. Übs von J. M. Weissiger, Abhandlung über die Empfindungen, Wien, 1792.
Crichton, Alexander, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement: Comprehending a Concise System of the Physiology and Pathology of the Human Mind. And a History of the Passions and Their Effects, London: Cadell, Junior and Davies, 1798, 2 voll.
Dixon, Thomas, From Passions to Emotions. The creation of a Secular Psychological Category, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Esquirol, Des passions considérées comme causes, symptômes, et moyens curatifs de l’aliénation mentale, Paris: Didot Jeune, 1805; nouvelle édition par Gladys Swain et Marcel Gauchet, Paris: Libraire des Deux Mondes, 1980.
– Allgemeine und spezielle Pathologie und Therapie der Seelenstörungen, frei bearbeitet von Dr. Karl Christian Hille, nebst einem Anhange kritischer und erläuternder Zusätze von Dr. J. C. A. Heinroth, Lepzig: Hartmann, 1827.
Frevert, Ute, Emotions in History: Lost and Found, Budapest – New York: Central European Univ., 2011.
Gauchet, Marcel et Swain, Gladys, La Pratique de l’esprit humain: l’institution asilaire et la révolution démocratique, Paris: Gallimard, 1980; II ed. Paris, 2007.
Goldstein, Jan, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1987; II ed. with a New Afterword 2001.
Pigeaud, Jackie, Aux Portes de la Psychiatrie: Pinel, l'Ancien et le Moderne, Paris: Aubier, 2001.
Pinel, Philippe, Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale, ou la manie, Paris: Richard, 1800; Dt. Übs: Philosophisch – medizinische Abhandlung über Geistesverirrungen oder Manie, aus dem Frz. Übs. von Michael Wagner, Wien: Schaumburg, 1801; II édition: Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale. Second édition, entièrement refondue et très-augmentée, Paris: Brosson, 1809.
– La médecine clinique rendue plus précise et plus exacte par l'application de l'analyse, ou Recueil et résultat d'observations sur les maladies aiguës, faites à la Salpêtrière, Paris: Gabon et Cie 1802; Dt. Übs von G. F. Krauss, Praktische Heilkunde zu einem höheren Grade von Vollständigkeit und Genauigkeit erhoben durch die Anwendung der analytischen Methode, Bayreuth: Andreas Lübeck 1803. II édition: Paris, 1804; III édition: Paris, 1815.
Postel, Jacques, Genèse de la psychiatrie: les premiers écrits de Philippe Pinel, Paris: Le Sycomore, 1981; zweite Auflage: Le Plessis-Robinson: Synthélabo 1998.
Reil, Johann Christian, Fieberhafte Nervenkrankheiten, in Ueber die Erkentniß und Cur der Fieber, Bd. 4, Halle: Curt, 1802.
– Rhapsodieen über die Anwendung der psychischen Kurmethode auf Geisteszerrüttungen, Halle: Curt, 1803 (zweite Auflage: Halle 1818).
Rigoli, Juan, Lire le délire. Aliénisme, rhétorique et littérature en France au XIXe siècle, Paris: Fayard, 2001.
Schrenk, Martin, Über den Umgang mit Geisteskranken. Die Entwicklung der psychiatrischen Therapie vom “moralischen Régime” in England und Frankreich zu den “psychischen Curmethoden” in Deutschland, Berlin: Springer, 1973.
Smith, Adam, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, London: A. Millar, 1759, VI ed. 1790.
Swain, Gladys, Le sujet de la folie : naissance de la psychiatrie, Toulouse: Privat, 1977, second édition précédé de "de Pinel à Freud" par Marcel Gauchet: Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1997.
Wallace, Edwin R. and Gach, John (ed.), History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, New York: Springer, 2008.
Weiner, Dora B., Comprendre et Soigner : Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826 : La Médecine de l'Esprit, Paris: Fayard. 1999.

