History of Planning

Early modern Amsterdam was an ultra-modern city, laid out conforming to the triple demand of functionality, beauty and profit; a city that takes a unique place in European urban history because of its location, design, and impressive scale. 'Metropolis in the Making' tells the story of Amsterdam becoming one of the largest cities in Europe in the seventeenth century. Amsterdam was one of the cradles of capitalism, but at the same time one of the most meticulously planned cities in the world.
After the Fall of Antwerp in 1585, Amsterdam took over its position as the main trade hub in northwestern Europe. The city grew rapidly to become the central harbour town – and one of the largest European cities. The boom in harbours and industry went hand in hand with an explosive population growth. This resulted in two huge city extensions in 1613 and 1663, multiplying the territory of Amsterdam by five. Around the old town, the now famous ring of canals was constructed. Beyond this residential zone mixed-use and industrial districts were laid out, with a series of harbour islands along the borders of the IJ. This book deals with the question how Amsterdam’s administration managed to realize these immense projects from the viewpoints of urban design, infrastructure, logistics, and finance.
The first part of this book is dedicated to the extension projects. A thorough analysis of all remaining administrative archives and a great many cartographic documents has enabled the author to reconstruct the decision process about the scale, design, and realization of the extensions. The second part contains chapters concerning land use, public space and water management. 'Metropolis in the Making' tells the story of one of the cradles of early modern capitalism and at the same time one of the most meticulously planned cities in the world.

The nineteenth-century street layout of Brisbane, designed for a small provincial town, had become a significant problem by the beginning of the twentieth century. The laying of tram lines in Adelaide Street between 1915 and 1917 convinced the civic authorities of the need to widen the street, and also prompted the passage of legislation to facilitate this. Between 1924 and 1931 the street was widened on the western alignment by 14 feet (4.3 metres). Thirty-one buildings on that side of the street were either truncated and remodelled or newly erected. This paper provides a background to the street-widening proposal and a short history of the project. Each of the buildings involved is then examined individually, to provide a snapshot of commercial architecture in Brisbane during the 1920s.

Tegen het einde van de zestiende eeuw begon Amsterdam met het planten van bomen langs grachten en op pleinen. Amsterdam was niet de eerste Hollandse stad die dat deed. Bomen werden tijdens de zeventiende-eeuwse stadsuitbreidingen een standaardonderdeel van de inrichting van grachten en pleinen. Door de schaal van de nieuwe stad leidde dat tot de grootste systematische aanplant van stedelijk groen die zich ooit had voorgedaan. In dit artikel worden het stadsgroen en de motieven voor de aanplant behandeld.

Dispersion is a long-term structure in southern highlands of Ecuador and not simply the result of stereotypical suburbanization as it is frequently problematized by local urban studies. The concept of long-term structure is key to understanding how since the colonial era, a very centralized and hierarchical socio-political system transformed but didn’t erase long-standing logics of dispersed territorial occupation in this part of the Andes.
The study develops Cuenca and its surrounding territory as a case study. As other Andean cities, Cuenca was founded during the colonial period over previous Inca and indigenous settlements. The city is surrounded by a constellation of small and medium-sized rural centralities, whose space of occupation often dates back to pre-colonial times.
Three main topics are analysed across time and in its current condition in order to unpack dispersion in the territory of Cuenca: People as a
resource, Water, and Human Mobility. A careful consideration of the interactions between spatial, social and cultural factors across time, in
combination with interpretation of the structuring elements of its landscape, allows to reconsider and define the qualities of this landscape of dispersion. Openness, diversity and flexibility seem to characterize a landscape, so far defined mostly as chaotic and shapeless.

Pubblicato nel Dossier "Pioniere", inGenere.it qui: http://www.ingenere.it/articoli/pioniere-vittoria-calzolari-disegno-delle-citta Vittoria Calzolari, nata nel 1924 e scomparsa a giugno di quest'anno, è stata una paesaggista, architetta e urbanista romana, progettista di parchi e piani del verde, professoressa di Urbanistica alla Sapienza di Roma dal 1975, assessora al centro storico a Roma, prima nella giunta Argan (1976)(1977)(1978)(1979) poi nella prima giunta Petroselli (1979Petroselli ( -1981.

De 17e-eeuwse stadsuitbreidingen van Amsterdam zijn vaak beschouwd als het beste wat er aan stedenbouw in de Republiek is gerealiseerd. Deze waardering geldt, vanzelfsprekend, het resultaat: het aangelegde stadsplan met bebouwing, zoals dat er na verloop van jaren uitziet. Naast de vele lyrische beschrijvingen is vooralsnog weinig onderzoek gedaan waarin naast esthetische ook andere motieven voor de stadsontwikkeling worden betrokken. In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van literatuur en stukken uit het gemeentearchief getracht enig inzicht te krijgen in de motieven en redeneringen die een rol hebben gespeeld in de besluitvorming rond de stadsontwikkeling. Hierbij lijkt een hoofdrol weggelegd voor drie motieven: functionaliteit, esthetiek en financieel rendement.

