History of Management

Prozorno je postalo, da smo Evropejci povsem izgubili svojo identiteto in postali nadzorovani, nepovezani posamezniki, brezoblična raja v medsebojni konkurenci, pod vplivom monopolnih sil, ki vsiljujejo svoje koristi z navajanjem okvirjenih resnic v mejah različic, ki ne ustrezajo dejanskosti in realnosti, kar vodi v enoumje. Kakšna je bila pot do takšnega stanja?

Prozorno je postalo, da smo Evropejci povsem izgubili svojo identiteto in postali nadzorovani, nepovezani posamezniki, brezoblična raja v medsebojni konkurenci, pod vplivom monopolnih sil, ki vsiljujejo svoje koristi z navajanjem okvirjenih resnic v mejah različic, ki ne ustrezajo dejanskosti in realnosti, kar vodi v enoumje. Kakšna je bila pot do takšnega stanja?

Recenzije krinkala in materializirala. Pravzaprav bi po besedah avtorja razkrinkanje sesulo ta mitski konstrukt in njegovi protagonisti bi izgubili velik del svojega arzenala, saj se sme proti udbomafijcem, tako kot proti teroristom, pravičniško bojevati z vsemi sredstvi le, če so ti skrivnostni, zakriti, nedoločni in se jim da zaradi tega z lahkoto pripisati kakršnekoli lastnosti in grehe. Analiza postsocialističnih mitologij se dotakne tudi vloge religije in cerkve v njihovem funkcioniranju in pokaže na to, da so mehanizmi delovanja cerkve in nacionalne države analogni, da svojo mitološko snov črpajo iz istih virov in da uporabljajo celo prirejene verzije istih sloganov, v katerih sta bog in domovina seveda na prvem mestu. Predzadnje poglavje o sodobnih mitologijah Balkana se prav tako močno opira na analizo verskega simbolizma in nazorno prikaže, kako je mogoče religijo in zgodovino mobilizirati ter ju spremeniti v še en dokaz neprehodne razlike med Nami in Drugimi, pri čemer takšen mitološko podkrepljeni diskurz sporoča, da je Druge za povrh vsega še najbolje iztrebiti, kar se je nedavno v praksi dokazovalo na Hrvaškem, v Bosni in na Kosovu. Vsebino knjige zaokroža zadnje poglavje, ki je posvečeno analizi politične mitologije prek analize podob. V tem okviru pa odlični primeri propagandnih materialov iz različnih koncev sveta in iz različnih obdobij 20. stoletja slovenskega bralca spravijo kar nekoliko v zadrego, ko jih avtor sooči še s propagandnimi materiali slovenskih volitev iz leta 2000. Razen tega da so slovenski volilni plakati vseh strank narejeni po istem kopitu, so tudi skrajno neinovativni, neizzivalni in dolgočasni, v primerjavi z npr. propagandno mašinerijo srbskega študentskega gibanja Otpor, ki je s primitivno tehnologijo produkcije materialov brez blišča, a z obilico humorja in iznajdljivosti pripomoglo k padcu Miloševića. Ob tem nehote dobimo občutek, da bi se kljub mitološki slovenski večvrednosti lahko od nekdanjih sodržavljanov marsičesa naučili. Knjiga na inovativen način prikaže in razgrajuje delovanje mita. Mit funkcionira kot diskurz, prenaša in ustvarja namreč specifične pomene o realnosti in čeprav se zdi, da je le nekaj simbolnega, neempiričnega,Velikonja s paleto primerov ponazori, da mit deluje zelo konkretno in ima materialne posledice. Vsebina knjige je tako primerna za vse tiste, ki bi se radi seznanili s tem, zakaj npr. Haiderju še vedno uspe zmagovati ali zakaj mit o Kosovem polju še danes buri duhove, in ki se ne zadovoljijo le s popisom in z razlago o tem, kakšne so stvari v naši družbi, ampak bi radi dobili tudi nekaj informacij o tem, zakaj so takšne, kot so, in kako jih je mogoče prestaviti drugam.

Sejarah perkembangan teori manajemen dimulai pada awal abad ke-20, ketika industri mengalami revolusi yang signifikan. Teori manajemen klasik muncul sebagai respons terhadap kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas di tempat kerja. Tokoh-tokoh seperti Frederick Taylor dengan prinsip manajemen ilmiah, Henri Fayol dengan teori administrasi, dan Max Weber dengan teori birokrasi berkontribusi besar terhadap fondasi teori manajemen. Mereka fokus pada struktur organisasi, prosedur yang jelas, dan pembagian tugas untuk mencapai efisiensi.

Дается социальный портрет областных начальников Якутии на протяжении всего периода существования этого института власти с 1805 по 1852 г. Исследуются вопросы возникновения и развития этой формы правления на северо-востоке России, устанавливаются возраст и сроки пребывания в должности, карьера после отставки, опыт административно-хозяйственной и иной практики, сословное происхождение, образование, размер жалованья. Исследование ведется на основе компаративного и хронологического методов. Источниковой базой статьи послужили нормативные акты и делопроизводственные материалы, формулярные и послужные списки. В заключение отмечается политический характер власти областного начальника на окраинах империи, личное доверие к нему генерал-губернатора, подчеркивается, что, базируясь на общеимперском законодательстве, организация власти в Сибири в то же время основывалась на специально разработанных для данного региона законодательных актах, важнейшим из которых было «Учреждение для управления Сибирских губерний» 1822 г.