William Kingdon Clifford is famous for statements that he made in 1870 to the effect that matter is nothing but ripples, hills and bumps of space curved in a higher dimension and the motion of matter is nothing more than variations in that curvature. For having said this Clifford has been both hailed and condemned for having anticipated Einstein’s general theory of relativity. The standard view of historians, scholars and scientists is that his ideas were not tenable at the time, he never developed or wrote down his theory (if he ever had one), and he had no followers or students to carry on his work. Nothing is further from the truth on all three counts. Modern scholars have failed to recognize Clifford’s theory because they have only been looking for Einstein’s gravity theory in the 1870s, which is based on tensors, while tensor calculus was not developed until decades after Clifford’s untimely and
unfortunate early death from consumption in 1879. So they are wrong on both counts. Those scholars who have even bothered to look at the original literature on the subject have been unable to find Clifford’s published but incomplete theory because he was forced to develop his own mathematical system of biquaternions to model motion as it would appear in the higher-dimensional space. Nor was Clifford seeking a
new theory of gravity, but rather a more coherent and intuitive portrayal of his friend Maxwell’s new electromagnetic theory. However, Clifford believed that dynamical forces in three-dimensional space reduced to kinematical motions in four-dimensional space and therefore planned to include a new theory of gravity after he polished off electromagnetism. In other words, Clifford was trying to develop a unified field theory that would more consistently look like modern day unifications rather than just an earlier version of general relativity.

The presence of Jewish astrologers in the Portuguese court of the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is frequently mentioned in the chronicles of the
kings. In 1496, King Manuel I forced the Jews to choose between conversion to
Catholicism and expulsion. Those noblemen had to leave the court, and many of
them also left the kingdom. In 1529, King João III created the position of Royal
Cosmographer, the mathematician Pedro Nunes being the first to occupy the
position. Pedro Nunes was apparently a severe opponent of astrology except for
one episode: a few days before the coronation of King Sebastião in 1568, Pedro
Nunes allegedly suggested to the Queen-regent, that she should postpone the
ceremony, claiming astrological reasons. Historians relate this episode to a
similar one, more than a century earlier, featuring the coronation of King Duarte
(Edward) in 1433, and some believe that the alleged incident with King
Sebastião may be just one more legend about this charismatic king. In this text
we discuss the possibility that Pedro Nunes had actually made and examined the
astrological chart for the moment of the coronation of King Sebastião.

ABSTRACT
Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Roger Bacon and the prolongatio vite. A Scientific Utopia? Roger Bacon is the medieval author who has written so frequently and extensively on the possiblity that the man’s life could be prolonged. His thinking system on that subject may be found in all the three greatest works (Opus majus, Opus minus, Opus tertium) which have been written down for a pope, Clement IV. The present note is intended to examine if and how the Baconian main arguments on the prolongatio vite may be defined as a scientific utopia, with respect to the medieval cultural and scientific context.

Le concept de biodiversité a été formulé pour populariser ce concept et la protection des espèces auprès du public via les médias. Si dans un premier temps, il a eu du mal à émerger, à partir de 2005, il a commencé à se répandre, mais reste fragile dans l'actualité. Surtout, il désigne à la fois les menaces (disparition des espèces) et la beauté.

"Reformation and confessionalization in Bártfa

The first part of this paper outlines the forming of the confessionalization theory, originating from Germany, and its main points. After that religious phenomena of towns at the beginning of the 16th century and events preceding the reformation in Bártfa (Bardejov) are discussed. The main part of the paper deals with the presentation of reformation in Bártfa according to Wolfgang Reinhard’s seven points (the establishment of dogmatic principles (confessions), the implementation of these principles by enforcers, the use of propaganda and censorship, the rise of an educated clergy leading to the professionalization of the ministry, the intensification of disciplinig the community of believers, the use of special rites, the importance of language usage). The author thinks he managed to prove that the confessionalization theory can be applied for examining towns in Upper Hungary."

Dans le cadre des relations entre art et science a la Renaissance, la question de la representation picturale des phenomenes meteorologiques s'avere paradoxale et souleve un certain nombre de problemes. Alors qu'une solide tradition theorique assigne a la peinture l'ambition de figurer le tumulte qui agite et anime le monde terrestre, la pratique artistique en Italie se revele plutot reticente a perturber l'image par des evenements climatiques, a l'exception notable de ceux qui, telles les tempetes miraculeuses, ressortent du domaine de l'hagiographie. Meme dans le cas de l'iconographie du Deluge, la pluie est rarement montree. La representation meteorologique intervient avant tout a la faveur d'audaces formelles, chez Leonard ou dans le cercle de Raphael, dont la diffusion reste limitee, ainsi qu'a l'occasion de sujets et dans le cadre de commandes qui la justifient fortement, comme dans le milieu venitien au debut du XVIe siecle, obsede par ...