"Le territoire d’Amsterdam a plus que quintuplé entre 1585 et 1663. Cette croissance a, au travers des siècles, attiré l’attention des historiens comme des urbanistes. Ils ont passé au crible fin le développement de la ville au XVIIe siècle, et ce sous de nombreux angles. Deux aspects les ont
particulièrement intéressés : l’échelle de la croissance et la planification. Ce dernier aspect a, à partir du XIXe siècle, été étudié du point de vue du paysage urbain. La ville était considérée comme une composition scénographique géniale, comme le Versailles du Nord. Plus tard, le
regard s’est surtout porté sur le plan de ville au sol. Amsterdam était considérée comme l’incarnation de la ‘città ideale’, le summum de la planification.
Dans cette étude, nous nous baserons sur une idée plus pragmatique de l’urbanisme. La ville idéale, théorique, cède la place à la ville réelle et, par voie de conséquence, à la ville optimale : une réalité physique rétive dotée d’une dynamique spatiale et sociale imprévisible, laquelle est aménagée et gérée le mieux possible en vue de son utilisation par les autorités municipales en fonction de la situation du paysage et des eaux, des opinions prédominantes, des connaissances techniques, de la méthodologie urbanistique et de l’instrumentation disponible."

Dutch Architects in the South African Republic

Jaap Evert Abrahamse

South Africa is one of the eight countries taking part in the Mutual Cultural Heritage programme, which was set up by the Dutch Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Education, Culture and Science. The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands is a participator in the research project ZA/Wilhelmiens, in which the contribution of Dutch architects to the architecture and building practice in the South African Republic in the Transvaal region is the central theme.
In the 19th century, the South African Republic was seen as a legal and moral successor of the Dutch Republic, that had long before lost its military and economic power and its leading role in international politics, as the English took over most international trade routes and London replaced Amsterdam as the main commercial centre. Many civil servants and other professionals left for the Transvaal to help build the new South African Republic, especially as tax revenues boomed when gold was found near Johannesburg. Among them were quite a number of architects and engineers. Sytze Wierda was appointed the head of the Public Works Department with Klaas van Rijsse as his assistant. Both were architects of Dutch origin. In the period until 1899, the beginning of the Second Anglo-Boer War, the department would design and construct many public buildings, such as the Government Building and the Palace of Justice in Pretoria, but also post offices, prisons, local government buildings, and many others. At the same time, the NZASM railway company built railway lines, station buildings and company towns, many churches were built in which a Dutch influence is clearly visible, and military works were realized outside Pretoria, that seem to be closely connected with the Stelling van Amsterdam, which was also built in this period.

Since ancient times, most cities have been established in locations that possess natural attributes that are essential for the survival and wellbeing of their citizens. Such attributes have included harbours, permanent freshwater sources, forests, fertile agricultural land, building materials and defensible topography. More recently, however, some cities have seemingly transcended these biophysical limitations by exploiting resources found in 'hinterlands' that stretch hundreds or even thousands of kilometres from the urban core. Such cities ostensibly defy the biophysical constraints of the environments upon which they depend. Some of these cities, like Las Vegas, exist overtly for pleasure and commerce rather than industry or culture. Davis and Monk (2007) suggest they are underpinned by the production and marketing of distinctive environmental imaginaries of cornucopian abundance. In reality, these 'paradises' manifest ecological degradation, social polarisation and boom-bust growth. Could Australia's Gold Coast be this type of city?

This paper examines how the garden city idea was introduced to China in the early 20th century and subsequently promoted by Chinese intellectuals and urban administrators as a means to promote urban improvement, economic development and nation-building. While the grand planning visions conceptualized in this period remained largely on paper, many aspects of the garden city were selectively adapted by philanthropic organizations and real estate developers as various “model settlements” that exemplified the norms of a “civilized society.” By examining the multiple interpretations of the garden city and its limited realization on Chinese soil, this article elucidates how a foreign planning concept was disseminated in a non-Western context and the specific ways in which it interacted with existing discourses about the city, the countryside and the roles of the state and citizens in the construction of competing visions of the urban future.

In de jaren zestig van de twintigste eeuw was Nederland in de ban van een ongekende welvaartstoename. De wederopbouw was voltooid; de bakens werden verzet naar het magische jaar 2000. Het land zou onherkenbaar van gezicht veranderen. Dit gold met name voor de binnensteden, waar ruimte moest komen voor brede vierbaans autowegen, hoge kantoortorens en moderne winkelcentra.

Althans, zo was de bedoeling. Terwijl bestuurders en ontwerpers aan hun plannen werken, ontdekte een jongere generatie de oude stad als een betaalbare en gezellige plek om te wonen en studeren. In samenwerking met oudere buurtbewoners ontvouwden deze jongeren in de jaren zeventig een alternatieve visie op de toekomst van de Nederlandse binnenstad. Hun grootse idealen vonden opvallend snel ingang bij de politiek. In nog geen tien jaar tijd maakte het ene ideaalbeeld van de moderniteit plaats voor een ander, waarin behoud en kleinschaligheid voorop stonden. Hoe kon het denken over de toekomst van onze binnensteden zo snel en radicaal omslaan?