La thèse a pour but de décrire, dans une perspective sociohistorique, la construction du modèle institutionnel de la grande association-gestionnaire du secteur du handicap. La problématique de la thèse consiste à rendre compte de la genèse et de la stabilisation de la gouvernance de ces associations.Les associations-gestionnaires sont présentées comme des formes d’action collective qui hésitent entre l’idéaltype de l’association et celui de l’entreprise. Deux corpus théoriques concurrents et antagonistes se disputent la légitimité de rendre compte des problèmes de gouvernance. Les théories de l’économie sociale et solidaire considèrent l’association comme un système de gouvernance spécifique opposé à celui de l’entreprise. Pour cette théorie, la gouvernance associative a pour fonction de protéger les associations des logiques économiques et managériales susceptibles de détruire la spécificité des associations. Le second corpus des théories de la gouvernance s’intéresse en priorité à...

Narod, dežela Kekca, Klepca, Krpana, narod Valvazorjeve Slave, pesmi
Prešernovih, knjig Trubarjevih, narod del, hotenj, ambicij največjih.- Narod osvajalcev gora,
vrhov najvišjih, čudeža glasov otroških, glas, ki je šel po vsej Evropi, mnogega častihlepja,
narod mnogega nastopaštva, hvalisanja, gorečnosti, del poslušnosti, krotkosti, čiste, iskrene ljubezni,- Bog ve, ki je tudi edini

İnsanlığın var oluşundan beri süregelen bir olgu olarak liderlik, en küçük gruplarda ortaya çıkabildiği gibi, en büyük kurumlarda da temel ve dinamik bir öğe olabilmektedir. Stratejik ortamda meydana gelen hızlı değişimler dikkate alındığında, liderlik yapmak hem önemli hem de zordur. Askeri ve sivil liderler, birkaç yıl öncesine kadar hayal bile edilmesi zor olan yeni güçlüklerle karşı karşıyadır. Bu çalışma; liderlik kavramını, geçmişten günümüze ana hatlarıyla liderlik teorilerini incelemekte ve ardından askeri liderlik kavramını ele alarak, değişen ve gelişen dünyada askeri liderin gelecekte sahip olması gereken nitelikler üzerinde durmaktadır. Askeri liderlik, temel esaslarıyla genel liderlik teorileri ve yaklaşımlarına benzer bir nitelik taşımaktadır. Barış zamanında Silahlı Kuvvetler genellikle iyi bir idarecilik ve yöneticilikle ayakta kalabilirken; savaş zamanında ordu bütün kademelerde yetkin bir liderliğe ihtiyaç duyacaktır. Savaş esnasında taktik ve stratejik seviyede duyulan bu ihtiyaç uzun bir eğitim ve etkili askeri liderler gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda önümüzdeki yüzyıla damgasını vuracak askeri liderliğin sahip olması gereken nitelik ve vasıflar konusunda çeşitli arayışlar devam etmektedir.

It is almost a unanimously accepted view that The Wealth of Nations does not contain a single original idea establishing the fact that Adam Smith borrowed all key ideas from various sources. He believed that he could claim originality for all the important ideas if he concealed their sources. Ferguson exposed Adam Smith for making a false claim related to the pin-factory example. It is intended to continue the process initiated by Ferguson by identifying paragraphs on sources of economic growth, canons of taxation and undesirability of monopolies, the core of The Wealth of Nations, which are textually quite similar to those in The Arthashastra. It is claimed that Adam Smith lifted those ideas from The Arthashastra. It is indicated in the Appendix that more than two hundred years before Adam Smith, Machiavelli also seems to have access to The Arthashastra. Hopefully this process continues until all of Adam Smith's sources are identified and duly acknowledged.

The study analyzed the main benefits for the company in the implementation of personnel planning. An al-gorithm for staff needs planning is proposed. Moreover, the study analyzed the main methods of determining the number of staff and substantiates the method of calculating the need for specialists in the future. Based on research results the study offered the structure of the standard operational plan of work with the personnel.

Force est de constater, en parcourant les manuels de management et de théorie des organisations, que la cybernétique y est soit tout simplement ignorée soit citée au passage, à l’emporte-pièce, sans plus d’approfondissements. Voici une ignorance regrettable qui constitue un puissant frein à l’analyse des fondements, c’est-à-dire des catégories fondamentales, du management contemporain, telles que « organisation », « information », « pilotage », « apprentissage », « régulation », « adaptation », « environnement », « contingence », etc.
Dès lors, qui entend défendre une argumentation quelque peu distanciée eu égard à la prolifération du management n’a guère d’autre choix que d’ânonner l’éternelle condamnation du soi-disant « paradigme classique », c’est-à-dire du taylorisme, ou alors d’adopter la stérile posture des critical studies.
Afin d’éviter ce périlleux balancement entre Charybde et Scylla, cet ouvrage propose la lecture de cinq articles parus dans des revues académiques : chacun d’entre eux  apporte de l’eau au moulin de la thèse selon laquelle la cybernétique fonde non seulement les théories contemporaines de l’organisation, mais également ses concepts centraux (comme l’apprentissage organisationnel) et ses pratiques (comme le coaching, le management des connaissances et l’intelligence collective).