This chapter explores Franco Basaglia’s relation with German psychiatry, from his early infatuation with the anthropo-phenomenological tradition to the disputes with the social psychiatric movement during the 1960s and 1970s. After an overview of Basaglia’s criticism of German psychiatric schools and institutions, the chapter focuses on his personal links, most notably with progressive psychiatrists and with the anti-psychiatric movement SPK (Sozialistisches Patientenkollektiv). Finally, it analyses Basaglia’s reception, by both the medical establishment and the actors of psychiatric reform. Contrary to the current narrative of a mutual influence, the chapter argues that Basaglia can hardly be regarded as a genuine inspiration for German psychiatric reform, and was retrospectively refashioned as such.

Since 2012, I've created a partnership with several historians of education and health about the research on history of health education. Indeed, children's and teenagers' health has worried schools for almost two centuries. Starting in the 18th century, people started to understand the relationship between health and educational success, as boarding school children died of smallpox and were constantly upset by gastric problems and chilblains. Healthcare was an integral part of everyday life at school. Today, not many of us worldwide are studying the relationships between health and education. This newly-found connection in the 18th century gave rise to school hygiene at the end of 19th century and to school medical services and health education at the end of 20th century all around the world. Now, some researchers in history of health education want to study how knowledge and practices about health precautions circulated around the world. It has been noted/argued that Western Europe was a model for the other countries up until the Great War. Both healthcare advances and the moralization of society influenced how some of its members were perceived. Farmers, workers, poor people, women, and children were among those depicted as carriers of diseases due to bad habits. Thus, teachers tried to focus on these susceptible groups. After these global trends, I will present some specific differences, such as school architecture, hygiene practices, and the training of male and female schoolteachers. This research is part of a more international history of health education and may help to better understand people's behavior regarding health.

Past & Present has uploaded all audiorecordings of our conference on Transforming Information: Record Keeping in the Early Modern World, 9-10 April 2014, British Academy: http://bit.ly/1wakqVW. All papers from the two days are now online, so I’ve uploaded the programme again for reference.

India prides in ancient astronomy (which is all about the skies). She also has a sub-continent wide array of intact archeology. This find is the first that connects the full night span as being reflected on the ground. 27 prominent stars are represented as temples on the ground in an identical manner as are they in the sky in the current epoch. Constellation Orion (Kalapurusha) apart, unique and interesting pattern of a giant radial format (Taraka) with a embedded nine pointed star format (Nakshatra) is also exposed (in sky & ground). A, 1-to-1 homology transpires, which is presented using positional astronomy tools; engineering and survey methods have been used. CAD (precision) methodologies are adhered to visualize the stars as having fallen on to the ground at Bhubaneswar, India. In Sanskrit, falling stars are mentioned as TARAKA. Co-relationing with palm leaf texts have also been made that mentions " Taraka ". The conglomerate is conjectured as an erstwhile city of stars " Taraka ". Multidisciplinary approach is made. All clutter are removed to present the layout and the sky line separately as 3D visuals to schematically levitate such unraveled mystery.

Theophrastus' thought about metals according to his surviving fragments and to Greek, Latin, Syriac and Arabic testimonies. An inspection of Theophrastus' writings, namely his book «On stones» (De lapidibus ), his three major books and eleven of his fragments, all of which came down to us either directly in Greek or through Syriac and Arabic translations, shows as many as 42 statements which concern metals. Moreover, a survey of the works of Greek, Latin, Syriac and Arabic authors adds another 24 quotations concerning metals taken from Theophrastus' teaching as well as 34 references inspired by him, but reported anonymously. All statements are short, and most of them are even cryptic. Nevertheless, on the basis of such a meagre, random evidence, an attempt is made at reconstructing Theophrastus' treatise «On metals» (De metallis ), which was already lost in antiquity despite having been mentioned by Diogenes Laertius and later Greek authors down to the 11th century AD. Such a treatise is shown to have been written in between 323 and 315 BC for teaching purposes, and to have included inquiries performed in the years 340-335 BC according to Aristotle's method of investigating natural facts, but still under the influence of Plato's theoretical opinions by which Theophrastus had been imbued when attending his school (354-347 BC). The treatise consisted of at least two sections: a mining one concerning winning and dressing of metalbearing ores, and another, metallurgical one concerning their refinement and the treatment of the extracted metals, as well as, possibly, giving some examples of their applications. It is pointed out that Theophrastus never adhered strictly to Aristotle's theory that metals are the result of underground condensation of the wet exhalation reacting with earth, but maintained a belief in Plato's thought that metals are solid forms of the watery element. Indeed, Theophrastus always emphasised their property of melting i.e., turning to liquid, when submitted to fire, with subsequent changes in their properties, such as shading in their color due to alloying i.e., entering solution with other metals. This agrees with his style of endeavouring explanation of natural phenomena by the direct way of simple observations.