Dit proefschrift beantwoordt deze vraag vanuit drie centrale uitgangspunten. In de eerste plaats wordt de binnenstad beschouwd als plek waar maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen direct invloed hebben op het dagelijks leven van miljoenen Nederlanders. In de tweede plaats gaat de aandacht met name uit naar de rol die projectontwikkelaars hebben gespeeld bij de totstandkoming van onze gebouwde omgeving. Aan hun invloed is door historici tot dusver nauwelijks aandacht besteed. In de derde plaats reconstrueert dit proefschrift nauwgezet de ervaring van moderniteit door zowel projectontwikkelaars, bestuurders als burgers.

Deze uitgangspunten maken het mogelijk om een aantal historiografische aannames kritisch te herzien. Zo waren binnenstadreconstructies van projectontwikkelaars en bestuurders geenszins het product van een optimistisch en zelfverzekerd toekomstdenken, evenmin als dat actievoerende burgers romantische tegenkrachten waren.

Programmazione economica e riforma urbanistica sono due dei temi caldi con cui la coalizione di centrosinistra si presenta al Paese. I discorsi del riformismo passano -anche e soprattutto -attraverso la mise en forme di una politica di piano che possa far coesistere trasformazioni sociali, sviluppo economico ed intervento pubblico nel tentativo di costruzione di una via italiana al welfare state. Per i modi in cui si svolgono e per gli esiti che producono, programmazione economica e pianificazione territoriale costituiscono due discorsi paralleli che nelle intenzioni di riforma e negli assunti teorici sembrano procedere di pari passo, ma che di fatto seguiranno nel corso del decennio traiettorie talvolta divergenti. Il presente contributo cercherà di focalizzare l'attenzione sui modi in cui il primo centrosinistra costruisce il discorso sulla riforma urbanistica. Un momento, probabilmente l'ultimo (e l'unico) per il Paese, in cui il governo del territorio viene posto al centro dei dibattiti pubblici. Di questa stagione ci interessa mettere in luce il rapporto con i gruppi di esperti che a vario titolo e a partire da ambienti differenti -ma attraverso reti molto riconoscibili (seppur non sempre formalizzate) -prende parte alla costruzione di questi discorsi. Uno sguardo sul rapporto tra saperi esperti e apparati pubblici consente di osservare i modi in cui la cosiddetta "riforma graduale" 1 dell'urbanistica viene elaborata nel corso degli anni '60. Al contempo si vogliono evidenziare i modi in cui saperi, apparati ministeriali e tecnocrazie pubbliche partecipano fattivamente a questa elaborazione con differenti gradi di successi e di fallimenti. Anche alla luce di una serie di giudizi che si sono

This article examines the introduction and spreading of the CIAM models and theories in the schools of architecture in Colombian universities from the first experimentation in Bogotá —that can be read parallel to some urban projects by architects educated abroad— to the arrival of international “experts” —Le Corbusier, Sert, Wiener and Breuer—, who helped to define the framework for the consolidation and spreading of CIAM practices in the universities. Based on archive and newspaper sources, this article presents an assorted corpus of student projects showing a clear appropriation of principles (functional zoning, traffic separation), instruments (grille) and concepts (civic center, neighborhood unit) produced by the CIAM. However, a closer look does prove that their appropriation was in the form of an “undiluted borrowing” (Stephen Ward), a quick but uncritical comprehension of some elements “orthodoxly” labelled herein as CIAM. Notwithstanding, the critical stances in the same congresses, like the one by Team X, were virtually unnoticed in Colombia.

In 1791 Pierre L’Enfant was commissioned to begin work on the federal city meant to be the capital of the new United States. It had been two years since the Constitution of the United States had come into effect; the strong federal government it created and that L’Enfant’s city was designed to house was still hotly debated. Federalism was an untested system that, despite having clear, delineated structures with checks to its influence and limits to its reach, must have seemed to the founders and to the public like an ambiguous entity with uncertain possibilities. The new federal city that would become Washington D.C. would mirror the new government, and indeed the nation in this aspect of ambiguity. However, as time went on and the nation gained a clearer sense of identity, D.C. would retain its ambiguous character on a number of different levels. Throughout this paper we will try to show how the many conflicts and resolutions over what de ned the city’s identity became the dominant factor in what shaped Washington D.C.: disputes over its Northern or Southern character influenced D.C.’s policies and attitudes towards its predominant African American populous; disagreements over its status as a federal territory or a state altered its industry and its funding; and questions concerning what its role and purpose were and are have left unclear even what to call the city. This unique and multifaceted ambiguity, so ingrained into Washington D.C., was present from its beginnings and, as we hope to show, ultimately helped D.C. create its own clear form and definition.