Nič ni tako slabo, da ne bi moglo biti še slabše ali o retrogardizmu francoske revolucije Tanja Rener Z ačnimo kar s tezo, da je "ženski pogled v zgodovino" zelo skeptičen do avantgardizma francoske revolucije. Koncept avantgarde-je zapisal mojster, ki se je na metafore spoznal-je vojaški in moški, avantgarda je "metafora z brki".1 1 Ch. Baudelaire, "Mon coeur mis à nu" v. G. Pomata, In se ie n za e c o scien za , Q u adem i A u t-A u t, Milano 1979, str. 20. 2. I b i d , str. 24. 3.I b i d brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by ZRC SAZU Publishing (Znanstvenoraziskovalni...

This article investigates Herbert A. Simon’s epistemological itinerary with regard to the limits of rationality presented in his book Administrative Behavior , published in 1947. The investigation, grounded in materialism, explores his epistemological itinerary based on two categories of analysis: the key sources used to establish the limits of rationality and the way in which the author proceeded to investigate this object. The investigation revealed that the development of the limits of rationality gained ground in the early decades of the twentieth century and that numerous texts, which reflected a particular trend at the time, served as a conduit for Simon. Simon’s assimilation of this development took place within the boundaries of empiricism, continuing the critique of the unrealism of the maximizing agent in the neoclassical school. In procedural terms of research on the limits of rationality, Simon made specific observations and, based upon them, logical inferences regarding...

IZVLEČEK Vpliv francoske revolucije na politično in družbeno transformacijo zasebnega življenja Predmet preučevanja moje diplomske naloge je vpliv francoske revolucije na politično in družbeno transformacijo družinskega življenja, porok in ločitev. Posebno sem se osredotočila na nestabilne meje med zasebnim in javnim življenjem, vzpostavljene med francosko revolucijo ter politizacijo vsakdanjega življenja, ki je bila morda odgovorna tudi za razvoj spremenjene oblike zasebnega življenja v zgodnjem 19. stoletju. Zanimale so me tudi spremembe v družbi ter njenem dojemanju ločitev in porok, ki jih je prinesla legalizacija ločitve, sprejeta 20. 9. 1792. V diplomski nalogi sem se dotaknila tudi odmevov, ki jih je francoska revolucija pustila na slovenskem ozemlju, ter poizkušala ugotoviti, kak je bil njen vpliv na družinsko življenje Slovencev.

Študije o narodih in nacionalizmih so v središču raziskovalnega zanimanja že desetletja, v zadnjih letih pa je njihovo število opazno naraslo. Splošno sprejeto stališče v humanistiki, da so zahteve za politično neodvisnost narodov Srednje Evrope v 19. stoletju temeljile na občutju kulturne identitete, je prevzela tudi sodobna muzikološka misel. Eseja Ernesta Gellnerja o »namišljenih narodih« v knjigi Nations and nationalism (1983) in zgodovinarja ter politologa Benedicta Andersona o »namišljenih skupnostih« v knjigi Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1991) potrjujeta, da so domneve in občutja skupne kulture vplivali na politično razlago držav. Pojma »ljudstvo« in »narod«, ki sta se od konca 18. stoletja vse bolj uveljavljala v Srednji Evropi, sta pogosto zamenljiva. Izraz »ljudstvo« skriva etnični, ne pa socialni pomen. Povezan je z rabo skupnega jezika ter ponekod tudi s pripadnostjo isti veri. Pojem »narod« pa ima v nasprotju z njim etično vrednost, izpostavlja »drugačnost« in izključevanje »drugega«. Izvor pojma »narod« v Srednji Evropi 19. stoletja, natančneje zgodovinske paradigme in popularni glasbeni kanon, je bila osrednja raziskovalna naloga študijske skupine »Glasba in narod« na mednarodnem kongresu »Nacionalizmi in iredentizmi Srednje Evrope« ("Nationalisms and Irredentisms of Mitteleuropa"), ki je bil novembra 2012 v Gorici. Organiziral ga je Inštitut za srednjeevropska kulturna srečanja (Istituto per gli Incontri Culturali Mitteleuropei) s pomočjo in podporo vodje, profesorja dr. Fulvija Salimbenija in dr. Marca Plesnicarja. Udeleženci so razpravljali o političnih, jezikovnih, etničnih in kulturnih paradigmah, ki so po Herderjevem odkritju »ljudske pesmi« v procesu ustvarjanja zgodovinskega kanona omogočile popularnim ali cerkvenim pesmim priznanje etnične in teritorialne identitete. Nekateri prispevki s tega posvetovanja so predstavljeni v pričujoči tematski številki revije De musica disserenda. Uvodna razprava preučuje nacionalno identiteto slovanske Srednje Evrope z novim pristopom k različnim kulturnim paradigmam, preko katerih se je na Poljskem, Češkem, Slovenskem in na Hrvaškem ob koncu 18. in v 19. stoletju uveljavil splošno priznani glasbeni kanon (Ivano Cavallini: "Cultural Paradigm and Popular Canon: The Discourse on Nation in Nineteenth-Century Music of Slavic Mitteleuropa"). V nadaljevanju sledijo študije primerov, ki prikazujejo različne faze identifikacijskega procesa, od eksoticizma do samozavedanja in od samozavedanja do sprejetja nacionalnega sloga v glasbi. Avtorji so bolj kot samo umetniško vrednost glasbe upoštevali njeno družbeno funkcijo, kakršno so ob brought to you by CO metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