Depuis le XIIe siècle et à l’époque moderne, au sein des cours
princières et ecclésiastiques, des savoirs situés à la frontière entre
le licite et l’illicite, tels que l’astrologie, la divination et la magie,
ont occupé une place centrale dans les pratiques et les représentations
du pouvoir. De Frédéric II à Rodolphe II, les cours ont même
été des laboratoires d’experimenta en la matière, comme aussi
de rivalités multiples et de manipulations en tout genre. Cela n’a
pas empêché le développement d’une répression de ces “arts”,
dans les milieux de cour ou à leur proximité immédiate, liée à
l’extension réelle et imaginaire de ces savoirs suspects.
Jean-Patrice Boudet - Martine Ostorero - Agostino Paravicini Bagliani,
Introduction – Stefano Rapisarda, Pratiche divinatorie alla Curia fridericiana.
Note e meno note testimonianze latine e volgari – Charles Burnett, Magic in
the Court of Alfonso el Sabio: the Latin Translation of the Gha¯yat al-
H.akı¯m – H. Darrel Rutkin, An Idealized Astrological Courtier at a
13th Century Papal and Royal Court: the Case of Roger Bacon – Sebastià Giralt,
Drawing from the Marrow of the Authors of Astrology: the Sources of Bartomeu
de Tresbens, Astrologer to King Pere the Ceremonious of Aragon – Julien
Véronèse, Nicolas Eymerich et l’astrologie à la cour d’Aragon – Jean-Patrice
Boudet - Jacques Chiffoleau, Magie et construction de la souveraineté sous le
règne de Charles VI – Andrea Berlin, Vom Vorteil guter Verbindungen bei
der Planung und Durchführung eines magischen Komplottes – Benedek Láng,
Were East-Central European Royal Courts More Tolerant vis à vis Astrology
and Magic in the 15th Century? – Daniel Jaquet, Les arts magiques et les arts
du combat: étude du recueil de 1448 attribué à Hans Talhoffer – Eniko´Békés,
From King Matthias to Lorenzo de’ Medici: Galeotto Marzio’s Astrological
Works and his Dedicatees – Stephan Heilen, Astrology at the Court of
Urbino under Federico and Guidobaldo da Montefeltro – Alberto Alonso
Guardo, Los oráculos de Urganda: un libro de suertes en las bodas de
Catalina Micaela de Austria – Katrin Bauer, The two Faces of Astrology. The
Relationship of Wallenstein and Kepler

Nous nous intéresserons à l'utilisation de textes mathématiques anciens sur le thème de l'aire du rectangle et notamment à l'intérêt des différents équilibres entre nombres et grandeurs qu'ils offrent. Dans le cadre d'une analyse préalable à une expérimentation utilisant l'histoire des sciences en classe, nous expliciterons comment ils ont influencé notre lecture de manuels scolaires de CM2 (10-11 ans, 5ième année d'élémentaire). Nous nous baserons sur cette analyse pour justifier l'utilisation de l'un de ces textes anciens dans un travail visant l'explicitation et l'approfondissement des thèmes aire et grandeurs avec des élèves de seconde.

Abstract – We are interested in the use of ancient mathematical texts regarding the area of a rectangle, with a focus on the different equilibria that exist between numbers and the quantities they offer. We bring forward the way in which these texts influenced our reading of 10 and 11 year olds' (French " CM2 " or fifth grade) textbooks within the framework of a preliminary analysis for an experiment that uses the history of sciences in the classroom. Our analysis should allow us to justify the use of one of these ancient texts in an experimentation intended to clarify and deepen the themes of area and quantities with 15-16 year old students (French " seconde " or tenth grade).

The “Galileo case” is still open: John Paul II’s 1979 initiative to “recognize wrongs from whatever side they come” was carried out in an unsatisfactory manner. The task would have been easy had the Pontifical Study Commission created for that purpose concentrated on the 1616 decree alone and declared it not in line with the hermeneutical guidelines of the Council of Trent, in agreement with Galileo and not with Saint Robert Bellarmine. This, however, seems to be against Church Decorum. A possible avenue to closing the “Galileo case” on the part of the Church of Rome could, thus, be to change its current defensive attitude and declare itself no longer what it was in 1616, since another such “case” is, hopefully, no longer conceivable.