Between 1585 and 1663, during Amsterdam’s Golden Age, the city’s built-up area increased by more than fivefold. This growth over the centuries captured the attention of historians and city planners who analysed Amsterdam’s development from a variety of angles. However, there are two aspects that have attracted most of the attention: the large scale of the city’s expansions and their methodical planning. This second aspect has, since the nineteenth century, been seen mainly from the point of view of the townscape as a whole. Amsterdam was presented as a large-scale,
scenographic composition, a ‘Versailles of the North’, and as a consequence, a work of genius. Later on, researchers began to study the city’s ground plan. Amsterdam’s development was seen as an elaboration of the ‘città ideale’, the apex of urban planning.
In this study, urbanism and city development are looked at from a more pragmatic point of view. The ideal, theoretical city was replaced by the actual city, and, therefore, the optimal city. This study views Amsterdam as an unruly physical reality with an unpredictable spatial and social
dynamism, that had to be organised and managed by the city’s officials, while they coped with the existing landscape, hydrological circumstances, the state of technology and the rudimentary legal instruments that were available to them at the time.
The city’s ground plan was the result of a complex process in which different, sometimes incompatible, interests had to be balanced. A city design is not an isolated work of art, but a solution (or an attempted solution) for a broad range of problems within a specific situation. The city’s government was responsible for Amsterdam’s defence, functioning traffic and water
infrastructures, the provision of sufficient numbers of empty lots for new construction and for the management of various other urban services. This task must be considered in relation to the circumstances in which urban development took place during this period: soil conditions, water
management, traffic, a shortage of space for housing, harbour activities, trade and industry, spontaneous urbanisation, private landownership, and the entire network of infrastructures in which the city was entangled. But the city’s ground plan was not just the result of physical factors. Indeed, the social reality was also a prominent factor in the constitution of Amsterdam’s ground plan. The field of urbanism was a game of interests, interactions and sometimes confrontations between the forces of urbanisation and city design. Each of these factors had its influence on the planning processes and their outcomes. Furthermore, there were also the various instruments of urbanism: the methodology behind fortification plans, city design and the apportioning of parcels, as well as the legislative options.

"The increase in the population of Amsterdam and its economy led in the seventeenth century to expansion on an unprecedented scale. In the years 1585-1680 the population grew by a factor of eight and the builtup area by a factor of five. Following two major expansions in 1613 and 1663, Amsterdam became a new and modern town.
This article contains a short survey of the two large periods of expansion in the seventeenth century and the spatial design that accompanied them. Furthermore, it examines the relationship between the expansion, the land policy, the market for building land, legislation, and the building of houses in Amsterdam."

Das Ruhrgebiet war bekanntlich eine der größten Industrieregionen Europas. Mit dem Niedergang der Montanindustrie Bergbaus setzte Ende der 1950er Jahre der Strukturwandel ein. Ein wichtiger Schritt vom Produktions- zum Forschungsstandort waren die neu gegründeten Hochschulen in Bochum (1962), Dortmund (1968), Essen (1972) und Duisburg (1972). Die Universitäten und ihre Bauten zählen zu den markanten Symbolen des Wandels. In ihnen manifestiert sich die gebaute Bildungsoffensive der Nachkriegszeit.
Oberste Prämisse beim Bau der neuen Hochschulen war es, in möglichst kurzer Zeit möglichst viel Raum zu produzieren – und das bei möglichst niedrigen Kosten. Dies schien nur auf dem Wege der Typisierung und Standardisierung möglich. Der Hochschulbau wurde somit zu einem stark industrialisierten Prozess. Nach der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, die als zeichenhafte „Bildungsmaschine“ in Modulbauweise errichtet wurde, entwickelte das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen ein eigenes Hochschulbausystem, das in Dortmund erprobt und außerdem in Essen angewendet wurde. Die als komplexe „Großbetriebe“ vorgestellten Institutionen sollten nach innen optimiert werden. Aus diesem Grund sind alle Hochschulkomplexe als Großstrukturen entstanden. Die zuletzt errichtete Gesamthochschule Duisburg markiert bereits eine deutliche Abkehr von der Ideologie der Typisierung und Systematisierung.

Historians of town planning routinely emphasize the importance of the ‘Athens Charter’, a document said to have emerged from C.I.A.M. IV, the Fourth Congress of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (C.I.A.M.) held in 1933.  Supposedly based on functional analyses of cities compiled by C.I.A.M.’s national member groups, the Athens Charter was purported to be a consensual statement – even a blueprint – of how Modern architects thought about the task of designing the future city.  After discussing the origins of C.I.A.M, this entry examines the history of documents that stemmed from C.I.A.M. IV and questions whether any of them represents an authentic statement of the organization’s shared views about urbanism.  It then notes that despite questions about validity, the belief that a definitive Charter actually existed would play an important role in historical narratives that sought to explain how architectural Modernism influenced the development of city planning in the second half of the twentieth century.