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This article investigates Herbert A. Simon's epistemological itinerary with regard to the limits of rationality presented in his book Administrative Behavior, published in 1947. The investigation, grounded in materialism, explores his epistemological itinerary based on two categories of analysis: the key sources used to establish the limits of rationality and the way in which the author proceeded to investigate this object. The investigation revealed that the development of the limits of rationality gained ground in the early decades of the twentieth century and that numerous texts, which reflected a particular trend at the time, served as a conduit for Simon. Simon's assimilation of this development took place within the boundaries of empiricism, continuing the critique of the unrealism of the maximizing agent in the neoclassical school. In procedural terms of research on the limits of rationality, Simon made specific observations and, based upon them, logical inferences regarding the consequences of the limits of rationality for certain organizational aspects.

Izvleček Zakon ZDA o priseljevanju leta 1924 Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti zakon ZDA o priseljevanju, ki je bil sprejet leta 1924 ter podrobno opisati njegove določbe ter vse novosti, ki jih je ta zakon prinesel. Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz več delov. V prvem delu je opisana Amerika kot država priseljevanja, prihod prvih ljudi na ameriško celino, Kolumbovo odkritje Amerike, nastanek ZDA ter priseljevanje v Ameriko v 19. in 20. stoletju. V drugem delu je opisana ameriška priseljeniška zakonodaja pred sprejetjem priseljeniškega zakona iz leta 1924 in po njem. Kakšne zakone so sprejemali, da so omejevali, zmanjšali ali prepovedali priseljevanje iz določenega dela sveta v ZDA. Vmes pa je natančno opisan zakon, ki je temeljil na kvotah. Predstavljene so vse njegove določbe in novosti, ki jih je prinesel. Poleg vsega tega pa še to, da je bilo priseljevanje iz vzhodnega in južnega dela Evrope omejeno, iz azijskega prostora pa popolnoma prepovedano. Natančneje je predstavljen tudi vpliv evgenike na sprejetje zakona. Zelo pomembno je tudi obdobje med letoma 1921 in 1965, ko je priseljevanje temeljilo na formuli državnega izvora. Na priseljeniško politiko je močno vplivala gospodarska kriza, druga svetovna vojna in kasneje Hladna vojna. Vrata v ZDA so takrat bila le malo odprta za priseljence. Priseljeniške politike, ki je temeljila na rasi, narodnosti in včasih tudi po spolu, po letu 1965 ni bilo več. Nove kategorije so temeljile na ponovni združitvi družin in na delovnih izkušnjah posameznika. Ker pa je bil zakon sprejet v dvajsetih letih dvajsetega stoletja, so v zadnjem delu opisana dvajseta leta, saj veljajo za zlata leta v ameriški zgodovini. To je obdobje velikega booma, od iznajdbe radija, televizije in avtomobila, do ženske volilne pravice pa vse do trgovanja na newyorški borzi, saj je v tistem obdobju lahko trgoval prav vsak. Končajo se sicer tragično z zlomom na borzi v New Yorku, ki je pomenil začetek konca, ta pa se je nadaljeval v gospodarsko krizo, ki je trajala vse do začetka druge svetovne vojne. Zadnji del je namenjen analizi časopisov Ameriška domovina, Slovenski narod, Edinost, Prosveta in Glas naroda. Iz njih sem črpala članke, ki so predstavili priseljeniški zakon iz leta 1924.

Osrednja tema, ki jo obravnava delo, je ameriški anti-komunizem v času hladne vojne, kako je bil izkoriščan za upravičenje ameriških intervencij na svetovnem prizorišču od šestdesetih let 20. stoletja dalje ter kako ga je po razpadu Sovjetske zveze in krajšem zbeganem obdobju v devetdesetih letih nadomestil anti-terorizem v vlogi glavnega izgovora za vmešavanje ZDA v politiko drugih držav. Ameriške intervencije pod pretvezo tako anti-komunizma kot vojne proti terorizmu so služile predvsem zagotavljanju ugodnih okoliščin v tujini za čim lažje in čim bolj profitabilno izkoriščanje tujih surovin in trgov s strani kapitalističnih elit. V delu je najprej obrazloženo, kako je prišlo do anti-komunističnega sentimenta v ZDA po drugi svetovni vojni. Nato je prikazan odnos med ameriškim anti-komunizmom in prizadevanjem za dogovor o omejitvi oboroževanja s Sovjetsko zvezo. Osrednji del je namenjen prikazu in razlagi ameriških intervencij pod vodstvom CIE od Vietnama do Iraka. V preostalem delu...