This study introduces the concept of vernacularization in the context of the literary history of Bohemia around 1800. National philologists, to some extent until today, examine this literature
based on 19th-century national and aesthetic criteria (i.e. the notion of „genius“, originality etc.) which, as the author argues, do not suit an analysis of multi-lingual pre-Romantic culture. Without intending to replace the popular and politically relevant narrative of the National Revival, the concept of vernacularization attempts to generate a comparatively oriented discussion regarding the transition (beginning around 1760) from the multi-lingual cultures of a stratified society (the nobility, the clergy, the common people etc.) into separate, linguistically defined regional and subsequently national cultures and especially national literatures in the first half of the 19th century.
Vernacularization is defined as a form of knowledge transfer between cultures considered to have different places in a European cultural hierarchy. The „higher“ or „classical“ cultures serve as the vehicles for the transfer of culture; they are supposed to be quite independent of regional contexts and thus can be interregionally recognized as exemplary; in a stratified society they are accessible mainly to the elites. That redestines them to serve as a means of representation.
„Vernacularization“ indicates the efforts by a region’s intellectual elites to make this arcane knowledge (or at least its „useful“ arts) accessible to their uneducated compatriots (in the Middle Ages mainly to the secular elite, in the 18th and 19th centuries above all to the „folk“). This dissemination of useful knowledge in support of the general good is described aptly by Joseph Anton Riegger as the obligation of the ideal „enlightened patriot.“
Therefore, the „logic“ of vernacularization should not be limited to one country or one era; on the contrary, the concept should ncourage comparison and simultaneously provide insight into the inner hierarchy of European cultures into which regional culture would be integrated.
In this context, all „mature“ cultures (not only those of antiquity) can be considered exemplary or model cultures. The theme of knowledge transfer as a service to the homeland, in spite of significant differences determined by time and place, can be traced through various examples: from Cicero (Greece-Rome) to Dante Alighieri (Roman and Provençal culture to Italy), Du Bellay
(Roman and Italian culture to France) and finally to Frederick II (Italian, English and French culture to protestant Germany), through the inaugural lecture (1765) of the Freiburg (and later
Prague) professor of law Joseph Anton Riegger, whose detailed defense of his decision to lecture in German rather than in Latin is a central text in this study. Vernacularization is motivated not only by a enlightened utilitarian knowledge transfer to serve the own land, but also by the desire to see one’s own land included in the the hierarchy of „enlightened“ nations.
The author also suggests that vernacularization, in the sense of adapting an already established high culture to a regional level, should not be limited to the medium of language. The role of language is admittedly as important as it is problematic; for example, in the case of the multi-ethnic Bohemian lands, a linguistic doubling took place. This problem is illustrated by the not uncontested introduction of German-language lectures at the university in Prague, „identity politics“-motivated attempts to establish the equivalence of local languages (F. J. von Kinský’s
1773 call, written in German, to regard Czech as the language of the „Czech lands“) or other – Czech and German – defenses of vernacular language(s), literature(s) and culture(s) versus
the established elite cultures such as Latin, French or (north) German. Especially significant are institutions that are either vernacularized by the „enlightened“ higher classes for utilitarian
reasons (e.g. originally Latin-based educational institutions, as well as their libraries, which are opened to the public) or institutions that were created for the transfer of knowledge and, usually (co-) established by the secular elite, combine both patriotic motives: compulsory education in the vernacular language, semi-public associations and institutions such as the Freemasons,
reading and lending libraries, newspaper associations, museums (e.g. the „patriotic“ museum
of the Prague typographer J. F. Schönfeld) etc.

223 Laurin, M. (2008). The splendid isolation of biological nomenclature. -Zoologica Scripta, 37 , 223-233. Recent arguments against phylogenetic nomenclature (PN) rest on the assumption that, generally, consensus about the meaning of taxon names arises spontaneously. A brief historical review shows that this is not the case. Comparisons with other fields as diverse as physics, geology and geopolitics show that precision in the meaning of terms is essential to produce consensus, which is precisely the opposite as the avowed aims of rank-based nomenclature (RN). The difficulty in reaching consensus increases with the weight of tradition and decreases with the number of objective tests to falsify competing theories. In both respects, biological nomenclature is handicapped because the weight of tradition is extreme and rules of nomenclature cannot be discovered in nature. These facts may explain the difficulty in reaching consensus on the most appropriate system of nomenclature for the 21st century. Therefore, comparisons between RN and PN should focus on minimal taxonomic stability, rather than realized or maximal stability. A four-taxon example shows that in this respect, PN vastly outperforms RN. Opponents of PN often predict that implementation of PN will cause considerable confusion. A comparison with computer science shows that confusion is often associated with progress, and may be unavoidable for nomenclature to prosper in the new millennium.