One of the leading urban planners of his time, Henri Prost was invited to İstanbul in 1936 to draw up the city's master plan. Prost's plans span from 1936 to 1951.  The exhibition was curated by Pierre Pinon, known for his work on İstanbul's urban fabric and architecture, and Cânâ Bilsel, whose work focuses on the history of urban planning, urban design and urban architecture.  Prost was an extremely important figure in the history of urban planning of the 20th century, working on İstanbul’s planning, he attempted to preserve the unique topography, the fabric and the historical monuments of the city, while at the same time he tried to find consistent solutions to a variety of problems like constructing a modern infrastructure, providing sanitary conditions, easing transportation, refurbishing recreational areas and uncovering historically - culturally important buildings. It is impossible to deny that in the fifty years that have passed, Prost remains the leading architect-urban planner in shaping the İstanbul of the 20th century and has left his mark on today's İstanbul, despite the fact that various approaches in the modern planning of a historical metropolis like İstanbul have come to the fore.

1936 yılında İstanbul'a davet edilen ve kentin Nazım Planı'nı oluşturmakla görevlendirilen, dönemin önde gelen şehircilerinden Henri Prost'un İstanbul planlamasına yönelik çalışmalarından oluşan sergi, Fransız Mimarlık Enstitüsü XX. Yüzyıl Mimarlık Arşivleri'nden özgün belgeleri ve dönemin fotoğraflarını içeriyor.1936'dan 1951'e kadar onbeş yıllık bir döneme yayılan Prost planlaması üzerine bugün de süren tartışmalara, Henri Prost'un mesleki kariyerindeki az bilinen bir döneme ve İstanbul'un şehircilik tarihine ışık tutan serginin küratörlüğünü, İstanbul'un kentsel dokusu ve mimarisi üstüne çalışmalarıyla tanınan Pierre Pinon ve şehircilik tarihi, kentsel tasarım ve kent mimarlığı çalışmalarıyla bilinen Cânâ Bilsel yapıyor. 20. yüzyıl şehircilik tarihi için son derece önemli bir planlamacı olan Prost, öğrenciliğinden itibaren tanıdığı ve çok etkilendiği İstanbul'u ele alırken, bir yandan kentin özgün topografyası, dokusu ve mimari anıtlarını korumayı, diğer yandan da çağdaş altyapılarla donatmayı hedeflemiş, hijyen koşullarının sağlanması, ulaşımın rahatlatılması, rekreasyon alanlarının düzenlenmesi, tarihi - kültürel açıdan önemli yapıların ortaya çıkarılması gibi pek çok soruna birbiriyle uyumlu çözümler getirmeye çalışmıştır. Tarihi Yarımada başta olmak üzere, Galata-Beyoğlu ve Eyüp bölgeleri için Prost'un geliştirdiği önerilerin bir kısmı, uygulamaya konulmuş, bazıları ise rafa kaldırılmıştır. Tarihi Yarımada ile Beyoğlu yakasını birbirine bağlayan ve Haliç üzerinden köprüyle geçen metro hattı ya da Yenikapı'da deniz, metro ve kara ulaşımının birbirine eklemlenmesi gibi bazı önerileri ise hâlâ güncelliğini korumaktadır. Aradan geçen yarım yüzyılda, İstanbul gibi tarihsel bir metropolün çağdaş planlamasına ilişkin pek çok farklı yaklaşım gündeme gelmiş olmasına rağmen Prost'un 20. yüzyıl İstanbulu'nu biçimlendiren mimar-şehircilerin başında geldiği ve günümüz kentine damgasını vurduğu inkar edilemez.

Tussen 1585 en 1685 groeide Amsterdam uit van regionale havenstad tot centrum van de wereldhandel. De snel stijgende vraag naar ruimte voor havens en industrie ging gepaard met een explosieve bevolkingsgroei. Dit alles leidde tot een uitzonderlijke stedenbouwkundige opgave, culminerend in twee enorme op elkaar aansluitende vergrotingen – die van 1613 en die van 1663 – waarmee de stad vijfmaal zo groot werd. Rondom de oude stad ontstond de grachtengordel als exclusief woongebied, omringd door de Jordaan en andere gemengde woon- en werkwijken, met aan de waterkant een reeks eilanden voor handel en scheepsbouw. Het resultaat was een voor die tijd hypermoderne stad volgens de drievoudige eis van nut, schoonheid en profijt, een stad die door zijn grootte, ligging en ontwerp een unieke plaats inneemt in de geschiedenis van de Europese stedenbouw.
De vraag hoe het stadsbestuur erin slaagde deze immense tweeledige vergroting – of uitleg, zoals men vroeger zei – in stedenbouwkundig, infrastructureel, logistiek en financieel opzicht in banen te leiden, vormt het onderwerp van dit boek. Dankzij een grondige analyse van de bestuurlijke archieven komt Jaap Evert Abrahamse tot een zorgvuldige reconstructie van de besluitvorming over omvang, ontwerp en aanleg van de stadsuitbreidingen. Aparte hoofdstukken behandelen de ruimtelijke ordening, de functies van de stedelijke buitenruimte en de problematiek rond het stadswater.