Članek obravnava zgodovinski mit o Rimu in Troji, ki je ob spodbudi Rimljanom nevarno bližnjih »drugih«, starih Grkov, nastal v antičnem Rimu. Pokazati poskuša, kako je bila rimska ambivalenca do Grčije, vojaške premaganke in vendar kulturne zmagovalke, na začetku cesarske dobe premagana v Vergilijevem nacionalnem epu Eneida.

The figure of Orpheus in sample medieval texts, in which the interpreters of the myth focused on two of its most widespread themes (Orpheus’ and Eurydice’s love story and the singer’s influence over Nature), is presented in the context of human cultural history and spiritual development. In all these interpretations, the singer-poet is undoubtedly regarded as bearer or even founder of culture and civilization. Moreover, his association with Christ had given him distinct messianic characteristics. However, the relations of the Orpheus Myth to Dionysian rites, as well as to the cult of Apollo, have given an ambivalent character to the mythical hero, which had already puzzled ancient mythographers and interpreters. The conflict concerning his role of the bearer of civilization continues to reappear with later authors, particularly in the interpretations regarding the Orpheus-Eurydice relationship, the allegorical meaning of both figures and the dubious success of the poet’s descent int...

Practicing managers, the users and consumers of management theory, are not applying theories as we understand them. They are using an ontologically based version of theory that is only tenuously related to its epistemological origins. We will show that for the management practitioner Lewin's most famous dictum is wrong-and that there really is nothing as good as a practical theory.

This is a Story about (de)colonisation of the Bled Island in Slovenia through the tail describing the formation of a (to-be) Museum of Slovene Symbols and Documents from the times of arrival of Slovenes  to the present home-land  (first millennia) till the Independence (1991).
This ground- research based paper is a chronicle of the Republic being locked into post-colonial reflexes and pressures of  Catholic Church. This substantially hinders democracy and The Constitution even when it comes to programing and financing of an eminently public program – such as a national museum of special historic meaning in the presented case. The chronicle displays proofs of a biased, non-constitutional, illegal actions of the Government of Slovenia, the State President and the public servants involved, including the experts and management of Slovene National Museum.
The story is being told by participant-observer of the civil-society led campaign aiming at democratic, participatory, inclusive,  transparent, non-biased, non-ideological and – in terms of history – truthful, neutral and balanced design of a collection of documents and representative  artefacts/ symbols of Slovenia, its traditions and cultures. 
The paper is calling for European internal processes of Decolonisation as a step towards Europe’s spiritual liberation and true sovereignty. Revival of deep roots and spiritual traditions of our European ancestors shall become a priority of European Cultural Policies, since this heritage represent the foundations for viable Sustainable Development Policies.
The author serves as a co-founder and a head of a Cosmological Society UPASANA, www.upasana.si, registered under the Law of Religious Freedom in Slovenia, and co-Founder, former chair and present co-chair of Association of Slovenski Staroverci (Slovene Nature Centered Faith Association) www.staroverci.si. Both organisations were instrumental in the campaign and the research presented. 
The paper presents the state of the art of archaeological, ethnological and history research on wider region of Bled, concluding, that the isle of Bled served as a place of worship long before the Christianisation, and was continuously used as such. It is revealed, that the sacred geometry of the ancient shrine was preserved even in the epoch of first Christian churches being erected on the isle, while later architecture has covered the hierophany to a substantial degree.  The paper continues with arguments regarding the unjustified and unmoral claim of the Catholic Church over the property of all buildings on the island, and presents in detail the – decade long -  civil struggle for the implementation of an agreement sealed between the Government and the Rome Catholic Church regarding the public collection of Slovene Symbols and Documents under the auspice of Slovene National Museum.
The paper ends with a description of a potential of such collection for national Reconciliation and Peaceful Coexistence. This shall be based on acknowledgment and (legal as well as cultural) rehabilitation of pre-Christian spiritual traditions 1of heathen/pagan Slavs. This heritage of Slovenes has been neglected and oppressed over centuries while the contemporary Slovene Nature Cantered Faith organisations – in  solidarity with global de-colonisation campaigns of indigenous peoples around the world – struggle for the respect of constitution and equal treatment of all spiritual organisations.
The book is dedicated to all brave indigenous campaigners for spiritual liberation and factual decolonisation on the planet.

The purpose of this chapter is to recap the various debates about management history by considering the roles of traditional history, postmodernism, radical history, and ANTi-history. I also track the development of various myths and discuss the competing strengths and weaknesses of the various models. My purpose is to provide a discussion of the modelsnot to offer judgment but a reasoned appraisal for the purpose of edification and debate.

Managerial ideas were developed by early management thinkers. Management concepts like task definition and teamwork made sense. Employees' thoughts and emotions needed to be engaged as the economy shifted to services. A manager's job is to improve on the well-known. He must think like an entrepreneur, redistributing resources away from underperforming units.