"En 1885 est créée la Société neuchâteloise de géographie (SNG). La jeune société réunit les notables locaux mais aussi certains des plus grands géographes de l’époque, dont Élisée Reclus et Léon Metchnikoff, réfugiés en Suisse en raison de leurs convictions anarchistes. Depuis 125 ans, la SNG publie un Bulletin qui est devenu l’une des plus anciennes revues de géographie. Afin de commémorer cet anniversaire, cet ouvrage reproduit in extenso treize textes parus entre 1885 et 1916, accompagnés des commentaires de spécialistes actuels.

En filigrane des articles apparaissent les mutations qui touchent la Suisse et l’Europe au tournant du XX e siècle. Le lecteur aura ainsi l’occasion de suivre les traces des habitants d’une vallée alpine pratiquant encore une forme de nomadisme. Il verra l’urbanisation et ses corollaires - industrialisation, arrivée du chemin de fer, migrations - transformer radicalement d’anciens bourgs ruraux et donner naissance à une nouvelle discipline : l’urbanisme. C’est d’ailleurs dans le Bulletin de la Société neuchâteloise de géographie que ce terme apparaît pour la première fois ! Le lecteur assistera ensuite aux aventures d’un futur conseiller d’État fribourgeois en Abyssinie, d’un missionnaire en Chine et d’un commerçant neuchâtelois parti vendre de la « pacotille » au Tonkin. Il découvrira également le rôle « d’office de renseignements » de la SNG pour les commerçants et industriels mais aussi pour les nombreux Suisses candidats à l’émigration.

Plus généralement, ces articles révèlent les conceptions de la géographie à l’époque, celles d’une discipline qui oscille entre ambitions académiques (en posant les bases d’une démarche scientifique), applications commerciales (en explorant des régions prometteuses en termes de débouchés et de ressources), et audience populaire (en faisant la part belle aux récits d’aventuriers partis à la découverte du monde)."

"This paper would add a contribution to the “entangled histories” of the circulation of Sino‐European representations of landscape during the long 18th century. I will discuss a prime example of interaction, interpretation and hybridization that occurred in French essays, atlases, encyclopedias, reports,
and private letters on the Qing landscape. I am especially interested in the grey literature and colorful maps that have surrounded two publications by d’Anville and Father Du Halde: Mémoire sur la Chine (1776); and Description géographique, historique, etc. de l’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise (1735)."

affinities that make the text seem at home in the second century) while emphasizing the cognitive aspects (ratiocinatio, mens) that more closely resemble ideas of later, Neoplatonic thinkers. Chapter 4 extends Siebert's argument and is, in many ways, the book's most interesting and valuable section. Some of its evidence is textual, such as the fact that certain (garbled) transliterated terms in the text (e.g., "baptisterion") were not used until at least the third and fourth centuries. Further evidence is doctrinal. For example, Siebert argues that many of Ptolemy's claims make more sense as responses to his supposed successors (Galen, Calcidius, Damianos, and Philoponos) than as rejoinders to his predecessors (Euclid). Siebert also highlights internal inconsistencies between the Optics and Ptolemy's astronomical works concerning atmospheric refraction and pneuma. Ultimately, he suggests that the simplest explanation of all these observations is that Ptolemy did not write the Optics at all but that it is a product of a much later period, a mere century or two before al-Kindi.

Comment les savoirs sont-ils produits ? Comment se transmettent-ils ? Quelle approche adopter pour apprendre à les observer ?
Qu’il s’agisse d’un laboratoire, d’une agora grecque, d’un jardin botanique, d’une table de travail ou d’une bibliothèque, chaque lieu de savoir possède une dynamique propre, conséquence de son histoire et de ses spécificités. En mêlant l’observation des pratiques à l’interprétation des méthodes de pensée, cet ouvrage étudie les lieux de l’activité savante dans une approche comparatiste.
Construit comme une invitation à la réflexion, situé à la frontière entre histoire et anthropologie, cet ouvrage tente de baliser les hypothèses et les enjeux d’une nouvelle approche des savoirs humains. Il s’adresse à tous les lecteurs qui souhaitent s’engager dans des cheminements parallèles ; il déploie des pistes de réflexion pour les humanités d’aujourd’hui et de demain.