Manhattan The Bronx Queens Brooklyn Staten Island New Jersey Works Proposed and Realized by Robert Moses Il primo e più sentito ringraziamento va ai miei tutors. Giovanna Bianchi mi ha guidato per mano nel mondo della ricerca. Con i suoi consigli e la sua premura mi ha mostrato il fascino di questo mondo e la bellezza del saperlo trasmettere agli altri. Le parole non bastano per ringraziare Pietro Garau, che più che un tutor considero un mentore. Grazie per le critiche, i consigli e le stroncature, perché so essere state sempre sincere e per il mio bene. Un caloroso ringraziamento va anche a Elliott D. Sclar che mi ha accolto alla Columbia University e mi ha guidato alla scoperta di New York. Grazie a Susan Zerad Garau per avermi aiutato a districare i misteri della lingua Americana. E poi un grazie alla mia famiglia newyorkese: Ska, Peppe, Stewie, Compa', Caccola, Sara, Polpettone, Bob e Silvia, Josè e Maria e ai miei colleghi della Columbia. Ho vissuto un anno inteso e se mi sono sentita a casa, è grazie a voi. A quelli che ci sono sempre: Gio e Jac, Robertina, Dadda e Edo, le Ciccine e consorti, i Pippis, la familia de España, a quelli del 2° cancello -5° palo. A quelli che ci sono da un po', i Nai-Romans. Alla mia vera familia, ai Frat'cugini, a Sara e er Kiyo. A mio padre e mia madre, che sanno quando togliere l'ancora: un insegnamento di vita, in tutti i sensi.

This article presses the case for planning theory to recognize the historicity of historical time, i.e. the argument that ideas about how the past, present, and future relate to each other are specific to particular life-worlds and cannot be treated as universal axioms. This argument emerges from a close analysis of Patrick Geddes' stint as a town planner and public intellectual in the Indian subcontinent between 1915 and 1922. Geddes regarded both city and society as products of an evolutionary process led by citizens themselves, and his work has been praised for his deep respect for Indian traditions and sensitivity to the needs of the poor. However, most scholarly writing on Geddes' work in India merely reinforces the hagiographical depiction of Geddes as a tragically misunderstood visionary, rather than critically examining the limits of the theory of praxis contained in Geddes' contributions to planning. In this article, I demonstrate the link between Geddes' insistence on the continuity of historical time, and his preference for " civics " (the realm of cooperative social action) over " conventional politics " which was ridden with conflict. In contrast, nationalist elites in India operated on a discontinuous conception of time because of the deep schisms in the public sphere constituted under colonial rule. As a result, the interpenetration of " civics " and " politics " was a necessary aspect of attempts by nationalist elites to improve the living conditions of the urban poor.

From Interface: Race and Spatial Imaginary: Planning Otherwise/Introduction: What Shakes Loose When We Imagine Otherwise/She Made the Vision True: A Journey Toward Recognition and Belonging/Isha Black or Isha White? Racial Identity and Spatial Development in Warren County, NC/Colonial City Design Lives Here: Questioning Planning Education’s Dominant Imaginaries/Say Its Name – Planning Is the White Spatial Imaginary, or Reading McKittrick and Woods as Planning Text/Wakanda! Take the Wheel! Visions of a Black Green City/If I Built the World, Imagine That: Reflecting on World Building Practices in Black Los Angeles/Is Honolulu a Hawaiian Place? Decolonizing Cities and the Redefinition of Spatial Legitimacy/Interpretations & Imaginaries: Toward an Instrumental Black Planning History
Edited by Lisa K. Bates, Sharita A. Towne, Christopher Paul Jordan, Kitso Lynn Lelliott, Lisa K. Bates, Sharita A. Towne,  show all
Pages 254-288 | Published online: 25 Apr 2018
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The metaphorical analogies between urban spaces and memory have often been stated. I do understand metaphors not as mere rhetorical ornaments, but as hints on (more or less) hidden structures. Thomas S. Kuhn (1979) and Gorge Lakoff (1980) have shown, how metaphorical relations produce analogies, that structure our realms of experience and hence construct reality. I will analyse examples from Camillo Sitte's writings on urban design, considering not only his famous book Der Staedtebau nach seinen kuenstlerischen Grundsaetzen (1889), an early attempt of rethinking urban space in a time of major changes caused by the industrialization and the resulting emergence of large cites, but also Sitte's numerous pointed articles he wrote on Vienna throughout the second half of 19th century. Camillo Sitte's writings offer ambivalent viewpoints on the relevance of the memory-metaphor in urban design. Selective readings of Sitte reduced his idea to the mere imitation of the historical, irregular street layouts. Some architects might have overlooked, that Sitte strongly advised against metaphorically " writing " an imaginary story into the city. Considering the different notions of the memory-metaphor, this might not necessarily be a dilemma. A close reading of Sitte's use of the memory-metaphor will reconcile at least some of the contradicting meanings. I will contrast Sitte with other relevant positions to discuss how debates in different fields influenced both concepts likewise.