Drucker has a remarkable capacity to apply common sense to management issues. Earlier management perspectives prioritized efficiency above leadership. Management is the activity of organizing a team to complete a task. A corporation's CEO teaches employees to achieve specified goals. This reflects divergent opinions on how to cut productivity and expenses.

It is difficult to refute atheoretical assumptions. Management theories may help firms solve various management issues. A look of management policies in current organizational transformations. Management functions and theories will be explored. Management can optimize production resources such as personnel, money, time, and materials.

In business, management is considered as vital (Bedeian & Glueck, 1983:7). This school needs planning. Staff don't always follow rules. The COVID 19pandemic and the need for additional money may make regular lessons impossible. Drucker valued innovation against bureaucracy.

People make a corporation, particularly its executives, capable of managing rapid change. In today's global enterprises, bad decisions are costly. To flatten down a workplace, seniority and job titles are removed. Max Weber argues hierarchy aids decision-making. These long-established management strategies still help build cohesive workplaces.

A positive working environment is created by the Fayol principles. Taylor's rewards and incentives encourage employees. Weber's argument is strong for managers.

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Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to illuminate Peter Drucker's management theory by exploring German theological concerns which constituted his unique approach in management theory. Design/methodology/approach-To uncover the secularized German theological roots in Drucker's work, the paper juxtaposes his writings from his 60-year-long career with prior cultural interpretations of German scholarship. Findings-The analysis shows that German secularized theological concerns surrounding the fall of modernity influenced Drucker's oeuvre, leading him to advocate "the meaningful organization" as a pragmatic solution to the ills of modern society. While Drucker's ideas evolved over the years, the paper shows that his agenda to promote meaningful organizations in an otherwise totalitarian-prone, alienated, rationalized and meaningless era remained consistent. This interpretation suggests that Drucker believed that management had moral duties in a Nietzschean godless world. The paper shows that these themes continued structuring Drucker's corpus in three domains: the information revolution, corporate social responsibility, and the role of organizations in the third sector. Research limitations/implications-The paper reveals that Drucker was driven by deep cultural codes that proscribed many of his observations and suggested remedies. Hence, it calls for similar unearthing of the historical roots of management theory and practice. Originality/value-In this paper a novel interpretation of Drucker's work is introduced. Extending work highlighting Drucker's spiritual roots, the paper demonstrates that the German secularized theological conception of the downfall of modernity was a constant lens through which Drucker saw the world, and that this historical backdrop was the motivating spur in his attempt to save it from another catastrophe. Given the entrenchment of Drucker's ideas in today's management practices and theories, it is imperative to understand these German moral and theological predispositions.

Purpose-Current headlines depicting the billion dollar government bailouts of some of the world's largest business corporations suggest that a new paradigm of management is needed. This paper seeks to propose that the management theory of Peter F. Drucker and certain Aristotelian concepts, expressed in the Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, are applicable to the business community today. Design/methodology/approach-Drucker's management philosophy is synthesized with the moral philosophy of Aristotle to suggest a practical management framework for contemporary business practitioners. In providing a virtue-based moral framework for management grounded in a concern for character, communal wellbeing, and ultimate purpose, Drucker's Aristotelian-style of business management provides a viable, virtue-based management theory that contemporary managers should be able to embrace. Findings-Drucker has been regarded as one of the most influential management thinkers of the twentieth century. It is suggested that, given the current level of morality shown in the behaviour of business people today-business leaders in particular, what is needed is a change in managerial perspective. A change from the prevailing concern with one's own wellbeing-how much one has, or can get for oneself-to include a concern for the wellbeing of others. It is proposed that Drucker's management philosophy, which reflects Aristotelian matters of character, community and telos, though formulated many years ago, provides a framework for improving managerial behaviour today. Research limitations/implications-Drucker's pragmatic business commentary and advice reveal a deep understanding of the complexity of the business world and the realities of business from the perspective of the business person, and yet do not reject the overriding moral principles of integrity, community and achievement that serve as the foundation for society. Originality/value-The paper offers a business-relevant, virtue-based perspective that, in the author's opinion, is more than adequate for a renewed vision of management in the twenty-first century.

XL Meats is the largest beef processor in Canada selling across the country to such retail giants as Costco. In 2012, the Brooks, Alberta facility became contaminated with e coli and several reports of seriously ill consumers followed. Not long after the problem became public the owners announced that they were bringing in a Brazillian firm to manage the plant. In January 2013, JBS (the Brazilian firm) announced they were exercising their option to purchase the facility. This paper employs qualitative techniques to examine the role of social media and past scripts in the decision to change ownership. Themes surrounding government meat inspection, big agriculture and foreign ownership are surfaced in the development of this analysis. Social media analyzed includes public comments in news media websites, blogs, Facebook, Twitter and other social media platforms.