In 1967 the state planning office Miastoprojekt Krakow from socialist Poland delivered the master plan of Baghdad which, together with its amendment that followed in 1973, provided the legal framework for the development of the Iraqi capital during the oil-boom era. With the 1973 plan about to be replaced by a new one, a graduate seminar Mapping Baghdad 1956-2016 at the Manchester School of Architecture looked back at the fifty years of history of Miastoprojekt’s plans for Baghdad, their guiding ideas, and their impact on the development of the city. In collaboration with scholars from Baghdad University and the Institut français du Proche-Orient, we have used Geographic Information System (GIS) with archival planning documents and maps collected during my long-term research project about the flows of architectural expertise between socialist countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and West Africa in the cold war. The following article documents this experience of working with GIS systems with heterogeneous and ambiguous data; and shares some findings of the seminar. In particular, GIS-based research allowed us to clarify the planning approach that informed the master plans; to identify the extent to which they guided the development of housing, green spaces, transportation systems, and heritage preservation in Baghdad from the 1960s to the 1980s; and to speculate about their effects on architectural culture in Iraq.

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This book is an exploration of a period in the history of Colombia’s capital in the mid-twentieth century through the eyes of one of its most prominent planners and politicians. Jorge Gaitán Cortés, an architect and an urban planner, was also active in city politics in the 1950s and 1960s until his untimely death in 1968. He used his extraordinary energy and intellect to study the city’s development in great depth, and to create a solid range of institutions and physical foundations for future growth. His efforts and his vision as a councillor and later as a mayor were crucial at a time in the city’s history when physical and population growth were at their fastest. The book fills a gap in our knowledge and provides an original contribution to the analysis of the ideas, the political environment, the personalities and the policy framework that guided the city during an important period in its recent history.

Cet ouvrage invite le lecteur à jeter un nouveau regard sur le patrimoine néoclassique qui, bien que omniprésent en région bruxelloise, reste relativement méconnu. A la croisée du siècle des Lumières et de celui de l’industrialisation, en pleine période d’explosion démographique, ce patrimoine reflète une nouvelle manière de concevoir, d’aménager, mais aussi de vivre la ville. Ces espaces urbains néoclassiques, qui constituent la toile de fond du paysage bruxellois, nous rappellent l’héritage architectural et urbanistique des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, mais offre aussi, à bien des égards, un atout pour le développement urbain actuel

https://www.routledge.com/Building-Colonial-Hong-Kong-Speculative-Development-and-Segregation-in/Chu/p/book/9781138344655

Planning, History and Environment Series, Routledge (2022)
ISBN 9781138344655

In the 1880s, Hong Kong was a booming colonial entrepôt, with many European, especially British, residents living in palatial mansions in the Mid-Levels and at the Peak. But it was also a ruthless migrant city where Chinese workers shared bedspaces in the crowded tenements of Taipingshan. Despite persistent inequality, Hong Kong never ceased to attract different classes of sojourners and immigrants, who strived to advance their social standing by accumulating wealth, especially through land and property speculation.

In this engaging and extensively illustrated book, Cecilia L. Chu retells the ‘Hong Kong story’ by tracing the emergence of its ‘speculative landscape’ from the late nineteenth to the early decades of the twentieth century. Through a number of pivotal case studies, she highlights the contradictory logic of colonial urban development: the encouragement of native investment that supported a laissez-faire housing market, versus the imperative to segregate the populations in a hierarchical, colonial spatial order. Crucially, she shows that the production of Hong Kong’s urban landscapes was not a top-down process, but one that evolved through ongoing negotiations between different constituencies with vested interests in property. Further, her study reveals that the built environment was key to generating and attaining individual and collective aspirations in a racially divided, highly unequal, but nevertheless upwardly mobile, modernizing colonial city.

Punto culminante e al tempo stesso simbolo della crisi della programmazione economica nazionale degli anni sessanta, il “Progetto ’80” rappresenta il tentativo più ambizioso, nell’Italia del secondo dopoguerra, di immaginare uno scenario delle trasformazioni territoriali legate allo sviluppo. Il documento, redatto nel 1969 da un gruppo di esperti attivi presso il Ministero del bilancio, disegna un’Italia al futuro imperniata su un radicale ripensamento dei sistemi metropolitani e ambientali. L’immaginario del testo e delle carte che lo accompagnano affonda le proprie radici nelle precedenti esperienze della programmazione ma coglie anche con anticipo alcuni temi di dibattito divenuti in seguito centrali, come la questione della diffusione urbana o della tutela e valorizzazione delle aree di pregio. Sistemi urbani, parchi, attrezzature diventano la spina dorsale di un paese chiamato a rispondere ai bisogni di una nuova società di consumatori.
Il volume ripercorre in maniera sistematica la storia dell’elaborazione, della pubblicazione e dell’impatto di un documento troppo spesso letto solo sotto il segno dell’utopia fallita, rivisitandolo e riposizionandolo nel dibattito delle politiche di respiro nazionale. Dopo una sezione dedicata al contesto politico, sociale e ideologico in cui viene costruito il secondo programma economico nazionale, ponendo attenzione alle premesse e aspettative ad esso legate, il volume focalizza l’attenzione sugli studi territoriali del Progetto ’80 nella lettura parallela del testo e delle carte di cui sono composti: a quali modelli fanno riferimento e quali immagini di territorio muovono. Con l’intento di complessificare la categoria del fallimento che per lo più è stata utilizzata per raccontare queste vicende, viene posta attenzione agli scarti temporali e alle inerzie che hanno caratterizzato una stagione ambiziosa. Chiude il libro un’intervista a Giorgio Ruffolo, uno dei protagonisti di quella stagione, che torna a riflettere sul suo significato e le sue eredità.

Otto Koenigsberger (1908-1999) is best known for his pioneering work in the fields of tropical architecture and development planning, which he conducted from his base at the Architectural Association and later at the Development Planning Unit of the University College London. However, as part of an effort to revise the accepted histories of those two fields, this paper focuses on the planning projects Koenigsberger worked on during the lesser-known and formative part of his career in exile in India from 1939-1951. In addition to providing an overview of Koenigsberger’s planning work in India, from the Bhadravati and Bangalore development plans of the early 1940s to Jamshedpur (1946) and Bhubaneswar (1948) as well as Faridabad (1949) and Gandhidam (1950), this paper investigates the role of the client in the development of planning concepts and in the advancement of Koenigsberger’s career. In particular, I compare the roles played by the Government of Mysore, the influential industrial concern Tata & Sons, and the Federal Government of India. I  frame this analysis with a brief introduction to and assessment of the methodological potential of network visualisation software (in this case Gephi) for research into historical networks. While examining how Koenigsberger adapted modernist planning ideas, such as the band town principle and the neighbourhood unit, to the Indian context, the paper also illustrates how his confrontations and interactions with foreign, rapidly urbanising cultures led to significant shifts in his approach to planning. These include his rejection of the static master plan and the realisation that the supposedly universally applicable Western modern planning concepts were largely obsolete in the context of the developing world, where local problems demanded locally sourced solutions. Furthermore, the paper reveals Koenigsberger’s commitment to improving the living conditions of women and children, creating heterogeneous communities, and facilitating the participation of the inhabitants in the planning process, as well as his efforts towards establishing an educational and institutional planning infrastructure, and developing a planning consciousness within the emerging independent nation.

El trabajo analiza la influencia de Henri Lefebvre en el Plan General de Ordenación Urbana de Madrid, 1985. Se contraponen algunos de los principales elementos de su pensamiento urbano, como 'derecho a la ciudad', 'apropiación', 'vida cotidiana', 'fiesta' o ciudad como 'obra', a los objetivos de dicho documento de planificación, que recuperaba, a veces explícitamente, algunos de ellos.

The industrialization of New York and its rise to economic dominance brought about a major restructuring of street life and unleashed an array of contradictory everyday urban cultures. In a still under-regulated environment, the commoning of public space became a key sociospatial capital that helped the working classes resolve their reproduction in a way the elite found disturbing and far removed from the civic order they were trying to instil. This article draws on recent theorizations of the commons/enclosure dialectic to develop a comparative analysis of the cultures of public space use vis-a-vis the practices prescribed by Central Park in its attempt to reform everyday spatialities. The park is understood here as an early episode in the project of imposing new social relations through the enclosure of public conduct—a first effort to tame the urban commons and prevent the subaltern appropriation of public space. Following a preliminary discussion of the economic and social determinants and configuration of the material cultures of public space use in Manhattan, the article studies the park’s strategies as a special type of enclosure, consisting not of the usurping of common land for private profit but of the mobilization of public space to shift behaviors from one regime of publicity to another.
Key words: Central Park, urban commons, urban enclosure, public behavior, regimes of publicity, public space use.

La preocupación central fue detectar dos cuestiones en el marco de los procesos de modernización que vivieron las ciudades argentinas a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX: a) la importancia que la atención de la problemática urbanística asumió en la construcción de un ideario modernizador y b) la incidencia de las teorías y modelos urbanísticos foráneos en la formalización de los planes y proyectos desarrollados para las ciudades argentinas.
Se tomó como objeto principal de estudio a la ciudad de Santa Fe, ciudad de origen colonial fundada en 1573 sobre la cuenca del río Paraná, capital de una importante provincia argentina; en el supuesto de que los fenómenos analizados no eran privativos de ninguna ciudad en especial sino que, aún con cierta disparidad cronológica, se verificaban en la mayor parte de los centros urbanos del interior con rango de capitales de provincia, la tesis buscó relacionar las manifestaciones del proceso de modernización y de transferencia de idearios que se analizaron para el caso santafesino, con las producidas en otras ciudades provincianas de Argentina.
Fue posible verificar que las transformaciones tuvieron notable similitud tanto en los tipos de soluciones que se adoptaban como en los marcos cronológicos en que se produjeron, aunque en todos los casos destacaron también particularidades locales.
La cronología del proceso santafesino marcó los límites de este trabajo; 1887 como el año en que se elabora el primer proyecto de bulevar y 1944, el año en que se desarrolla y se presenta públicamente el esperado plan regulador, pero también resultó absolutamente pertinente a escala nacional. De este modo se logró poner en confrontación el caso de estudio y extender la verificación de las hipótesis a un universo más amplio.