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Tako Reza Negarestani kot Nick Land poskušata emancipirati inteligenco, tj. jo osvoboditi ozkih humanističnih teorij inteligence in tudi praktične omejenosti inteligence kot nečesa (pre)človeškega. Negarestani koncepcijo inteligence poskuša inženirsko natančno skonstruirati in pri tem dekonstruirati ter analizirati številne elemente tega, kar dojemamo kot človeško: spomin, jezik, občutek za čas … Na nasprotni strani je pri Landu inteligenca vedno dojeta kot konkurenčniški, selektivni proces; je nekaj decentraliziranega, distribuiranega – trg. Land inteligenco poveže s kapitalizmom: konkurenca in pritisk zunanjosti orientirata znanost proti znanstvenikom, da je kapitalizem orientiran proti kapitalistom. Gre za antihumanističen pogled na svet, ki na človeka gleda kot na oviro, ki onemogoča dokončno emancipacijo inteligence. Negarestani razume inteligenco kot sapience (mislečost) in še vedno predpostavlja zavest (racionalizem), medtem ko Land predpostavlja nečloveške forme inteligence. V luči tega sta ključni vprašanji, kako ti dve koncepciji inteligence medsebojno konvergirata oziroma divergirata in v čem se najbolj razlikujeta od klasičnih humanističnih razumevanj (umetne) inteligence.

Orthogonal versus Diagonal Intelligence or Reza Negarestani versus Nick Land

Both Reza Negarestani and Nick Land are trying to emancipate intelligence, that is to say liberate it from narrow humanist theories of intelligence and also from the practical limitations of intelligence as (too) human. Negarestani attempts to engineer the concept of intelligence with precision (and in the process deconstructs and analyses many elements of what we perceive as human: memory, language, sense of time, etc.) while for Land, intelligence is always conceived as a competitive, selective process: it is a decentralised, distributed thing, a market. Land links intelligence to capitalism: competition and external pressures are orienting science against scientists, so that capitalism is oriented against capitalists. It is an anti-humanist worldview that sees humankind as an obstacle preventing the final emancipation of intelligence. Negarestani understands intelligence as sapience and still presupposes consciousness (rationalism) while Land presupposes non-human forms of intelligence. This raises two key questions: how do these two conceptions of intelligence converge or diverge and where do they differ the most from the way classical humanism understands (artificial) intelligence?

Perkembangan manajemen sebagai suatu body of knowledge telah ada sejak peradaban manusia terbentuk. Manajemen merupakan response yang diberikan manusia terhadap challenge yang muncul dalam setiap peradaban. Pemikiran manajemen telah ada sejak dahulu kala, berabad-abad sebelum masehi. Namun pemikiran manajemen yang diperoleh secara ilmiah baru berkembang pada awal abad ke-20. Seiring dengan perkembangan jaman, pemikikran manajemen terus berkembang menjadi management theory jungle. Perkembangan terpesat terjadi padata dekade 1970-an dan 1980-an. Pemikiran manajemen masa kini lebih banyak menggunakan konteks manajemen sebagai individual yang perilaku dalam suatu organisasi daripada konteks manajemen sebagai organisasi yang berada dalam lingkungan yang dinamis. Perkembangan jaman yang telah memasuki era digital, hal ini mendorong kita untuk mendefinisikan ulang dimensi manajemen baik dalam hal lingkungan bisnis yang dihadapi, tujuan organisasi yang ingin dicapai, proses bisnis yang mendukung, dan sumber daya yang digunakan.

David Calhoun left a job he loved as a star executive at General Electric to step into a mess as CEO of the A. C. Nielsen Corporation. His immediate challenge: The media research unit, which is under heavy fire from television clients such as NBC and CBS for chronic delays in reporting television ratings. Nielsen held a conference call with major clients acknowledging the delays and promising to do better, but the following Monday, the company again failed to report any ratings at all for the previous day. Nielson was not delivering data to customers as promised. What's the big deal? Calhoun and chief of research Susan Whiting know that about $70 billion a year in advertising revenues for the television industry depends on Nielsen ratings. Viewers might think TV networks are in the business of providing entertainment, but management's primary goal is providing eyeballs for advertisers. When television managers and advertisers don't get timely, accurate data from Nielsen, they're shooting in the dark with decisions about how to allocate resources. Daily meetings at some companies are scheduled based on getting the information from Nielsen when promised. "There is so much revenue involved over which we have no quality control," said Alan Wurtzel, president of research for NBC. "We don't just use this data for analytical purposes. This is the currency of the business." Calhoun and other top managers are analyzing what went wrong at Nielsen. Originated in 1923 to perform surveys of the production of industrial equipment, Nielsen became a household name when it launched its television ratings system in 1950. More than 60 years later, Nielsen still functions as a near-monopoly in the ratings business. Yet the company could be facing a serious threat from cable and satellite companies that are working on a way to get set-top boxes to provide real-time TV viewing data to rival Nielsen's. Managers see several factors involved in the problems at Nielsen, but the biggest one is that the amount of data the company processes doubled in a year, overloading computer servers and straining the company's human systems. The increase has come both because of changes in how people are watching television, such as over the Internet and other digital devices and in the amount of information networks want. As the television business gets cut into thinner slices, clients need even more precise data to make good decisions. Nielsen is pursuing a strategy it calls "Anytime, Anywhere Media Measurement" to stay relevant and address new competition, but it has to get its quality problems fixed fast. Clients understand the strain, but they have little sympathy. They want to know why Nielsen managers didn't anticipate the spike in data demands and plan accordingly. Questions 1. Where do you think the problems lie at Nielsen? For example, are they primarily with the company's strategic goals and plans, tactical goals and plans, or operational goals and plans? With alignment of goals and plans? 2. If you were David Calhoun, what kind of planning processes might you implement right now to fix this problem? Note: Please see the Lecture 4(a) and (b) for solving the case.

The manual describes the management methods and algorithms.
Functions, basic tools and history of management as a science are
described. Each function is complemented by a specific example of
its implementation in market conditions. The book will be useful for
anyone who is interested in management issues, its fundamentals and
practical implementation in the economic environment.
The book is aimed at students and beginners who are interested in
modern management and want to get an idea of its implementation.
Each part has a list of questions, tasks and cases.

This paper examines the evolution of the organizational culture of Turkish military, and how underlying variables and dynamics have influenced its development. The main finding is that the Turkish military's organizational culture includes shared basic norms, rules, values, and beliefs, and that they are taught to create a common identity to entrants. Turkish military organizational culture makes employees feel part of an exclusive organization where adherence to heroism, honor, patriotism, and loyalty represent a common identity. This paper includes three main sections: a brief theoretical overview of culture and organizational culture; analysis of the evolution of Turkish military culture; examination of the variables and dynamics influencing its evolution.

Manajemen dapat memberikan pengetahuan serta pemahaman tentang pendekatan ataupun tata cara penting dalam melakukan penelitian, menganalisis, dan memecahkan masalah-masalah yang terjadi yang berkaitan dengan ilmu manajemen dan manajer. Dalam menngaplikasikan dalam kehidupan, perlunya kita mempelajari dahulu mengenai teori-teori yang ada dalam manajemen. Berikut akan kami paparkan teori perkembangan manajemen dan alirannya.

Every organizations have specific features in carrying out day to day activities, these activities have been studied by different researchers. The understanding of how an organization works is fundamental to how is been managed, to have a role in it that could be effective. In the following we describe the main historical theoretical contributions. Although modifications and variations have been proposed over the years, they remain points of reference for any analysis on the functioning of organizations. We believe that this is the first step to begin to run an organization or to have a job in it. A manager can't act in the right way without a deep knowledge about how things could be properly arranged. Also, the effectiveness and efficiency of the functionality organization is of a great important due to difference technicality that involves in the day to day activities of the organization. Difference scholars has x-ray the organizational administrative settings and how its functions affects difference spheres of the organizational environment. We will propose which in our opinion is the best approach to educational organizations, like schools.

A. Sejarah perkembangan manajemen Sesungguhnya manajemen sudah ada sejak jaman dahulu, salah satu bukti adalah Piramida di Mesir. Adanya bangunan Piramida di Mesir menunjukkan bahwa pada zaman dulu telah ada serangkaian kegiatan yang diatur sedemikian rupa, mengikuti tahapan-tahapan tertentu yang telah disiapkan hingga bangunan Piramida yang megah di tengah gurun pasir dapat menjadi decak kagum masyarakat dis seluruh dunia dari dulu hingga kini. Dari sejarah dapat kita ketahui bahwa tidak kurang dari ribuan orang telah terlibat dalam pembangunan Piramida di Mesir. Selain Piramida di Mesir, ada juga benteng raksasa yang berdiri sepanjang ribuan kilometer di Cina. Benteng ini juga menunjukkan betapa orang-orang Cina dahulu telah melakukan kegiatan manajemen (dalam bentuk apapun kegiatan manajemen tersebut sehingga bangunan benteng yang kokoh dapat tetap bertahan hingga hari ini. Selain itu juga Candi Borobudur di Indonesia, dan masih banyak contoh bangunan-bangunan kuno yang sangat rumit bisa dibangun oleh nenek monyang kita. Dari bukti-bukti tersebut dapat dilihat bagaimana orang-orang dahulu telah menerapkan manajemen. Secara keilmuan, manajemen baru terumuskan kurang lebih di abad 18 atau awal abad 19 Masehi. Diantara tokoh-tokoh yang mula-mula memperkenalkan manajemen secara keilmuan adalah Robert Owen (1771-1858) dan Charles Babbage (1972-1871). Owen seorang pembaru dan indrustrialisasi dari Inggris adalah di antara tokoh pertama yang menyatakan perlunya sumber daya manusia di dalam organisasi dan kesejahteraan pekerja. Sedangkan Babbage seorang ahli matematika dari Inggris orang yang pertama kali berbicara mengenai pentingnya efisiensi dalam proses produksi. Dia meyakini akan perlunya pembagian kerja dan perlunya penggunaan matematika dalam efisiensi penggunaan fasilitas dan material produksi (Ernie dan Saefullah: 2005). Dengan demikian bisa dikatakan Robert Owen dan Charles Babbage adalah pionir dalam ilmu manajemen. B. Pendekatan atau teori klasik 1. Robert Owen (1771-185)